TOPIC: PERIODIC TABLE

Date :
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Objective of lesson:
Pupils should be able to:
Describe the structure of atoms (Rutherford)
Relate structure to the first twenty elements of the Periodic Table
Describe trends in groups and periods
Structure of Atom
Atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and
neutrons. Neutrons are neutral, but protons and electrons are electrically charged.
Protons have a relative charge of +1, while electrons have a relative charge of -1. The
number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. In the periodic table, atoms
are arranged in atomic number order. Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells,
and different energy levels can hold different numbers of electrons.

How Rutherford found Proton?

Rutherford's most famous discovery is the nucleus of the atom, specifically his
discovery of protons. The experiment done to discover protons is known as the "gold foil
experiment," and it was performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under
Rutherford's supervision. The experiment involved shooting a beam of particles at a
narrow piece of foil made of gold in order to see how the atoms scattered. From this
experiment, Rutherford came to the conclusion that atoms must have a positive mass
centered in their middle. In 1920, Rutherford proposed the name "proton" for the
particles that create this positive mass.
(Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8356367_rutherford-discoveries.html)
Watch Rutherford activity right here.

Recognise the symbols for the first 20 elements and arrange the first 20 elements
into the Periodic Table.
Play card game:
1. Total of cards : 10 different information x 20 elements = 200 cards
2. In one group will receive 33 cards randomly.
3. In rotation formation, barter system will be use to exchange your card, until
your group able to collect about 3 elements with correct information (10 info
for each elements)
Know the basic structure of an atom.
For Lithium atom, number of atom is 3. If the number of proton is 3+, the number of
electron also 3-. Lithium (Li) is drawn as below;
Electrons

Shells

Basically, first shell can occupied 2 electrons while the rest of shells (second, third and
so forth) can occupy 8 electrons respectively. In Lithium atom, first 2 electrons occupied
first shell while remaining 1 electron occupied second shell. There are 2 shells for 3
electrons of Lithium.
Let practice,
If Beryllium (Be) has 4 number of atom. State its number of electron?
Can you draw its structure of atom?

Now draw atom structure for Neon (Ne)?

More exercises Ill click here.

Recognise Periods and Groups.

Periods
Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the
highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that element. The number of elements
in a period increases as you move down the periodic table because there are more
sublevels per level as the energy level of the atom increases.
Groups
Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a group share
several common properties. Groups are elements have the same outer electron
arrangement. The outer electrons are called valence electrons. Because they have the
same number of valence electrons, elements in a group share similar chemical
properties. The Roman numerals listed above each group are the usual number of
valence electrons. For example, a group VA element will have 5 valence electrons.

Consider the similarities in the elements of a Group (Consider the chemical

trends within a Group)

Group 1: Alkali Metal Properties

The alkali metals exhibit many of the physical properties common to metals, although
their densities are lower than those of other metals. Alkali metals have one electron in
their outer shell, which is loosely bound. This gives them the largest atomic radii of the
elements in their respective periods. Their low ionization energies result in their metallic
properties and high reactivity. An alkali metal can easily lose its valence electron to form
the univalent cation. Alkali metals have low electro negativities. They react readily with
nonmetals, particularly halogens.
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Properties
The alkaline earths possess many of the characteristic properties of metals. Alkaline
earths have low electron affinities and low electro negativities. As with the alkali metals,
the properties depend on the ease with which electrons are lost. The alkaline earths
have two electrons in the outer shell. They have smaller atomic radii than the alkali
metals. The two valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus, so the alkaline
earths readily lose the electrons to form divalent cations.
Group 7: Halogens Properties
These reactive nonmetals have seven valence electrons. As a group, halogens exhibit
highly variable physical properties. Halogens range from solid (I 2) to liquid (Br2) to
gaseous (F2 and Cl2) at room temperature. The chemical properties are more uniform.
The halogens have very high electro negativities. Fluorine has the highest electro
negativity of all elements. The halogens are particularly reactive with the alkali metals
and alkaline earths, forming stable ionic crystals.
Group 8: Noble Gas Properties
The noble gases are relatively nonreactive. This is because they have a complete
valence shell. They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. The noble gases have
high ionization energies and negligible electro negativities. The noble gases have low
boiling points and are all gases at room temperature.

Relate atomic structure to Periods.

Recognise the unique position of hydrogen.

Why Hydrogen does not group together with Group 1?
Read this article (http://www.citycollegiate.com/positionofh.htm) then you will get the
answer. Write its similarities and differences with Group 1 character and properties.