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C
Shunt Admittance (S/m)
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Learning outcome
Outline
References
IN THIS LECTURE
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Learning Outcomes
Use electrical engineering principles to explain
the basic operation of the electrical generator,
transmission line and transformer in an
electrical energy system and able to identify
and construct their equivalent circuits
appropriately.
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Outline
Transmission line modeling
Short length model
Medium length model
Long length model
References
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To represent the
transmission line in 3phase circuit.
An equivalent circuit of a
transmission line is given
in per-phase
representation.
IS = Sending end current (A)
IR = receiving end current
(A)
VS = Sending end voltage,
line to neutral value (V)
VR = receiving end voltage,
line to neutral value (V)
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IS
VS
IR
What
should be
inside this
box?
VR
Matrix Representation
We can write a matrix representation to describe the
sending end voltage and current by receiving end voltage
and current.
IS
VS
IR
What
should be
inside this
box?
(ABCD?)
VR
I S CVR DIR
A, B, C, and D are
parameters to be found.
10
11
Long-Line Model
VS
:Distributed
Model
zx
IR
VR
yx
Simplification
IS
Medium-Line
Model: Lumped VS
Model
Z
Y/2
IR
VR
Y/2
Z: Series Impedance () = zx
Y: Shunt Admittance (S) = yx
Simplification
IS
Short-Line Model
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VS
IR
VR
Z: Series Impedance () = zx
Y0
12
zx
IR
R
VS
VR
yx
x
13
zx
yx
I(x)
V(x)
x
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zx
yx
I(x)
V(x)
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15
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16
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ex e x
sinh x
2
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ex e x
coshx
2
18
IS
R
VS
Y/2
IR
Y/2
VR
19
Y/2
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Y
Y
I S I R VS VR
2
2
IR
Y/2
VR
20
IR
R
VS
VR
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Short-Line Model
IS
VS
IR
VR
IS IR
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The ranges of
transmission length for
each model are only
suggestion! The selection
of an appropriate model
mainly depends on the
conductor parameter and
the application.
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Example 1
A three-phase transmission line is 40 km long.
It has a total series impedance of Z = 5+j20
ohm and a total shunt admittance of Y =
j13310 S. Full Load at the receiving end of
the line is a Y-connected load of 40 MW at a
voltage of 220 kV with a power factor 0.9
lagging.
Find the voltage at the sending end using three
line models.
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220
VR
0 kV I R 116 .6 25.8 A
3
Sending end voltage is found from the three line
models
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Medium-line model:
Short-line model:
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Short
Medium
Long
128.55
128.38
128.38
132.96
130.62
130.57
143.59
127.54
126.88
27
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Receiving end
voltage = ?
Full load condition
No load condition
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Example 2
From Example 1, we now disconnect the three-phase
load at the receiving end (no load condition). Let us fix
the sending end voltage to be the same value
computed from the previous Full Load case, find the
receiving end voltage using three line models.
No load
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40 km
127.02
128.55
150 km
127.02
150.55
400 km
127.02
145.78
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Voltage Regulation
The variation of line voltage with different loading
conditions is called voltage regulation.
About 10% voltage change between no load and full
load operation is a usual practice for reliable operation.
Voltage regulation measures the degree of change in
voltage when load varies from no-load to full load at a
specific power factor.
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Example 2
Calculate percent voltage regulation from
Example 2.
Receiving end
voltage (kV)
Full load
No load
% VR
40 km
127.02
128.55
1.2
150 km
127.02
150.55
18.5
400 km
127.02
145.78
14.7
34
R+jX
IR
=VS,FL
VR
35
Unity pf load
Lagging pf load
Leading pf load
Vs
Vs
Vs
jIrX
Ir
Vr
Ir
IrR
jIrX
jIrX
Ir
Vr
IrR
The percent voltage
regulation is positive (+).
Vr
IrR
In order to minimize voltage regulation, it is preferable to have unity power factor load.
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Line Loadability
Line loadability refers to the maximum amount of MVA
to be carried by the transmission line.
We mainly consider three limits.
1. Thermal ratings of conductors. This limit refers to the
maximum current magnitude that can pass through the
conductor before it reaches its heating limit.
2. Voltage-drop limit. This limit refers to the allowable
variation of the voltage magnitude between two ends of
the transmission lines.
3. Stability limit. This limit refers to the allowable variation
of the voltage angles between two ends of the
transmission lines*. (learn more in EE4501)
Line model
Short line
Medium line
Long line
37
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IS
IR
VS
R+jX
IS
VR
IR
Vc
VS
Vs
VR
Vs
Vc
IRX
VR
IR
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IRX - Vc
VR
IRR
IR
IRR
39
R+jX
VS
IS
IR
VR =VS
R+jX
IR = 0
IL = IS
VS
VL
VR
Vs
VR =VS
VL = VR
ISR
ISX
I L = IS
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Compensation Techniques
Series compensation
Series capacitor
Use during heavy load
condition to boost up the
voltage magnitude.
Shunt compensation
Shunt reactor
Use during light load
condition to dampen the
voltage magnitude.
41
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44
Next Lecture
Introduction to electric distribution systems
Fundamental concept of transformers
Ideal Transformers
Turns ratio
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APPENDIX
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zy rcos j sin
r zy
Magnitude of zy phasor
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zy
Phase of zy phasor
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48
Alternatively,
From,
ex ex e x
sinh x
2
ex ex e x
coshx
e x
2
zy
e x
2
zy
zy
zy
Use this:
e
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a jb
e cosb j sin b
a
49
EE2011
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50