EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems: Lecture 13: Electric Power Transmission - Transmission Line Modeling 07/03/2013

EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems
Lecture 13: Electric Power Transmission

Transmission Line Modeling
07/03/2013
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
3/5/2013
EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen
Detailed Syllabus
31/01/2013
05/02/2013
07/02/2013
14/02/2013
21/02/2013
05/03/2013
07/03/2013
12/03/2013
14/03/2013
19/03/2013
21/03/2013
02/04/2013
3/5/2013
Three-phase power systems: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase

systems. Delta-Wye connection. Relationship between phase and line quantities
Three-phase power systems: Per-phase analysis. Three-phase power calculation. Examples.
Generation: Simple generator concept. Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators
Generation: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. excitation voltage
control, real power control, and loading capability
Generation: Principle of asynchronous generators. Examples.
Transmission: Overhead VS Underground cable.
Transmission: Four basic parameters of transmission lines.
Transmission: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model, Short
transmission line model. Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation,
line loadability, efficiency. Examples.
Distribution: Principle of transformer. Ideal transformer.
Distribution: Reflected load. Impedance matching. Practical transformer. Three-phase
transformer. Examples
Per unit analysis: Single-phase per unit analysis.
Per unit analysis: Three-phase per unit analysis. Examples.
2nd Mid-term test
Generators, transmission lines, and transformers (Tutorials 4-6)
EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen
A Per Phase Conductor Model
R for resistive loss in the conductor.

G for leakage current through insulators and corona losses.
L to represent magnetic field.
C to represent electric field.
Although there are some coupling effects of magnetic field and
electric field between phase conductors, they are eliminated by
transposing the lines.
These parameters are given as per unit length of the transmission
line.
Series Impedance (/m)
C
Shunt Admittance (S/m)
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Learning outcome
Outline
References
IN THIS LECTURE
3/5/2013
Learning Outcomes
Use electrical engineering principles to explain
the basic operation of the electrical generator,
transmission line and transformer in an
electrical energy system and able to identify
and construct their equivalent circuits
appropriately.
3/5/2013
Outline
Transmission line modeling
Short length model
Medium length model
Long length model
Transmission line operation

Voltage regulation
Line loadability
Transmission line efficiency
3/5/2013
References
Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis, Electrical Power

System Essentials.
Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy

Appendix E The Representation of Lines and Cables
Glover, Sarma, and Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design.
3/5/2013
Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation.
Long transmission line model

Medium-length transmission line model
Short transmission line model
TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING
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Equivalent Circuit of A Transmission Line

L
To represent the
transmission line in 3phase circuit.
An equivalent circuit of a
transmission line is given
in per-phase
representation.
IS = Sending end current (A)
IR = receiving end current
(A)
VS = Sending end voltage,
line to neutral value (V)
VR = receiving end voltage,
line to neutral value (V)
3/5/2013
Conductor per phase model
IS
VS
IR
What
should be
inside this
box?
VR
Matrix Representation
We can write a matrix representation to describe the
sending end voltage and current by receiving end voltage
and current.
IS
VS
IR
What
should be
inside this
box?
(ABCD?)
VR
Is: Sending end current

IR: Receiving end current
Vs: Sending end voltage
VR: Receiving end voltage
3/5/2013
I S CVR DIR
A, B, C, and D are
parameters to be found.
10
Purposes of Equivalent Circuit

To calculate the voltage at the receiving end
when the sending end voltage is known or vice
versa.
This is used to find the voltage difference between
sending and receiving end.
To find the amount of real and reactive power

transfer in the line.
To make sure that the power does not exceed the
heating limit by the lines.
For transmission line efficiency calculation.
3/5/2013
11
Transmission Line Models

IS
Long-Line Model
VS
:Distributed
Model
zx
IR
VR
yx
Simplification
IS
Medium-Line
Model: Lumped VS
Model
Z
Y/2
z: Series Impedance (/m)

y: Shunt Admittance (S/m)
x: distance (m)
IR
VR
Y/2
Z: Series Impedance () = zx
Y: Shunt Admittance (S) = yx
Simplification
IS
Short-Line Model
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VS
IR
VR
Z: Series Impedance () = zx
Y0
12
Long Line: A Distributed Model

Series impedance and shunt admittance values are
given as per-length and are uniformly distributed along
the transmission lines.
A distributed model accounts for this distributed
nature of transmission-line parameters.
This model provides exact transmission line equations
and is suitable for long-length transmission lines.
IS
L
G
zx
IR
R
VS
VR
yx
x

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13
Long-Line: A Distributed Model

It is important that the voltage at the load is kept
constant in daily operation.
Starting from the load, the receiving end of the line is
located at x = 0 and the sending end is at x = l.
At the incremental length x of the line, we are
interested to find relationship between sending end
voltage V(x+x) and sending end current I(x+x) to the
receiving end voltage V(x) and current I(x).
I(x+x)
V(x+x)
zx
yx
I(x)
V(x)
x
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14
Long-Line: A Distributed Model

I(x+x)
KCL at the sending end node

V(x+x)
zx
yx
I(x)
V(x)
KVL from the sending end node to receiving end node

and back.
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15
Long-Line: Differential Equations
is called propagation constant (1/m).
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16
Long-Line: Differential Equations

We can find the constants k and k from the fact that at the
receiving end of the line (x=0), V = VR and I = IR.
Define Zc as a characteristic impedance ().
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17
Long Line: V&I Equations

Substitute k and k, we have the voltage and current
equations at any point x from the load (receiving end)
as follows.
ex e x
sinh x
2
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ex e x
coshx
2
18
Medium Line: A Lumped Model

In this model, series impedance and shunt admittance
values are lumped together to form Z (series impedance in
ohm) and Y (shunt admittance in siemens).
Shunt admittance is located half at each end of the line.
We called this nominal circuit.
L
IS
R
VS
Y/2
IR
Y/2
VR

3/5/2013
19
Medium-Line: A Lumped Model

KCL at the sending end node and receiving
end node,
IS
VS
Y/2
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Y
Y
I S I R VS VR
2
2
IR
Y/2
VR
KVL from the sending end node to receiving

end node and back.
20
Short Line: A Simplified Model

In this model, we ignore the shunt admittance
and only consider series impedance.
IS
L
G
IR
R
VS
VR

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21
Short-Line Model
IS
VS
KCL at the sending end node and receiving

end node,
IR
VR
IS IR
KVL from the sending end node to

receiving end node and back.
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22
Equivalent Models: Summary

Short (<80 km)
Medium (80 km..240 km)
The ranges of
transmission length for
each model are only
suggestion! The selection
of an appropriate model
mainly depends on the
conductor parameter and
the application.
Long (>240 km), l is the length of the transmission line.
3/5/2013
23
Example 1
A three-phase transmission line is 40 km long.
It has a total series impedance of Z = 5+j20
ohm and a total shunt admittance of Y =
j13310 S. Full Load at the receiving end of
the line is a Y-connected load of 40 MW at a
voltage of 220 kV with a power factor 0.9
lagging.
Find the voltage at the sending end using three
line models.
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24
Example 1: Receiving End Current

First, we need to find the voltage and current at
the receiving end i.e. at the load.
Hint: S = VI* and use receiving end voltage as a
reference angle.
cos(power factor)
220
VR
0 kV I R 116 .6 25.8 A
3
Sending end voltage is found from the three line
models
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25
Example 1: Sending End Voltage

(40 Km Transmission Line)
Long-line model:
Medium-line model:
Short-line model:
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26
Example 1: Model Comparison

Consider the full load case at the receiving end, we vary the
length of the transmission line and find the sending end
voltage.
Note that the receiving end voltage magnitude is 127.017 kV.
Line Model
Sending End Voltage

Sending End Voltage
Sending End Voltage
Magnitude in kV when Magnitude in KV when Magnitude in kV when
line length is 40 km
Short
Medium
Long
128.55
128.38
128.38
line length is 150 km line length is 400 km
132.96
130.62
130.57
143.59
127.54
126.88
What can we say about the choice of model?

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27
Full load VS No load condition

Voltage regulation
Line loadability
Transmission line efficiency
TRANSMISSION LINE OPERATION
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28
Full Load VS No Load Conditions

In daily operation, the load at the end of a transmission line varies
from day to night.
Consider two extreme cases: full load and no load.
If the sending end voltage is kept constant, receiving end voltage
will vary between full load and no load conditions.
We are interested to know the magnitude of this variation in the
receiving end voltage.
Sending end
voltage is constant.
Receiving end
voltage = ?
Full load condition
No load condition
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29
Example 2
From Example 1, we now disconnect the three-phase
load at the receiving end (no load condition). Let us fix
the sending end voltage to be the same value
computed from the previous Full Load case, find the
receiving end voltage using three line models.
No load
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30
Example 2: Receiving End Voltage

Long-line model (400 km, |Vs| = 126.88 kV):
Medium-line model (150 km, |Vs| = 130.62 kV):
Short-line model (40 km, |Vs| = 128.55 kV):
3/5/2013
31
Example 2: Voltage Differences FL/NL

Receiving end
voltage (kV)
Full load
No load
40 km
127.02
128.55
150 km
127.02
150.55
400 km
127.02
145.78
We can see that the longer the transmission line, the

higher the magnitude of voltage variation.
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32
Voltage Regulation
The variation of line voltage with different loading
conditions is called voltage regulation.
About 10% voltage change between no load and full
load operation is a usual practice for reliable operation.
Voltage regulation measures the degree of change in
voltage when load varies from no-load to full load at a
specific power factor.
3/5/2013
33
Example 2
Calculate percent voltage regulation from
Example 2.
Receiving end
voltage (kV)
Full load
No load
% VR
40 km
127.02
128.55
1.2
150 km
127.02
150.55
18.5
400 km
127.02
145.78
14.7
Recall that in this example, the three-phase load

has a lagging power factor, we will now consider
different cases of power factor.
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34
Voltage Regulation of a Short Line

For simplicity, we consider a short transmission line
model.
IS
VS
R+jX
IR
=VS,FL
VR
Note that the receiving end voltage at no load

condition is the same as sending end voltage at full
load condition.
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35
Effect of Different Power Factor

=VS,FL
When the load is connected, the

following Phasor diagram shows
sending and receiving end
voltage and current for different
power factor.
This case is unlikely because most

electric load is inductive load.
Unity pf load
Lagging pf load
Leading pf load
Vs
Vs
Vs
jIrX
Ir
Vr
Ir
IrR
The percent voltage

regulation is positive (++).
jIrX
jIrX
Ir
Vr
IrR
The percent voltage
regulation is positive (+).
Vr
IrR
The percent voltage

regulation may be
negative (-).
In order to minimize voltage regulation, it is preferable to have unity power factor load.
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36
Line Loadability
Line loadability refers to the maximum amount of MVA
to be carried by the transmission line.
We mainly consider three limits.
1. Thermal ratings of conductors. This limit refers to the
maximum current magnitude that can pass through the
conductor before it reaches its heating limit.
2. Voltage-drop limit. This limit refers to the allowable
variation of the voltage magnitude between two ends of
the transmission lines.
3. Stability limit. This limit refers to the allowable variation
of the voltage angles between two ends of the
transmission lines*. (learn more in EE4501)
Line model
Short line
Medium line
Long line
Main concern Thermal limit Voltage-drop limit Voltage-drop limit

3/5/2013
37
Reactive Compensation Techniques

Recall that when the power factor is lagging, the voltage
regulation is the highest.
For medium and long transmission lines, the voltage drop is
usually reached before the thermal limit.
We can use reactive compensation techniques to increase line
loadability and maintain voltage at rated value.
Two main techniques
Series compensation.
Shunt compensation.
Current through capacitor: Leading
Voltage across capacitor/inductor

Current through inductor: Lagging
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38
Series Compensation Technique

At full load, the sending end voltage is too high compared
to recieving end voltage.
We can connect the capacitor in series to the load to help
reduce the sending end voltage in the heavy load condition.
R+jX
IS
IR
VS
R+jX
IS
VR
IR
Vc
VS
Vs
VR
Vs
Vc
IRX
VR
IR
3/5/2013
IRX - Vc
VR
IRR
IR
IRR
39
Shunt Compensation Technique

At no load, the receiving end voltage is higher than the usual full
load case because the sending end voltage remains constant.
We can connect the inductor in parallel to the load to help reduce
the receiving end voltage in the light load condition.
IS
R+jX
VS
IS
IR
VR =VS
R+jX
IR = 0
IL = IS
VS
VL
VR
Vs
VR =VS
VL = VR
ISR
ISX
I L = IS
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40
Compensation Techniques
Series compensation
Series capacitor
Use during heavy load
condition to boost up the
voltage magnitude.
Shunt compensation
Shunt reactor
Use during light load
condition to dampen the
voltage magnitude.
Source: http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/powerSource: ABB

transmission/facts/series-capacitor/#content=Details
3/5/2013
41
Transmission Line Efficiency

We can compute the transmission line efficiency
(%) from the ratio of the real power at the
receiving end to real power at the sending end.
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42
Summary: T-Line Models

Three models
Short line model
Medium line model
Long line model
The choice of model depends on transmission

line parameters and its length.
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43
Summary: T-Line Operations

Voltage regulation refers to variations of voltage at the
receiving end between full load and no load condition.
It is desirable to have power factor at load close to one
in order to keep the voltage regulation small.
In order to reduce the voltage regulation we can
compensate the receiving end voltage.
Connect a capacitor in series to increase the receiving end
voltage during heavy load condition.
Connect an inductor in parallel to reduce the receiving end
voltage during light load condition.
The transmission line efficiency is the ratio of real

power at receiving end to real power at sending end.
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44
Next Lecture
Introduction to electric distribution systems
Fundamental concept of transformers
Ideal Transformers
Turns ratio
3/5/2013
45
Problem with sqrt(complex number)

Problem with Hyperbolic function of a complex number
Comparison of long-line differential equations in EE2022 and EE2011
APPENDIX
3/5/2013
46
Problem with Sqrt(zy) or Sqrt(z/y)?

zy and z/y are complex numbers, how to find sqrt
of complex numbers?
You can use:
rcos j sin r cos j sin

2
2
For example, let
zy rcos j sin
This means that:
r zy
Magnitude of zy phasor
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zy
Phase of zy phasor
47
Problem with Hyperbolic Function?

How to find sinh(x+jy) or cosh(x+jy)?
Try this:
sinh(x + jy) = sinh(x)cos(y) + j cosh(x)sin(y)
cosh(x + jy) = cosh(x)cos(y) + j sinh(x)sin(y)
Warning: Familiarize with your calculator. You need to

check whether the setting of cos() and sin() is in radian or
in degree. In this formula, y is in radian.
For example,
cosh(0.0064+0.052i)
= cosh(0.0064)cos(0.052 radian) + j sinh(0.0064)sin(0.052 radian)
= 0.998668757010298 + 0.000332652309305i
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48
Alternatively,
From,
ex ex e x
sinh x
2
ex ex e x
coshx
e x
2
zy
e x
2
zy
zy
zy
x is the length of a transmission line.
Use this:
e
3/5/2013
a jb
e cosb j sin b
a
49
Equations in EE2011 and EE2022

EE2022
EE2011
Voltage and current at location

x of the line.
Zc = characteristic impedance
(ohm)
Voltage and current at location

l of the line.
Lossless equations, r = g = 0.
Z0 = characteristic impedance
(ohm)
3/5/2013
50

EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems: Lecture 13: Electric Power Transmission - Transmission Line Modeling 07/03/2013

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EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Lecture 13: Electric Power Transmission

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Three-phase power systems: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase

A Per Phase Conductor Model

R for resistive loss in the conductor.

Series Impedance (/m)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Transmission line operation

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis, Electrical Power

Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy

Glover, Sarma, and Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design.

Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation.

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long transmission line model

TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Equivalent Circuit of A Transmission Line

Conductor per phase model

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Is: Sending end current

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Purposes of Equivalent Circuit

To find the amount of real and reactive power

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Transmission Line Models

z: Series Impedance (/m)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long Line: A Distributed Model

Series Impedance (/m)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long-Line: A Distributed Model

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long-Line: A Distributed Model

KCL at the sending end node

KVL from the sending end node to receiving end node

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long-Line: Differential Equations

is called propagation constant (1/m).

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long-Line: Differential Equations

Define Zc as a characteristic impedance ().

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Long Line: V&I Equations

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Medium Line: A Lumped Model

Series Impedance (/m)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Medium-Line: A Lumped Model

KVL from the sending end node to receiving

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Short Line: A Simplified Model

Series Impedance (/m)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

KCL at the sending end node and receiving

KVL from the sending end node to

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Equivalent Models: Summary

Medium (80 km..240 km)

Long (>240 km), l is the length of the transmission line.