Lecture CFD

Face reconstruction
Treatment of misalignment for NVD schemes

Computation of gradients in a cell
A generalized unstructured finite volume

discretisation - Part 2
Michel VISONNEAU
LHEEA - CNRS UMR 6598
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, FRANCE
CFD in ship hydrodynamics - Kul.24-Z course

November - December, 2013
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A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2
Face reconstruction
Outline of lecture 5
Centered face reconstruction

Upwinded face reconstruction
Computations of gradients within a cell
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Face reconstruction

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Face reconstruction

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Face reconstruction
Centered reconstruction
Non-centered reconstruction
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Face reconstruction
Except terms intervening in convective and mass fluxes, quantities

located at the face center are rebuilt with the help of centered
approximations based on linear interpolation between cell and face
centers.
This part of the lecture is devoted to centered reconstruction of a
generic quantity Q and its normal-to-the face gradient needed for
diffusive terms.
R
r
n
L
l
f
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f+
Face reconstruction
Quantity Qf may be written from its values and its gradient in the
adjacent cells L and R, by using a linear interpolation. Two
reconstructions can be considered, indicated by the subscripts + and
:

QL ' Qf Lf Qf
QR ' Qf + fR Qf
(1)
A decomposition of the normal-to-the-face gradient can be introduced
to use the normalized vectors l and r , for segments [Lf] and [fR] :

Qf
n = + Qf r + e + Qf
Qf
n = Qf l + e Qf
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si : e + , n + r
(2)
si : e , n l
(3)
Face reconstruction
Coefficients are chosen to fullfill conditions e n = 0 and
e n = 0. Let us note that vectors e vanish in case of orthogonal

grids. Reconstructions 1 yield by introducing this decomposition :
QL = Qf h Qf n Qf e
QR = Qf + h+ Qf n Qf e +
(4a)
with distances h :
and h+ ,
fR n
h , Lf n
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(4b)
Face reconstruction
A second-order reconstruction can then be obtained by :

Qf =
h+
h
QL +
h
h
QR +
h+ h
h
Qf (
e + e )
(5a)
with the distance h defined by :
h , h+ + h = ( Lf + fR ) n = LR n
(5b)
First two terms of relation (5a) yield a first order reconstruction which is
used to evaluate the value of gradient at the face from values at
adjacents cells :
Qf =
h+
h
QL +
h
h
QR +
! +
h
h
QL +
QR
h H + h+ H
h
(6)
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Face reconstruction
with :

, h
e = Lf n n Lf

H , h+ e + = fR n n fR
(7)
It is worth emphasizing that the boxed term in (6) vanishes in case of

orthogonal grids. Since it contains gradients of Q in the neighboring
cells, it will be treated explicitly during the resolution.
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Face reconstruction
Viscous diffusion fluxes
To rebuild at the face center the normal-to-the face gradient, one uses
a similar formula :
QR QL
Q
n |f =
+
h
! +
LR
h
h

h QL + h QR
LR n
(8)
The boxed term, which vanishes in case of orthogonal grids, will be

treated explicitly during the resolution.
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Face reconstruction
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Face reconstruction
Non-centered reconstructions
In order to reinforce the stability of numerical scheme and avoid

unphysical oscillations, it is necessary to introduce more sophisticated
upwinded reconstructions for convective fluxes.
The order of accuracy of these reconstructions is comprised between

1 and 2 and cannot be a priori specified since it depends on the used
grid and the physical problem.
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Face reconstruction
Two upwind discretisation schemes will be described:

1
Hybrid scheme
GDS scheme
AVLSMART scheme
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Face reconstruction
Hybrid scheme
This scheme implemented in ISIS-CFD is based on a weighting

between values linearly interpolated from neighboring cells. Contrary
to classical approaches, the weighting coefficient is not uniform but
depends on the Peclet number evaluated on the face:
.
Pef =
mf kLR k
2S Q
(9)
The accuracy of this reconstruction is not necessarily uniform but is

locally adapted to local flow physics.
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Face reconstruction
Hybrid scheme
Moreover, the relative orientation between the face and the velocity is
taken into account. The weighting factor d is computed with the help of
an exponential scheme, which ensures a smooth transition :
Qf = dL QL + dR QR + dL Lf Q |L +dR Rf Q |R
(10)
d = exp(Pef )/(1 + exp(Pef )) dL , 1 dR

Once again, the boxed term is treated explicitly.
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
The hybrid scheme does not guarantee the bounded character of the
reconstruction. This property is important for multifluid flows for which
concentration should remain between 0 and 1, for instance. The
(Gamma Differencing Scheme) scheme is due to Jasak (1996).
This scheme is based on an analysis using the normalized variable
diagram introduced by Leonard (1988). One supposes that the values
of the generic quantity Q are available in three points, U, C et D
located along the convection direction.
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
One wants to rebuild the quantity at a face located between C and D
(F IG . 7). One defines the normalized variable by :
=
Q
Q QU
(11)
QD QU
QD
Flow direction
(CD)
QU
QC
Qf
(UD)
Variation of Q in the flow direction

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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
The GDS scheme is based on a reconstruction using these three

points :
f = f (QC )
Q
(12)
To avoid any unphysical oscillation, it is necessary that QC be bounded
between the values Min{QU , QD } and Max {QU , QD }. Written in terms
of normalized variables, this condition reads :
C 6 1
06Q
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(13)
Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
To preserve boundedness characteristics on the face, GDS scheme

should satisfy the following constraints :
C < 0, Q
f = Q
C
for Q
C 6 1, Q
f is bounded by Q
f > Q
C and by unity
for 0 6 Q
C > 1, Q
f = Q
C
for Q
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
These conditions are fullfilled in the gray area of the following

figure 11. One observes that the first order upwind scheme (UDS)
fullfills all these conditions, when the centered scheme (CDS) does not
C ] , 0[ ]1, +[.
respect these criteria in the interval Q
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
Monotonicity criteria in terms of normalized variables
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
To use this strategy within an unstructured multi-dimensional
framework, some modifications should be performed. The point U
being unknown, the quantity QU is evaluated by projecting the gradient
along the direction CD (figure 12) :
QU = QC CU Q |C
with CU , CD
(14)
Definition of the fictitious point U
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
By considering this new definition, the normalized variable at C is

provided by :
QD QC
C = 1
Q
(15)
2 Q |C CD
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
This definition being ill-posed when Q is uniform in the domain, one

specifies :
C = 0.5
Q
si
|QD QC | 6 106 ou | Q |C CD | 6 106
(16)
The GDS scheme establishes a continuous transition between a first

C < 1. For
order upwind and a centered schemes in the interval 0 < Q
C , it is necessary to recover the gap between the
lower values of Q
centered and upwind schemes. This transition is performed in the
interval [0, m ] and m takes usually the value 1/6.
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
C = 0
Q
= 0 Schma UDS
C = m
Q
= 1 Schma CDS
The GDS scheme retains finally a linear variation for the transition
coefficient, which leads to the following reconstruction described in
figure 17 :
1
C
=
Q
(17)
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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
Finally, the characteristics of this scheme are summarized in this table
k fD k
kCD k
including the interpolation factor fx =
C
Q
f
Q
Qf
Note
] , 0]
C
Q
QC
UDS
]0, m [
C2 +
21m Q

C
+ 1 + 21m Q
(1 (1 fx ))QC
transition
[m , 1[
[1, +[
1
2
C
+ 12 Q
C
Q
+(1 fx )QD
fx QC + (1 fx )QD
CDS
QC
UDS
GDS scheme reconstruction

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Face reconstruction
GDS scheme
~
Qf
UDS

CDS

1/2

1
UDS
~
QC
GDS scheme in terms of normalized variables
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Face reconstruction
AVLSMART scheme
Implementation in ISIS
If the base scheme for the Gamma scheme is the 2nd order CDS,
the base scheme for AVLSMART is the 3rd order QUICK scheme
(Leonard 79).
~
Qf
UDS

CDS

1/2

1
UDS
~
QC
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Face reconstruction
AVLSMART scheme
Implementation in ISIS
C
Q
f
Q
Qf = CD QD + (1 CD )QC
Note
] , 0]
C
Q
CD = 0
UDS
]0, 1/4[
9
2 QC
CD =
C
Q
5
C
2 (1 fx ) 1Q
UDS->QUICK
CD =
C
32Q
1
C
4 (1 fx ) 1Q
QUICK
3
4 QC
[1/4, 3/4[
3
8
[3/4, 1[
3
4
C
+ 41 Q
[1, +[
CD = 32 (1 fx )
C
Q
CD = 0
QUICK->UDS
UDS
The interpolation factor fx , that accounts for non-uniform grids (1D), is defined as the
k fD k
kCD k
ratio: fx = .
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Face reconstruction
Misalignment with face centre

Objective
Qf = f (QU 0 , QC 0 , QD 0 ) to assume local 1D (aligned) configuration.
Points U, C and D are aligned with the face centre.

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Face reconstruction

Correction (1/4)
Step 1: Project C and D on axis (f, n ):
C f = (Cf . n ) n = h n
fD = ( fD . n ) n = h+ n
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Face reconstruction

Correction (2/4)
Step 2: Extrapolate C and D:
QC 0 = QC + CC 0 . QC
QD 0 = QD + DC 0 . QD
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Face reconstruction

Correction (3/4)
Step 3: combine with what is known ...
QC 0 = Qf h QC . n ,
with
Qf = QC + Cf . QC
with
Qf + = QD fD . QD
QD 0 = Qf + + h+ QD . n ,
... to get the corrections

QC 0 = QC +
QD 0 = QD
.
QC
.
QD
Cf h n
fD h+ n
No need to store the locations of C and D.

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Face reconstruction
Correction (4/4)
C0 .
Step 4: last trick to build Q
C0 =
Instead of using the definition Q
QC 0 QU 0
QD 0 QU 0
replace QU 0 with QC 0 C 0 U 0 Q |C .
Since C 0 D 0 = (h + h+ ) n = h n , and C 0 U 0 = C 0 D 0 it comes:

C0 = 1
Q
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QD 0 QC 0
2h Q |C . n
Face reconstruction
Weighted least-square method

Gauss method
Computation of a gradient in a cell
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method
Two discretisation schemes will be described:

1
Gauss method
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method
For the sake of simplicity, this method is presented for 2D flows. One
considers a control volume C0 with its center of gravity X0 = (x0 , y0 ).

One supposes that the quantity q varies linearly within this cell.
Consequently, the value at each point X belonging to C0 is given by :
q ( X ) = qC0 + X0 X ( q )C0
(18)
In 2D, this relation reads :

q (x , y ) = q (x0 , y0 ) + (x x0 )qx + (y y0 )qy
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(19)
Face reconstruction

Gauss method
Cell C0 and its neighborhood
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method

The evaluation of the gradient of q on cell C0 makes use of n points
which provide centers of neighbouring cells (Ci )i =1,...,n as illustrated
by figure F IG . 2. Since there are more available points than needed,
we get an over-determined linear system defined by n relations :
qi = q0 + (xi x0 )qx + (yi y0 )qy
i [1, n]
(20)
This problem is solved in the mean-square sense by minimizing the

functional En (qx , qy ) :
n
En (qx , qy ) =
nh
i o2
q0 + (xi x0 )qx + (yi y0 )qy qi Di
(21)
i =1
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method
Quantity Di corresponds to the weight given to a point Ci over the

whole set of data. It makes possible to give an increased importance
to the points Ci which are located in the vicinity of the recontructed
point C0 . This weighting by distance is crucial to treat high-aspect
ratios mesh encountered in the vicinity of walls. The weight Di of a cell
Ci is defined as the inverse of its distance to the point C0 :
Di = (||X0 Xi ||)1
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i [1, n]
Face reconstruction

Gauss method
En
En
= 0 and
= 0, leads to the gradient
qx
qy

1
qx
Syy
Sxy
Sxq
=
(22a)
qy
Sxx
Syq
S Sxy
Minimizing the functional

of q :
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method

with :
n
Sxx =
Sxy =
h
i2
i2
n h
(
x
x
)
D
S
=
(
y
y
)
D
i
0
i
yy
i
0
i
i =1
n h
i =1
(xi x0 )(yi y0 )Di2
(23a)
S = Sxx Syy Sxy
i =1
and :
n
Sxq =
Syq =
h
i
2
(
x
x
)(
q
q
)
D
i 0 i 0 i
i =1
n h
(23b)
(yi y0 )(qi q0 )Di2
i =1
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Face reconstruction

Gauss method
Gauss method
A second more classical is to use Gauss theorem: For a volume V
bounded by a surface S , one gets :
Z
Z
qdv = q
n dS
(24)
S
Consequently, the gradient over the cell may be evaluated by

discretising the previous relation :

1
q =
C
qf S f n f
VC
(25)
The values of the quantity on the faces are rebuilt by using 2nd order
reconstructions presented previously.
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Face reconstruction

Treatment of misalignment for NVD schemes

A generalized unstructured finite volume

CFD in ship hydrodynamics - Kul.24-Z course

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Centered face reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Centered face reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Centered face reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Centered face reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Except terms intervening in convective and mass fluxes, quantities

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Coefficients are chosen to fullfill conditions e n = 0 and

e n = 0. Let us note that vectors e vanish in case of orthogonal

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

A second-order reconstruction can then be obtained by :

with the distance h defined by :

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

It is worth emphasizing that the boxed term in (6) vanishes in case of

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Viscous diffusion fluxes

The boxed term, which vanishes in case of orthogonal grids, will be

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Upwinded face reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

In order to reinforce the stability of numerical scheme and avoid

The order of accuracy of these reconstructions is comprised between

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Two upwind discretisation schemes will be described:

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

This scheme implemented in ISIS-CFD is based on a weighting

The accuracy of this reconstruction is not necessarily uniform but is

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

d = exp(Pef )/(1 + exp(Pef )) dL , 1 dR

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Variation of Q in the flow direction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

The GDS scheme is based on a reconstruction using these three

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

To preserve boundedness characteristics on the face, GDS scheme

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

These conditions are fullfilled in the gray area of the following

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

Monotonicity criteria in terms of normalized variables

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

along the direction CD (figure 12) :

Definition of the fictitious point U

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

By considering this new definition, the normalized variable at C is

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

This definition being ill-posed when Q is uniform in the domain, one

|QD QC | 6 106 ou | Q |C CD | 6 106

The GDS scheme establishes a continuous transition between a first

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

including the interpolation factor fx =

GDS scheme reconstruction

A generalized unstructured finite volume discretisation - Part 2

GDS scheme in terms of normalized variables