Bi Ging Vt L Ht Nhn ng Dng

Trong Y Hc

Cn Bn V iu Tr
Bng Liu Php Bc X
Thit k c s dng d liu v hnh nh t cc ti liu
ca Siemens, IAEA, pro. Sprawl Perry (USA), Dr. Wilton
Woo (Canada), Ten Keewong (Sing) v t internet.
Thit k: Trn Cng (Khi Nguyn)

Ni dung

I. Tng quan v x tr
II. H thng trang thit b trong n v x tr
III. Nhng vn vt l c bn trong x tr
IV.Nhng thng s vt l c bn trong tnh ton liu

Nhng Vn Vt L C Bn
Trong X Tr

Natural Learning

Learning is

Teaching Is

Guiding and Exp

Tng Tc Ca Bc X
Vo Mi Trng

European Centre of Technological Safety

(Jones) La Thc Quyn, MS., DABR.

Radiation Oncology Medical Physicist

Phn Loi Bc X

Tc dng ca bc x vo mi trng sinh hoc

ty thuc vo liu lng c hp th v s
phn phi liu lng trong cc m sinh vt ca
mi trng .

Bc X Ion Ha Trc Tip

Nng lng bc x c truyn vo trong mi
trng vt cht thng qua lc tng tc
Coulomb gia ht mang in v
Nhng in t qu o
Hoc ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t

Gy ra s ion ha (ionization) v s kch thch

(excitation) vo nhng nguyn t ca mi
trng
Cc bc x ion ha trc tip: electron e-, beta e-,
proton p+, alpha +2, (heavy charge particles)

Lc Tng Tc Coulomb

Lc Tng Tc Coulomb (tt)

Nng Lng Lin Kt

Alpha +2

Alpha +2 (tt)

Tm Thm Nhp Ca Alpha +2

Proton p+

Tng Tc gia Proton p+ v Electron e-

Tng Tc gia Proton p+ v Electron e- (tt)

Ep+ 0.5 MeV 250 MeV: ng dng trong y hc bi kt qu ca s ion

ha (ionization) v kch thch (excitation) ln nhng in t qu o ca nhng

nguyn t trong mi trng vt cht
Nng lng ht p+ mt i sau mi tng tc cng thc Bethe-Bloch (xp x gn
ng): nng lng mt i di chuyn trong 1 n v qung chy trong mi trng
(linear stopping power): S = -dE/dx

Tng Tc gia proton p+ v electron e- (tt)

Ep+ 0.5 MeV 250 MeV:
Nng lng hp th bi mi trng qu trnh ion ha:
- Va chm gia p+ v e- qu o: p+ tiu th t nng lng v trng
lng p+ ln hn e- rt nhiu.
- e- b y ra khi qu o khi p+ mt i nng lng cc Emax
delta ray (-electron)

Tng Tc gia proton p+ v ht nhn

A. S va chm xy ra khi khong cch gia p+ v ht nhn
ng knh ca ht nhn 1.3 x 10-13 A1/3 m
- p+ thay i phng hng di chuyn rt t
- kh nng va chm gim rt nhiu nu gc va chm ln v khi Ep+ ln

B. Phn ng nguyn t ny sinh ra

- Neutrons: c th di chuyn tm xa ra khi mi trng hoc gy ra

phn ng nguyn t khc
- Protons: c th di chyn tm xa trc khi dng
- nhng mnh v di li (recoil fragments): nng lng ng hc c
th truyn vo mi trng vt cht trong vng qu tch nh
s lng p+ (proton flux) v th b gim dn cho n cui tm thm
nhp

Proton flux reduction due to inelastic

nuclear reactions for a 80 and a 180
MeV beam in a water medium

Nng Lng Hp Th T Tng Tc p+

: nng lng tiu th vo nhng in t qu o

: nng lng tiu th vo phn ng nguyn t lm gim s lng proton

Nng lng hp th ph thuc vo v tr i vo ca ht proton vo

trong mi trng
Trong y hc, x tr bng proton c ng dng mt cch chnh xc
vo ung th nm su trong c th

S Tng Tc ca Electron

ByFrankKrumeich
LaboratoryofInorganicChemistry,
ETHZurich,HCIH111,CH8093Zurich

Vachmntnh:

electron khng mt
nnglngnghc.
electronlchhngdi
chuyn

Vachmkhngntnh:
electron truyn nng lng ng
nng vo nhng in t qu o
v/hoc to ra tia bremsstrahlung
(bcx hm)
electronlchhngdichuyn

Electron Va chm n tnh

Electron i vo m may in t ca
nguyn t, sau b tng tc bi lc
Coulomb vi ht nhn nguyn t tch
in dng (+)
F = Q1Q2 / 40r2 (0: dialectric constant)
F tng ln khi Z tng ln hoc r gim
Electron b di chuyn lch khi hng di
chuyn ban u, gc lch ty vo khong
cch t electron ti ht nhn nguyn t
Electron khng mt nng lng ng nng

Electron Vachmkhngntnh

Electrondichuynvomitrngvinnglngnghc
KEe v lchhngdichuyn.(IAEA)

b >> a: Electron tng tc nh vi c nguyn t : mt phn ng nng chuyn vo in t

qu o.
b a: Electron tng tc mnh vi in t qu o qua lc Coulomb: electron truyn phn
ln nng lng cho in t qu o (tng tc va chm- collistional stopping power), to ra :
S ion ha: in t qu o b bn ra khi nguyn t
S kch thch: in t qu o dch chuyn sang qu o c nng lng lin kt cao
hn
b < a: Electron va cham bc x t (radiative collistion) vi ht nhn:pht ra bc x hm
(bremsstrahlung) co nng lng t 0Emax; nng lng tng khi b nh li

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b a: S kch thch in t qu o

Xy ra 2 trng thi:

S kich thch: in t qu o dch chuyn sang qu o c mc nng

lng lin kt cao hn

S phc hi: in t t qu o nng lng cao tr v qu o n nh ban

u v pht tia bc x hunh quang tia X (fluoresent X-ray)

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b a: S kch thch in t qu o

S phc hi pht in t Auger:

in t t qu o nng lng cao tr v qu o n nh ban u, nng

lng ng nng truyn vo in t qu o khc v lm cho in t ny bn
ra khi nguyn t ( Auger electron)

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b << a: Pht bc x hm (bremstrahlung)

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b << a: Pht bc x hm (bremstrahlung)

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b << a: Pht bc x hm (bremstrahlung)

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

b << a: Pht bc x hm (bremstrahlung)

Nng lng tia hunh quang = Enng lng lin kt in t qu o

Zmi trng ln kh nng pht tia hunh quang cao hn

Bremsstrahlung: ph quang lin tc

Ebremsstrahlung = 0 KEe ; Ebremsstrahlung trung bnh = 1/3 * KEe

Xem st trng hp Z nh: Al (nhm), nc

R: Tm thm nhp (qung chy) g/cm
T: ng nng ca electron

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

Th d: 10 MeV electrons tng tc trong nc

Tngnnglngtiuth quattctngtcvimitrng
Scol =1.968MeVcm2g1,Srad =0.1814MeVcm2g1
Stot =Scol +Srad =2.149MeVcm2g1
Tmthmnhp:RCSDA=4.975gcm2 Tmthmnhptrungbnh=5cm
(nc)
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~kuncic/lectures/RP5_slides.pdf

Electron Va chm khng n tnh

S tng tc ca chm photon trong mi

trng vt cht
C ba qu trnh m cc tia gamma v tia X tng tc
vi vt cht :
Hiu ng quang in
Qu trnh tn x Compton
Qu trnh to cp.
Chm tia photon
l chm tia bc
x ion ha gin
tip.

Liu hp th
Cc qu trnh tng tc cho kt qa l to ra cc electron t
do, sau cc electron t do n lt mnh xy ra cc
tng tc vi mi trng v mt nng lng.
Nng lng chm tia bc x mt i trong mi trng l do
qu trnh ion ha mi trng, do pht bc x hm v c
gi l s chuyn nng lng liu hp th, n v gi l
Gy (gray) = dQ/dm
energy losses

absorbed energy

etransversed
medium

transversed
medium

Chm tia x trong my gia tc tuyn tnh

Ti nhng mc nng lng cao, khi cho chum tia

electron bn vo mt bia kim loi, chm tia X s c
pht cng hng ca chm electron bn ti.
Trong my gia tc tuyn tnh, cc chm tia X c
to ra theo cch ny.

Ph nng lng chm photon

Chm photon pht ra t my gia tc l do tng tc ca cc Electron trong mi
trng ca bia tia X:
S pht bc x hunh quang tia X: c nng lng c trng cho cc lp qu
o c in t dch chuyn
S pht bc x hm: c mc nng lng t 0 n nng lng cc i ca
electron
Ph nng lng chm photon l tng cng ca c 2 s pht bc x trn.

n v nng lng ca cc chm tia bc x

trong x tr
n v nng lng ca chm tia Electron l MeV: cc mc nng
lng thng s dng l t 5MeV n 14 hay 16MeV
n v nng lng ca chm tia photon l MV: Cc mc nng lng
thng s dng l 4M, 6MV, 10 MV, 15MV hay 18MV.

Ebremsstrahlung = 0 KEe ; Ebremsstrahlung trung bnh = 1/3 * KEe

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng
Xt mt phantom m ln vi mt phn cch m khng
kh t ti khong cch SSD t ngun.
Cho mt chm photon c chiu vo b mt phantom,
mt s photon s tng tc vi nguyn liu phantom
v to ra nhng electron c vn tc cao.
Liu hp th trong mi trng l do s mt nng
lng ca nhng electron trn qung ng i ca
chng trong mi trng.
Mi electron c tm nh hng ch trong qung ng
i ca n do nh hng ca mi electron trong mi
trng c th c biu din bi mt ng thng
bng qung ng i ca n.

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng

Gi s rng tt c nhng qung ng ca electron l bng

nhau v cng chiu vi chiu chm tia.
V s tng tc ca mt photon hon ton l mt tin trnh ngu
nhin, v nu nh hng ca lut t l nghch bnh phng v
s suy gim ca nguyn liu m c b qua tc l khng c
s suy gim ca chm bc x trong m, th s photon tng tc
ti bt c su no trong phantom s l ging nhau. khi s
qung ng khi u ti tt c cc su l bng nhau.
Liu hp th di b mt m khng kh s ph thuc vo s
track i qua su . Nu s track ny c v nh l mt
hm theo su, kt qu s cho thy mt s thay i liu theo
su.

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng

th cho thy liu hp th bng khng ti b mt, v tng

tuyn tnh n mt su cc i bng qung chy ca
electron, v sau l hng s.

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng

Liu hp th o thc t c biu din bng ng lin nt cho

thy rng c mt vi s khc bit do:
Electron c m hnh qung ng ziczac.
S suy gim v s tn x ca chm photon trong phantom.
lut t l nghch bnh phng khong cch.

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X Vi

Mi Trng
C liu ti b mt l khc khng.
Liu t b mt tng ln n gi tr cc i ti mt su no sau
gim lin tc theo su do lut t l nghch bnh phng khong
cch
su m liu phn b trong mi trng t gi tr cc i nh hn
qung chy ca electron c gi l su Build up

S Phn B Nng Lng Ca Chm Bc X

Vi Mi Trng

Nng lng chm tia v su Build-up

Chm
Photon
100 KV
250 KV
Cs_137
Co_60
6 MV
10 MV
25 MV

Nng lng cc Nng lng trung su Build i

bnh
up
100 Kev
33 Kev
App. 0
250 Kev
80 Kev
0.2 mm
660 Kev
660 Kev
1.5 mm
1.33 Mev
1.25 Mev
5 mm
6 Mev
2 Mev
1.5 cm
10 Mev
3.3 Mev
2 cm
25 Mev
7 Mev
4 cm

S phn b liu ca chm tia Electron

Chm tia electron khi tng tc vi mi trng cng to
ra vng Build-Up, nhng c s khc bit vi cc chm tia
photon l:
Liu ti b mt ca mi trng trong trng hp ny cao hn
so vi cc chm photon.
Cc chm tia electron c qung chy trong mi trng ngn,
suy gim rt nhanh trong mi trng nn c s suy gim ngay
sau vng Build-Up.

S khc bit gia chm tia electron v photon

Chm tia Electron l bc x ion ha trc tip

chm tia photon l bc x ion ha gin tip.

Chm tia Electron c qung chy gii hn trong mi

trng.
Chm tia photon khng c qung chy gii hn
trong mi trng.

c tnh ca chm photon trong x tr

Mt chm tia bc x v mt no c th c xem nh mt
chm nh sng pht ra t mt ngun im, v c hai c tnh
quan trng sau:
Tit din chm tia t l vi bnh phng khong cch t
ngun

A1 d1

A2 d2

trong A1, A2 l din

tch tng ng ti d1, d2.

Cng chm tia t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch:

I1 d 2

I 2 d1

trong I1, I2 l cng

chm tia ti khong
cch d1, d2.

Beam Profile
Beam profile: c nh ngha l s phn b liu chiu dc theo
mt ng thng i qua trng chiu.

Beam Profile
ng thng xuyn qua tm v chia trng thnh hai phn bng
nhau gi l trc chnh ca trng (Principal Axis).
Beam profile ca ng
RS cho thy sut liu
chiu ti bt c v tr no
trong trng u l hng
s, v ti mi im bn
ngoi trng sut liu u
bng khng.
Beam profile dc theo nhng trc chnh l rt quan trng, v
thng thng ngi ta hay ch n beam profile dc theo
trc chnh ca trng.

Penumbra ca chm tia

ng thng ni im O vi
ngun bc x l ng thng
c khong cch ngn nht v
c gi l trc chm tia
(beam axis) hay trc trung tm
chm tia(central axis).
Gi d0 l khong cch t ngun ti im O, gi s sut liu ti im
ny l 100. Ta xt cc im Q c khong cch d1 t ngun (d1>do),
sut liu ti im ny l
X1 = 100 (d0 /d1 )2 < 100
Tng t ta xt ti im A c khong cch d2 t ngun (d2>d1>d0),
sut liu ti ba im ny l
X2 = 100 (d0/d2)2 < X1 = 100 (d0/d1)2 < 100

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

Ti nhng im cng cch xa
im O th sut liu cng thp
hn ti O
Cng trong vng AB nh
xt trn s khng l hng
s m gim dn t tm ra bin
do lut t l nghich bnh
phng.
Ti cc im ngoi vng AB lun lun c mt % no ca bc
x xuyn qua vt liu che chn. Cng chm bc x xuyn
qua cng tun theo lut t l nghch bnh phng khong cch.

Penumbra ca chm tia

Tm li, vi ngun im cng
chm bc x ln nht ti tm
trng chiu v gim dn theo
khong cch t tm do lut t l
nghch bnh phng khong cch,
sau gim t ngt n mt gi tr
ph thuc vo s xuyn qua cht
hp th ca lp che chn ngun v
sau cng gim chm mt ln na
theo lut t l nghch bnh phng
khong cch.

y l beam profile ca mt chm tia bc x

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

Tuy nhin trong thc t ngun ca cc my x tr khng phi l
ngun im m c coi l c kch thc.

Nu kch thc ngun l S

v gi s ngun c chia
thnh nhiu phn nh sao
cho mi phn tng ng vi
mt ngun im.

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

Xut liu trong khong AB l tng s
ng gp ca tt c cc ngun im.
Ti Q, khi ch mt phn ca ngun
l c th nhn thy, mt phn ngun
kia b che bi vt liu che chn ngun.
Kt qu, trong UA v VB cng s
l tng tt c nhng s ng gp trc
tip t nhng ngun im c nhn
thy cng vi s ng gp ca phn
xuyn qua ca nhng ngun im
khng nhn thy.

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

S thay i t ngt ca cng

trong ngun im c thay bi mt
vng cng thay i t t ngt
hn. Kch thc ca vng ny l UA,
BV v ch yu do cc h s hnh hc
nh S, do v D to thnh. Vng ny
c gi l Penumbra ca trng
chiu.

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

rng ca vng penumbra c th tnh ton c

S
UA

S1Z AZ

hoc

S1Z
D

ZA d 0 D

ZA

UA S
S1Z

d0
d0 D
UA S
S 1
D
D

Penumbra ca chm tia (tt)

i vi my gia tc, trng chiu c xc nh ti mt b mt
cch ngun mt khong cch SAD = 100 cm, khi do = SAD.

kch thc vng penumbra =

SAD
S
1
D

Penumbra thay i khi:

S : tng hoc gim
SAD: tng hoc gim
D : tng hoc gim.
i vi my gia tc S l mt hng s, SAD=100cm khng i; D
khng thay i v vy Penumbra ca mt chm tia photon t
my gia tc l khng i.

Penumbra ca chm tia v kch thc trng

bc x
S tn ti ca vng penumbra lm cho vic xc nh
kch thc trng bc x phc tp hn.
Trng hp ngun im, kch thc trng c
xc nh bi rng ca vng cng cha b
thay i t ngt.
Trng hp ngun c kch thc, kch thc
trng bc x l hai ln rng t tm n v tr liu
t 50% so vi liu ti tm (im O). R rng kch
thc trng trong trng hp ny ln hn AB
nhng nh hn UV.

Tm Tt

S tng tc ca bc x vi mi trng.
Vic to ra chm tia photon trong x tr bng my gia tc.
Ph nng lng ca chm tia photon to ra t my gia tc.
S phn b nng lng ca chm bc x trong mi trng (PDD)
Trng chiu, trng bc x
Khi nim Beam profile, c im beam profile ca chm tia bc
x t my gia tc.

Thanks
for
Your
Attention!