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C::'
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~
Appendix B
Crude oils and natural gases contain several pure organic and inor
ganic chemical components, each with its own properties. Table
B-1 presents selected physical properties ofseveral of these individ
ual components. Refs. 6 and 7 present more complete data.
Table 8-1 shows a very wide range of molecular weights, boiling
points, phase densities, and critical temperatures and pressures
among the components constituting reservoir fluids (crude oils or
natural gases). Clearly. the physical properties ofreservoir fluids are
pressure and temperature-dependent. The critical pressure and
temperature of a multicomponent mixture are called pseudocritical
pressure, ppc. and pseudocritical temperature, Tpc , respectively. In
this appendix. these pseudocritical properties are used as correlating
parameters in many empirical correlations. If the mixture composi
tion is known, these quantities may be estimated from
(B-1 )
and
nc
Ppc =
YjPcj ,
j=l
Gas Density
at 60F,
1 atm
(lbmlft3)
Critical
Pressure
(psia)
Critical
Temperature
(OR)
Molecular
Weight
---.t!L
Methane, CH 4
16.04
, -258.7
201.0
343.1
668
30.07
-127.5
332.2
19'
22.22'
0.04228
Ethane. C2H6
0.07924
549.8
708
Propane, OsHa
44.10
-43.7
416.0
31.66'
0.1162
665.7
616
529
Constituent
Liquid Density
(lbmlft3)
Isobutane, C4H10
58.12
10.9
470.6
35.12"
0.1531
734.7
n-bu!ane, C4 H10
58.12
31.1
490.8
36.44"
0.1531
765.3
551
Isopentane. CS H12
72.15
82.1
541.8
38.96
828.8
n-pentane, CS H12
72.15
96.9
556.6
39.35
845.4
490
489
n-hexane, CS H14
86.18
155.7
615.4
41.41
913.4
437
n-heptane. C7 H16
100.20
209.2
668.9
42.92
972.5
397
n-octane. C eH18
114.23
258.2
717.9
44.08
1,023.9
361
n-nonane, C 9 H2D
128.26
303.5
763.2
45.01
1.070.4
332
n-decane, ClOH22
142.29
345.5
805.2
45.79
1.112
304
Nitrogen, N2
28.01
-320.4
139.3
Air (02+N2)
28.96
142.1
44.01
-317.6
-109.3 .
34.08
Water
18.02
0.07380
227.3
493
547
1,071
0.07630
238.4
350.4
51.5"
0.1160
547.6
-76.6
383.1
49.3"
0.08977.
212.0
671.7
62.37
2.02
-423.0
36.7
0.005313
59.9
181
Oxygen, O 2
32.00
-297.4
162.3
0.08432
278.6
737
Carbon monoxide, CO
28.01
-313.6
146.1
0.07380
240
507
Hydrogen. H2
=! .................................... (B-3)
672.4
1.306
1.365.3
3,208
With gas in solution, oil physical properties also depend on gas sol
ubility, in addition to the pressure, temperature, and API gravity ofoiL
and
Ppr
1,300
iii
1.200
.;
P
= p~'
................................... (B-4)
f!!.rr.
_0
}j i
'51
'II
Oil, in the absence of gas in solution, is called dead oil. The physical
properties of dead oil are a function of the API gravity of the oil,
l' API. pressure, and temperature. API gravity of oil is defined as
0
."
900
0.
eoo
"ill
1,100
1,000
..:s
'"'"
li:" ..
5'a
700
Pseudoorilical
Pressure
600
500
~ ~ 400
:5<>.
l' API
141.5
-y;;-
."'".
."
131.5,
......................... (B-5)
!l.
300
200
0.62
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.78
0.62
0.66
m~~
1=1=
8
G
a
u:
,'\,.
I,
I\.
, r\ \
l
f\
,-"
"
co
..'"
f
::J
"
'-"
1\
650
COllciensate
ases
_____
ell FII1Ic1s-""""
600
\1\
\. f\ 1\
'66-'66>>' '''''-'''>''~
r----- __-c~~M~'~e~e~"a~n~e~o;u;s:~~------
b11.000000 0
.~
.<t,
550
.~
fl03
Il.
'E
&.
8
6
II>
:E
.a
Jl
500
.ae
"'C::
.. "
800
!:
D_
.....
Q"
400
I1
100
450
'"
E
0..
"...
::J
1,000
900
Pseudocrilicat Temperature,
1,100
II>
Il.
Tpc. "R
3OO~"~~~~~~__~~~~~~~~~
0.6
0.1
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.2
correlation 21
R = Y (~+ I 4)100.012SYAI'!-o.oOO9IT
,
g[
18.2
.
]
states
..... (8-6)
C32~:5Y(J)( 1 ~g
yJ, ...................
(B-7)
YAPIS30
C1
C2
0.0362
C3
25.7245
YAPI> 30
0.0178
1.0937
1.1870
23.931
R, =
CIYgIOOPC2exp[
C3 (T :A~60)
. ............. (8-8)
where the values for the coefficients are presented in Table B-2.
The gas specific gravity, Yg 10), refers to a separator pressure of
100 psig and can be calculated from
1.2048
R, =
{giOO = Yg ( 1.0
+ 5.912 x
ill
-5
YAPITuP
Q.989
YAPl
TO.172
where Tis in
OF
and
) 1.2255
(B-I0)
Pb
P; =
3
I
Pup)
..................... (B-9)
C:.:
c::
B _ (Vo\.T
o -
Flash
............................ _'"
(8-14)
IPb
Pressure
Fig. B-4-ldealized comparison of flash and differential gas sol
ubilities.
r, ...........................
= (ay~y~:rJp
(B-11)
(Vo)sc '
Be
= 0.9759 +
0.00012
[
R,(~f5 +
1.2
_.. (B-15)
1.25T
]
(B-16)
Bob can be calculated from the Standing correlation (Fig. B-9 or Eq.
B-15), replacing Rs with the produced gas/oil ratio, Rp. The isother
mal compressibility, co' in Eq. B-16 can be calculated with one of
several methods, including the Vazquez and Beggs correlation from
For YAPI> 30,
Eq. B-19. The bubblepoint pressure, Ph, can be calculated by solv
R,
O.0315Oy~"tiifpU)937101L289yAP!/(T+460), ....... (B-12b)
ing Eq. B-6 for pressure after replacing Rs with R , as presented
p
by Standing. 21
where T is ill oF.
On the basis of their large data base, Kartoatmodjo and Schmidt
R
observed that the mean separator pressure, Psep. was 101.6, or very
Pb = 18.2 [( Y;
lO(O.OOO9IT-O.0!25y...,,) - 1.4 . . .. _ (B-17)
close to the Vazquez and Beggs l3 reference pressure of 100 psig.
This observation led to the adoption of 100 psig as their reference
pressure for specific gravity of gas, Yg 100. Kartoatmodjo and
Vazquez and Beggs Correlation. Based on empirical correlation
Schmidt also proposed an empirical equation to correct specific
0,6,000 measured data values for the formation volume factor of oil
gravity referrcd at any other separator pressure and temperature.
below the bubblepoint pres~ure, Vazquez and Beggs proposed this
mathematical expression.
_
(
0
OA07"T- 0.2466 I " Psep )
Y8 lOO - Yg 1.0+ .1595YAPI
sep
0"'114.7'
Rs
= 0'(15958Y~17:2pI.OOI~1OI3.l405yA,,/(T+460J.
. ..... (B-12a)
)0.8J
(B-13)
B.3.2 Oil Formation Volume Factor and Bubblepoint Pressure.
The 'lOl::mc in bd~rcls occiJpied by or.c stock tank Lam:l of oil with
the dissolved gas at any specified pressure and temperature is de
fined as the formation volume factor of oil, Bo. The r;: formation
volume factor is measured in reservoir barrels per Sloe,.:: barrel.
This is a measure ()f the volumetric shrinkage of oil f;
"~serFLUID AND ROCK PROPERTIES
Bo
1.0
+ CIRs + (T -
60)Ug~~ )(C
+ CJR,) ,
................... (B-IS)
,it
105
Example
Required: Bubblepoint pressure at 200"F 01 liquid with a
gas/oil ratio (GOR) 01 350 fl 3lbbl. a gas gravity of 0.75.
and a lank-oil gravity of 30"API.
Procedure: Starting at the left side of the chart. proceed
horizontally along the 35O-ft3lbblline to a gas gravity of
0.75. From that point. drop vertically to the 3O o APlline.
Proceed horizontally from the tank-oil-gravity scale to
the 200F Hne. The required pressure is found
be 1.930 psia.
Bubblepoint
Fig. B-5-Properties of natural mixtures of hydrocarbon gas and liquids at bubblepoint pressure (after Standing21 ).
Coefficient
BEGGS MODIFICATION13
YAPI s30
YAPI > 30
Coefficient
C1
4.677 x 10- 4
4.670x 10- 4
Cl
1.751 x 10- 5
1.100x 10- 5
C:.!
-1.811x10- a
+ 12.61YAPI
Gas specific gravity, YglOO. can be calculated from Eq. B-9. pis
the pressure at which formation volume factor is to be calculated.
Vazquez and Beggs modified Eq. B-8 to solve for bubblepoint
pressure by replacing Rs with Rp. and presented this mathemati
cal expression.
....................... (B-20)
where a
cients CI.
56.18
0.84246
11.172
10.393
CO = ------------------~~----~~------~
(B-19)
YAPI>30
0.914328
Ca
1.337x 10- 9
YAPIS30
27..62
1.0 + lOA,
(B-21a)
where
- 0.27683{
' )2
A = - 6.58511 + 2.91329 log BOb
log Bob
(B-2Ib)
and B;b is a "correlating number" defined by
B;b = Rs ( ~: )
0526
+ 0.968T.
0.30218(log p;)2
................... (B-22a)
55
.4
50
00
ii:
'!
....~
-;
...m
..0
45
40
I
,r
5,.
35
Cl
0 30
.:!t.
I::
...
ocr
0.9
4.111
25
'U
20
15
.....
100
400
200
...
bI
S:"
500
'0
4.0
a.tI
III
.,
u..
tI)
tI)
with
II>
p;
.........................
(~rT'Jy~r,'
0:
0
0.
11'.11
~
.c:.
(B22b)
"
IXl
lL4
(pole
= PbCNFc0 CHf>'
2
La
,0r1
LI
.................... (B-23)
1.11
lUI
0
............ (B-24a)
a ...
at == - 2.65
10-
5.5
aJ
0.0391,
Bo
== 0.027,
"
and
= 2.366.
(B-24b)
1.0 - (0.9035
!
+ 0.019\45
- YAPI ) YIl2,S'
......
LO
1O- sF2 ,
1O- 3T + 0.182594 x 10
.....................
(B-25)
= aR;y~y~1".
.. .......................... (B-26)
(B-24c)
where C U2S == H2S correction factor and YH2S = mole fraction ofH2S
in total surface gases.
~UID
OJ'!
Ph
+ 0.0015Y.\I'!)YH 2s
= 0.497069 + 0.862963
+ 0.318099
C II ."
4.699,
ag
Q4
as == 1.954 x 10- 11
AI
(after Lasater12).
a 4 = 0.8295,
Q7
JJ
X 10- 3 ,
a2
IT.!
l;;:,
f./)
.Q
.Q
rJ1
-"
.:
Q
c = 6.87~7
III
LL.
IV
E
:I
'0
10- 6 RO.5002yO.3613To.76606...-0.35S0S
S
Y glOO
API
>
c
;:;
III
...0
I'b
u..
where p is in psia.
The bubblcpoint-pressure con'elation is presented in two ranges
of API gravity oil.
For y API ~ 30,
Pressure, psia
... (8-29a)
80
= 0.98496
P. =
[O.0315Oy:;'.l:':;"~'~,"",._,]
0.9143
. . .. (B29b)
Note that Eqs. B-29a and B-29b are identical to Eqs. B-12a and
B-12b, but solve for p with Rs equal to the produced gas/oil ratio,
Rp. These correlations were developed with nonlinear regression
analysis.
B.3.3 Oil Density. The density for saturated crude oils below the
bubblepoint pressure can be calculated at a given presssure and tem-
Example
Required: Formation volume at 200"F of bubblepoint liquid
with a GOA of 350 ft3lbbl, a gas gravity of 0.75. and a tank-oil
gravity of 3D API.
Fig. S-9-Chart to determine oil formation volume factor with the Standing correlation. 21
MULTlPHASr FLOW IN WELLS
5,000
4,000
2,000
1.000
C. 800
.., 800
6.,
400
200
"0
:::
CD
'"
ol::
.;,
.,
:.
(!)
i:
'0
!:!
i!'
:;:
"i3
"
'iii
0
()
'"
;>
\.
\\\ \.
100
eo
60
~
I'l.
4ll
" '\.\.
20
"
"\.
10
6
6
........
CD
0.9
'5
0II)
~~
0.8
0.2
0.7
0.1
..........
"
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
.0
._
..........
-.........
.......
-...
I~ ......
-6
00
0.6,_ __
400
200
600
800
1,200
1,400
and
Ygl ~ Ygf ~ 0.56.
62.4yo
+ 0.0136R sYgd
B.
Po =
.................. (B-30)
Pob
)
)
62.4yo
+ 0.0136R pYg,
B
. . . . . . .. ......... (B-31)
(B-34)
OT! the basis of a simple material balance, the free-gas gravity can
be calculated by
Yxl =
RpYg, - RSYgd
R _ R
p
'
........................ (B-35)
ob
B.3.5 Oil Viscosity. The viscosity of crude oil with dissolved gas is
an important parameter in pressure-loss calculations for flow in
pipes or in porous media. Whenever possible, the oil viscosity
should be determined in the laboratory for the required pressure and
Po = Pobe<o(P-Pb).
. ..................... (B-32)
temperature ranges. This section presents empirical correlations to
calculate the oil viscosity b.ased on frequently available hydrocar
bon-system parameters, such as temperature, pressure, oil gravity,
B.3.4 Specific Gravity of Free and Dissolved Gas. In thermody
gas gravity, and gas solubility.
namically stable mixtures of oil and gas, as the equilibrium is dis
turbed with change in pressure under isothermal conditions, the
B.3.S,1 Dead-Oil Viscosity Correlations. For empirical correla
composition of each phase changes. Methane is the first hydrocar
tions, the dead-oil viscosity is determined first. The dead oil is de
bon component to evol ve into the free-gas phase at or below the bub
fined at atmospheric pressure and at any fixed system temperature
blepoint pressure. Heavier hydrocarbon components vaporiz.e with w~thout dissolved gas. This dead-oil viscosity then is corrected for
further lowering of pressure. Such sequential vaporization increases
the system pressure condition. Normally dead-oil viscosity is deter
the spedfie gravity of both thc free and the dissolved gas. Katz et mined in the laboratory whenever PVT analysis is done.
al. 26 used Fig. B-10 to predict the dissolved-gas gravity. Ygd, as a
Beal Corre/ntion. Beal20 presented a graphical correlation in Fig.
functioll of the API gravity of the crude oil and the gas solubility of
the oil phase. Because methane is the lightest component in natural B-11 to determine dead-oil viscosity if the API gravity of the crude
gas. with specific gravity of 0.56, both the free and the dissolved-gas oil and the temperature are known. Standing21 presented this mathe
gravity must be greater than 0.56. However, while the upper limit matical equation to represent Beal's correlation for dead-oil viscos
ity, ,,"od. at I-atm pressure and temperature, T, in OR.
of the free-gas gravity is the average specific gravity of the total sep
Then. given the oil compressibility, Eq. B-32 can be used for density
whenp>Pb
:rrated gas, I"gr, c:xprE~sed at sl<lil0ard conditiuns, this also forms the
lower limit of the dissolved-gas gravity. These limits can be ex
pressed mathematically as
I'gi ::;
rgd
J.luJ = (0.32
+ 1.8
10 )(
4
YAPI .S3
360
)Q
IT - 260,
......... (8-36)
where a = lO lOAJ+8.3J/rAPl).
109
",
10
c.
~l~
Detail
,~
!!
a.
c::
.5
'"
C;
.Q
f
'"en
, --l--- - - 1----
t=~---__ __---__ __
t::
L..-__
::l
OL---~
a.
e::
c::
~-J
~.OOO
C
15c..
Pressure, psi
..
:a
Detail
!.3
.Q
G:
::J
10
>
0
c::
.c
..
'0
::J
U
'0
.?:
10--
Oi
en
L-----:
. I-_________
:;
;:;;
to
15
c=
c=
.. ,
:>
Oi
~I
'"
.c
a.
------
\:!I--
-'O~"------
.8'"
)00
c:
:;;;
c::
1---------)------
0
ct:
01
0.1
),000
0.0 ! -......~~.......-!
c::
a:
G::
Fig. B-12-Variation of oil viscosity with pressure. 20
where
a:
Pc
and T is in OF.
based on North Sea data. Sutton and Farshad l8 found this correla
tion to be the most accurate dead-oil viscosity correlation among the
three described here. This correlation can be expressed as
(3 141
(B-38)
't
= ( 16.0 x
8)
I0 T
-2.8177(
logy API
)5,752610&(n-26.9718
+ 150) -0.338.
Q:
a=
a:
C
/ = (0.2001
+ 0.8428 x
!O -OOOO845R')p~43+0.5165YI
and
(8-39)
llO
b = 5.44 (Rs
G:
where
G:
y :: lO- o,ooosIR,.
C
C
t;
C
,
C
C
MULTIPHASE ROW IN WELLS
38
36
E 34
~ 32
~ 30
'il
26
to
26
24
22
200~---1~O----~20~--~~~---~~----W-----6-0~~7~O~--J80
Oil Gravity at 50F, "APt
;;
m=2.6 p I.l 87 1O G
and
a
).
)
)
Pw =
62.41'
s:: = ---s:;-.
p "'sc
"S<
............ . ..........
(8-45)
tension of dead oil is correlated vs. temperature and the API gravity
where A 2.12+(3.45X 1O- 3)T-(3.59x 1O-S)T2, B=0.0107
of the oil. Because the precise effl!cts of temperature on dead-oil sur
-(5.26 x lO-s)T+(1.48x 1O-7)T2, and C= (8.75 x 10- 7)
face tension is unknown, extrapolation beyond the data presented in
+(3.9 x 1O-9)T-(1.02 x 1O- 11 )T2. The gas solubility is cor
Fig. B-13is not recommended.
rected for the effect of water salinity.
The surface tension of live oil with dissolved gas, 0 0 , can be ob
tained v."h an appropriate correction to God for the dissolved gas.
(R"")b = R,Cs, ....... , ................... (B-47)
Fig. H-l:. presents this correction to the surface tension of the dead
oil as n ',crccntage reduction of the dead-oil surface tension, a!' >I where T is in OF and (Rs",)!; = ~~$ ,olubility in brine, sr[ISTBW:
Rsw = gas solubility in pure water; Cs = salinity correction factor
functio!> ()f pressure, The effect of increasing pressure is to increase
= 1.0- [0.0753 -0.0001737]S, where S= salinity of water, weight
gas solubility. thus decreasing surface tension. The effect of pres
percent of NaC!.
sure on surface tension of oil with dissolved gas can be determined
Ref. 19 is the source of this gas-soluhility correlation.
from Eg. B-44.
FLUID AND ROCK PROPERTIES
111
6<
.~L
48
4C t-
I-@
32
JY!'" -.Vi
"
"
X'I'- t--...
"
l1A
'"
"
1&
r-.....
---
1/
jf
sJ
;;t
.....
~
..,.
--
r-..
-I--
r-pt-
r- P
!OO
1/
)1
.,~/
... V
i'--
---
........
140
180
V
V ~~
V V1>./ V
- -~
:220
I-
I-
r-:r
260~~O
. : ....................... (B-48)
BM'
= B",b exp[ -
1O-6(A + BT + CT2 ),
(ck')J
..................
(B-50)
perature, oF,
B.4.3 Water Formation Volume Factor. Because gas solubility is
very low in water compared to that ill oil, it is common practice to
neglect compressibility and gas solubility of water. Assuming negli
gible thermal expansion. water formation volume factor is assumed
to be 1.0. In actual field situations, water shows gas solubility and,
thus, shrinks under pressure reduction. Gould 30 presented an empir
..
.-
1 aBw
c..,=--
Bw ap
'iii
c..
x't
+ 1.0 x lO-oT;
Temperature, OF
Fig. 8-1 S-Solubility of methane in pure water (after Culberson
and MCKetta28).
= 2.0 +
- 3.33 x 10 -6p ,
V ~
",:""
Bw
,,'
'H"
et=
cC
c=
c::
c::
c:::
c=
c::
G:
a:
a:
a:
c:
3.6
a:
:>:
...
s:
...
E 2.8
0
u
tl.)
Q:
II
:E
'iii
(tI
c;;:
til
Co
QI
:I
c=
...
C.
.E:
'"
iii
"0
?;
tl.)
::
"0
~~
2.4
60
III
Temperature, of
is
III
c=
Q:
(tI
C!
---c:
QI
.>:;
>'(0
l~rT~rr~~rr~.-rr~-rrT~-r~~
~ II:
In
->
!II
~=
l{l;
'0
Ef!
is
uS
c: 0
ou
.E:
"0
~
~
... tIl
:>
c..<Il
06,
~?
I/)
III
1.1
~~
ttl
(!j
ol5Q
Om
en?;
100,0-00
200,000
300,000
TDS, ppm
Fig. B-16--Effect of salinity on gas solubility: TDS=total dis
solved solids (after Dodson and Standing 31 ).
C
It:
C
III
t:
>-
1.6r-"~"'--""T""---r---'--...--....
Cii
o
o
o~/
rtJ
:>...
CIl
ttl
3:
CIl
1.3[
>.
~
......
.~
o
0.09
'"
:f-
~Q9- o~ ~
/ OO~<P
/' J~Lo<C
/.. //,~O
/#'
."
if 0.05
;;;
5'"
"
0.04
.s.>
1ii
0.03
s::""
0.02
Critical Poim
0.01
:>
Q.
<J
/L..?
ffI
It'
/. / /
/ ///
/ /:.1'/
1.2
0.10
700
sO!
Temperature. OF
4 .
12
16
20
24
TOS,%
th,r Z factor.
For large dissolved-solids content in water, apply Frick's35
pV == ZnRT.
. ............. _................ (B-55)
)
)
113
{c:;:
;.t
'.'
1. ..., - - - - - - - - - . . ,
:;.
.....::t
'":;
'"'"
Ql
n:
E
a;
::.
'"0 I.'
'.0
c:
0..
c:
iii
0.7
'5
2:
III
0."
c
c
c;
3l
a:
0.&
iii
.i':'
'iii
0....
III
;:;:
0..
t=
0. ..
0.1
~~~~~~~~~~-=~=-~I~m~~~~~I~~~~~-=KC=--bO==~~~~no~~aeo~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Temperature, of
c=
Fig. B20-Water viscosities at various salinities and temperatures (after Matthews and RusselJ1).
viously. The specific gravity of gas, Yg. is defined as the ratio of the
gas density to that of air. Pa. at standard conditiolls, expressed math
ematically as
Y
g
= (Ps)
,Po sc
Mg ............... , ..........
Ma'
(B-57)
Mg
= 28.96 .
. . , ............................. (B-58)
(B-59)
a:
c:
C;
c:
10~--~--~----~--~--~--~----~--~--~--~
2,000
4.000
6,000
B,OOO
IO,ODe
Pressure, psia
:C::;
c
c=
:;
'"
iii
a; 0."
a.
I
(::
Pressure--corr9ction factor, f.
for waler vs. T (oF), presumed
applicable 10 brines but nol
confirmed experimentally.
0..
...
c=
c=
c:
a.
'0
(e:
Ie;
4010120
120'10 <112
21210400
t:
c:
c:
.:
c
~?
'.~
t:
t:
Pseudorecluced Pressure
4
"'mt.
~.
...
....
J!
1
~
.,~
u
1.0
_ _ _ _ _O.!!
10
II
12
IS
Pseudoreduced Pressure
Fig. B-22-Real-gas deviation factor for natural gases as a function of pseudoreduced pres
sure and temperature.11
.'
and
Ppc == 706 - 51.7)'8 - ILly;,
................. (B-63)
'
AllP~) +
LO,
(B-64)
115
0.27Ppr
ZIpr .
.............................. (B-65)
= 0.3265,
A2
- 1.0700,
A3
- 0.5339, .
A4
As
A6
As
0.5475,
= 0.1844,
; ................. , . . . . . .. (8-70)
c:
c:
c
J.lga= - , - - - - -
= 0.6134,
and
All
= 0.7210.
(8-67)
where Tpc = pseudocritical temperature, OR; Ppc = pseudocritical
pressure, psia; T;'" = corrected pseudocritical temperature, OR;
p~c corrected pseudocritical pressure, psiu; YH 2S mole fraction
of hydrogen sulfide in the gas mixture; and e = pseudocritical tem
perature adjustment factor, defined mathematically by
Mg = 28.97yx'
A 1.6) + 15{),o5. _
\ H2~
y4.0 ) ,
H1S
(8-68a)
116
YH,S
+ Yeo,
(ll-68b)
............................... (8-71)
J.l g
=:
x(tz~4fl
1O-4K exP [
.......".........
(8-72)
Ii'
C
g
e = J 20(A 0.9
pressure, psia;
0.7361,
A9 = 0.1056,
AIO
(B-69)
= 0.01569.
= - 0.05165,
A7
= 0.0283
where Bg =gas formation volume factor, ft 3/scf;' P
B,
'= -
t(~~)T'
........................... (B-73)
WIth the real gas law to replace volume in the previous equations
1
Z
(d2:)
d
P
.......................... (8-74)
c:
Pr
0.27p
pr
= --z:r-.
pr
- 1.D700,
A3
=-
A4
As
=-
A6
= 0.5475,
As
A9
AIO
0.5339,
0.01569,
A7
0.05165,
j=1
= '--n=---IYj~
/l go
0.1056,
= 0.6134,
Tpc -
...
(B-66)
and
= 28.97)'8 .
Mg
p""T'pc
(B-67)
+ J5()'0.~
,H,S
y"o)
HzS'
(B-68a)
+ Yco 2 '
"
wh~re
A = YH 2$
(8-72)
+ O.OIMg;
Tpc
(B-7 I)
where
......................... (B-70)
j=l
0.7210.
d
d
I)'j!lj~
= 0.1844,
All
116
- 0.7361,
and
T(,.
0.3265,
A2
(B-68b)
_l(av)
V
i'Jp
T'
........................... (B-73)
With thl" r!'lll gas law to r'!piace volumf' in the previous eqtlations
and after proper differentiation.
Cg
~ H~t,
..........................
(B-74)
~
d
1,5
2.0
50
=1)
60
Molecular Weight
I
p'
.................................... (B-75)
+ (180
1.0
60)(0.~;2)[1.l x
10- 5
1.337
10- 9(281)]
+ 0.131 + 0.067
1.197 bbVSTBO .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-76)
To estimate the gas compressibility, Trube presented correlations to
estimate the pseudoreduced compressibility as a function of pseudo
reduced pressure and temperature (Figs. B-25 and B-26). Note that
these two correlations are similar. They present pseudoreduced com
pressibil.ity at two different ranges of compressibility values.
Yd
Example B.I-Calculate Black-Oil-Model Mass-Transfer Pa
rameters and Physical Properties. A crude oil and natural gas mix
ture i~ flowing through a wellbore. Determine the black-oil-model
mass-transfer parameters and the physical properties of the gas and
oil phases at a location in the well where the pressure is 1,700 psia and
the temperature is J80F. Also given are Yg = 0.75 at Pup == 14.7 psia
.
and Tsep = 6QF, YAP! 33, and Rp == 1,000 scf/STBO.
~l1zquez
and Beggs).
YglOO
1O-S(33)(60)IOg[/~:7n
R s = (0.0178)(0.672)(1,700)1187
x ex p ( (23.93J)CSO
Oil Density.
From Eg. B-5,
141.5
Yo = 131.5
+ 33 == 0.8?
Po ==
I.l~n
53.66 + 336
1.197
== 47.61 Ibmfft 3 .
= 0.672.
'},
= (0.75)(0.896)
1,000 - L81
~ 460)]
281 scf/STBO.
FLUID AND ROCK PROPERTIES
Pp< = 677
(15)(0.7) - (37.5)(0.7)2
= 669 psia.
From Eq. B-60,
Tp< = 168
+ (325)(0.7)
- (12.5)(0.7)2
= 38g R.
117
jfiP'-
"I'\.
~ L Temperalure
to
'.0
\ 1\
~T\
,\ ~
I\\~
\
1\
I\~~
\\ \l~~
1/ .~.
r\\i\ ~~.
\\
I.of\LI,
''\ f\
o.I
\ \~
ti
678910
PseudOreduced Pressure,
ppr
180 1. 163
= 0.552
x =
and
b = 5.44(281
T~
j1.o =
[10.715(281
100)-0.515](2.56)7 = 0.97ep.
M g = (28.97)(0.7)
20.28Ibmllbm-mol.
1.65.
From
Ppr =:
B-4,
2.54.
= 3.5
+ ~g +
(0.01)(20.28)
and
Z=0.853.
y = 2.4 - (0.2)(5.243)
Fr~m
=:
0.0283
'V
=:
= 0.0091 ft 3/scf.
Gas Density.
From Eq. B-59.
j1.g
1.351.
Eq. B-72,
5.243,
= (10) -4028.7)exp[
(5.243)(~i~!f3S']
=:
0.016 cpo
00d
= 29 dynes/em.
c:
pg
118
(2.7)(0.7)(1,700) = 5 88 lbmlf J
(0.853)(180 + 4 6 0 ) '
t
C
MULTIPHASE FLOW IN WELLS
t::
~i
0.10
~~
noS'
ODa
l>
...,1;.
.,.,
li
.c..
1\
(.'!:Oil:
f\
1\
\,
\ \.
ClO4
l.o~
..
;l;)
00'3
/Ll
1\71.11-
[\ \
[\
Co.
-\\\ \
\\\\ \
[\[\
\
\1\
!\
1\
1,1,
I, I\
001
\~~
[\
1\ \
002
0\\
l4 \\ \
'-1 L
~
c'"
.,'"
"0
::l
....
yu-
\ r\
r\ \
l\
~,
1\1\
\\ 1\
"0
::l
"0
1\
'\
i\
!\
\\
2.0
Q05
PseudQredueed Tempereture -
1\
0.07
r::,
mf
~\ \~
\\'\
\~
10
JO'!
10
= (29)UtO) = 8.41
Il!i
a"
system pres
dynes/cm.
8,
= 0.314693 + 0.106253
+ 0.18883
x 1O- 4 F
x 10 - lo F2 ,
(B-79)
b=-1.079340,
C= ~(~;)T'
(B-80)
'"
B;(
B,
1'0.5
= Rs __
y'p-I.H1l\9
'Y~.3
(B-78b)
Ci = (~~i)T"""'"''''''''''''''''''''
(B-82)
119
I:
'!I
II
~0
l'
II
it
"
"'l~
II!!"\
10
'II
""
"....
"'&
'\
1'-. ~"
Cf)IfI'f'LA~
I\> rt
..."
~ ;-!!I-- ..
"
\&
!l
e >
l!
"
HALL'S
CORR.UTIf.I
ro
C,
+ c/.
00
00.0.
(B-83)
c == S
(
Ii
10
= cpr/Ppc.
(B-84)
where
Ppc =
o.
(B-85)
pseudocritical
pressure
from
Fig.
(B-86)
B-1
and
R; 21.75) (Bg)
Bo
+ (Oo83p +
Coo "" Co
i (a;.P.) , ..
.............. (B-87)
(B-88)
l..(avp)
Vp ap
30
c/.
25
Ss( ~ 1 a:Pc)
ItO
Cw
IS
[(-=-1.
B~ (aRI)
]
Bo aBo)
ap + Bo
ap
T
(I
Co
II
0"
0.0
Sg( ~ 1 daB)
..
,p,
!O
~"
"
----. ~te
1&1
"
',,"
'--
00
.-...........
..
5
'I f-
..
""'t
o.
q
~
r~ .... ....
,~~
4'-:- H!lLL'$
silO
..
1J
--
CORflL/lTION
'\-
"~
1\
......
g'
0"
00
11
f!)-
1I
"
II
li
I"RlA.8L SltND$TONES
COAlSOl..I.OArED LIMS7T1NES
T'
(B-89)