Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference Books
Grading Policy
100%
dependant
tests
Empirical relations
Computer applications
Experience, Judgement, FOS
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Soil Texture
is the approx
limit)
mm
D
Cu 60
D10
D302
Cc
D60 D10
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Atterberg Limits
Plastic limit (PL): the water content, in percent, at which the soil
changes from a plastic to a semisolid state.
Plasticity index (PI): the difference between the liquid limit and
plastic limit of a soil, PI = LL PL.
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Clay Mineralogy
Clay Mineralogy
Group symbols:
G - gravel
S - sand
M - silt
C - clay
O - organic silts and clay
Pt - peat and highly
organic soils
H - high plasticity
L - low plasticity
W - well graded
P - poorly graded
Plasticity Chart
Group names:
several descriptions
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Gravel:
Sand:
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Permeability
Flow through soils affect several material properties such as shear strength
and compressibility
If there were no water in soil, there would be no geotechnical engineering
Darcys Law
Developed in 1856
Unit flow,
Definition of
Darcys Law
h
qk
L
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Seepage
1-D Seepage:
Q=kiA
where,
i = hydraulic gradient =h /L
h = change in TOTAL head
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Effective Stress
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Effective Stress
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Example
Determine the effective stress distribution with depth if the head in the
gravel layer is a) 2 m below ground surface b) 4 m below ground
surface; and c) at the ground surface.
Steps in solving seepage and
effective stress problems:
set a datum
evaluate distribution of
total head with depth
subtract elevation head
from total head to yield
pressure head
calculate distribution
with depth of vertical
total stress
subtract pore pressure
(=pressure head x w)
from total stress
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Stress due to a
Circular Load
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Stress due to
Rectangular Load
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Newmarks
Influence Chart
Simplified Methods
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Consolidation
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Settlement Calculations
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Settlement
Calculations
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Example
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Consolidation Calculations
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Consolidation Calculations
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Example
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Shear Strength
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Triaxial Test
may be complex, expensive, several
configurations
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Triaxial Test
Undrained Loading (f = 0 Concept)
Total stress change is the same as the pore water pressure increase
in undrained loading, i.e. no change in effective stress
Changes in total stress do not change the shear strength in
undrained loading
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Stress-Strain Relationships
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Stress
Path
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Hyperbolic Model
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