Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

SIG Pertambangan
(Theory of Spatial Analysis : Introduction .....)

Oleh :
Irvani

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

SKS, Penilaian & Kehadiran :

Banyaknya SKS = 2 SKS (Teori)
Penilaian :
- Absensi 10%
- Tugas 20%
- Teori (UTS & UAS) 70%
Kehadiran minimal 75% dari 14x perkualiahan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Referensi :

Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modelling

with GIS. Delta Printing , Ontario, 398 p.
Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological
Association of Canada, 616 p.
de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educational
Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC
educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &
Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminology. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.
Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.
Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical information
systems: principles and applications, Longman.
Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our World: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.
ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com/index.html ) : understanding GIS, industry applications,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Materi/Pokok Bahasan
I Pendahuluan (P.1)

VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)

a. Metode AHP
b. Principle Steps
II Overview of GIS (P.2)
in GIS Spatial
c. GIS Processing
III Map Projection and
VII
Introduction
to ArcGIS or
Coordinate System (P.3-4)
MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
V GIS Database (P.6)

Chapter 2

State-of-the-Art GIS:
Introduction to ArcGIS

Data Explorer

Clients

GIS Desktops

Java Viewer
Reader software
HTML Viewer

Mobile/Field
Capture

Desktop
GIS

Mobile
Devices

GIS Extensions

Developer Tools
Development
kits
Database
connector

Web
publisher

GIS Servers
RDBMS

State-of-theArt GIS sice

early 2000s

STATE-OF-THE-ART
GIS AS INFRASTRUCTURE
Mobile GIS
PC, PDA
Phone

Desktop GIS
ArcInfo
ArcEditor
ArcView
ArcReader

Network

Server GIS
ArcGIS Server
Portal Toolkit
Geodatabases

Files

DBMS

Virtual Globes
ArcGIS Explorer
Google Earth
Virtual Earth

XML

SEVERAL GIS SOFTWARE

Commercial:
ESRI http://www.esri.com
Intergraph http://www.intergraph.com
Autodesk http://www.autodesk.com
Non-commercial/academic:
Clark Labs (Clark University)
http://www.clarklabs.org
USGS Grass - http://grass.fbk.eu/intro/general.php
Ilwis: www.ilwis.org

INTRODUCTION TO GIS SOFTWARE

(ESP. ARCGIS)

Acknowledgement: Most of the slides in this presentation are either from

Dr Francisco Olivera (TAMU) or Dr David Maidment (UT, Austin)

INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server,
ArcIMS, Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst

ESRI GIS DEVELOPMENT

Arc/Info (coverage model)
Versions 1-7 from 1980 1999

160,000 licenses
1,200,000 users as of 2004

Arc Macro Language (AML)

ArcGIS (geodatabase model)
Version 8.0, , 9.3 from 2000
Visual Basic for Applications
ArcView (shapefile model)
Versions 1-3 from 1994 1999
Avenue scripting language

GEOGRAPHIC DATA
MODELS
All geographic information systems are built using formal
models that describe how things are located in space. A
formal model is an abstract and well-defined system of
concepts. A geographic data model defines the vocabulary
for describing and reasoning about the things that are
located on the earth. Geographic data models serve as the
foundation on which all geographic information systems
are built.
Scott Morehouse, Preface to Modeling our World

DATA MODELS
A geographic data
model is a structure
for organizing
geospatial data so that
it can be easily stored
and retrieved.

Geographic coordinates

Tabular attributes

Different types of data model supported by ArcGIS :

1. File-based models : coverages, shapefiles, etc.

2. Geodatabase model: high-level geographic data model
using standard RDBMS

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FILE-BASED DATA MODELS

Geographic coordinates and attributes
are stored in separate but linked files

Arc
Coverages
Developed for
workstation Arc/Info
~ 1980
Complex structure,
proprietary format
Attributes in Info
tables

Info
Shapefiles
Developed for
ArcView ~ 1993
Simpler structure
in public domain
Attributes in
dBase (.dbf)
tables

Storing Data
Coverages

Shapefiles

Texas
Texas
Counties

Counties.shp
Counties.shx
Counties.dbf

Evap

Evap.shp
Evap.shx

Info

Evap.dbf

STORING DATA
Coverages and Shapefiles
Coverages are stored partially in their own
folder and partially in the common INFO folder.
Shapefiles are stored in three to five files (with
extensions .shp, .shx, .dbf, .sbx and .sbn).
Coverages store common boundaries between
polygons only once, to avoid redundancy.
Shapefiles store all the geometry of each
polygon regardless of redundancy.
Coverage features are single lines or single
polygons. Shapefiles allow features to have
multiple, disconnected, intersecting and
overlapping components.

GEODATABASE AND FEATURE

DATASET
A geodatabase is a relational database that
stores geographic information.
A feature dataset is a collection of feature
classes that share the same spatial
reference frame.

Geodatabase
Relational database
Stores geographic coordinates as one
attribute (shape) in a relational
database table

Personal Geodatabase: small size

(<2Gb), using MSAccess (already
included)
Enterprise Geodatabase: unlimited size,
using RDBMS (Oracle, DB2, SQL server,
Informix)

19

ARCGIS GEODATABASE
Workspace
Geodatabase
Feature Dataset
Feature Class
Geometric
Network
Relationship
Object Class

10

OBJECT CLASS
An object class is a collection
of objects in tabular format
that have the same behavior
and the same attributes.

An object class is a table that has a unique identifier (ObjectID)

for each record

FEATURE CLASS
A feature
class is a
collection of
geographic
objects in
tabular format
that have the
same
behavior and
the same
attributes.
Feature Class = Object class + spatial coordinates

11

RELATIONSHIP
A relationship is an association or
link between two objects in a
database.
A relationship can exist between
spatial objects (features in feature
classes), non-spatial objects (objects
in object classes), or between spatial
and non-spatial objects.

RELATIONSHIP
Relationship between non-spatial objects

Water
Quality
Data

Water
Quality
Parameters

12

RELATIONSHIP
Relationship between spatial and non-spatial objects
Water quality data
(non-spatial)

Measurement station
(spatial)

NETWORK
A network is a set of
edges (lines) and
junctions (points) that
are topologically
connected to each other.
Each edge knows which
junctions are at its
endpoints
Each junction knows
which edges it connects
to

13

INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS,
Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst

ARC MAP
View
and
edit
data

Analyze data
(Geoprocessing)

Create maps

14

Graphical
previews
View data
(like Windows Explorer)

ARC CATALOG
Tables

Metadata

ARC TOOLBOX

Map Projections
Tools for commonly used tasks

15

GEO-PROCESSING

Toolbox tools linked together using the model builder to

automate data processing

ARC GLOBE

16

ARC GLOBE
An alternative
display to ArcMap
Design to rapidly
display image files
and to zoom in
rapidly from a global
view to a local view
Works on a spherical
earth (not
spheroidal)

Our focus

17

LEVELS OF ARCGIS
ArcView View data and do edits on
shape files and simple personal
geodatabases
ArcEditor do more complex edits on
enterprise geodatabases
ArcInfo the full system, with access to
workstation ArcInfo (i.e. ArcInfo version 7)
as well

18

INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS,
Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst

ARCGIS
ON THE WEB

19

AN ARCIMS BASED WATERSHED

INFORMATION SYSTEM MAP SERVER

AN ARCGIS SERVER BASED DATA ACCESS

SYSTEM

20

GOOGLE EARTH GEOGRAPHIC WEB BROWSER

http://earth.google.com/

GOOGLE EARTH 3D WITH TERRAIN

21

Adding data to Google Earth

INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server,
ArcIMS, Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst

22

ARCGIS EXTENSIONS

ESRI ONLINE REFERENCE

MATERIALS
http://www.esri.com/library/ Reference
material and brochures about ESRI
products
ArcGIS summary:
http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/
pdfs/arcgis.pdf
Spatial Analyst summary:
http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/
pdfs/spatialanalystbro.pdf
ESRI Virtual Campus provides
online training http://campus.esri.com/

23

Several important GIS projects

1.

USGS Global GIS Project ( http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis

http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis// )

2.

The National Geologic Map Database Project (NGMDB) : a

collaborative project involving the USGS, the Association of American
State Geologists, and the Geological Society of Canada

( http://ncgmp.usgs.gov/ngmdbproject/home.html
http://ncgmp.usgs.gov/ngmdbproject/home.html )
3.

ESRI Data Models :

( http://esri.com/software/arcgisdatamodels/index.html
http://esri.com/software/arcgisdatamodels/index.html )

47

SEVERAL SOURCES FOR FREE

SPATIAL DATASETS

Geography Networks
(http://www.geographynetwork.com
(http://www.geographynetwork.com//

USGS Geology (http://geology.usgs.gov/index.shtml

(http://geology.usgs.gov/index.shtml))

USGS GEOGEO-DATA Explorer (GEODE)

(http://geode.usgs.gov
/).
(http://geode.usgs.gov/).

The Geological Survey of Canada

(http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/index_e.html
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/index_e.html))

The British Geological Survey

(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/home.html
(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/home.html))

Geoscience Australia (http://www.ga.gov.au

(http://www.ga.gov.au))

The Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO National Geological Survey

(http://www.nitg.tno.nl/eng/index.shtml
(http://www.nitg.tno.nl/eng/index.shtml))
48

24

Web Resource for Earth Science Datasets

The National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, Federal Geographic

Data Committee (http://clearinghouse1.fgdc.gov/)

49

The USGS Mineral Resources Program

(http://minerals.usgs.gov/)

50

25

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA
(HTTP://WWW.GA.GOV.AU)
HTTP://WWW.GA.GOV.AU

51

WEB RESOURCES FOR

GEOPHYSICAL DATA
USGS Geophysical data
(http://
http://crustal.usgs.gov/crustal/geophysics
crustal.usgs.gov/crustal/geophysics//)
NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Solid Earth
Geophysics - Digital Gravity and Magnetics
(http://
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/segd.shtml
www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/segd.shtml)
American Geophysical Union (http://www.agu.org/
http://www.agu.org/)
Natural Resources Canada, Geophysical Data Centre
(http://gdcinfo.agg.emr.ca/gdc/index_e.html
http://gdcinfo.agg.emr.ca/gdc/index_e.html)
Western region geophysical investigations by the Geophysical
Unit of Menlo Park, California (GUMP)
(http://
http://geology.wr.usgs.gov/docs/gump/gump.html
geology.wr.usgs.gov/docs/gump/gump.html)
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Geospatial
Sciences Division (http://
http://www.nima.mil/GandG
www.nima.mil/GandG//)

52

26

Pengenalan MapInfo

53

MapInfo
MapInfo merupakan salah satu perangkat
lunak pemetaan (SIG) desktop yang
dikembangkan dan kemudian dipasarkan.
MapInfo sebagai perangkap lunak SIG yang
memungkinkan
penggunanya
untuk
memvisualisasikan
dan
menganalisa
secara geografis lebih cepat dan
menyediakan informasi yang diperlukan
dalam proses pengambilan keputusan.

27

MapInfo digunakan di Indonesia digunakan

pada tahun 1980-an.
MapInfo hadir dengan beberapa interface
yang diimplementasikan dalam berbagai
bentuk : menu, tools, dll.

Keunggulan MapInfo :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Dilengkapi interface
Menggeser dan merotasikan objek grafis
Menyimpan objek dalam table
Menentukan batas (table bounds)
Merubah skala dan perbesaran
Memiliki beberapa pola baru (fill&hatch pattern) untuk
meningkatkan kualitas tampilan peta dijital
Memiliki fasilitas scale pattern untuk menghasilkan
print-out peta dijital berwarna sedekat mungkin dengan
tampilan softcopy-nya
Dapat menentukan resolusi peta dijital sesuai dengan
resolusi monitor
Mampu membuat 3D

28

MapInfo menyebut peta dijitalnya (shape,

coverage, atau layer sebagai prangkat SIG atau
CAD lainnya) sebagai TAB (*.TAB) atau
terkadang table.
Workspace dalam MapInfo juga seperti desktop
Ms.Windows yang muncul pada tampilan layar
pengguna.
Pengguna
dapat
merubah
tampilannya dengan mudah dengan cara
mengeser-geser tampilan objek2 di dalamnya.

Map Window
MapInfo menggunakan terminologi Map
Window untuk merepresentasikan sebuah
objek yang menampung dan menampilkan
objek table yang terdapat di dalamnya.

29

Data pasial utama yang digunakan MapInfo menggunakan

model vektor diimplementasikan sebagai sebuah table.
Data spasial yang diimplemantasikan table ini terdiri dari :
1. *.DAT : file untuk menyimpan data atribut atau table milik
sebuah table
2. *.TAB : File utama berisi informasi struktur table, nama
field, dan tipe field di dalamnya
3. *.MAP : File berisi informasi geografis yang
mendeskripsikan objek2 peta.
4. *.IND : File berisi indeks data yang terdapat dalam table
atribut terkait (*.DAT)
5. *.ID : File berisi indeks data yang terdapat dalam objek
geografis terkait (*.MAP)

Tool-Tool MapInfo
1. Standard Toolbar
Memuat tools dengan fungsi yang umumnya tercakup dalam menu File,
Edit dan Window.

30

2. Main Toolbar
Memuat tools untuk melakukan seleksi terhadap objek grafis, mengubah
ukuran tampilan peta, melihat jarak antara objek, dll.

3. Drawing Toolbar
Memuat tools yang digunakan untuk mengedit/ membuat objek
grafis

31

Map Windows
Objek grafis dari table ditampilkan dalam
Map Window. Beberapa table bisa
ditampilkan dalam satu Map Window yang
sama, dalam layer yang berbeda.

Browser Window
Gunakan Browser Window untuk melihat
atau mengedit data tabular. Setiap kolom
dari data tabular mengacu pada field yang
berbeda.
Setiap
baris
merupakan
informasi yang mengacu pada satu record
atau satu objek grafis (jika ada).

32

Graph Window
Dengan Grap Window, data tabular
divisualisasikan dalam bentuk grafik. Ada
berbagai bentuk grafik seperti : bar
graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, dll.

Workspace
Workspace merupakan suatu area kerja yang menyimpan
informasi dari map window dengan satu atau beberapa
tabel yang dibuka, browser window dll. Workspace yang
disimpan menempati satu file tersendiri dengan file type.
WOR.

33

Layout
Merupakan feature dari MapInfo untuk
membuat satu halaman layout yang
memuat map window, browser window
dan grafik window, text dll.

34

3DMap
Peta 3D dapat kita buat dengan bantuan
software MapInfo sehingga menghasilkan
tampilan 3D suatu daerah. Analisis
morfografi atau bentukan lahan bisa
terlihat lebih nyata dan dapat dianalisis
dari berbagai sudut.

Peta 3D

35

Edit Peta 3D

MENGOLAH DATA di MapInfo

Source data (Citra satelit, foto udara, peta,
gambar, dll)

Pemberian titik ikat, minimal 3 titik

Digitasi

36

Source Data
Contoh :
1. Citra satelit

2. Peta

37

Pemberian titik ikat

38

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Terima Kasih

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