University of Palestine

College of Engineering & Urban Planning

First Level

Engineering Drawing
Lecture 5
PROJECTION THEORY
Lecturer:
Eng. Eman Al.Swaity
Eng.Heba hamad

PART 1
PROJECTION
METHOD

TOPICS

Projection methods
Orthographic projection

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective

Parallel

Oblique

Axonometric

Orthographic

Multiview

PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

Line of sight

is an imaginary ray of light between an

observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which

the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Plane of projection

Plane of projection

Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manufacturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.

Width is distorted

Orthographic
Projection

MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1

5
3

4
Projection plane

3 4

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown.
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Axonometric drawing

Tilt

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.

Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing

Advantage

Easy to understand

Disadvantage

Shape and angle distortion

Example

Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

Multiview Drawing
Advantage

It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example

Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

PART 2
Orthographic
Projection

TOPICS
Object representation
Multiview projection
Glass box concept
Orthographic projection of point,
line, plane, surface and object.
Line convention
Isometric Sketching

OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
can be presented only
two in each view.

Height

Three principle dimensions

of an object

Height
Width
Depth

Depth

Width

Depth

Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the size
description.

TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer.
2. The observer move around the
object.

REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Right side view

Front view
(Elevation)

Top view

(Elevation)

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND

Top view

Front view

Right side view

THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view

Depth

History

Width
Height

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Click on the picture to play video

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Click on the picture to play video

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Click on the picture to play video

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Click on the picture to play video

Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features

OBJECT FEATURES
Edges

are lines that represent the boundary

between two faces.

Corners

Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge

Corner

Edge

No corner

No edge

No corner

OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces

are areas that are bounded by edges

or limiting element.

Limiting
element

is a line that represents the last visible

part of the curve surface.

Surface

Surface

Limit

Surface

Limit

PROJECTION OF POINT(S)
BT
BT

AT

AT

Equal
distance

B
A
AF BF

BR
AR

AF BF

AR

BR

PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT
AT

BT

Equal
length
AT
B
A
AF BF

Point

BR
AR

AF BF

AR

BR

True length

NORMAL LINE

PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT

AT

BT

Equal
length
AT
B

A
A

AF
BF

BR
AR

AF

BF

AR

BR

Foreshortened
Foreshortened

INCLINED LINE

PROJECTION OF LINE
Foreshortened
BT

AT

BT

B
BR

BF

AT
B

A
AF

Equal
length
BF

BR

A
AR

Foreshortened

AF

AR

Foreshortened

OBLIQUED LINE

PROJECTION OF PLANE
True size
CT

BT

CT
AT
BT

CR

A
AF,CF

Edge

AT

B
BF

Equal
length

BF

AR,B R

AF,CF

AR,B R

CR

Edge

NORMAL PLANE

PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
CT

BT

CT
AT

C
CR

CF

Equal
length

BT

AT

CF

CR

BF
AF

Foreshortened

AR,B R

Edge

BF

AF

AR,B R

INCLINED PLANE

PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
CT

BT

CT
AT

Equal
length

B
BF

CR

CF

BT

AT

CF

BR

BF

A
AF

Foreshortened

BR

CR

AR

Foreshortened

AF

AR

OBLIQUED PLANE

PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.

(Elevation)

You have to project the remaining surfaces which are invisible too !

PROJECTION OF OBJECT

s
s

(Elevation)

PROJECTION OF OBJECT

(Elevation)

Line Convention

LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.

PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of
importance

Visible
line

Hidden
line

Center
line

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Correct
Join

No !

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Leave
space

Correct

No !

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

Correct

No !

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden arcs should start on a center line.

CENTER LINE PRACTICE

In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.

Leave space

Leave space

CENTER LINE PRACTICE

Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave
space
Leave
space

Leave
space

Leave
space

Isometric
Sketching

Sketch from an actual object

1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.
2. Define an isometric axis.
3. Sketching the enclosing box.
4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each
details.
5. Darken all visible lines.

Sketch from an actual object

STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.

Sketch from an actual object

STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted
unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.

End of The Lecture

PROJECTION
THEORY