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inimal CPU Involvement. A common use for an vd architecture to control communicat
ion with interactive terminals.The I / O processor takes care of INVOLVED Most o
f the tasks in Controllingthe terminals.As one proceeds along this evolutionary
path, more and more of the I / OInvolvement is Performed function without CPU.
The CPU is increasingly re-lieved of I / O-related tasks, Improving performanc
e. With the last two steps (5-6),a major change occurs with the introduction of
the concept of an I / O module CA-pable of executing a program. For step 5, t
he I / O module is often Do Referred to as anI / O channel. For step 6, the ter
m I / O processor is often Do USED. Tuy nhin, c?terms are on occasion to c? sit
uations p. In what sau, We will use theterm I / O channel .Characteristics of I
/ O ChannelsThe I / O channel DMA l an extension of the concept. An I / O chann
el hasthe ability to execute I / O instructions, Which Gives it complete contro
l over I / Ooperations. In a computer system with vd devices, the CPU does not
execute I / Oinstructions. Such instructions are stored in main memory to be e
xecuted by aspecial-purpose processor in the I / O channel chnh n. THus, the CPU
initiates an I / Otransfer by instructing the I / O channel to execute a progra
m in memory. The pro-gram ra s? the device or devices, the area or which areas
of memory for storage, pri-ority, and actions to be taken for Certain Conditi
ons error. The I / O channel sauThese instructions and controls the data transf
er.Two types of I / O channels are common, as Illustrated in Figure 7:15. Acha
nnel selector controls and multiple high-speed devices, at any one time, is de
d-icated to the transfer of data with one of nh?ng devices. THus, the I / O ch
annelSelects one device and the data transfer effects. Each device, or a small
set of de-vices, is Handled by a controller, or I / O module , That is much l
ike the I / O moduleschng discussing past tense. THus, the I / O channel serves
in place of the CPU in con-trolling These I / O controllers. A multiplexor cha
nnel can handle I / O with multipledevices at the same time. For low-speed devi
ces, a byte multiplexor or ch?p nh?ntransmits characters as Fast as Possible to
multiple devices. For example, the resul-tant character stream from three dev
ices with khc rates and the individual streamsA1A2A3A4..., B1B2B3B4. . ., and
C1C2C3C4. . . might beA1B1C1A2C2A3B2C3A4,and so on. For high-speed devices,
a block multiplexor interleaves blocks of datafrom vi devices.
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance (8th edition) William Stallings - Page 267
244 CHAPTER 7 / INPUT / OUTPUT 7.7 THE EXTERNAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND InfiniB
andTypes of interfacesThe to a peripheral interface from an I / O module Ph?i Ta
ilored to the nature andoperation of the peripheral. One major characteristic o
f the interface is forwarded it isserial or parallel (Figure 7:16). In a parall
el interface , there are multiple lines con-necting the I / O module and the pe
ripheral, and multiple bits are Transferred simul-taneously, just as all of th
e bits of a word are simultaneously over the Transferreddata bus. In a serial i
nterface , there is only one line to transmit data USED, and bitsPh?i Transmit
ted one at a time. A parallel interface has traditionally du?c USEDSelectorchan
nelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n memoryI / Ocontro
llerI / OcontrollerI / Ocontroller(A) Selector(B) Mult i plexorI / Ocontroller
Mult i plexorchannelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n
memoryI / OcontrollerI / OcontrollerFigure 7:15 I / O Channel Architecture
7.7 / THE externAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND INFINIBAND 245 for HigherHi-Speed ??p
eripherals, nhu tape and disk, while the serial interface has tra-ditionally d
u?c USED for printers and terminals.With a new generation of high-speedserial in
terfaces, parallel interfaces are much less common Becoming.In case ho?c, the
expensive con-nectors with more pins to bend or break.A cable with more wires re
quires shieldingto prevent electrical interference between the wires. Also, with
a parallel interface,synchronization between wires becomes a requirement, a pro
blem that gets worsewith increased cable length.In addition, computers are getti
ng physically smaller even as they expand incomputing power and I/O needs. Handh
eld and pocket-size computers have littleroom for connectors yet need high data
rates to handle images and video.The intent of FireWire is to provide a single I
/O interface with a simple con-nector that can handle numerous devices through a
single port, so that the mouse,laser printer, external disk drive, sound, and l
ocal area network hookups can be re-placed with this single connector.FIREWIRE C
ONFIGURATIONS FireWire uses a daisy-chain configuration, with upto 63 devices co
nnected off a single port. Moreover, up to 1022 FireWire buses canbe interconnec
ted using bridges, enabling a system to support as many peripheralsas required.F
ireWire provides for what is known as hot plugging, which makes it possibleto co
nnect and disconnect peripherals without having to power the computer sys-tem do
wn or reconfigure the system.Also, FireWire provides for automatic configu-ratio
n; it is not necessary manually to set device IDs or to be concerned with therel
ative position of devices. Figure 7.17 shows a simple FireWire configuration. Wi
thFireWire, there are no terminations, and the system automatically performs a c
on-figuration function to assign addresses. Also note that a FireWire bus need n
ot be astrict daisy chain. Rather, a tree-structured configuration is possible.
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