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inimal CPU Involvement. A common use for an vd architecture to control communicat
ion with interactive terminals.The I / O processor takes care of INVOLVED Most o
f the tasks in Controllingthe terminals.As one proceeds along this evolutionary
path, more and more of the I / OInvolvement is Performed function without CPU.
The CPU is increasingly re-lieved of I / O-related tasks, Improving performanc
e. With the last two steps (5-6),a major change occurs with the introduction of
the concept of an I / O module CA-pable of executing a program. For step 5, t
he I / O module is often Do Referred to as anI / O channel. For step 6, the ter
m I / O processor is often Do USED. Tuy nhin, c?terms are on occasion to c? sit
uations p. In what sau, We will use theterm I / O channel .Characteristics of I
/ O ChannelsThe I / O channel DMA l an extension of the concept. An I / O chann
el hasthe ability to execute I / O instructions, Which Gives it complete contro
l over I / Ooperations. In a computer system with vd devices, the CPU does not
execute I / Oinstructions. Such instructions are stored in main memory to be e
xecuted by aspecial-purpose processor in the I / O channel chnh n. THus, the CPU
initiates an I / Otransfer by instructing the I / O channel to execute a progra
m in memory. The pro-gram ra s? the device or devices, the area or which areas
of memory for storage, pri-ority, and actions to be taken for Certain Conditi
ons error. The I / O channel sauThese instructions and controls the data transf
er.Two types of I / O channels are common, as Illustrated in Figure 7:15. Acha
nnel selector controls and multiple high-speed devices, at any one time, is de
d-icated to the transfer of data with one of nh?ng devices. THus, the I / O ch
annelSelects one device and the data transfer effects. Each device, or a small
set of de-vices, is Handled by a controller, or I / O module , That is much l
ike the I / O moduleschng discussing past tense. THus, the I / O channel serves
in place of the CPU in con-trolling These I / O controllers. A multiplexor cha
nnel can handle I / O with multipledevices at the same time. For low-speed devi
ces, a byte multiplexor or ch?p nh?ntransmits characters as Fast as Possible to
multiple devices. For example, the resul-tant character stream from three dev
ices with khc rates and the individual streamsA1A2A3A4..., B1B2B3B4. . ., and
C1C2C3C4. . . might beA1B1C1A2C2A3B2C3A4,and so on. For high-speed devices,
a block multiplexor interleaves blocks of datafrom vi devices.
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance (8th edition) William Stallings - Page 267
244 CHAPTER 7 / INPUT / OUTPUT 7.7 THE EXTERNAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND InfiniB
andTypes of interfacesThe to a peripheral interface from an I / O module Ph?i Ta
ilored to the nature andoperation of the peripheral. One major characteristic o
f the interface is forwarded it isserial or parallel (Figure 7:16). In a parall
el interface , there are multiple lines con-necting the I / O module and the pe
ripheral, and multiple bits are Transferred simul-taneously, just as all of th
e bits of a word are simultaneously over the Transferreddata bus. In a serial i
nterface , there is only one line to transmit data USED, and bitsPh?i Transmit
ted one at a time. A parallel interface has traditionally du?c USEDSelectorchan
nelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n memoryI / Ocontro
llerI / OcontrollerI / Ocontroller(A) Selector(B) Mult i plexorI / Ocontroller
Mult i plexorchannelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n
memoryI / OcontrollerI / OcontrollerFigure 7:15 I / O Channel Architecture
7.7 / THE externAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND INFINIBAND 245 for HigherHi-Speed ??p
eripherals, nhu tape and disk, while the serial interface has tra-ditionally d
u?c USED for printers and terminals.With a new generation of high-speedserial in
terfaces, parallel interfaces are much less common Becoming.In case ho?c, the

I / O module Engage in a dialogue ph?i with the peripheral.In general terms, th


e dialogue for a write operation is to as follows:1. T he I / O module sends a c
ontrol signal Requesting permission to send data.2. T he peripheral acknowledges
the request.3. T he I / O module transfers data (one word or a block depending
on the periph-eral).4. T he acknowledges receipt of the peripheral data.A read o
peration proceeds similarly.Key to the operation of an I / O module is an intern
al buffer can store data mPassed being the between the peripheral and the rest of
the system. This buffer cho phpthe I / O module to compensates for the Differen
ces in the between the system bus speedv external lines.Point-to-Point and Multip
oint ConfigurationsThe connection the between an I / O module in a computer syst
em and external devicesEither can be point-to-point or multipoint. A point-to-p
oint interface Provides adedicated line the between the I / O module and the ext
ernal device. On small systems(PCs, workstations), typical point-to-point lin
ks to nh?ng include the keyboard,printer, and external modem. A typical exampl
e of an interface vd is the EIA-232specification (see [STAL07] for a description
).Increasing Importance Of multipoint external interfaces are, USED to sup-port
external mass storage devices (disk and tape drives) and multimedia devicesI /
O moduleBufferTo systembus(A) Parallel I / OLargeper i pheralI / O moduleBufferT
o systembus(B) Ser i al I / OLargeper i pheralFigure 7:16 Parallel and Serial I
/ O
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246 CHAPTER 7 / INPUT/OUTPUT(CD-ROMs, video, audio). These multipoint interface
s are in effect external buses,and they exhibit the same type of logic as the bu
ses discussed in Chapter 3. In thissection, we look at two key examples: FireWir
e and Infiniband.FireWire Serial BusWith processor speeds reaching gigahertz ran
ge and storage devices holding multi-ple gigabits, the I/O demands for personal
computers, workstations, and servers areformidable. Yet the high-speed I/O chann
el technologies that have been developedfor mainframe and supercomputer systems
are too expensive and bulky for use onthese smaller systems. Accordingly, there
has been great interest in developing ahigh-speed alternative to Small Computer
System Interface (SCSI) and other small-system I/O interfaces.The result is the
IEEE standard 1394, for a High PerformanceSerial Bus, commonly known as FireWire
.FireWire has a number of advantages over older I/O interfaces. It is veryhigh s
peed, low cost, and easy to implement. In fact, FireWire is finding favor notonl
y for computer systems, but also in consumer electronics products, such as dig-i
tal cameras, DVD players/recorders, and televisions. In these products, FireWire
is used to transport video images, which are increasingly coming from digi-tized
sources.One of the strengths of the FireWire interface is that it uses serial t
ransmission(bit at a time) rather than parallel. Parallel interfaces, such as SC
SI, require morewires, which means wider, more expensive cables and wider, more

expensive con-nectors with more pins to bend or break.A cable with more wires re
quires shieldingto prevent electrical interference between the wires. Also, with
a parallel interface,synchronization between wires becomes a requirement, a pro
blem that gets worsewith increased cable length.In addition, computers are getti
ng physically smaller even as they expand incomputing power and I/O needs. Handh
eld and pocket-size computers have littleroom for connectors yet need high data
rates to handle images and video.The intent of FireWire is to provide a single I
/O interface with a simple con-nector that can handle numerous devices through a
single port, so that the mouse,laser printer, external disk drive, sound, and l
ocal area network hookups can be re-placed with this single connector.FIREWIRE C
ONFIGURATIONS FireWire uses a daisy-chain configuration, with upto 63 devices co
nnected off a single port. Moreover, up to 1022 FireWire buses canbe interconnec
ted using bridges, enabling a system to support as many peripheralsas required.F
ireWire provides for what is known as hot plugging, which makes it possibleto co
nnect and disconnect peripherals without having to power the computer sys-tem do
wn or reconfigure the system.Also, FireWire provides for automatic configu-ratio
n; it is not necessary manually to set device IDs or to be concerned with therel
ative position of devices. Figure 7.17 shows a simple FireWire configuration. Wi
thFireWire, there are no terminations, and the system automatically performs a c
on-figuration function to assign addresses. Also note that a FireWire bus need n
ot be astrict daisy chain. Rather, a tree-structured configuration is possible.
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