February 2014 - Version1

FUNDAMENTALS

Content

Lighting Industry Transformation to LED

LED System Efficacy

LED Timeline

LED System Quality & Reliability

LED Penetration

LED Useful Life

What is LED?

LED Standards IES LM 79-08

LED Working Principle

LED Manufacturing Stages
Zhaga Consortium
LED Binning
Circuits & System LED
White / RGB LED
LED Power Supply or Driver
Thermal Management
Temperature Vs LED Performance
LED Optics

LED Standards IES LM 80-08

Comparisons:
60x60 Luminaire
Suspended Luminaire
Down light
Case Study SLC Die Casting Area
Case Study SLC Die Casting Area
Advantages of LEDs
Disadvantages of LEDs
LED Lighting Green Revolution

Lighting Industry - Transformations to LED

GAS LAMP
ELECTRIC ARC LAMP DEMO
CANDLES

OIL LAMPS

3000BC

LED Timeline

1970

1971-First Blue LED s generated.

1972-1 lm RED LEDs available.
LEDs used in watches, calculators etc.

1980

1980-Advances in Lumen Output.

1984-First Super bright RED LEDs generated.

1990

1993 HBM BLUE LEDs by Shuji Nakamura @ Nichia.

1995-High brightness green LEDs.
1996-First White LEDs developed.
Ultra bright RED & Amber LEDs
LEDs began to replace incandescent sources.
LEDs become viable for portable illumination applications.
1998-RGB Lighting Applications.

2000

White Light via RGB LEDs.

White light Via Blue + Phosphors.
First tunable White Light LED Fixtures.
LEDs available in 10-100 lumens.
2003-LEDs widely accepted in entertainment Lighting.
2004-White LEDs become viable for accent lighting.
2005-1000+ lumen LEDs via multichip packages.
2008-LEDs become viable for general illumination.

MERCURYVAPOUR LAMP INTRO.

REFLECTOR LAMP INTRO.
INDIRECT LIGHTING DEMO

500BC

1960

1962- First RED LED Developed by Nick Holonyak @ GE.

RED INDICATOR LEDs Manufactured by HP (0.1 lm)
First green & Yellow LEDs introduced

1800

1900

1910

EDISON ELECTRIC LAMP

1920

1940

1930

NEON LAMP DEMO

FL. LAMP INTRO.

ELECTRODLESS LAMPS INTRO.

INDIUM GALLIUM NITRIDE LEDS INTRO.
TUNGSTEN HALOGEN INTRO.
HPS LAMP INTRO.
FIRST PRACTICAL LED INTRO.

1950

PAR LAMP INTRO.

1960

CFLS INTRO.
HIGH FREQ. BALLASTS INTRO.

1970

METAL HALIDE LAMP INTRO.

1980

WHITE LED (EFFICACY 100lm/W)

1990

2000

2010

HIGH POWER WHITE LEDS

Current Lighting technology is 120 years old.

LEDs began as just indicators, but are now poised to become the most efficient light source ever created.

LED Penetration

What is LED?

LED Forecast

LED Source is a Solid State Light source semiconductor component

A semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into
discrete color of light
Made from different materials and substrates
Made in chip fabrication factories
No brass, glass and and gass (solid state)
White LED Sources are a blue LED device + phosphor

Global General Illumination Market*

100
90
80
Revenue ( Billions)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

0
20
* Source: Philips Lighting

1
20

1
20

1
20

1
20

1
20

2
20

5mm LED

High power LED

A light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a PN junction opto-semiconductor that emits a

monochromatic (single color) light when operated in a forward biased direction.

LED Working Principle

LEDs are semiconductor diodes

Semiconductors are materials with ability to conduct electrical current
Diodes are formed by combining two different semiconductor materials to form
a PN junction (P=charged positive(holes) and N charged negative(electrons)
By applying current, electrons(N) are forced to move to one direction and P to
the opposite direction
Photons (basic unit for electromagnetic radiation) are generated when the
positive and negative charges recombine

LED Manufacturing Stages

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Die

Sub - Assembly

Modules

International brands from

Lighting and Electronics
industries (Tridonic, Samsung,
Philips, Osram, )

Level 4
Luminaires

Level 5
Solutions

GLC portfolio

Zhaga Consortium
Zhaga is a consortium of companies from throughout the international
lighting industry. The organization is developing specifications that will
enable the interchangeability of LED light sources made by multiple
different manufacturers. www.zhagastandard.org
Zhaga is an industry-wide collaboration between companies from across
the globe. Members are luminaire manufacturers, LED module makers,
material and lighting component suppliers as well as service providers
such as laboratories.
Zhagas goal is to develop and publish interface specifications that cover
the physical dimensions, as well as the photometric, electrical and thermal
behavior, of LED light engines.
The individual specification documents, also known as Books (8 books),
cover different types of LED light engines that are suitable for a range of
applications.
Since Zhaga was founded in February 2010, membership has grown to
several hundred companies , example: BJB Gmbh, Fulham, GE, Osram,
Philips Lighting, etc.

LED Binning

Circuits & SystemLED

10

Combination of electronic parts, wires connected using suitable controlling & regulating
devices between suitable power sources. They each have a physical property that
interacts with electricity. When put in combination various actions occur.

Parts :
LEDs (White / RGB)
Driver/Battery (Power Source)
Resistor / Capacitors
PCBs / Terminals
Wires
Controls
Thermal Management
Optics
An LED will light up when enough voltage is supplied but can also burn out if
too much is allowed to pass through. The resistor will limit the voltage to prevent
damage.

White / RGB LED

Phosphor coating converted LED Source
Generates white
light in a single LED
by combining a blue
(or UV) LED with a
yellow phosphor
coating
Coating converts
some blue photons
into yellow photons
Blue and yellow
photons combine to
generate white light
Offers superior
color rendering and
efficiency
Preferred method for
producing LED white
light

Tri-color (RGB) LED fixtures

combines red,
Blue, and green in varying
intensities to generate
millions of colors

By Changing the Resistance / by

controlling it using a potentiometer,
you can play w/- various color
combinations.

11

12

LED Power Supply or Driver

LEDs are typically driven by a constant-current DC

power source
High brightness or power LED generally refers to an
emitter package of roughly 1.2W at a drive current of
350 mA
The light output of an LED is proportional to current
applied, most high brightness LED sources will operate
across a range of current
Drivers also contain temperature sensitive electronic
components
There is energy lost in the power supply efficiencies
can vary from 90% all the way down to 50% or lower

Thermal Management
LEDs produce a fair amount of
waste heat
Excess heat reduces light
output and shortens useful life
Therefore, LED fixture design
must effectively channel heat
away from LED sources
Thermal management features
typically include an effective
thermal path and heat sink.

A heat sink is typically required

to dissipate the heat produced
by LED sources
The interface between the
circuit board and the heat
sink is critical due to the heat
sisitive nature of LED sources
A thermally conductive material
is typically used between the
PCB and heat sink to minimize
air gaps which reduce the
transfer of heat

Passive Cooling

Active Cooling

13

Temperature Vs LED Performance

14

Thermal management of LEDs plays the most important role in achieving the promised
life-time

Source: Cree

Light output goes down as junction

temperature goes up
100 % Lumen output @ 25C Tj goes
down to 85% Lumen Output @ 80C Tj

Life is directly related to junction

temperature

LED Optics
Primary optics are frequently part of the LED source
Secondary optics are utilized to redirect light to produce a specific
pattern, distribution or beam of light
Secondary optics can consist of lenses, reflectors, light shaping films or
a combination of these elements
Some light is lost each time it is reflected or refracted, these are the
optical losses

15

LED System Efficacy

16

LED System - Quality & Reliability

Lm/W relation from LED component to the complete luminaire system

LED
Color temperature
Temperature (Tj)
Drive current

100 lm/W

LED array

Optics

Driver

Thermal losses
(higher Tj)

Optical losses

Driver losses

-10-15%

-10-30%

-10%-50%

85 lm/W

70 lm/W

50lm/W

System Reliability # single LED Reliability

Luminaire

system efficacy

Rsystem = Relectrical * Rconnections * RLEDs * Roptical * Rthermal * Rmechanical

17

LED Useful Life

18

Light Source

Typical Range (Hours)

Incandescent

750-2,000 / rated life

Halogen Incandescent

2,000-4,000 / rated life

CFL

8,000-10,000 / rated life

Metal halide

7,500 20,000 / rated life

Linear Fluorescent

20,000 30,000 / rated life

White light LED

35,000 50,000 / useful life (L70)

Changes in general office lighting levels go largely undetected as long

as light levels stay above 70% of their initial levels, especially if the
changes are gradual.
Useful life is defined as the length of time it takes an LED light source to
reach 70% of its initial light output (L70).
Typical (L70) number is 50,000 hours.

LED Standards IES LM-79-08

The IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) Published the following publications:

IES LM-79-08, Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric
Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products.
This document defines measurement related to an LED luminaire or integral
lamp as a whole system according to a standard process using specified
equipment.
LM-79-08 testing report will provide:
- Total Luminous Flux
- Luminous Intensity Distribution
- Electrical Power Characteristics
- Luminous Efficacy (calculated)
- Color Characteristics (CRI, CCT)

19

20

LED Standards IES LM-80-08

IES LM-80-08, Approved Method : Measuring Lumen maintenance of LED

Light Sources.
LM-80-08 apply to the LED package, array, or module alone, not a complete
system.
The testing report issued according to a standard format will provide
luminous flux for a given current over a 6,000 hours period with interval
measurements.
Luminous flux will be measured for 3 different LED case temperatures:
55C, 85C and a third temperature to be selected by manufacturer.
Besides, the lumen maintenance, the chromaticity shifts over the measured
period

60x60 luminarie comparisons

Sn

Criteria

5700 GU/418, 4/18W,T8 Luminaire

LED (60x60)

1.

Pictures

2.

AC Voltage Range (V)

220-240

198-264

3.

Power Factor @230V

0.95

0.95

4.

Lamp Power (W)

18W x 4,T8

LED, 11.6W x 4

5.

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

75

106

6.

Driver

ECG

ECG @ 350mA,33.7V

7.

Driver Efficiency @230V (%)

92

94.5

8.

System Efficacy (lm/W)

40

74

9.

Total Power (W)

72

51.2

10.

Lumen / Source (lm/Source)

1350

1250

11.

Total Lumens (lm)

2855

3794

12.

Switch On time (s)

Instant

0.4s (Instant)

13.

Life in Hours

15,000( based on oprtn. mode)

50,000

14.

Re-lamping

4 lamps @ 3 to 4 times.

Absolutely Zero

15.

CRI (Ra)

>80

>80

16.

Rough Cost Estimate

~ 400SR

~ 1100 SR

21

Suspended luminarie comparisons

22

Sn

Criteria

2/36W, T8

2/28W,T5

Dune

1.

Pictures

2.

AC Voltage Range (V)

220.240V

220-240

198-264

3.

Power Factor @230V

0.95

0.95

4.

Lamp Power (W)

2x36W,T8

5.

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

6.

Downlight comparisons
Kato

Sn

Criteria

1.

Pictures

198-264

2.

0.95

0.95

2x28W,T5

LED, 11.6W x 4

80

93

Driver

ECG

7.

Driver Efficiency @230V (%)

8.

23

5870C (2CDE26W)

LD103 (1100 lm)

LD103 (2000 lm)

AC Voltage Range (V)

220-240 (+/-10%)

220-240

220-240

3.

Power Factor @230V

0.95

>0.9

>0.9

LED, 11.6W x 4

4.

Lamp Power (W)

26 x 2

14

28W

131

131

5.

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

63

--

--

ECG

ECG@ 350mA,33V

ECG @ 350mA,33V

6.

Driver

ECG Philips

Integrated Driver

Integrated Driver

92

92

94.5

94.5

7.

Driver Efficiency @230V (%)

92%

Driver in built

Driver in built

System Efficacy (lm/W)

40

67

71

90

8.

System Efficacy (lm/W)

23

42

28

9.

Total Power (W)

72

61

46.4

46.4

9.

Total Power (W)

56

18W

32W

10.

Lumen / Source (lm/Source)

2850

2600

1440

1440

10.

Lumen / Source (lm/Source)

1650

1100

2000

11.

Total Lumens (lm)

4289

4089

3296 (w/- Opal)

4191

11.

Total Lumens (lm)

1286

630 (w/- Opal), 760(w/o diff)

894 (w/- Opal)

12.

Switch On time (s)

1s

Instant

0.4s (Instant)

0.4s (Instant)

12.

Switch On time (s)

Instant

Instant

Instant

13.

Life in Hours

15,000

18,000

50,000

50,000

13.

Life in Hours

10,000

25,000

25,000

14.

Re-lamping

2 lamps @3 to 4 times.

2 lamps @ 3 times.

Absolutely Zero

Absolutely Zero

14.

Re-lamping

2 lamps @ 2.5 times.

Absolutely Zero

Absolutely Zero

15.

CRI (Ra)

>80

>80

>80

>80

15.

CRI (Ra)

>80

80

80

16.

Rough Cost Estimate

~ 250 SR

~ 250 SR

~1220 SR

~810 SR

16.

Rough Cost Estimate

~ 325

~ 550 SR

~ 660 SR

24

Case Study - SLC Die-Casting Area

Metal Halide 400W @ 18pcs

Case Study - SLC Die-Casting Area

CRITERIAS

LED 141W @ 15pcs

HID LUMINAIRES

LED LUMINIARES

18

15

200 LUX

>300 LUX

460W x 18 = 8.28 KW

141W x 15 = 2.11KW

MH ->12 000 Hr

100 000 Hr @ 25C(manufacturer claims)

COLOR TEMPERATURE

5500K

5650K

RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

90

>70

ANNUALY OR SEMI-ANNUALLY

LESS MAINTENANCE DUE TO HIGH IP

EVERY 12 000 HR or LESS

NO LAMP REPLACEMENT

SWITCHING OPERATON

20 MIN TO REACH OUTPUT

INSTANT ON

DIMMING CAPABILITIES

NOT DIMMABLE

DIMMABLE

OCCUPANCY SENOR

NOT POSSIBLE

CAN BE INTEGRATED

NUMBERS OF LUMINAIRES
ILLUMINATION LEVEL
TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION
LAMP LIFE

MAINTAINANCE
RE - LAMPING

INITIAL COST OF RETROFIT (LED)

LUMINAIRE + INSTALLATION COST : SAR 27,300.00 (approx.)
ANNUAL ELECTRICITY COMSUMPTION

HID
460W x 24 hr x 365 days x 18qty= 72,532 KW-Hr

LED
141W x 24 hr x 365 days x 15qty= 18, 527 KW-Hr
SAVINGS

ELECTRICITY(ANNUALLY) = SAR 7,159.00

MAINTENANCE COST = SAR 3,600.00

LAMP REPLACEMENT = SAR 6,750.00

25

NOTE: Labor cost are based on sr20 per hour and 2 manpower

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (FOR 7 YEARS)

HID

ELECTRICITY COST + MAINTENANCE COST + LAMP
= SAR 77,662
LED

ELECTRICITY COST + LUMINAIRE COST = SAR 44,506
PAYBACK TIME

Initial investment / savings

3.24 years
RETURN ON INVESTMENT

Yearly savings / installation cost

32%

Advantages of LEDs

26

Sn

Criteria

Advantages

1.

Size

LEDs can be very small and are easily arranged onto printed circuit boards.

2.

Frequent Switching

LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn
out more quickly when cycled frequently

3.

Disadvantages of LEDs
Sn

Criteria

Disadvantages

1.

Blue Light Hazard

Photobiological safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems shall be ensured by procuring LEDs from a reputable
environmental friendly manufacturer.

Efficiency

LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs. Their efficiency is not affected by shape and size,
unlike Fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

2.

Temperature
Dependence

LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving the
LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device
failure. This ensures the importance of tested & certified products.

4.

Light Direction / Focus

Uni-directional Focusing of light is also possible.

3.

Voltage / Current
Sensitivity

LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the threshold and a current below the rating. This can involve
series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.

5.

Slow deterioration

LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time & no abrupt burnt out

4.

Initial Price

6.

Shock resistance

LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shocks, Vibrations or impacts,

LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than most conventional
lighting technologies.

7.

Toxicity

LEDs do not contain mercury or similar toxic materials

5.

Polarity Issues

Polarised components ensures the importance of qualified suppliers & technicians for assembling the unit.

8.

Color

LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of the color filters that traditional lighting methods require.

6.

LED Testing Standards

Most of the LED Standards were under development & very less manufacturers follow those standards in actual
applications.

9.

Dimming

LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or lowering the forward current.

10.

Cool Light

LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy
is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

11.

Lifetime

LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful

12.

Switching Response time

LEDs light up very quickly. LEDs have faster response time.

13.

Maintenance

Maintenance mostly limit to cleaning of fixture, So it is often considered as Zero Maintenance light source.

14.

Lighting Controls

Possibility of Controlling the RGB of LED sources by PC (DMX) Protocols to create changing luminous ambiences.

27

28

LED Lighting Green Revolution

Slide 6 LED Lighting Green
Revolution
Lighting consumes 19% of all
electrical usage worldwide
Widespread LED usage could
reduce global lighting energy
usage by as much as 50%
LED lighting could decrease
carbon dioxide emissions from
electric power use by as much
as 50% over the next 20 years
Reducing energy usage is
only the beginning
LED sources have a long
useful life, which means
fewer lamp replacements
Unlike CFLs and
incandescent lamps, LED
sources do not contain lead
and mercury