Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quaternary International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Available online 5 June 2014
New excavations at the Abri du Maras, located in the southeast of France, have yielded Middle Palaeolithic assemblages with evidence of rock shelter occupations in a cold climatic context contemporaneous with MIS 4. Few MIS 4 sites are known in this part of France and especially in this state of
preservation. The paper is focused on one sedimentological layer divided into two archaeological levels
(sub-levels 4.1 and 4.2). Our goal was to examine the Middle Palaeolithic lithic assemblage of these two
levels by interdisciplinary approaches (technology, origin of int and functional analysis of stone tools) in
order to identify the technical strategies and the land-use patterns in a specic environmental context.
The two occupations do not show differences in behaviours. The technical strategies applied to int and
other stones indicate a fragmentation of the reduction processes in a local and semi-local perimeter
around the site. The main core technology is Levallois, generally on int cortical cores on akes. Flint
akes, blades and points are the main components of the series and the technological aims of the
debitage. Due to the small size of the akes used for aking, large int akes, blades (Levallois or cortical)
and Levallois points were produced elsewhere, to the north and south of the site (up to 20e30 km)
according to the geological study, and then brought to the shelter. Flakes in other lithic materials (quartz,
quartzite) were also knapped elsewhere before being transported to the shelter. Some of the large int
akes, but also nodules and fragments of slabs, were then used for onsite aking. Flake-tools are very
rare. Evidence of impact fractures and TCSA/TCSPs values of the corpus of unretouched Levallois points
suggest that some points, brought or prepared on the site, could have been used as projectile tips. The
lithics attest to management of local and semi-local stones in a perimeter of 30 km around the site
(possibly more due to some unidentied int) and an anticipation of domestic needs in relation to
reindeer hunting, the predominant activity. Imported artefacts and artefacts made on the site were used
for the same diversity of activities and materials (butchery, plant and woodworking). The technological
strategies and the type of management differ slightly from those from cave assemblages in the same area
^ ne corridor, possibly due to the type of the site, a vast
located in valleys and on low plateaux near the Rho
shelter. Data from the Abri du Maras are compared to data from the other Middle Palaeolithic sites of the
region and the role of the topographic aspect of the site on the type of occupations is discussed.
2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Upper Pleistocene
Technical behaviour
Neanderthals
Shelter
Southeastern France
1. Introduction
181
182
extensive range of local faunal and lithic resources. All of them are
located at the centre of varied biotopes, including plains, gentle and
steep-sloped forested plateaux and valleys. The faunal assemblages
indicate that abundant large and medium-sized herbivores were
present, representing the three main types of environment
(Daujeard and Moncel, 2010).
2. A vast rock shelter along the Rhone valley: Abri du Maras
The Abri du Maras is a shelter with an elevation of 170 m a.s.l.
che
and opens towards the southeast some 70 m above the Arde
River and would have been ~30 m above the river at the human
occupations (Fig. 1). Recent excavations revealed three sedimentary
layers. These layers are discontinuous and show a complex geometry which is the result of the multi-phased inlling in which
deposition, erosion and post-depositional phenomena occurred.
The oldest layer was designated layer 5 (levels 8 to 6 of earlier
excavations), and consists of an organic brown level with a sandyesilty matrix, overlying the limestone substratum. It is truncated
at the front of the site and covered by a sterile layer of rubble with a
reddish clayesilt matrix (upper layer 5). It probably completely
lled the thalweg before the Holocene incision. The next layer is
layer 4 (levels 5 and 4 of earlier excavations), made up of homogeneous aeolian silts (loess) with some large blocks and levels of
small limestone blocks. It is overlain by three levels of rubble with a
silty matrix and limestone slabs (levels 3, 2, and 1), similar to those
described during previous excavations and contains the most
recent occupations (Moncel et al., 2010).
Rich lithic and faunal remains and hearths characterize layer 4
which has been excavated over more than 40 m2 and contains two
phases of human occupations. Based on the vertical and horizontal
spatial patterning, two archaeological levels have been identied in
layer 4, named levels 4.1 and 4.2. Within these levels, accumulation
of limestone blocks attest to occupations of the shelter during more
humid phases of MIS 4. In level 4.1, the presence of ash lenses or
diffuse lenses, burnt int and bones provide evidence of the use of
re. Level 4.1 was excavated over a more extensive surface (38 m2
for an average depth of 30 cm) than level 4.2 (21 m2 with a depth of
10e20 cm).
In the past, U/Th dating applied to bones from layers m-n (in the
middle part of the sequence) yielded ages of 72 3 ka, 87 5 ka,
89 4 ka, and 91 4 ka. These ages correspond to the summit of
our layer 5/bottom of our layer 4 and date these levels to the end of
Fig. 2. Example of a large Levallois int ake transported to the site already knapped (Drawing: A. Theodoropoulou).
Fig. 3. Example of a large int Levallois ake brought to the site already knapped
(Photo).
183
Fig. 4. Length/width of elongated int products (bladelets and blades) from level 4.1.
184
Table 1
Total number of artefacts from levels 4.1 and 4.2 including all raw materials.
Level 4.1
Level 4.2
Total
Flakes
Pebbles (entire or broken)
Blades and bladelets (length > 2 width)
Cores
Levallois cores
Points and triangular akes
1296
30
185
28
13
67
450
17
59
22
6
30
1746
47
244
50
19
97
Total
1620
586
2206
Unplotted micro-akes
2793
Table 2
Total number of artefacts according to the type of raw material.
4.1
95
13
10
4.2
21
5
3
1
1
Total
Undetermined stones
Basalt
Limestone
Gneiss
Granite
Sandstone
Quartz
Quartzite
Schist
Flint
10
4
97
2
2
1387
25
2
1
527
116
17
18
1
4
4
122
4
3
1914
Total
1620
586
2206
Flakes
Backed akes
Flakes with a cortical back (including
pseudo-Levallois akes)
Levallois akes with a back
Kombewa akes
Levallois akes
First cortical akes
Micro-akes (<5 mm)
Small akes (5e10 mm)
Blades and bladelets
Crest blades
Backed blades and bladelets
Blades with a cortical back
Levallois blades
Points
Backed points
Points with a cortical back
Levallois points
Bifacial tools
Fragments of
Fragments of
Fragments of
Fragments of
Levallois akes
akes and chunks
blades and bladelets
int pebbles
Level 4.1
Level 4.2
789
51
27
183
24
22
2
1
74
4.6%
12
160
251
84
5.2%
2
12
8
48
2.9%
30
1
3
35
2.1%
1
2
328
25
2
e
6
26
4.4%
7
50
113
32
5.9%
1
3
3
16
2.7%
14
e
e
16
2.7%
1
e
64
4
1
185
The largest akes, some of which are backed, are more diversied,
but most of them are issued from Levallois aking.
The scars on the akes indicate that aking was practiced by
unipolar and unipolar convergent removals, followed by centripetal removals, throughout the phases of the reduction
Fig. 7. (A) Comparative boxplots of the TCSA distribution of Levallois points (lp) and triangular akes (tf), (B) Distribution of Levallois points TCSA at Maras shelter.
186
Table 4a
TCSA values for the different classes of pointed tools from layer 4 at Abri du Maras.
The whole corpus of pointed artefacts (Corpus), Levallois points (LP), Levallois
triangular akes (LTF) and triangular akes (TF).
1a Samples
Mean
SD
Min
Max
Corpus
LP
LTF
TF
133.92
124.20
102.3
114.64
85.22
82.54
55.17
49.95
11
13
26
54
414
370
210
192
72
42
13
7
Table 4b
TCSA values from ethnographic and recent archaeological stone points given by Shea
(2006).
1b Samples
Mean
SD
Min
Max
Arrowheads
Dart tips
Spear tips
33
58
168
20
18
89
8
20
50
146
94
392
118
40
28
A small subset of artefacts showed evidence of impact fractures. As reported by Hardy et al. (2013), tip cross-sectional area
(TCSA) and tip cross-sectional perimeter (TCSP, calculated for
triangular cross-section for unifacial points or rhomboid crosssection for bifacial points) have been calculated for these artefacts (4 Levallois points, a ake and a triangular ake, Table 5).
Within this small sample, some of the artefacts have TCSA values
suggesting they were too thin and fragile to function effectively
as thrusting spear tips (Shea, 2006). Recently, TCSP has been
suggested as a more reliable measure of penetration for stone
points (Sisk and Shea, 2011). TCSPs of these artefacts fall well
within the range of various MSA assemblages analysed by Sisk
and Shea (2011). Using the methods they outline, these artefacts are good candidates for thrown projectile tips. Furthermore,
four of the six have TCSPs which fall within the range of ethnographic dart points. On balance, these artefacts from Maras match
the criteria proposed for thrown projectile points and some t
the criteria proposed for dart points used in a complex projectile
system (darts and spear throwers) suggesting the possible use of
multiple modes of projectile technology. For a more detailed
discussion, see Hardy et al. (2013).
187
Table 5
Possible projectile points with impact fractures (from Hardy et al., 2013).
Square
No.
Type
Width
Thickness
TCSA (mm2)
TCSPRhom (mm)
Impact type
F6
I8
K6
K6
K7
L6
39
5
168
429
21
148
Triangular ake
Levallois Point
Levallois Point
Flake
Levallois Point
Levallois Point
37
26
32
37
26
30
10
6
5
8
9
7
185
78
80
148
117
105
76.7
53.4
64.8
75.7
55.0
61.6
79
54.6
65.5
77.3
57.6
63.1
3.0
n/a
4.5
13.9
3.2
6.3
4.4. Cores
Different core technologies co-exist at the site in both levels. The
da, 1993, 1994) (Fig. 8). Some other cores
main one is Levallois (Boe
are cores on akes (some removals on the inferior face of the ake
without a specic preparation), discoid-type cores and other rare
types (cortical cores with few removals on one or two surfaces and
orthogonal cores) (Table 6, Fig. 9). Most of the cores, including the
Levallois cores, measure between 20 and 60 mm long and are made
on akes, except for some large nodules and a few worked slab
fragments.
Table 6
Number of cores according to core technology for each level.
Level 4.1
Fragments of cores
Fragments of Levallois cores
Fragments of orthogonal cores
Irregular cores
Bifacial discoid cores
Unifacial discoid cores
Crude cores
Kombewa cores
Levallois cores with a preferential ake
Levallois unipolar convergent cores (points)
Levallois centripetal cores
Orthogonal cores
Cores on akes
Trifacial cores
12
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
5
3
1
1
8
1
Total
41
Level 4.2
- Cortical and small akes: Levallois technology, Kombewa technology, ake-cores. The preparation of the platform is limited.
- Fragments of at and thin slabs or nodules: (1) a short centripetal sequence of cortical removals on one or two faces
(discoid-type), (2) for a trifacial debitage using the faces of the
blank, (3) occasionally for Levallois debitage.
4
5
1
2
4
2
4
27
Table 7
Example of the sub-level 4.2. Number of tools according to the type of blank.
Invasive and
thin removals
Fragments
Flakes
Flakes with a cortical back
Levallois akes
Blades
Blades with a cortical back
Bifacial tool on a slab
Points
Levallois points
Total
Becs
Denticulates
2
2
End-scrapers
Convergent
points
1
1
Peroirs
Scrapers
2
20
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
30
188
Fig. 8. Examples of int cores: (A) Levallois core for points (B) Levallois core with an invasive pointed ake (C) Centripetal core on ake (D) Core on a fragment of slab with three
knapped faces.
189
Fig. 9. Examples of int cores: (A) Discoid core (B) Levallois core on a ake (C) Bifacial core with centripetal removals on a nodule (D) Pyramidal core (discoid-type?) (Drawing: A.
Theodoropoulou).
from the rst cortical akes to the products coming from the
different phases of the reduction sequences and cores. Others show
the fragmentation of the reduction sequences. The smallest int
RMU is formed by a single object (ake or retouched artefact).
These pieces were introduced to the site already knapped. Other
pieces (even small debris) cannot be retted to the same RMU. The
biggest RMU is in int (RMU int-1) and is formed by 105 pieces.
Results obtained by the RMU analysis were conrmed by the
rets. To date, a total of 13 int rets were identied (n 4 for level
4.1 and n 9 for level 4.2). They are formed by 31 pieces and
provide a ret rate of 1.4%. The technical categories include all the
phases of the chane op
eratoire: cores (n 2), akes (n 14), ake
fragments (n 8), fragmented akes (n 5) and retouched pieces
(n 2). The ret with the most elements is formed by 6 pieces,
followed by a ret of 3 pieces. The others (n 11) only join 2 pieces.
The total number of connection lines is 18 and they are issued
from knapping sequences (n 11) or fractures (n 7). A high
number of fracture connection lines are produced by post
190
191
Fig. 13. Spatial distribution of the int tools by type for levels 4.1 and 4.2. Limits of the excavated area for each level indicated by black lines. The largest limestone blocks are in grey.
192
ranging from 60 mm to 100 mm. Most of the cores are on akes and
are smaller than 60 mm. The rare nodules or fragments of slabs
measure around 50e70 mm. Depending on the reduction processes, these pieces could not have produced the longest products.
Thus, the akes used for knapping had to be brought onsite as well.
The largest cores on nodules are crude cores and could not have
supplied the largest akes for the core technology.
Consequently, the composition of our two series composed of
ake-cores, large akes, Levallois akes, points and blades, but also
cortical akes, small akes and micro-akes indicates (Fig. 16):
- Several complete and in situ chane op
eratoires, made on akes
for most of the cores. The main one was Levallois and produced
points and akes. Bladelets and small elongated products could
be accidentally produced from these cores. Some Kombewa
akes and the high number of 15 mm akes come from ake
knapping. Cores on ake and some discoid-type cores could be
related to a parallel core technology or a nal phase on Levallois
cores (Lenoir and Turq, 1995). No core may be clearly related to
the Quina system (Bourguignon, 1997).
- One or several partial external chanes op
eratoires which provided large akes for knapping or for direct use, large blades
and points (more than 60 mm long). Most of these artefacts are
not retouched. Moreover, as the numerous ake-cores could
not have produced the ratio of small cortical akes counted in
the series (25%), we deduce that some of the small cortical
products, whatever their size, could also have been brought to
the site already knapped, or else come from another part of the
site (eroded in front of the shelter or from a non-excavated
area). These products are mainly of Levallois-type (from the
different phases of the reduction process including the noncortical backed akes for maintaining the convexities) but
some thick blades could represent a form of laminar core
technology.
The in situ reduction processes indicate a real intent to produce
small pieces. However, long blades, large akes and points, such
as the large Quina scraper, conrm that large products were also
sought after (long cutting edges) even though they were not
Table 8
Types of int and procurement perimeter, sub-level 4.2.
Location of outcrops
Perimeter of gathering
Semi-local
Local
Local to semi-local
4.2
F124
F124b
Ludian
F165
Lutecian
F14
Barremian
Fragments
Flakes
Backed akes
Kombewa akes
Levallois akes
Blades
Levallois blades
Levallois cores
Small akes
Points
Levallois points
Other cores
Total
2
1
2
3
1
Unknown
F34
Barremian
F122
F121
F190
3
5
F199b
Cenozoic
5
7
F199c
F200b to
F216
1
2
F210
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
29
1
13
26
39
25
1
1
23
1
2
22
15
18
12
1
2
31
28
40
17
193
Table 9
Types of int and procurement perimeter, sub-level 4.1.
4.1
Local to semi-local
F124
F124a
F124b
Ludian
F165
F165b
Lutecian
F14
Barremian
F34
Barremian
F122
F199b
Jurassic
F210
11
2
3
1
2
1
5
3
1
1
Flakes
Backed akes
Levallois akes
fragments
Blades
Backed blades
Levallois blades
Micro-akes
Small akes (<10 mm)
Levallois points
10
6
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
Total
14
13
Table 10
Types of tools and use-material (from Hardy et al., 2013) in sub-level 4.1.
Thin and
invasive removals
Denticulates
1
2
Animal
Animal/plant
Fibrous plant
Fish
Hard/high silicate
Hide
Insect?
Plant
Wood
Unknown
Semi-local
Convergent
points
Scrapers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
30
Table 11
Types of tools and use-material (from Hardy et al., 2013) in sub-level 4.2.
Thin and invasive removals
Plant
Wood
Wood/sh?
Becs
Denticulates
Endscrapers
Convergent points
Peroirs
Scrapers
5
1
16
1
1
2
194
Table 12
Types of artefacts in stones other than int for level 4.1.
Basalt
Chopper
Chunks
Half-pebbles
Whole pebbles
Pebble fragments
Flakes
Backed akes
Flakes with a cortical back
Levallois akes
Points and triangular akes
First cortical akes
Fragments of akes
Blades
Backed blades
Levallois blades
Micro-akes (<5 mm)
Micro-chunks
Small akes (5e10 mm)
Total
Limestone
Silicied limestone
Granite
1
2
3
3
1
4
2
1
Sandstone
Quartz
1
23
1
1
1
6
5
26
3
1
Quartzite
Schist
1
3
2
2
2
1
13
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
12
no abandoned core. This could suggest that the core was transported as part of the tool kit after aking.
The results from the rets analysis corroborate the RMU results.
A total of 4 rets have been identied on quartz (n 3 for level 4.1
and n 1 for level 4.2) and one for basalt in level 4.2. They are
formed by 10 pieces and provide a ret rate of 0.1%. The technical
categories include pieces from all the phases of the chane
op
eratoire: cores (n 3), akes (n 2), ake fragments (n 2),
fragmented akes (n 1) and fragments (n 2). All the rets group
2 pieces. There are 5 connection lines, which belong to knapping
sequences for the pieces in quartz (n 4) and to a fracture for those
in basalt (n 1). As for int, the distances for the connection lines
vary from several centimetres to two meters (the longest one is in
quartz).
As explained above (Fig. 19), the spatial patterning of the rets in
quartz and basalt does not show any clear-cut distribution. However, the number of rets is very low for the moment and does not
enable us to identify specic knapping areas.
10
97
Total
1
25
1
15
10
33
3
2
1
1
19
10
4
1
1
2
1
5
235
195
Fig. 14. Examples of lithic rets. A. Quartz rets, B, C. rets on int cores, D. rets of int akes.
196
Fig. 15. Lithic rets for levels 4.1 and 4.2. Limits of the excavated area for each level indicated by black lines. The largest limestone blocks are in grey.
197
198
Fig. 17. Spatial patterning of the int lithic assemblage by technical categories and levels. Limits of the excavated area for each level indicated by black lines. The largest limestone
blocks are in grey.
199
7; Rots, 2013) opens questions on the status of this tool in Neanderthal groups according to areas: hand tools and/or projectiles,
mobile tools (Goval, 2012)?
6.3. Land-use and mobility: raw material gathering and transport
of artefacts
Raw material provenance and diversity display a link between
the type and length of the occupation but does not vary over time
or according to technical choices. Flint was always collected in large
quantities from the geological formations around the sites. For brief
stopovers, the int reduction sequence is largely partial as at Abri
^cheurs (a specic case compared to the other sites of the area
des Pe
due to the predominant use of quartz; Fernandes et al., 2010;
Raynal et al., 2012), as in layer 4 at Abri du Maras. Some int
types are diverse and others not. In areas where int is rare, for
^cheurs in a brief stopover context, other
example at the Abri des Pe
stones were used on an occasional basis (e.g. quartz, good quality
limestone). In this case, the purpose of these stones is similar to
those in int. Some int artefacts are also brought for short or longterm seasonal occupations from long distance outcrops as akes or
retouched akes, for instance at Payre, or from a semi-local area as
nodules and akes (Fernandes et al., 2008, 2010). The quantity of
exogenous stones is not related to the complexity or type of aking
techniques, or to the duration of occupation. These artefacts
demonstrate mobility of a tool-kit between sites, artefacts not always being retouched. They could be considered as a reserve of
tools travelling from site to site for unspecialized activities (Hardy
and Moncel, 2011).
In the context of the discussion of transportation of int artefacts and raw material over long distances, it is important to
discuss the mode of transport. Although raw material sourcing
clearly indicates long distance movement of stones, archaeologists rarely discuss how this transport occurs. Recently, Hardy
et al. (2013) observed twisted bres on artefacts from Maras.
These bers were interpreted as evidence of the manufacture of
string or cordage. Although it is not possible to predict what
Neanderthals at Abri du Maras were doing with cordage, one
possibility is the construction of string bags for the transport of
objects (Hurcombe, 1994). With this in mind, it is important to
remember that use of resources across the landscape was not
limited to collecting of raw material and subsistence items.
200
Fig. 19. Spatial patterning of the charcoal and other remains associated with hearths by level. Limits of the excavated area for each level indicated by black lines. The largest
limestone blocks are in grey.
201
Fig. 20. Positioning of the different archaeological Middle Palaeolithic records from southeast France on a NGRIP d18O (permil) curve (from Andersen et al., 2006; Rasmussen et al.,
2006; Vinther et al., 2006; Svensson et al., 2007; Wolff et al., 2010). Discontinuities of sedimentation and occupations over time are not taken into account in the schema.
202
Fig. 21. Schematic map indicating the types of mobile artefacts (largest int akes, blades, points) in a local and semi-local perimeter around the site. Large akes are devoted to
che River which is possible at a ford
direct use of aking. Large blades and points are devoted to direct use without retouches. Southern procurement assumes a crossing of the Arde
near the site, downstream of the gorges.
References
Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A., Johnsen, S.J., Rasmusse, N.S.O., Bigler, M.,
thlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Steffensen, J.P., DahlRo
Jensen, D., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., 2006. The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15e42 ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale. Quaternary Science
Reviews 25 (23e24), 3258e3267.
Bar-Yosef, O., 2002. The upper Paleolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 363e393.
s, M., Bouchud, J., Gilles, R., Grenier, P., Nicolas, J., 1955. L'Abri du
Baudet, J.L., Barthe
che). Revue Arche
ologique 45 (1), 1e16.
Maras (Saint-Martin-d'Arde
, M., Fernandes, P., 2011. Le site mouste
rien d'Andance (SaintBernard-Guelle, S., Rue
che): un habitat de hauteur en contexte basaltique dans la moyBauzile, Arde
e du Rho
^ ne. Bulletin de la Socie
te
Pre
historique Franaise 108 (4),
enne valle
671e697.
Binford, L.R., 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, NewYork.
1982. Etude expe
da, E.,
rimentale de la technologie des pointes Levallois. In:
Boe
histoire et technologie lithique II,
Cahen (Ed.), Tailler ! Pour quoi faire: Pre
Recent Progress in Microwear Studies, Studia Praehistorica Belgica, vol. 2,
pp. 23e56. Leuven.
1993. Le de
da, E.,
bitage Discode et le de
bitage Levallois re
current centripe
te.
Boe
te
Pre
historique Franaise tome 90 (6), 392e404.
Bulletin de la Socie
1994. Le concept Levallois: variabilite
da, E.,
des me
thodes. CNRS Editions,
Boe
Paris.
203
France). In: Conard, N., Delagnes, A. (Eds.), Settlement Dynamics III. Kerns
Verlag, Tbingen, pp. 455e483.
Lenoir, M., Turq, A., 1995. Recurrent centripetal debitage (Levallois and Discoidal):
continuity or discontinuity? In: Dibble, H.L., Bar-Yosef, O. (Eds.), The Denition
and Interpretation of Levallois Technology Monographs in World Archaeology.
Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 249e256.
n, B., 2011. Contribucio
n teo
rico-metodolo
gica
Machado, J., Hern
andez, C.M., Galva
lisis histo
rico de palimpsestos arqueolo
gicos a partir de la produccio
n
al ana
n para el Paleoltico medio en el yacimiento de El
ltica. Un ejemplo de aplicacio
Salt (Alcoy, Alicante), vol. 20. Recerques del Museu D'Alcoi, pp. 33e46.
ndez, C.M., Mallol, C., Galv
Machado, J., Herna
an, B., 2013. Lithic production, site
formation and Middle Palaeolithic palimpsest analysis: in search of human
occupation episodes at Abric del Pastor Stratigraphic Unit IV (Alicante, Spain).
Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 2254e2273.
Mellars, P., 2005. The impossible coincidence. A single-species model for the origins
of modern human behavior in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 12e27.
rieurs de l'Abri du
Moncel, M.H., 1994. L'industrie lithique des trois niveaux supe
che). In: Re
villion, S. (Ed.), Les industries laminaires au
Maras (Arde
olithique moyen. CNRS, Paris, pp. 118e123. Dossiers de documentation
Pale
ologique 18. Editions
arche
du.
olithique moyen de l'Abri du Maras
Moncel, M.H., 1996. L'industrie lithique du Pale
che). Gallia Pre
histoire 38, 1e41.
(Arde
Moncel, M.H., 2001. Middle Palaeolithic Assemblages with blades in south-east
France. The question of the technical variability during Middle Palaeolithic
and its meaning. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 2 (6),
37e47.
des groupes humains
Moncel, M.-H., 2003. L'exploitation de l'espace et la mobilite
la n du Ple
istoce
ne moyen et au de
but
au travers des assemblages lithiques a
istoce
ne supe
rieur. La moyenne valle
e du Rho
^ne entre Dro
^me et Arde
che
du Ple
(France) British Archaeological Reports S1184, Oxford.
bitage
Moncel, M.-H., 2005. Baume Flandin et Abri du Maras : deux exemples de de
but du Ple
istoce
ne supe
rieur dans la Valle
e du Rho
^ ne (sud-est,
laminaire du de
France). L'Anthropologie 109, 451e480.
Moncel, M.-H., et al. (Eds.), 2008a. Payre. Des occupations humaines de la moyenne
e du Rho
^ ne de la n du Ple
istoce
ne moyen et du de
but du Ple
istoce
ne
valle
rieur, vol. XLVI. Me
moire de la Socie
te
Pre
historique Franaise.
supe
re tentative de datation par UeTh du site
Moncel, M.H., Michel, V., 2000. Premie
olithique moyen de l'abri du Maras. Bulletin de la Socie
te
pre
historique
pale
franaise 93 (3), 371e375.
Moncel, M.H., Lhomme, G., 2007. Les assemblages lithiques des niveaux du
olithique moyen de l'Abri des Pe
^cheurs (Arde
che, Sud-Est de la France). Des
Pale
andertaliennes re
currentes dans un fosse
. L'Anthropologie
occupations ne
111 (3), 211e253.
Moncel, M.-H., Daujeard, C., 2012. The variability of the Middle Palaeolithic on the
^ne Valley (southeast France): technical traditions
right bank of the Middle Rho
or functional choices? Quaternary International 247, 103e124.
che): Une
Moncel, M.-H., Gaillard, C., Patou-Mathis, M., 1994. L'Abri du Maras (Arde
olithique moyen (1993).
nouvelle campagne de fouilles dans un site Pale
Pre
historique Francaise tome 91, 363e368.
Bulletin Societe
gut-Bonnoure, E., Fernandez, P., Faure, M., Gue
rin, C.,
Moncel, M.-H., Daujeard, C., Cre
che, France) au
2004. L'occupation de la grotte de Saint-Marcel (Arde
olithique moyen: strate
gie d'exploitation de l'environnement et type
Pale
te
d'occupation de la grotte. L'exemple des couches i, j et j'. Bulletin Socie
historique Franaise tome 101 (2), 257e304.
Pre
Moncel, M.H., Brugal, J.P., Prucca, A., Lhomme, G., 2008b. Mixed Occupation during
^cheurs
the Middle Palaeolithic: case study of a small pit-cave site of Les Pe
che, south-eastern France). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27 (3),
(Arde
382e398.
Boulbes, N., Puaud, S., Debard, E.,
gut-Bonnoure, E.,
Moncel, M.H., Daujeard, C., Cre
Roger, T., Dubar, M., 2010. Nouvelles donne
, E.,
es
Bailon, S., Desclaux, E., Escude
but du Ple
istoce
ne supe
rieur de la moyenne
sur les occupations humaines du de
e du Rho
^ne (France). Les sites de lAbri des Pe
^cheurs, de la Baume
valle
che). Quaternaire
Flandin, de lAbri du Maras et de la Grotte du Figuier (Arde
21 (4), 389e415.
Moncel, M.-H., Moigne, A.-M., Sam, Y., Combier, J., 2011. The Emergence of Neanderthal Technical Behaviour: new evidence from Orgnac 3 (Level 1, MIS 8),
Southeastern France. Current Anthropology 52 (1), 37e75.
Moncel, M.-H., Moigne, A.-M., Combier, J., 2012a. Towards the Middle Paleolithic in
Western Europe: the case of Orgnac 3 (South-Eastern France). Journal of Human
Evolution 63, 653e666.
Moncel, M.H., Puaud, S., Daujeard, C., Lartigot-Campin, A.S., Millet, J.J.,
Ge
gut-Bonnoure, E.,
ly, B., Vercoute
re, C., Desclaux, E.,
Theodoropoulou, A., Cre
che): bilan
Roger, T., Bourges, F., 2012b. La grotte du Figuier (Saint-Martin-d'Arde
cents sur un site du Pale
olithique moyen et supe
rieur de la
des travaux re
e du Rho
^ne (Sud-Est de la France). Bulletin de la Socie
te
moyenne valle
historique franaise 109 (1), 35e67.
pre
, E., Bailon, S., Barshay-Szmidt, C., Bearez, P., Cre
gut, E.,
Moncel, M.-H., Allue
Daujeard, C., Desclaux, E., Debard, E., Lartigot-Campin, A.-S., Puaud, S., Roger, T.,
2014. Evaluating the integrity of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records in MIS 5 to 3 karst sequences from southeastern France. Quaternary International (in press).
Peresani, M., 2003. Discoid Lithic Technology. Advances and Implications. British
Archaeological Reports International Series S1120, Oxford.
Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A.M., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M.,
Clausen, H.B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-
204
Svensson, A., Andersen, K.K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S.M.,
thlisberger, R., Seierstad, I.,
Johnsen, S.J., Muscheler, R., Rasmussen, S.O., Ro
Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., 2007. A 60,000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice
core chronology. Cimate of the Past, 47e57.
Texier, J.-P., Brugal, J.-P., Lemorini, C., Wilson, L., 1998. Fonction d'un site du
olithique moyen en marge d'un territoire. L'Abri de La Combette (Bonnieux,
Pale
Vaucluse). In: Brugal, J.-P., Meignen, L., Patou-Mathis, M. (Eds.), Economie
historique: Les comportements de subsistence au Pale
olithique. XVIII
Pre
ologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes, Antibes.
Rencontre Internationales d'Arche
Editions
APDCA, Sophia Antipolis, pp. 325e348.
Turq, A., Roebroeks, W., Bourguignon, L., Faivre, J.-P., 2013. The fragmented character of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology. Journal of Human Evolution
65 (5), 641e655.
Vaquero, M., 2008. The history of stones: behavioural inferences and temporal
resolution of an archaeological assemblage from the Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (12), 3178e3185.
n, M.G., Cuartero, F., Garca-Anto
n, M.D., Go
mez de Soler, B.,
Vaquero, M., Chaco
Martnez, K., 2012a. The lithic assemblage of level J. In: Carbonell, E. (Ed.), High
Resolution Archaeology and Neanderthal Behaviour: Time and Space in Level J
of Abric Roman (Capellades, Spain), Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Book Series. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 189e311.
n, M.G., Garca-Anto
n, M.D., Go
mez de Soler, B., Martnez, K.,
Vaquero, M., Chaco
Cuartero, F., 2012b. Time and space in the formation of lithic assemblages: the
example of Abric Roman Level J. Quaternary International 247, 162e181.
Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Johnsen, S.J., Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K.,
Buchardt, S.L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Seierstad, I.K., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.,
Steffensen, J.P., Svensson, A.M., Olsen, J., Heinemeier, J., 2006. A synchronized
dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene. Journal of
Geophysical Research 111, 2967e3013.
Wolff, E.W., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S.O., Svensson, A., 2010. Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial: the ice core record. Quaternary
Science Reviews 29, 2828e2838.