Theory of Plates

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Theory of Plates
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
Plates are initially flat structural elements

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When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat

in geometry, whose lateral dimensions are
large compared to the separation between
the surfaces is called a PLATE
Introduction
Plates are subjected to transverse loads loads
normal to its mid-surface
Transverse loads supported by combined bending
and shear action
Plates may be subjected to in-plane loading also
=> uniform stress distribution => membrane
Membrane action in-plane loading or
pronounced curvature & slope
Plate bending plates mid-surface doesnt
experience appreciable stretching or contraction
In-plane loads cause stretching and/or contraction
of mid-surface
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Introduction
Plate stretching
z
Nx
Nx
Axial deformation due to transverse load

Net deformation = Algebraic sum of uniform stretching
and axial deformation
due to
bending load
Ramadas
Chennamsetti
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Uniform stretching of the plate => uo

q
Introduction
1
t
1

10 b 2000
For plates Thin & thick plates
t < 20b b = smallest side

t > 20b
t
w
5
Small deflections
Thin plate theory Kirchoffs Classical
Plate Theory (KCPT)
Thick plate theory Reissner Mindlin
Plate Theory (MPT)
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Thin plate =>

Thick plate =>
KCPT - Assumptions
Assumptions
Thickness is much smaller than the other physical
dimensions
vertical deflection
w(x, y, z) = w(x, y)
Displacements u, v & w are small compared to

plate thickness
In plane strains are small compared to unity
consider only linear strains
Normal stresses in transverse direction are small
compared with other stresses neglected
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Governing equations are derived based on undeformed

geometry
KCPT - Assumptions
Material linear elastic Hookes law holds good
Middle surface remains unstrained during bending
neutral surface
Normals to the middle surface before deformation
remain normal to the same surface after
deformation => doesnt imply shear across section
is zero transverse shear strain makes a negligible
contribution to deflections.
Transverse shear strains are negligible
Rotary inertia is neglected

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Sign convention
Following sign convention will be followed

z
Mz
Mx
x
x
x
Positive moments
Positive rotations
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My
Bending deformations
Bending takes
place in both planes
y
BB
A
x
B
View D
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Rotation => y
Bending deformations
Deformation in x direction
u ( x , y , z ) = z y (x , y )
v ( x, y , z ) = z
(x , y )
Vertical deformation
w = w (x, y)
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Deformation in y direction
Strains
=> xz
=> yz
z x
w
w
= y +
= 0 => y =
x
x
v w
yz =
+
=0
z y
w
w
= x +
= 0 => x =
y
y
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Assumption out of plane shear strain negligible

u w
xz =
+
=0
Strains
Non-zero strains
yy
u
w
y
=
= z
= z
2
x
x
x
2
v
x
w
=
= z
= z
y
y
y 2
xy
u v
w
=
+
= 2 z
y x
xy
2
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xx
Stresses
Thin plate out of plane shear strains vanish out

of plane shear stresses also vanish
yz = 0
xz
yz
yz
xz
Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be

zero logical thin structure plane stress
conditions
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xz = 0,
Stresses
Non-zero stress components

z
xx
y
yy
yy
xy
xx
All three stress components, xx, yy, xy in-plane

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xy
Curvatures
Curvature reciprocal of radius of bending

Rate of change of slope
z
dx w*
w
dx
x
y
dx
slope = rotation = y = -
w
x
2
w
y
curvatue =
=
= xx
2
x
x
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Curvatures
Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a

curvature
w
=
2
y
2
yy
xy
w
= 2
xy
2
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Twisting of plate
Constitutive law
Linear elastic isotropic Hookean material

Three stress and strain components
yy =
xy =
xy
G
yy
E
=
xy
E
yy
E
xx
E
2 (1 + )
xx
0 xx
1
1

1
0
=
yy
yy
0
0
2
(
1
)
+
xy
xy

xx
xx
1
0
=
1
0
yy
yy
2
1 0 0 1
xy17
xy
2
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xx =
xx
Writing all three equations in

matrix form
Constitutive law
Express strains in terms of curvatures
Ez
=
1
1
0
Variation of stresses across thickness is linear

Basis thin plates plane section remain plane after
bending variation of axial deflection is linear across
thickness strains also vary linearly
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xx
yy
xy
2w
x 2
0
2w
0
2
1 + y
2w
2 2
xy
Equilibrium equations
Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element

z
y
dx
xx
t
xy
Forces acting on an infinitesimal

element dx dy dz
xy
dy
**yz
yz
yy
*yy
dx
*xz
*xy
*xy
*xx
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dy
Equilibrium in x direction
xx
dydz
dydz
*
xx
*
zx
*
yx
zx
*
zx
dxdy
dxdy
yx
*
yx
dzdx
dzdx
xx
dx
xx +
x
zx
= zx +
dz
z
yx
= yx +
dy
y
= 0
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*
xx
Substitute the following equation is

obtained
xx xy xz
x
= 0 - (1)
xy
x
yy
y
yz
z
= 0 - (2)
xz yz zz
+
+
= 0 - (3)
x
y
z
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Similarly take equilibrium in y and z directions
Shear stresses
From equation (1) shear stress xz can be

computed
Use stress deflection/curvature relations
2w
2 w
2 + 2 +
y y
x
xz Ez
=
2
z
1
Ez 2 w xz
=0
+
1 + xy z
3
3w
3w
w
+ (1 )
3 +
2
xy
xy 2
x
xz Ez
2
=
2
z
1 x
Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress

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Ez
x 1 2
Shear stresses
Integrate from mid plane to top surface of

z
plate
z = h/2
z
d
xz
xz
Ez
=
2
1
0
xz
=> xz
2
E 2w
w
dz =
1 2 x
x
h 2
z dz
z
h 2
E w z2

=
2
1
x 2 z
2
) h
2w
E
=
2 1 2
x
=> xz =
E
2 1 2
4 z
2w 2 h2
z
Parabolic variation
x
4
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h 2
Moments
Moment wrt y axis
dF xx =
dM
xx
dz
=> dM
xx
dx
dy
= zdF xx = z
xx
dz
2w
2w
+
2
2
x
x
2w
Ez 2 2 w
=
+
2
2
y 2
1 x
Ez
=
1 2
y
E
=
1 2
y
dz
+h 2
2w
2w
2
+
z
dz
2
2
y h 2
x
Eh 3
=
12 1 2
2w
2w
+
2
2
y
x
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Neutral plane
xx
Moments
Moment wrt x axis
Neutral plane
2w 2w
Eh 3
Mx =
+
2
2
2
12 (1 ) x
y
z
dz
xy
M xy
dx
dy
Compare with section

modulus of beam
Eh 3
2w
(1 )
=
2
12(1 )
xy
Eh 3
D =
12 ( 1
)
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Twisting moment due to shear

stress xy
Shear forces
Vertical equilibrium of
plate
*
Q x dy + Q y* dx + qdxdy Q x dy Q y dx = 0
Q x
Q = Qx +
dx
x
Q y
*
Qy = Qy +
dy
y
q
Q*
Q *y
x
Qx
Qy
Substitute these and simplify
dx
dy
x
Q y
Q x
+
= q
x
y
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*
x
Shear forces
Shear forces across thickness can be

computed by integrating shear stress across
+h 2
thickness
Q
yz
dz per unit width
h 2
Q
Q
yz
( 2 w )
E
=
2 (1 2 )
y
2
h2
z
+h 2
2
h2
z
dz
4
h 2
Eh 3
( 2 w )
( 2 w )
=
= D
2
12 (1 )
y
y
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( 2 w )
E
=
2 (1 2 )
y
Governing equation
Similar expression for Qx
( 2 w )
Qx = D
x
Substitute Qx and Qy in the following expression vertical
equilibrium
Q x Q y
+
= q
x
y

2
2
D
w
D
w
x
y
y
2
2
q
2
2
=>
w
+
w
=
y 2
D
x 2
2
2
=> 2 +
y 2
x
) = q
2
q
w =
D
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Governing equation
Governing equation
2
2
+
2
2
2
q
w =
D
q
2
2
=> w =
D
q
4
=> =
D
w
w
w
q
+2
+
=
4
2
2
4
x
x y
y
D
4
Bi-harmonic equation
Compare with beam equation
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Boundary conditions
Well posed problem Governing equations

and boundary conditions
Three basic boundary conditions
Vertical deflection and their derivatives
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Simply supported
Clamped and
Free edge
Simply supported
Simply supported for eg beam => vertical

deflection = 0 and moment = 0
w( x, y ) = 0
2w
2w
M y = D 2 + 2 = 0
y
x
w = 0 implies second derivative in the

direction tangent to this line is zero
2w
= 0
2
x
Simply supported
y = const
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Simply supported
x = const
For edge, x = const
Simply supported
Simply supported condition along edge y =

const
w=0
w = 0 implies second derivative in the

direction tangent to this line is zero
w
=0
2
yChennamsetti
Ramadas
2
32
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2w 2w
M x = D 2 + 2
y
x
Clamped
Deflection and slope in normal directions

vanish
x = constant
w=0
w
=0
y
y = constant
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w=0
w
=0
x
Free edges
2w
2w
M y = D 2 + 2 = 0 at x = const
y
x
2w 2w
M x = D 2 + 2 = 0 at y = const
y
x
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Free edge Free from any external loads

Natural boundary conditions
Bending moment and Shear force vanish
Bending moment
Free edges
Moment Mxy and shear forces

Mxy
The net force acting on

the face
Q = M xy
Mxy
'
x
dy
M xy +
Mxy
Mxy
dy
M xy +
M xy
y
M xy
y
dy
M xy
=> Qx' =
+ M xy
y
M xy
y
Total shear force,

dy dx
Vx = Qx + Qx
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dy
Free edges
Total shear force,

Vx = Qx + Qx'
2
w
=> Vx = D
w D(1 ) 2
x
x x
3w
3w
=> Vx = D 3 + (2 )
2
xy
x
3
3
w
w
V y = D 3 + (2 ) 2
x y
y
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Free edges
The forces, Vx and Vy => reduced, or

Kirchoffs or effective shear forces
In case of a free edge,
3w
3w
V y = D 3 + (2 ) 2 = 0 at y = const
x y
y
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3w
3w
Vx = D 3 + (2 )
= 0 at x = const
2
xy
x
Bending of plates
Governing equation of plate rectangular

plate bending
q
w =
D
2
w = vertical deflection = w(x, y)
Solution to this equation product of two

functions Assume
w = w( x , y ) = F ( x )G ( y )
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external loading, q = q(x, y)
Bending of plates
Choice of functions algebraic,
trigonometric, hyperbolic etc or
combination of these function
Selection of a function depends on
boundary conditions
Simply supported edges trigonometric
function Navier solution
Deflection of a plate can be written as sum
of infinite trigonometric functions
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Bending of plates
Edges, x = 0 and x = a simply supported

Vertical deflection vanish
w(x=0, y)=0, w(x=a, y)=0
Possible form of solution
SS
x=0
SS
x=a
F1, F2,.F are coefficients

Symmetric loading wrt x = a/2
Maximum deflection at x = a/2
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m x
F ( x ) = Fm sin
a
m
Bending of plates
Other edges simply supported

Vertical deflection vanish
SS
y=b
w(x, y=0)=0, w(x, y=b)=0

Possible form of solution
G1, G2,.G are coefficients
SS
x = 0,
y=0
SS
x=a
SS
Selection of functions based on BCs

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n y
G ( y ) = Gn sin
b
n
Bending of plates
Final solution,
m x n y
w( x, y ) = FmGn sin
sin
a b
m n
m
n
, n =
m =
a
b
Coefficients, Fm, Gn and wmn computed using
Fourier Series
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=> w( x, y ) = wmn sin m x sin n y
Coefficients
Any periodic function can be expanded into

a sine or cosine function using Fourier
expansion
Function of one variable
f (x ) =
m
m x
f m sin
a
m ' x
m x
m ' x
sin
=> f (x )sin
= f m sin
a
a
a
Integrate the above from limits 0 to a
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Coefficients
Integration
m'x
mx
m'x
0 f (x)sin a dx = fm 0 sin a sin a dx
a
fm
f m x
mx
m x
x
'
=> 2 sin
sin
dx = cos m m cos m + m'
2 0
a
a
2 0
a
a
a
'
x
x
'
'
m
m
sin
m
m
sin
+
fm
a
a
=>
2 m m'
m + m'
a
a
Lower limit vanishes, evaluate upper limit

dx
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Coefficients
m ' x
fm
f (x )sin
dx =
a
2
a
=>
0
sin
(
mm )
a
fma
m ' x
f (x )sin
dx =
a
2
=0
(
mm )
a
'
'
x=a
for m = m '
for m m
2
m x
f m = f (x )sin
dx
a
a
0
'
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Upper limit
Coefficients
Function of variable y
n y
g ( y ) = g n sin
b
n
n y
n y
n y
=> g ( y )sin
= g n sin
sin
b
b
b
b
2
n y
g n = g ( y )sin
dy
b0
b
'
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'
Coefficients
Function of two variables

m
(
)
w x, y = wmn sin
x n
sin
a b
x=a
x=a
'

m ' x
n y
m x m x
dx = wmn sin
dx
=> w( x, y )sin
sin
sin
b x =0 a a
m n
a
x =0
x=a
m ' x
a
n y
(
)
w
x
,
y
sin
dx
=
w
sin
mn
x =0
a
2 m n
b
y =b x = a
y =b
=> wmn
4
=
ab
y =b x = a
m x n y
(
)
w
x
y
,
sin
sin
dxdy
y =0 x=0
a b
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'
m ' x n ' y
a
n y n y
sin
dxdy = wmn sin
dy
=> w( x, y )sin
sin
2 m n
b b
a b
y =0 x =0
y =0
Simply supported plate

Assume loading over plate
m x
n y
q = q ( x, y ) = qmn sin
sin
a
b
m n
Solution
m x
n y
w = w( x, y ) = wmn sin
sin
a
b
m n
Governing equation
w
w
w
q
+2
+
=
4
2
2
4
x
x y
y
D
4
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Differentiating vertical displacement

w
m
m
=
wmn sin
4
x
a
m n a
4
x n y
sin
w
n
m x n y
=
wmn sin
sin
4
y
a b
m n b
w
m n
m
2 2 2 = 2

wmn sin
x y
a
m n a b
4
x n y
sin
b
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m 4 m 2 n 2 n 4
qmn
+ 2

+
wmn =
D
a b b
a
qmn
=> wmn =
2
2 2
n
4 m
D 2 + 2
b
a
1
w = w( x, y ) =
4
D
m x n y
sin
sin
2
2
2
a b
m n m
n
2 + 2
a
b
50
qmn
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Plug in governing equation
UDL
Uniformly distributed load
qo
Computation of coefficients
q
m
mn
m x
n y
sin
sin
a
b
q(x, y) = qo
4
m x
n y
=
q( x, y )sin
sin
dxdy
ab 0 0
a
b
a b
qmn
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q (x , y ) =
UDL
Coefficients qmn
q mn
m x
m y
0 0 q o sin a sin b dxdy
4 qo
m x
m y
=
sin
dx sin
dy
a
b
ab 0
0
a
q mn
=> q mn
4qo
=
ab
4 ab
2
mn
16 q o
=
2
mn
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4
=
ab
a b
UDL
m x n y
q mn sin
sin

1
a b
w = w( x , y ) = 4
2
2
2
D m n
m n
+
a b
m x n y
sin
sin

16 qo
a b
=> w(x, y ) = 6
2
2
2
D m n
m n
+
a b
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Vertical deflection
Patch load
A patch load applied over an area u x v

Centroid at (xo, yo)
m x n y
q ( x , y ) = q mn sin
sin
a b
m
n

m x n y
=> q o = q mn sin
sin
a b
m
n
q mn
4qo
=
ab
u
v
xo + yo +
2
2
xo
qo
Patch load
m x
m y
v sin a sin b dxdy
u
yo
2 Ramadas
2
Chennamsetti
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Patch load
Evaluating integrals
xo +
u
2
xo
u
v
yo +
2
2
m x
m y
v sin a sin b dxdy
u
yo
2
2
m x
2a
m xo m u
u sin a dx = m sin a sin 2a
x
=> qmn
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qmn
4 qo
=
ab
xo +
16 qo
m xo m u n yo m v
=
sin
sin
sin
sin
2
mn
a 2a b 2b
55
Patch load
Deflection
m x n y
S mn sin
sin

16 qo
a b
w( x , y ) = 6
D m n
m 2 n 2
mn +
a b
S mn
m xo
= sin
a
m u n y o
sin
sin
2a b
m v
sin
2b
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where,
Point load
Point load
Assume the point load acts over
an infinitesimal area u x v
Corresponding UDL
P
qo =
uv
qo =
P
uv
P
(xo, yo)
m xo
n yo
16 qo
m u
n v
sin
sin
qmn =
sin
sin
2
mn
a
b
2a
2b
m xo
n y o
16 P
m u
n v
sin
sin
sin
sin
=> qmn =
2
mn uv
a
b
2a
2b57
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From the earlier analysis
Point load
Simplifying
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=> qmn
m u
n v
sin
sin
m xo
n yo
4P
2a
2b
=
sin
sin
ab
a
b m u m v
2a 2b
4P
m xo
n yo
=> qmn =
sin
sin
ab
a
b
Point load
Deflection due to point load
m x
m y
sin
sin
S
4P
a
b
w( x, y ) = 4
2
2
2
abD m m
m n
+
a b
m xo
m yo
'
S mn = sin
sin
a
b
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'
mn
Bending & in-plane loading

Plates are subjected to in-plane loading also in
addition to lateral / transverse loads
In-plane loading tensile or compressive
Large in-plane compressive loads Buckling takes
place
Buckling non-linear phenomenon
disproportionate increase of displacement with
load
Critical load ability to resist axial load ceases
change in deformation shape
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Bending & in-plane loading

In-plane forces: Nx, Ny, Nxy and Nyx

Transverse forces / moments: Mx, My, Mxy, Myx,
Qx and Qy
Small deformation and large deformation

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Thin walled members cross-sections like

I, L, H, C etc undergo buckling
thin plates of small widths
Combined loading of a rectangular plate
loads
In-plane forces
Infinitesimal element => dA = dx dy

Nxy
Qx*
Nx*
x*
x*
dx
z x
Nx
x
x
In-plane loading
Transverse/out-of-plane loading
For small angles => Sin and Cos 1

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Qx
In-plane forces
N x
N x dy cos x + N x +
dx dy cos x* N xy dx cos y +
x
N xy
Qx
*
N xy +
dy dx cos y Qx +
dx dy sin x*
y
x
Q y
+ Qx dy sin x Q y +
dy dx sin y* + Q y dx sin y = 0
y
N x N xy
=>
+
=0
x
y
If there are no in-plane forces equation vanishes
63
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Force equilibrium in x-direction
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in y-direction

N xy N y
+
=0
x
y
Angle is not equal to zero, but, small
w
x =
,
x
w
y =
y
64
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sin and cos 1
In-plane forces
N x
dx dy N xy dx +
N x dy + N x +
x
N xy
Q x w 2 w
N xy +
dy dx Qx +
dx dy
+ 2 dx
y
x
x x
Q y w 2 w
w
w
dy dx
=0
+ Qx dy
Q y +
+ 2 dy + Q y dx
y
x
y
y y
Neglect higher order term s

No change in inN x N xy
=>
+
= 0 plane equilibrium
x
y
equations
65
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Force equilibrium in x-direction
In-plane forces
Contribution from in-plane normal forces, Nx

and Ny and shear force, Nxy
Contribution from shear force, Qx and Qy
Contribution from externally applied load, q
66
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Similar expression for force equilibrium in

y-direction
Force equilibrium in z-direction
Z-direction
w w
w
N x
N x dy sin
+ Nx +
dx dy sin
+
dx
x
x
x x x
N xy
w w
dx
N xy dy sin
+ N xy +
+
dx dy sin
y
x
y x y
w w
w
Q x
Q x dy cos
+ Qx +
+
dx dy cos
dx
x
x
x x x
Q y
w w
dy + qdxdy = 0
Q y dx cos
+ Q y +
dy cos
+
67
y
Ramadas
y
Chennamsetti
y y y
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N y
w w
dy
dy dx sin
N y dx sin
+Ny +
+
y
y
y y y
N xy
w w
w
N xy dx sin
+ N xy +
dy dx sin
+
dy
x
y
x y x
Z-direction
If no in-plane forces acting
Q x Q y
+
= q
x
y
2w
2w
2 w Q x Q y
Nx
+ 2 N xy
+ Ny
+
+
+q=0
2
2
x
xy
y
x
y
68
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Presence of in-plane forces
Z-direction
Substituting Qx and Qy
2
2
Qx = D
w , Qy = D
w
x
y
+ D
2w
x
x
y
y
+ q = 0
2
2
2
w
w
4
=> w = N x 2 + 2 N xy
+ N y 2 + q
D
x
x y
y
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2w
2w
2w
N x 2 + 2 N xy
+ Ny 2
x
x y
y
Plate buckling
Buckling of thin plate

2
2
2
1
w
w
w
4
w = q + N x 2 + 2 N xy
+ Ny 2
D
x
yx
y
Assume, q = 0, in-plane load, Nx = N1, rest zero
w
w
w Nx w
+2 2 2 +
=
4
4
2
x
x y
y
D x
4
Assume all four edges are simply supported

Navier solution to plate bending
70
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Plate buckling
Plate deflection
w = w( x, y ) = wmn sin m x sin n y
N1 2
+ 2 + m = 0
D
N1 2
2
2 2
=> m + n =
m
D
4
m
2
m
2
n
4
n
Substitute in
governing equation
Characteristic
equation
71
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m
n
m =
, n =
a
b
Plate buckling
From characteristic equation

2
m
+ n2
N1 2
m
D
m
N1 m
n
=>
=
+

D a
b
a
2
D a
=> N 1 =
m2
2
m
n
+
b
a
2
D 2 m
c 2
n
=> N 1 =
+
2
b c m
c = a / b - Aspect ratio
72
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Plate buckling
Critical load smallest value

Increase in N1 with n2 Minimum value of
n is equal to one buckled shape in ydirection single half sine wave
2
N1 is a function of variable m for minimum value of

m, differentiate N1 wrt m
73
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D m c
N1 = 2 +
b c m
2
Plate buckling
Differentiate
dN1 2 D m c 1 c
=
+ 2 = 0
2
dm
b c m c m
1 c
=> 2 = 0
c m
a
=> m = c =
b
2
4 D
N1cr =
2
b
Whole number
74
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Plate buckling
Number of half sine waves cant be a

whole number it should be an integer
Equation for critical load for n = 1
m c
K = +
c m
Plotting K vs aspect ratio = c = a/b

for various integer values of m
75
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D
N1 = K 2
b
Plate buckling
1.414
2.449
76
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K vs aspect ratio
Plate buckling
From figure, value of K is same as

intersection points of m and m+1
c
m c m +1
+
+ =
m +1
c m c
2
=> c = m(m + 1)
2
c = m(m + 1)
Aspect ratio less than

2 => m = 1
Aspect ratio from 2
to 6, m = 2
C>4 => K 4
77
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N1 critical load at m when load is increased, buckled

form changes from m to m+1
Curves for m = 1 and
At transition from m to m+1
m = 2 meet at c = 2
Plate buckling
Estimation of buckling load

t = 1 cm, a = 2.3 m, b = 1 m, E = 200 GPa, = 0.30
2 2
Et
200 10 110
D=
=
= 17.96 kNm
2
2
12 1
12 1 0.3
a 2.3
c= =
= 2.3 => m = 2
b
1
3
m c 2 2.3
=> K = + =
+
= 4.0786
2.3 2
c m
78
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Flexural modulus
Plate buckling
In the above expression, for a given width and elastic

properties of plate, critical load depends on K. In turn
K depends on m for a given aspect ratio, c
c = 2.3, m = 1, K = 7.4790
m = 2, K = 4.0786
Minimum value of
K is considered for
estimation of Ncr
Chennamsetti
m = 3, K Ramadas
= 4.2890
79
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Minimum critical load

2
2
D
D
N1cr = K 2 = 4.086 2 = 73.72 MN / m
b
b
N = N1cr b = 73.72 MN
Plate and column buckling

Uniaxial load for plate buckling
K
2E
=> 1crp =
12 1 2 b 2
t
K
2E
=> 1crp = C1
, C1 =
2
12 1 2
b
t
)( )
( )
)
80
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1crp =
N1crp
D 2
N1crp = K 2
b
D 2
2 Et 3
=K 2 =K 2
bt
b t 12 1 2

Buckling of a column
=> Pcr = C 2
l2
2 EAk 2
l
= C2
2 EA
(l k )
Pcr
2E
=> crc =
= C2
Column
2
A
l
k
2E
Plate
crp = C1
2
b
t Chennamsetti
Ramadas
( )
( )
81
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Pcr = C 2
2 EI

Critical stress for plate depends on thinness

ratio = t/b not on the length
More thinner plate lesser bucking load
Critical stress in column depends on
slenderness ratio
Longer columns lower critical load
82
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depends on width
Strain energy
Linear elastic material
1
U = ( xx xx + yy yy + xy xy ) dV
2V
83
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In thin plate theory, out-of-plane shear

stresses vanish => xz, yz and zz
Stress components contributing to strain
energy => xx, yy and xy
Strain energy,
Strain energy
Strain energy,
yy xy } dV
T
2w
x
xx
1
0
1
0
xx

2 w
Ez
Ez

1
1
0 yy =
0
yy =
2
2
2
y
1
1
1 +
1 +

0
0
0
0
2
xy
xy
2
2 2 w
xy
=> { } = [C ]{ }
84
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1
U = { xx yy xy }{ xx
2V
Strain energy
Strain energy,
2 w
2w 2w
2 + 2 2
y x
x
2
2
2
w w w 2
E
=> U =
+ 2 + 2 2 z dV
2
2 1 V x
y x
2
2
+ 2(1 )
xy
85
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1
1
T
T
U = { } { }dV = { } [C ]{ }dV
2V
2V
Strain energy
Infinitesimal volume, dV = dxdydz

Carry out integration over thickness => dz
h
+
2
h
h z dz = 12
2
3
Eh
D=
2
12 1
86
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Strain energy
Simplify
dxdy
2

Strain energy Finite Element Method Total

potential approach
87
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2 w 2 w 2

+
2
2
x
D x
U =
2w 2w 2w
2 A
2 (1 ) x 2 x 2 x y
88
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Theory of Plates

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Theory of Plates

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R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Plates are initially flat structural elements

When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Axial deformation due to transverse load

Uniform stretching of the plate => uo

For plates Thin & thick plates

t < 20b b = smallest side

Thin plate =>

Displacements u, v & w are small compared to

Governing equations are derived based on undeformed

Rotary inertia is neglected

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Following sign convention will be followed

Assumption out of plane shear strain negligible

Thin plate out of plane shear strains vanish out

Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be

Non-zero stress components

All three stress components, xx, yy, xy in-plane

Curvature reciprocal of radius of bending

Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a

Linear elastic isotropic Hookean material

Writing all three equations in

Express strains in terms of curvatures

Variation of stresses across thickness is linear

Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element

Forces acting on an infinitesimal

Substitute the following equation is

Similarly take equilibrium in y and z directions

From equation (1) shear stress xz can be

Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress

Integrate from mid plane to top surface of

Moment wrt y axis

Moment wrt x axis

Compare with section

Twisting moment due to shear

Substitute these and simplify

Shear forces across thickness can be

dz per unit width

Similar expression for Qx

Well posed problem Governing equations

Vertical deflection and their derivatives

Simply supported for eg beam => vertical

w = 0 implies second derivative in the

For edge, x = const

Simply supported condition along edge y =

w = 0 implies second derivative in the

Deflection and slope in normal directions

Free edge Free from any external loads

Moment Mxy and shear forces

The net force acting on

Total shear force,

Total shear force,

The forces, Vx and Vy => reduced, or

Governing equation of plate rectangular

w = vertical deflection = w(x, y)

Solution to this equation product of two

external loading, q = q(x, y)

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Edges, x = 0 and x = a simply supported

F1, F2,.F are coefficients

Other edges simply supported

w(x, y=0)=0, w(x, y=b)=0

G1, G2,.G are coefficients