Professional Documents
Culture Documents
06
Contents
Page
Executive Summary
31
Glossary
45
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Executive Summary
Geographic information systems (GISs) require accurate
digital geographic data. Traditional methods of
automating vector spatial data include three alternatives:
contracting with a service bureau, in-house table
digitizing, or COGO data entry. Users now have an
alternative to existing methods for creating vector
databasesan option called scanning data entry. This
new choice in data automation, scanning data entry, is
affordable; uses mature, reliable technology; can be
implemented with existing staff; is integrated with
existing GIS software and databases; and offers an array
of capabilities adaptable to a wide range of user
requirements.
Scanning data entry uses document scanning technology to create
raster data sets, or "digital pictures" of the documents. Raster data
have utility in GIS, and scanning data entry software tools can manage
and edit raster data. In addition to raster data tools, scanning data
entry software can efficiently convert raster data to vector dataand
vector format data is a requirement for many GIS applications. Thus,
scanning data entry provides a means of automating vector data as
well as creating low-cost raster databases.
GIS organizations planning their database automation strategy can
now consider in-house scanning data entry as the solution of choice.
Existing GIS organizations can evaluate scanning data entry as an
enhancement to their current data automation methods.
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Air Photos
Maps
Scanner
Raster
Database
Georeference
Raster edit
Tiling
Raster-to-raster
Conversion
Vectorize
Raster-to-vector
conversion
Vectorize
Heads-up
digitizing
ARC/INFO
Coverage
Database
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Is Scanning Data
Entry Appropriate
for Your Project?
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not exist for all of your organization's needs. For example, a data
layer such as property boundaries (i.e., land parcels) may not be
commercially available.
When you prefer to do data automation in-house, scanning data entry
takes no more time than table digitizing and offers better coordinate
accuracy and consistency without the random errors often associated
with manual methods. If you have an existing digital database and
need to perform only a low volume of intermittent updates, table
digitizing these updates may be appropriate. Even so, incremental
updates from scanned documents are a feasible alternative.
The available data sources will also influence the feasibility of
scanning data entry. The scanning data entry alternative is most
appropriate when the data do not already exist in digital form but do
exist in document form. Scanning data entry does require a source
document of some kind. If these documents are of poor quality,
scanning data entry can be effective but will require more operator data
cleanup. Scanning data entry is most useful and cost-effective when a
high-quality data source (e.g., maps or air photos) is available.
Feature layers on separate documents reduce processing requirements.
Some applications may be able to use raster data obtained without
document scanningfor example, satellite or airborne scanner data
provided on digital media. Scanning data entry technology offers
software tools that take advantage of commercially available raster
data.
When planning scanning data entry projects, it is very important to
spend time assessing your needs before implementing a solution.
Accuracy requirements and the characteristics of your source
documents will determine the most appropriate hardware and software
package. For example, the need for raster integration may require
additional disk storage or a more powerful CPU. If you work mainly
with air photos and do not have stringent accuracy constraints, you
should consider heads-up digitizing as a scanning data entry option.
If you have good digital geodetic control and a complete series of
plats, raster-to-vector conversion using that control can be an effective
strategy. Used for appropriate applications and implemented
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ESRI Solutions
for Scanning
Data Entry
ESRI has used scanning data entry technology for many years. The
ESRI Database Automation Group has adopted scanning data entry as
a preferred methodology. ESRI software has supported raster data
sets for many years, and a new ESRI software product called
ArcScan focuses specifically on providing scanning data entry
software tools. ArcScan is closely integrated with the rest of
ARC/INFO in a single software environment. Thus, all the
functionality of ARC/INFO can be combined with specialized
software for scanning data entry. ESRI can provide turnkey scanning
data entry systems through reseller agreements with industry-leading
hardware vendors. Many other companies have joined ESRI's open
systems approach and offer complementary capabilities that work with
the ARC/INFO data structures and user interface. ESRI scanning
data entry solutions are affordable, easy to use, and are integrated with
ESRI's advanced GIS data management technology. ESRI scanning
data entry solutions provide a clear and effective alternative for data
automation.
About This
White Paper
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Evaluating Scanning
Data Entry
This section is designed to help you evaluate scanning data
entry. Careful evaluation is a key factor in ensuring your
success. If you take the time to think it through and
evaluate the options and trade-offs carefully, your project
will benefit greatly. Evaluation considerations should
include the data available, the hardware and software, and
the methods or procedures.
Evaluating
Data Sources
for Scanning
Data Entry
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Photographs and
Digital Imagery
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Digital Data
Concepts
The raster data format is a cellular data format well suited for storing
images or maps. A raster data set is like a carpet of cells overlaying
the map where each cell has a value representing the corresponding
value beneath it in the map. For example, a raster data set of a
scanned map will have pixel values that correspond to the brightness
of the light reflected from the map.
Vector
Raster
columns
y-axis
Polygon
rows
Line
Point
x-axis
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Typical Use
in Scanning
Data Entry
Typical
Scanner (Input) Raster Data
Resolution
Format
Typical Raster
Data Size
Low quality
36 x 44 inch
(E format) map
As-builts,
blue lines
Raster-to-vector
conversion using
interactive techniques
such as raster cleanup
and line following
400 dpi
6 megabytes
High quality E
format map
Contours on
Mylar
separates
Raster-to-vector
400 to 800 dpi
RLC or GRID biconversion using
(depending on data tonal (compressed)
interactive (multiple
type and quality)
data layers or clutter) or
batch (single data layer)
6 to 30
megabytes
11 x 17 inch
(B format) map
Plat map
Raster-to-vector
conversion
1 to 4 megabytes
9 x 9 inch aerial
photo (black and
white)
Standard air
photo
200 dpi
TIFF
(uncompressed)
4 megabytes
9 x 9 inch aerial
photo (color)
Standard air
photo (color)
TIFF
(uncompressed)
4 megabytes
(8 bit color),
12 megabytes
(24 bit color)
Large format
aerial photo
(30 x 30 inch)
Orthophoto
200 dpi
TIFF
(uncompressed)
36 megabytes
Purchased in
raster format
Band interleaved,
etc.
(uncompressed)
Type of
Source Data
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Raster data can be compressed. That is, you can use a data storage
scheme to reduce the amount of disk space required to store the data.
Bi-tonal raster data can be compressed to a greater degree than
grayscale or color data because the cell values of bi-tonal data can be
represented with a single biteither black or white, on or off, data or
no data. Grayscale and color raster data can also be compressed, but
with lesser compression ratios and at a higher processing cost to
support decompression. When raster data are compressed for storage,
it must be decompressed for display and other operations.
Vector data are in a format that represents map features with the x,y
coordinates of the features. Where a raster data set would represent a
feature by tagging all the cells that overlay the feature, a vector data set
would represent the feature by listing the coordinates of points along
it. Many GIS applications, such as parcel maintenance, demographic
analysis, or vehicle routing, require data in a vector format.
Raster data are unsuitable for these applications because, although the
raster and vector data may look the same displayed on a screen, raster
data have very different characteristics. Scanned raster data are simply
a "digital snapshot" of the source documenta scanned map has
pictorial information and limited connectivity to other data. ARC/INFO
georelational vector data, on the other hand, maintains the internal
spatial relationships of the features it represents and has far more
information than a simple picture. In addition, georelational vector data
have strong connections to other related data, such as tables stored in a
relational database management system (RDBMS).
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Evaluating
Computer Hardware
for Scanning
Data Entry
The Scanner
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Scanner Basics
White Background
Media feed
Mechanism
Glass
Window
Map or
Photo
Camera
Light
Source
CCD
Media
Movement
Light
Source
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The Computer
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A Plotter
Data Storage
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Networks
Evaluating Software
for Scanning
Data Entry
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SCSI
Scanner
UNIX
Workstation
SCSI
Magnetic
Disk
Raster Plotter
5
3
1
Scanner
Dedicated
UNIX Workstation
UNIX Server
5
3
1
Multipurpose
UNIX Workstation
Optical Storage
Device "Jukebox"
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ArcScan georeferencing
menu supports
multiwindow visual
interaction.
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Evaluating Scanning
Data Entry
Methodologies
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Select
starting
point with
mouse
tracing arrow
Trace
along
indicated
direction
Change
tracing
direction
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interest. For example, scanned and vectorized data can be fit into
a geodetic control network created by coordinate geometry
(COGO) data entry. This technique can be used to localize, or
bound, error in scanned plats. Vectorized data can be combined
with purchased or table-digitized vector data. Accurate
georeferencing is very important when using scanned data with
other data.
Scanned data also have attributes. Adding attributes to scanned
data is usually necessary. For example, scanned contours need to
be tagged with their elevation values for use in digital terrain
projects. If scanning data entry software is integrated with other
GIS software tools, any or all of those tools can be made part of
the scanning data entry and data automation process.
Incremental data automation. Some organizations have
adopted an incremental approach to database creation. Incremental
methods include in-house staff digitizing on a time-available basis,
addition of digital data from other sources, such as CAD data from
land developers, or conversion of other digital data such as legal
descriptions. Incremental database generation approaches can
work. But, since any GIS must have data in order to be effective,
it can be wise to input some data immediately so as to demonstrate
immediate GIS benefits.
Scanning data entry supports incremental database development.
With scanning data entry, a raster database can be produced
quickly by scanning maps or air photos and georeferencing the
scanned images to real-world coordinates. The georeferenced
raster data can provide immediate benefit as a visual backdrop to
other data and as a data source for vector conversion. The raster
database can provide complete seamless coverage for an agency's
entire area of responsibility (e.g., a city or a county), and vector
conversion can proceed incrementally, on an as-needed or highestneed basis.
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Evaluate
Project
Goals
Evaluate
Source
Documents
Scan
Documents
Pre-process (raster
edit) raster data
Vectorize
Heads-up digitize
Air photos
Maps
Post process
(vector cleanup)
coverage data
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and the ESRI hardware reseller program can be flexibly matched to the
exact requirements of your scanning data entry project and your GIS
implementation.
ArcScan
ArcScan Capabilities
ArcScan Components
Raster Database
Construction Tools
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Geometric Correction
and Noise
Removal Tools
The ArcScan raster pre-processing tools prepare raster data sets for
additional processing. A set of geometric correction tools can be used
to correct orientation errors during scanning, distortions in the source
document, and georeferencing. These tools perform the following
operations:
Rotate a grid by a multiple of 90 degrees. Commonly used when
documents are scanned sideways.
Flip the contents of a grid from top to bottom. Commonly used
when documents are scanned upside down.
Mirror the contents of a grid from left to right. Commonly used
with translucent documents that are scanned wrong side up.
Correct a skewed document by converting a user-specified
parallelogram on the input document to a rectangle on the output
document. A common distortion encountered in scan digitizing is
a skew caused by paper feed that is not perfectly aligned.
Apply a warping transformation to georeference a grid to realworld coordinates.
The following noise cleanup tools can be applied to either the entire
image or a selected image area:
Remove specks of black noise from a scanned image. Most
scanned documents will show speckling to varying degrees.
Apply a majority rule filter to a scanned image. Commonly used
to correct dropout in noisy scanned lines.
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Integrated Raster
Vector Editing Tools
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by identifying common points in the raster data set and in realworld coordinates.
The mouse is used to register the
image to real-world coordinates.
Interactive
Vectorization Tools
With ArcScan you can extract the centerlines of linear features from a
raster document with optimized user intervention. Interactive rasterto-vector conversion using an automated line-following, or linetracing, tool is especially useful for selective raster-to-vector
conversion from a raster data set with multiple data layers. The
ArcScan line tracer, because of its high degree of user control, can
also vectorize complex and difficult data. With the line tracer tool you
can efficiently produce high-quality vector output. The trace tool
performs automatic intersection straightening and automatic line
generalization based on user parameters.
The trace tool snaps to the center of a raster line. Tracing begins at
that point, stopping at junctions to obtain user input. The user
interacts with the tracer using the mouse or keyboard, and controls the
direction taken by the tracer at the junction. Tracer features include the
ability to jump gaps, the ability to snap to the center of a heavy raster
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Because the line tracer is built into ARCEDIT, you can interleave
manual digitizing with line following, enabling more productive
processing of noisy data. You can use a menu interface for heads-up
digitizing to tag features with attribute data shown in the raster
document. The line trace tool works with the multiple windowing
capability of ARCEDIT. ArcScan automatically moves a close-up
view of the tracing activity, following the tracing activity even as it
moves out of view.
ARC/INFO
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TIFF
(Tag Image File
Format)
1 to 8, 16, 2 4, 3 2
(8 only for a
multiband)
uncompressed or
compressed
(CCITT Group 3
and Group 4, LZW
and PackBits)
no suffix is required
Sun Rasterfile
(a bitmap format)
1, 8, 24, 3 2
compressed or
uncompressed
no suffix is required
Run-Length
Compressed (RLC)
compressed 1
image.rlc
ERDAS
categorical and
continuous map data
4, 8, 1 6
uncompressed
image.gis
4, 8, 1 6
uncompressed
image.lan
IMAGINE
4, 8, 1 6
uncompressed
image.img
Band Interleaved by
Line (BIL) with an
ASCII header file
categorical and
continuous map data,
multiband image data
1, 4, 8,
1 6, 3 2
uncompressed
image.bil
Band Interleaved by
Pixel (BIP) with an
ASCII header file
categorical and
continuous map data,
multiband image data
1, 4, 8,
1 6, 3 2
uncompressed
image.bip
Band Sequential
Raster (BSQ) with an
ASCII header file
categorical and
continuous map data,
multiband image data
1, 4, 8,
1 6, 3 2
uncompressed
image.bsq
GRASS
(3.0 formats)
categorical and
continuous map data,
multiband image data
32
compressed or
uncompressed
GRASS
(4.0 formats,
read only)
categorical and
continuous map data,
multiband image data
32
compressed or
uncompressed
GRID
(an ESRI format)
categorical and
continuous map data
32
compressed
scanned image
8, 3 bands
uncompressed
files organized by
directory
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Compression
Image Naming
Conventions
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ARC/INFO Extensions
ArcCAD
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ArcView
ESRI Services
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ArcData
Supported Devices
Classes of Supported
Devices
Class 1: Fully
Supported,
In-House at ESRI
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Class 2: Conditionally
Supported, Not
In-House at ESRI
Class 3: Limited
Support, Either Has
Not Been Tested at
ESRI, or Has Serious
Limitations
Class 3 devices have limited support for one of the following reasons:
They have not been tested at ESRI but are assumed to work with
ARC/INFO software.
They have been tested and found to have serious limitations or
restrictions.
Any known limitations or restrictions and their work-arounds (if
they exist) are noted for each device.
An interface is provided for these devices. Users are expected to
know how to connect these devices to their computer, as well as
configure the device and its computer connections. ESRI does not
guarantee the interface of these devices.
Class 4: Not
Supported, But
Interface Is Possible
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Class 5:
Unknown
Class 6: Not
Supported
Citations
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Glossary
Definitions of key terms that will help
you to understand the concepts discussed
in this document.
ARCEDIT
ARCPLOT
ArcScan
ArcTools
attribute
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Glossary
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attribute table
bandwidth
bit
Bi-tonal, as applied to raster data sets, means the raster data have only
two possible values. Tonal quality is the brightness value, therefore
bi-tonal data have only two values, black and white.
black noise
Black noise is pixels with black values where the original information
content had white values. This often has the appearance of speckling,
tiny black spots on a white background. Noise is data in an communication channel that is random or has no informational content.
Noise is usually caused by low data quality and is unwanted because
extra pre- or post-processing can be required to remove it. Black
noise is the addition of data where none should exist. See white
noise.
bi-tonal
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Glossary
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BLOB
categorical data
CCD
cell
The basic element of spatial information in a grid data set. Cells are
always square. A group of cells forms a grid.
Y-axis
Cell size
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Count
8
11
4
12
5
30
10
Cover-Type
W Pine
D Fir
Mixed
Grass
Water
Paved
Agriculture
Columns
(0,0)
cell based
X-axis
See raster.
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Glossary
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clutter
129
COGO
continuous data
control point
coordinates
corrected photo
A control point is a location on the image or map having known realworld coordinates. Control points are also called registration marks,
or tics.
See orthophoto.
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Glossary
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coverage
data automation
A digital analog of a single map sheet forming the basic unit of vector
data storage in ARC/INFO software. In a coverage, map features are
stored as primary features, such as arcs, nodes, polygons, and label
points; and secondary features, such as tics, extent, links, and
annotation. Map feature attributes are described and stored
independently in feature attribute tables.
data model
data quality
In the context of scanning data entry, data quality refers to the quality
of the source document, that is, the media itself. Data quality does not
refer to the informational veracity, accuracy or precision of the data on
the media. Thus, a well-used, folded, wrinkled, and stained thirdgeneration blue-line map has less data quality than a new Mylar
overlay map having crisp, high-contrast line work.
DBMS
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dpi
dropout
georeference
georegister
georelational data
model
See georeference.
GIS
GPS
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Glossary
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grid
Coordinate
1
1
0
0
Grid
0
0
0
0
grid cell
GUI
0
0
0
0
Point features
GRID
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Line features
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
Area features
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heads-up digitizing
image
image catalog
IMAGE
INTEGRATOR
image-to-world
transformation
interpolated
resolution
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Glossary
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LAN
link
map
monochrome
Mylar
network
NFS
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Glossary
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optical resolution
orthophoto
pixel
raster
1
0
Raster
data
sets
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Point features
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1
1
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
Line features
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
Area features
3
3
2
3
2
2
Glossary
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raster-to-raster
data conversion
raster-to-vector
data conversion
RDBMS
real-world
coordinates
rectification
rectified photo
registration
resolution
See orthophoto.
See georeference.
A measure of the sampling rate used to create a raster data set. The
greater the resolution, the more data are preserved from the original
source. Resolution is often expressed in dots per inch for scanners,
and pixel size for satellite data.
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Glossary
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RLC
scalable systems
scanning
SCANNER
Map manuscript
ArcScan
SCSI
separates
Maps that have only one feature type, or theme, per map sheet. A
published map often consists of several separates merged in the
printing process.
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Glossary
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software
environment
spatial data
speckling
threshold
TIFF
topology
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vector
vectorization
white noise
March 1994
or over 25 years ESRI has been helping people manage and analyze
geographic information. ESRI offers a framework for implementing
GIS in any organization with a seamless link from personal GIS
on the desktop to enterprisewide GIS client/server and data
management systems. Our GIS solutions are flexible and can be
customized to meet the needs of our users. ESRI is a full-service
GIS company, ready to help you begin, grow, and build success
with GIS.
different combinations of data and to creatively visualize information from their desktops.
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Telephone: 44-1-923-210-450
For the location of an international
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