TRNG I HC IN LC

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

BO CO
THC TP H THNG THNG TIN QUN L

TI:

NGHIN CU XY DNG H THNG

PHN ON NH MU S DNG THUT TON JSEG

Ging vin hng dn : TS. NGUYN HU QUNH

Sinh vin thc hin
: PHNG VN CNH
Chuyn ngnh
: CNG NGH PHN MM
Lp
: D4-CNTT

H Ni - 2013

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh thc tp ny, em lun nhn c s hng dn, ch bo tn
tnh ca TS. Nguyn Hu Qunh, ging vin cng ngh thng tin trng i hc
in Lc, thy ginh nhiu thi gian hng dn, gip tn tnh cho em trong
qu trnh thc tp.
Em xin chn thnh cm n su sc ti cc thy c gio trong trng i hc
in Lc v c bit cc thy c trong khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin, nhng ngi
thy, c tn tnh ging dy v truyn t cho em nhng kin thc, nhng kinh
nghim qu bu trong sut nhng nm hc tp v rn luyn trng i hc in
Lc.
Xin chn thnh cm n cc bn sinh vin lp i Hc 4 - CNTT - trng
i hc in Lc lun ng vin, gip v nhit tnh chia s nhng kinh
nghim hc tp trong sut qu trnh hc tp trng.
Em xin c by t lng bit n su sc ti nhng ngi thn trong gia nh
v ngi thn xung quanh lun ng vin, khch l v to iu kin tt nht cho
em trong sut qu trnh hc tp v trong qu trnh thc tp.

H ni, ngy 14 thng 06 nm 2013

Sinh vin thc hin
Phng Vn Cnh

NHN XT
(Ca cn b hng dn)
Cn b hng dn: TS. Nguyn Hu Qunh.
Hin cng tc ti: Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin Trng i Hc in Lc.
Nhn hng dn sinh vin: Phng Vn Cnh.
Ngnh: Cng ngh thng tin.
H: i hc chnh quy.
Trong thi gian hng dn sinh vin thc tp, ti c mt s kin nhn xt
nh sau:
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................ .

H Ni, ngy 17 thng 06 nm 2013.

CN B HNG DN

TS. Nguyn Hu Qunh

MC LC
LI NI U

LI CM N

NHN XT

DANH MC CC HNH

DANH MC CC BNG

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V PHN ON NH MU 1

1.1 GII THIU PHN ON NH 2

1.2 CC HNG TIP CN PHN ON NH

1.2.1 Cc phng php da trn khng gian c trng3

1.2.2 Cc phng php da trn khng gian nh

1.2.3 Cc phng php da trn m hnh vt l

1.3 KT LUN CHNG 1.

CHNG 2: PHN ON NH MU S DNG JSEG

2.1 GII THIU V JSEG

2.2 TIU CH PHN ON9

2.3 J-IMAGES.

13

2.4 THUT TON PHN ON KHNG GIAN. 14

2.4.1 Xc nh thung lng.

16

2.4.2 Pht trin thung lng.

16

2.4.3 Hp nht vng.

17

2.5 KT LUN CHNG 2.

17

CHNG 3: CI T V NH GI H THNG.

3.1 CI T H THNG.

18

3.1.1 Nn tng cng ngh.18

3.1.2 Lng ha mu Color Quantization.
3.1.3 J-Image

21

3.2 NH GI H THNG.

23

3.3 KT LUN CHNG 3.

24

KT LUN

25

TI LIU THAM KHO

26

19

18

DANH MC CC HNH
Hinh 1. 1: Cc phng php phn on nh..............................................................4
Hinh 2. 1: S thut ton JSeg...............................................................................8
Hinh 2. 2: Mt v d khc nhau ca class-map v cc o J tng ng ca chng.
'+', 'o', v '*' ch ra ba lp hc ca im d liu.........................................................9
Hinh 2. 3: Phn on class-map v gi tr tng ng ca chng.............................11
Hinh 2. 4: (a) ca s c bn tnh ton gi tr J a phng. (b) minh ha xung
ly mu cho cc ca s quy m 2. Ch im '+' c s dng tnh ton gi tr J
a phng, hnh thnh cc ca s c bn tng t nh trong (a)...........................12
Hinh 2. 5: Biu lung ca cc bc trong phn on khng gian.......................14
Hinh 3. 1: V d v lng ha mu..........................................................................20
Hinh 3. 2: V d tnh ton gi tr J...........................................................................20
Hinh 3. 3: Kt qu Lng ha mu v nh J-Image ca nh mu...........................22
Hinh 3. 4: Kt qu tnh ton J thng qua h thng...................................................22

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1. 2: Bng u nhc im ca cc phng php phn on nh......................4
Bng 2. 1: Kch thc ca s vi cc quy m khc nhau........................................13
Bng 3. 1: Bng tra mu..........................................................................................19
Bng 3. 2: Bng gi tr m v

tng ng vi 3 mu............................................20

Bng 3. 3: Bng gi tr

.......................................................................................21

Bng 3. 4: Bng gi tr

......................................................................................21

Bo co thc tp

LI NI U
Trong vi nm tr li y, chng ta thy cng vi s bng n ca cc ng
dng Internet l s tng nhanh lng d liu nh. Khi s lng nh cn t, vic
nhn din mt bc nh hay so snh gia cc bc nh c th thc hin c bng
mt thng, tuy nhin khi c s lng rt ln d liu nh th vic nhn din bng
mt thng s tr nn kh khn, V vy, vn t ra l phi c nhng phng
php t chc c s d liu nh tt cng vi nhng k thut tm kim, tra cu nh
hiu qu, c chnh xc cao v hiu nng tt.
L do chn ti:
Vn tra cu nh v qun tr c s d liu nh c cng ng nghin cu
quan tm n t nm 1970 [9]. Vi s tng nhanh v tc my tnh v gim chi
ph b nh, cc c s d liu nh cha hng nghn thm ch hng triu nh c s
dng trong nhiu lnh vc ng dng khc nhau nh y hc, nh v tinh, cc c s d
liu nh sinh hc ... Cc ng dng ny i hi chnh xc tra cu cao. Vi s tng
nhanh v s lng nh, cch tip cn tra cu nh da vo ch thch nh th cng tr
nn khng kh thi v c thi gian v chi ph. Tra cu nh da vo ni dung (Content
Base Image Retrieval - CBIR) l mt cng c mnh do n tm kim c s d liu
nh bng vic s dng du hiu trc quan. Cc h thng tra cu nh da vo ni
dung trch rt cc c trng t bn thn cc nh th v tnh ton o kt hp gia
nh truy vn v cc nh c s d liu da trn cc c trng ny.
Phn on nh l mt thao tc mc thp trong ton b qu trnh x l nh.
Qu trnh ny thc hin vic phn vng nh thnh cc vng ri rc v ng nht vi
nhau hay ni cch khc l xc nh cc bin ca cc vng nh . Cc vng nh
ng nht ny thng thng s tng ng vi ton b hay tng phn ca cc i
tng tht s bn trong nh. Chnh v vy vic phn on nh bc tin x l u
tin trong ton b qu trnh trc khi thc hin cc thao tc khc mc cao hn
nh nhn dng i tng, biu din i tng, nn nh da trn i tng, hay truy
vn nh da vo ni dung
V vy, ti tra phn on nh c a ra tm hiu, nghin cu v ng
dng.
Tn ti : Nghin cu v xy dng h thng phn on nh mu s dng
thut ton JSEG
i tng nghin cu: nh mu.
Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

Page 1

Bo co thc tp

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V PHN ON NH MU

1.1 GII THIU PHN ON NH
Phn on nh l mt thao tc mc thp trong ton b qu trnh x l nh.
Qu trnh ny thc hin vic phn vng nh thnh cc vng ri rc v ng nht vi
nhau hay ni cch khc l xc nh cc bin ca cc vng nh . Cc vng nh
ng nht ny thng thng s tng ng vi ton b hay tng phn ca cc i
tng tht s bn trong nh. V th, trong hu ht cc ng dng ca lnh vc x l
nh (image processing), th gic my tnh, phn on nh lun ng mt vai tr c
bn v thng l bc tin x l u tin trong ton b qu trnh trc khi thc hin
cc thao tc khc mc cao hn nh nhn dng i tng, biu din i tng, nn
nh da trn i tng, hay truy vn nh da vo ni dung Vo nhng thi gian
u, cc phng php phn vng nh c a ra ch yu lm vic trn cc nh
mc xm do cc hn ch v phng tin thu thp v lu tr. Ngy nay, cng vi s
pht trin v cc phng tin thu nhn v biu din nh , cc nh mu hu nh
thay th hon ton cc nh mc xm trong vic biu din v lu tr thng tin do cc
u th vt tri hn hn so vi nh mc xm. Do , cc k thut, thut gii mi
thc hin vic phn vng nh trn cc loi nh mu lin tc c pht trin p
ng cc nhu cu mi. Cc thut gii, k thut ny thng c pht trin da trn
nn tng cc thut gii phn vng nh mc xm c sn.
1.2 CC HNG TIP CN PHN ON NH
Phn on nh l chia nh thnh cc vng khng trng lp. Mi vng gm mt
nhm pixel lin thng v ng nht theo mt tiu ch no [1]. Tiu ch ny ph
thuc vo mc tiu ca qu trnh phn on. V d nh ng nht v mu sc, mc
xm, kt cu, su ca cc layer Sau khi phn on mi pixel ch thuc v mt
vng duy nht. nh gi cht lng ca qu trnh phn on l rt kh. V vy
trc khi phn on nh cn xc nh r mc tiu ca qu trnh phn on l g. Xt
mt cch tng qut, ta c th chia cc hng tip cn phn on nh thnh ba nhm
chnh nh sau:
Cc k thut phn on nh da trn khng gian c trng.
Cc k thut da trn khng gian nh.

Cc k thut da trn cc m hnh vt l.

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

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Bo co thc tp
1.2.1 Cc phng php da trn khng gian c trng
Nu chng ta gi nh mu sc b mt ca cc i tng trong nh l mt
thuc tnh bt bin v cc mu sc c nh x vo mt khng gian mu no ,
vy th chng ta s c mt ci nhn i vi mi i tng trong nh nh l mt cm
(cluster) cc im trong khng gian mu . Mc phn tn ca cc im trong
trong mt cm c xc nh ch yu bi s khc bit v mu sc. Mt cch khc,
thay v nh x cc pixel trong nh vo mt khng gian mu c th, ta xy dng mt
histogram da trn cc c trng mu dng ad-hoc cho nh (v d nh Hue), v
thng thng, cc i tng trong nh s xut hin nh cc gi tr nh trong
histogram . Do , vic phn vng cc i tng trong nh tng ng vi vic
xc nh cc cm i vi cch biu din th nht hoc xc nh cc vng cc tr
ca histogram i vi cch biu din th hai.
Cc phng php tip cn ny ch lm vic trn mt khng gian mu xc nh
chng hn phng php ca Park p dng trn khng gian mu RGB, cn phng
php ca Weeks v Hague th p dng trn khng gian mu HIS. Da trn khng
gian c trng, ta c cc phng php phn on: phng php phn nhm i
tng khng gim st, phng php phn lp trung bnh-k thch nghi, phng php
ly ngng histogram.
1.2.2 Cc phng php da trn khng gian nh
Hu ht nhng phng php c cp trong phn trn u hot ng da
trn cc khng gian c trng ca nh(thng thng l mu sc). Do , cc vng
nh kt qu l ng nht tng ng vi cc c trng chn cho tng khng gian.
Tuy nhin, khng c g m bo rng tt c cc vng ny th hin mt s c ng
(compactness) v ni dung xt theo ngha khng gian nh ( ngha cc vng theo
s cm nhn ca h thn kinh con ngi). M c tnh ny l quan trng th hai sau
c tnh v s thun nht ca cc vng nh. Do cc phng php gom cm cng
nh xc nh ngng histogram nu u b qua thng tin v v tr ca cc pixel
trong nh.
Trong cc bo co khoa hc v phn vng nh mc xm, c kh nhiu k
thut c thc hin vic tho mn cng lc c hai tiu ch v tnh ng nht trong
khng gian c trng ca nh v tnh c ng v ni dung nh. Tu theo cc k
thut m cc thut gii ny p dng, chng c phn thnh cc nhm sau:

Cc thut gii p dng k thut chia v trn vng.

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

Page 3

Bo co thc tp

Cc thut gii p dng k thut tng trng vng.

Cc thut gii p dng l thuyt th.

Cc gii thut p dng mng neural.

Cc gii thut da trn cnh.

1.2.3 Cc phng php da trn m hnh vt l

Tt c cc gii thut c xem xt qua, khng t th nhiu mt no u c
kh nng pht sinh vic phn vng li trong cc trng hp c th nu nh cc i
tng trong nh mu b nh hng qu nhiu bi cc vng sng hoc bng m, cc
hin tng ny lm cho cc mu ng nht trong nh thay i nhiu hoc t mt
cch t ngt. V kt qu l cc thut gii ny to ra cc kt qu phn vng qu
mc mong mun so vi s cm nhn cc i tng trong nh bng mt thng.
gii quyt vn ny, cc gii thut phn vng nh p dng cc m hnh tng tc
vt l gia b mt cc i tng vi nh sng c xut. Cc cng c ton
hc m cc phng php ny s dng th khng khc my so vi cc phng php
trnh by trn, im khc bit chnh l vic p dng cc m hnh vt l
minh ho cc thuc tnh phn chiu nh sng trn b mt mu sc ca cc i
tng.
Ct mc quan trng trong lnh vc phn vng nh mu da trn m hnh vt l
c Shafer t ra. ng gii thiu m hnh phn x lng sc cho cc vt cht in
mi khng ng nht. Da trn m hnh ny, Klinker t ra mt gii thut t ra
mt s gi thit quang hc lin quan n mu sc, bng sng, bng m ca cc i
tng v c gng lm ph hp chng vi hnh dng ca cc cm. Hn ch chnh ca
gii thut ny l n ch lm vic trn cc vt cht in mi khng ng nht. Hai
ng cng tn Tsang p dng m hnh phn x lng sc trong khng gian HSV
xc nh cc ng bin trong nh mu.
Healey xut mt m hnh phn x n sc cho cc vt cht kim loi. Cc
phng php cp trong phn ny ch p dng cho hai loi vt cht l kim loi v
in mi khng ng nht. Mt thut ton tng qut v phc tp hn cng c
Maxwell v Shafer xut trong.

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

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Bo co thc tp

1.3 KT LUN CHNG 1.

Tm li, mt ci nhn tng quan v cc phong php phn on nh nh sau:
Color Image Segmentation
techniques
Feature-based

Spatial-based

Clustering

Split and merge

Adaptive k-means clust.

Region growing

Histogram thresholding

Edge based

Physics-based

Neural network based

Graph theoretical

Hinh 1. 1: Cc phng php phn on nh.

Mi phng php u c nhng u nhc im nht nh:
Bng 1. 1: Bng u nhc im ca cc phng php phn on nh.
Phng php phn
vng

u im

Khuyt im

Featured-based techniques
Clustering

Phn loi khng cn gim

Khng quan tm n cc

st.

thng tin trong khng gian nh.

Tn ti cc phng php

C vn trong vic xc

heuristic v hu hn.

nh s lng cc cm ban u.
Kh khn trong vic iu
chnh cc cm sao cho ph hp
vi cc vng trong nh.

Adaptive Clustering

S hu tnh lin tc trong

Cc i ho mt xc sut

khng gian nh v tnh thch

nghi cc b i vi cc vng
nh.

hu iu kin c th b sai do
cc cc tr a phng.
Hi t chm.

S dng cc rng buc v

khng gian nh.

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

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Bo co thc tp
Phng php phn
vng
Histogram thresholding

u im

Khuyt im

Khng cn bit trc bt k

B qua cc thng tin v

thng tin no t nh.

khng gian nh.

Cc gii thut nhanh v d

Ly ngng trong cc

dng ci t.

histogram a chiu l mt qu
trnh phc tp.
nh hng d dng bi
nhiu xut hin trong nh.

Spatial-based techniques
Spit and Merge

S dng cc thng tin v

nh ngha mc ng

khng gian nh l chnh.

nht v mu sc c th phc tp
v kh khn.

Cho kt qu tt vi cc nh

Region growing

cha nhiu vng mu ng

nht.

Quadtree c th gy ra cc

Cc vng nh ng nht v

Tn km chi ph s dng b

lin thng.

nh v tnh ton.

C mt s thut gii c tc

Gp kh khn trong vic thu

thc thi kh nhanh.

thp tp cc im mm v xc
nh cc iu kin ng nht
y .

kt qu khng nh mong mun.

Chu nh hng bi cc c
tnh t nhin ca k thut ny.
Graph theories

Neural networks

Th hin tt khng gian nh

Mt vi thut gii mt kh

bng th.

nhiu thi gian thc hin.

Mt s thut ton c tc

Cc c trng cc b i khi

thc hin nhanh.

c s dng nhiu hn cc c
trng ton cc.

Mc song song ho cao

Mu sc c th lm tng

v c tc thc thi nhanh.

phc tp ca mng.

Kh nng chng chu tt

Qu trnh hc cn phi bit

trc cc thay i xu.

trc s lng cc phn

lp/cm.

Mt cng c hu hiu cho

cc ng dng nhn dng v x
l nh y khoa.
Edge-based

L phng php c h tr

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

Kh khn trong vic nh

Page 6

Bo co thc tp
mnh bi cc ton t d bin.
C hiu nng tt vi cc ng
dng d bin i tng theo
ng cong.
Phng php phn
vng

u im

ngha mt hm gradient cho cc

nh mu.
Nhiu hoc cc nh c
tng phn km nh hng xu
n kt qu phn vng.
Khuyt im

Physics-based techniques

Khng nh tnh chc chn

B gii hn vo mt s

i vi cc vng bng sng/ti,

v vng bng chuyn tip

lng nht nh cc loi vt

cht hnh thnh nn i tng.

(diffuse hoc shade)

Kh khn trong vic xc

Phn vng cc i

nh vng bng sng v bng

chuyn tip trong cc nh thc.

tng da vo thnh phn

vt liu cu to

Mt vi gii thut i hi
cc thng tin v hnh dng i
tng (khng lun lun p
ng c).

Chi ph tnh ton kh cao.

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

Page 7

Bo co thc tp

CHNG 2: PHN ON NH MU S DNG JSEG

2.1 GII THIU V JSEG
Phn on nh mu rt hu ch trong nhiu ng dng. T cc kt qu phn
on, n c th xc nh cc khu vc quan tm v i tng trong cnh, n rt c
li cho vic phn tch hnh nh tip theo hoc ch thch. Cng vic gn y bao
gm mt lot cc k thut: v d, cc cch tip cn da trn m hnh ngu nhin [1],
[4], [8], [11], [12], hnh thi khu vc u ngun da trn pht trin [9], khuch tn
nng lng [7], v th phn vng [10]. Phng php nh gi nh lng cng
c ngh [2]. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht kh khn ca vn , c rt t cc thut
ton t ng c th lm vic tt trn mt lng ln cc d liu.
Cc vn ca phn on gp kh khn vi hnh nh kt cu. Nu mt hnh
nh c cha cc vng mu ch ng nht, phng php phn nhm trong khng
gian mu sc nh [3] l x l vn . Trong thc t, nhng cnh thin nhin
rt giu mu sc v kt cu. Rt kh xc nh cc khu vc hnh nh c cha cc
mu mu sc kt cu. Cc cch tip cn trong vic ny gi nh nh sau:
Mi khu vc trong cc hnh nh c cha mt m hnh mu sc kt cu phn
b ng u.
Cc thng tin mu trn tng khu vc hnh nh c th c i din bi mt
vi mu sc lng t, l s tht i vi hu ht cc hnh nh mu sc ca cnh
quan thin nhin.
Nhng mu sc gia hai khu vc ln cn c phn bit - mt gi nh c
bn ca bt k mu sc cho nh thut ton phn on.
Hng gii quyt c a ra:
Tm hiu mt tiu chun mi cho phn on nh. Tiu ch ny lin quan n
gim thiu chi ph lin quan n vic phn vng ca hnh nh da trn nhn pixel.
Cc nhn im nh c ngun gc t lng t ha mu sc, nh c gii thch
trong mc 2 v m rng cc tnh nng hnh nh khc l c th.
Mt thut ton thc t, c gi l JSEG, c xut nhm t c mc
tiu phn khc ny. Khi nim "J-Images" c gii thiu trong phn 4. J-Images
tng ng vi s o khng ng nht hnh nh a phng cc quy m khc nhau.
Cc thung lng trong hnh nh tng ng vi khu vc ng nht v cc nh ni
Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

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Bo co thc tp
tng ng vi v tr ranh gii tim nng. Mt thut ton phn chia khng gian sau
c m t trong phn 5, trong pht trin vng t thung lng ca J-hnh nh
t c phn on.
Hnh 2.1 cho thy mt s ca thut ton JSEG.

Hinh 2. 1: S thut ton JSeg.

2.2 TIU CH PHN ON
u tin, mu sc trong bc nh c lng t th m khng lm gim ng
k cht lng mu sc. Mc ch l trch xut mt vi mu sc i din c th
c s dng phn bit cc vng ln cn trong hnh nh. Thng thng, 10-20
mu sc l cn thit trong nhng hnh nh ca cnh quan thin nhin. Mt lng t
mu sc tt quan trng i vi qu trnh phn on sau ny.
Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

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Bo co thc tp
Sau khi lng t ha, mu sc lng t c gn nhn. Mt lp mu l tp
hp cc im nh ca hnh nh lng t c cng mu. Cc pixel mu sc ca
hnh nh c thay th bng nhn lp mu tng ng ca chng. Hnh nh mi
c xy dng ca nhn c gi l mt class-map. V d v cc lp bn c
th hin trong Hnh 2.2, ni m cc gi tr nhn c i din bi ba biu tng, '*',
'+', v 'o'. Cc thng tin mu sc cn thit phn on c trch xut v c lu
tr trong mt n gin class-map sau khi lng t ha mu sc. Thng thng, mi
khu vc hnh nh c nhng im nh t mt tp hp nh ca cc lp mu v mi
lp c phn phi trong mt vi khu vc hnh nh.

Hinh 2. 2: Mt v d khc nhau ca class-map v cc o J tng ng ca

chng. '+', 'o', v '*' ch ra ba lp hc ca im d liu.
Cc lp bn c th c xem nh l mt tp hp cc im d liu khng
gian nm trong mt mt phng 2-D. Gi tr ca mi im l v tr im nh, mt
vector 2-D (x, y). Cc im d liu c phn loi v mi im c ch nh
mt nhn, l gi tr ca lp bn ti v tr hnh nh. Trong phn tip theo, mt
tiu chun "tt" phn on s dng cc im d liu khng gian c xut.
Trc khi tip tc, chng ta u tin hy xem xt gi tr J c nh ngha nh
sau. Gi Z l tp hp ca tt c cc im d liu tn ti trong cc lp bn . Gi
z = (x, y), z

Z v m l c nh ngha l :

Phng Vn Cnh D4CNTT

(2.1)

Page 10

Bo co thc tp
Gi s Z c phn loi vo cc lp C,
ngha l gi tr trung bnh ca

, i = 1, ..., C. Gi

im d liu ca lp

c nh

,
(2.2)

Gi
(2.3)

(2.2)
(2.4)

o J c tnh nh sau:
(2.5)

N v c bn o khong cch gia cc lp khc nhau

gia cc phn t trong mi lp

trn khong cch

, mt tng tng t nh a lp phn bit

tuyn tnh ca Fisher [6], nhng i vi phn phi lp phi tuyn ty . Mt gi tr

cao hn ca J ch ra rng cc lp l c lp hn vi nhau v cc thnh vin trong
mi lp l gn gi nhau hn, v ngc li.
i vi trng hp khi mt hnh nh bao gm mt s vng mu ng nht,
cc lp mu c c lp hn vi nhau v gi tr ca J l ln. Mt khc, nu tt c
cc lp mu c phn b u trn ton b hnh nh, gi tr ca J c xu hng nh.
V d, trong Hnh 2.2, ba lp bn c hin th, tng ng vi ba trng hp
nu trn. C ba lp trong mi bn v s lng cc im trong mi lp l nh
nhau cho tt c ba bn . Nhn thy rng cc gi tr J l khc nhau ng k cho ba
trng hp.
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Xem xt class-map 1 t Hnh 2.2, mt phn oan "tt" cho trng hp ny s
l ba khu vc ring c mt lp duy nht ca cc im d liu. Class-map 2 l thng
nht bi chnh n v khng phn chia l hp l. Vi class-map 3, mt phn on
"tt" s l hai khu vc. Mt khu vc c lp "+" v mt trong nhng khc cha cc
lp '*' v 'o'. Vic phn nh cc lp bn 1 v 3 c th hin trong Hnh 2.3.

Hinh 2. 3: Phn on class-map v gi tr tng ng ca chng.

By gi chng ta tnh ton li J trn tng khu vc phn on thay v ton b
lp bn v xc nh mc trung bnh bng:

(2.6)
Trong

l J tnh ton trn khu vc k,

l s im trong khu vc k, N l

tng s im trong cc lp bn , v tng kt l trn tt c cc khu vc trong cc

class-map. Lu rng J c th c coi l mt trng hp c bit ca

m ch c

mt khu vc phn on.

xut l tiu ch ti thiu ha trong tt c cc cch c th phn chia cc
hnh nh. i vi mt s c nh ca khu vc, phn on "tt hn" c xu hng c
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gi tr thp hn ca . Nu phn on l tt, tng khu vc phn on c cha mt
vi lp mu phn b ng u v kt qu l gi tr J cho khu vc l nh. Do ,
tng th cng nh.
Cc gi tr ca

tnh cho class-map 1 v 3 c th hin trong Hnh 2.3. R

rng trong trng hp ca lp bn 1 rng bt k cch khc phn chia bn

thnh ba khu vc s c mt gi tr

ln hn so vi hin ti v

l khng m. iu

ny cng ng i vi trng hp ca lp bn 3 bi v nu c mt s lng ln

cc im trn bn , J {*, o} cng xp x bng 0. Trc gic, cho rng ranh gii
phn chia nh c thay i nh vy m mt khu vc c b sung thm mt khu
vc t mt vng khc. Gi tr J cho cc khu vc b tr s vn l 0, trong khi gi tr J
cho cc khu vc khc tng ln do cc tp cht thm. V vy, cc phn on mi s
gy ra mt gi tr ln hn ca .
2.3 J-IMAGES.
Gim thiu gi tr

cho ton b hnh nh l khng thc t. Tuy nhin, nhn

thy mt thc t l J, nu p dng cho mt khu vc a phng ca lp bn ,

cng l mt ch s tt cho d khu vc nm trung tm khu vc hoc gn khu
vc bin. By gi chng ti gii thiu cc khi nim v mt J-Images:
J-Images l mt hnh nh xm c gi tr im nh l nhng gi tr J tnh ton
trn cc ca s a phng tp trung vo cc im nh.
Trong phn cn li, cc gi tr J s c gi l gi tr J a phng. Mt gi tr
J a phng cao, nhiu kh nng rng cc im nh ny gn bin ca khu vc hn.
J-Images ging nh mt bn a hnh 3-D c cha cc thung lng v ni m
tng ng i din cho cc trung tm khu vc v bin khu vc.

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Hinh 2. 4: (a) ca s c bn tnh ton gi tr J a phng. (b) minh ha

xung ly mu cho cc ca s quy m 2. Ch im '+' c s dng tnh ton
gi tr J a phng, hnh thnh cc ca s c bn tng t nh trong (a).
Kch thc ca ca s a phng xc nh kch thc ca vng hnh nh c
th c pht hin. Ca s c kch thc nh rt hu ch trong a ha mt / mu
sc cnh, trong khi cc ca s ln c ch cho vic pht hin ranh gii kt cu. Thng
thng, nhiu quy m khc nhau l cn thit phn on mt hnh nh. Ca s c
bn quy m nh nht l 9 x 9 ca s khng c cc gc, nh th hin trong Hnh
2.4 (a). Cc gc c loi b lm cho ca s trn hn nh vy m s la chn
ca ca s khng c bt k xu hng thin v i tng hnh ch nht. Quy m nh
nht c k hiu l t l 1. T quy m 1, kch thc ca s l tng gp i mi ln
c c quy m ln hn tip theo nh c lit k trong Bng 2.1.
Bng 2. 1: Kch thc ca s vi cc quy m khc nhau.

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2.4 THUT TON PHN ON KHNG GIAN.
Cc c tnh ca J-Images cho php chng ta s dng mt phng php tng
trng vng phn on hnh nh. Hnh 2.5 cho thy mt biu lung ca cc
bc trong thut ton phn on khng gian. Xem xt cc ton hnh nh nh mt
khu vc ban u. Cc thut ton bt u phn on tt c cc khu vc trong hnh
nh mt quy m ln u tin. Sau n lp i lp li qu trnh tng t trn cc
vng mi c phn on quy m nh hn tip theo cho n khi t ngng.

Hinh 2. 5: Biu lung ca cc bc trong phn on khng gian.

Bng 1 lit k mt tp hp cc quy m v kch c khu vc ph hp vi cc
quy m c s dng trong vic thc t. V d, nu kch thc hnh nh ln hn
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256 x 256, nhng nh hn so vi 512 x 512, quy m ban u l 3. Ngi dng ch
nh s lng quy m cn thit cho hnh nh, xc nh quy m ti thiu l kt thc
chng trnh.
Trn thc t, gi tr J a phng c tnh cho mi khu vc c nhn thay v
ton b hnh nh. S khc bit gia iu ny v J-hnh nh c cp trong Phn
4 l gn ranh gii khu vc ca s c ct ngn theo hnh dng ca ranh gii
trnh c nhiu bin t cc vng ln cn.
2.4.1 Xc nh thung lng.
Lc u, mt tp hp cc khu vc nh ban u c xc nh l c s cho khu
vc pht trin. Cc khu vc c gi tr J a phng thp nht v c gi l thung
lng. Ni chung, vic tm kim cc thit lp tt nht ca thung lng trong mt khu
vc l mt vn khng nh. Cc chn on n gin sau y cung cp kt qu
tt trong cc th nghim:

1. Tnh trung bnh v lch chun ca cc gi tr J a phng trong khu

vc, k hiu tng ng l

2. Thit lp mt ngng

.
ti:
(2.7)

Pixel vi cc gi tr J a phng t hn TJ c coi l im thung lng ng c

vin. Kt ni cc im thung lng ng c vin da trn 4 kt ni v c c thung
lng ng c vin.

3. Nu mt thung lng ng c vin c kch thc ln hn kch thc ti thiu

c lit k trong Bng 1 quy m tng ng, n c xc nh l mt thung lng.

4.

c chn t tp cc gi tr

ci m cung

cp cho hu ht cc thung lng.

2.4.2 Pht trin thung lng.
Cc khu vc mi ny sau c pht trin t cc thung lng. N t t pht
trin cc thung lng tng pixel mt. Mt cch tip cn nhanh hn c s dng
trong vic thc hin vic sau:
1. Loi b cc l hng trong cc thung lng.

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2. Tnh trung bnh cc gi tr J a phng trong phn cha phn on cn li
ca khu vc v kt ni pixel di mc trung bnh hnh thnh cc vng trng.
Nu mt khu vc ang pht trin tip gip vi mt v ch mt thung lng, n c
gn cho thung lng.
3. Tnh ton gi tr J a phng cho cc im nh cn li quy m nh hn
bn cnh xc nh v tr chnh xc hn cc ranh gii. Lp li bc 2.
4. Pht trin cc im nh cn li tng ci mt quy m nh. Pixel c phn
loi ranh gii thung lng c lu tr trong mt b m. Mi ln, cc im nh
vi gi tr J a phng ti thiu c phn cng ln cn "thung lng" v b m
c cp nht cho n khi tt c cc im nh c phn loi.
2.4.3 Hp nht vng.
Sau khi tng trng vng, mt phn on ban u ca hnh nh thu c. N
thng c cc khu vc phn on tha. Nhng vng ny c sp nhp da trn
tng t mu sc ca chng. Nhng mu sc lng t l nhng bin biu mu t
nhin. Cc c trng ca biu mu cho tng vng c trch lp v khong cch
gia cc c trng ny c th c tnh ton. K t khi mu sc rt th lng t
ha, trong thut ton ca chng ti gi nh rng khng c mi tng quan gia cc
mu sc lng t. Do , mt bin php khong cch Euclid c p dng trc tip.
Mt phng php kt t [6] c s dng hp nht cc khu vc. u tin,
khong cch gia hai khu vc ln cn c tnh ton v lu tr trong mt bng
khong cch. Cp ca khu vc vi khong cch ti thiu c sp nhp vi nhau.
Cc tnh nng mu vector cho khu vc mi c tnh ton v bng khong cch
c cp nht. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi mt ngng ti a cho khong
cch t c. Sau khi sp nhp, thu c cc kt qu phn on cui cng.
2.5 KT LUN CHNG 2.
Trong phn ny, mt cch tip cn mi cho phn vng nh mu hon ton t
ng, c gi l JSEG, c trnh by. Cc phn on bao gm cc lng t mu
v phn on khng gian. Mt tiu ch cho phn on "tt" c xut. p dng
tiu chun cho cc ca s hnh nh a phng kt qu trong J-Images, c th c
phn on s dng mt phng php pht trin khu vc a quy m.

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CHNG 3: CI T V NH GI H THNG.
3.1 CI T H THNG.
3.1.1 Nn tng cng ngh.
Microsoft Visual Studio th hin tm nhn rng ca Microsoft v cc ng
dng my khch bng cch cho php cc chuyn gia pht trin phn mm c th
nhanh chng to ng dng kt ni vi cht lng cao v nhng kinh nghim ngi
dng phong ph. Vi Visual Studio, cc t chc s thy d dng hn so vi cc
phin bn trc trong vic qun l v phn tch d liu, iu c ngha h c th
a ra c cc quyt nh hiu qu trong cng vic. Visual Studio 2008 cho php
mi t chc c th nhanh chng to c cc ng dng tin cy, c kh nng qun l
v an ton hn tn dng Windows v h thng Office.
Visual Studio 2008 ra mt nhng im chnh cho cc chuyn gia pht trin
phn mm th hin trong 3 lnh vc chnh:
Ci thin kh nng sn xut.
Qun l chu trnh pht trin ng dng.
Trin khai cc cng ngh mi nht.
Visual Studio 2008 tch hp giao din ngi dng bng vic h tr cc nh dng
chung (nh XML) v cho php nhn vin thit k kim sot trc tip hn vi
layout,
cc control v s dng buc d liu ca giao din ng dng ngi dng (UI), Visual
Studio lm cho cc thit k vin ha nhp vo qu trnh pht trin d dng hn.
Thit k vin c th s dng cc cng c thn thin nh Microsoft Expression
Suite

to cc giao din ngi dng v file th tc cc chuyn gia pht trin phn mm c
th lm vic trc tip trong Visual Studio. Visual Studio h tr y s cng tc
lung cng vic, cho php cc thit k vin v chuyn gia pht trin phn mm qun l
c cng vic trc/sau v cng vic song song. Ngoi ra cc thit k vin v chuyn
gia pht trin phn mm cng c th xy dng cc th vin thnh phn, nh dng v
cc thit k giao din ngi dng chung d dng qun l v s dng li.

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Visual Studio 2008 cho php lp trnh m hnh v kinh nghim thit k xung
quanh s truy cp hp nht ngn ng/d liu. LINQ trang b gim s phc tp cho
cc chuyn gia v gip h tng nng sut trong cng vic thng qua mt tp cc m
rng cho C# v ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic cng nh Microsoft.NET Framework,
nhng thnh phn cho php truy vn tch hp cho cc i tng, c s d liu v d
liu XML. S dng LINQ, chuyn gia c th vit cc truy vn t nhin trong C# hoc
Visual Basic m khng cn phi s dng cc ngn ng khc nh SQL v Xpath.
3.1.2 Lng ha mu Color Quantization.
Trong ha my tnh, lng t mu hoc lng t ha nh mu l mt qu
trnh lm gim s lng mu sc khc nhau c s dng trong mt hnh nh,
thng l vi nh rng hnh nh mi nn cng trc quan tng t nh th hnh
nh ban u. Cc thut ton my tnh thc hin lng t ha mu sc trn nh
bitmap c nghin cu t nhng nm 1970. Mu lng t ha l rt quan trng
hin th hnh nh vi nhiu mu sc trn cc thit b m ch c th hin th mt s
hn ch v mu sc, thng l do gii hn b nh, v cho php nn hiu qu ca
mt s loi hnh nh.
Tn "lng ha mu" c s dng ch yu trong ti liu nghin cu ha
my tnh; cn trong cc ng dng s dng cc thut ng nh ti u dnh cho th h
bng mu, th h bng mu ti u, hoc gim su mu. Mt s trong s ny l
sai lm, nh cc bng mu c to ra bi cc thut ton tiu chun khng nht
thit phi l tt nht c th.
Trong x l nh, lng ha mu ng mt vai tr cc k quan trng, n gip
co bt ln ca khng gian mu sc, gip gim thiu thi gian x l, b nh lu
tr v to ra cc iu kin hay cc c trng mt cch tt nht. Vic chn s lng
mu phn bit trong khng gian mu gim l mt s trao i gia s th hin v
mu sc sau khi lng t v tc x l i vi tng ng dng ring bit. Vi ch
mc mu hiu qu, s lng mu t th thch hp v n cng lm gim s tnh ton.
Di y l bng gm 25 mu (theo gic quan) c chn t bng mu RGB
chun.

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Bng 3. 1: Bng tra mu.

Th
Mu
R
G
B
t
1
Black
0
0
0
2
Sea green
0
182
0
3
Light green
0
255
170
4
Olive green
36
73
0
5
Aqua
36
146
170
6
Bright green
36
255
0
7
Blue
73
36
170
8
Green
73
146
0
9
Turquoise
73
219
170
10
Brown
109
36
0
11
Blue gray
109
109
170
12
Lime
109
219
0
13
Lavender
146
0
170
14
Plum
146
109
0
15
Teal
146
182
170
16
Dark red
182
0
0
17
Magenta
182
73
170
18
Yellow green
182
182
0
19
Flouro green
182
255
170
20
Red
219
73
0
21
Rose
219
146
170
22
Yellow
219
255
0
23
Pink
255
36
170
24
Orange
255
146
0
25
White
255
255
255
Khng gian mu c chia u v tnh im tng ng gia 2 vng th
chng ta s dng khong cch euclidean chun. Nh vy, khng gian mu RGB
c chia thnh nhng khng gian con c gi l phn loi mu (color category).
Mi pixel mu sc ca nh mu s ng lng t ha v mu gn n nht, mi
mu gn mt nhn duy nht tng ng, hnh thnh ln class-map.

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Hinh 3. 1: V d v lng ha mu.

3.1.3 J-Image

Hinh 3. 2: V d tnh ton gi tr J.

Class-map l ma trn cc nhn biu din mu sc tng ng trn nh mu. Vi
v d trn, ta thy class-map bao gm 3 mu vi cc nhn +, o, *.
p dng cng thc (2.1) v (2.2) ta c cc kt qu sau:
Bng 3. 2: Bng gi tr m v
m
4

m1
1.805 3.756

tng ng vi 3 mu.
m2
6.5

m3
6

6.5

p dng cng thc cho gi tr (0,0) ca class-map ta c :

Tnh tng t ta c bng kt qu sau tng ng vi cc gi tr trong classmap:

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Bng 3. 3: Bng gi tr
32
25
20
17
16
17
20
25
32

25
18
13
10
9
10
13
18
25

20
13
8
5
4
5
8
13
20

17
10
5
2
1
2
5
10
17

Ta c:

16
9
4
1
0
1
4
9
16

17
10
5
2
1
2
5
10
17

20
13
8
5
4
5
8
13
20

25
18
13
10
9
10
13
18
25

32
25
20
17
16
17
20
25
32

= 1080.

Tnh tng t vi bng

ta c bng sau:

Bng 3. 4: Bng gi tr
17.3
7
10.8
5
6.34
1
3.82
9
3.31
7
4.80
5
8.29
3
13.7
8
21.2
7

14.7
6
8.24
4
3.73
2

14.1
5
7.63
4
3.12
2

15.5
4
9.02
4
4.51
2

18.9
3
12.4
1
7.90
2

1.22
0.70
7
2.19
5
5.68
3
11.1
7
18.6
6

0.61
0.09
8
1.58
5
5.07
3
10.5
6
18.0
5

2
1.48
8
2.97
6
6.46
3
11.9
5
19.4
4

5.39
4.87
8

Ta c:

6.25
4.25
4.25
6.25

6.2
5
3.2
5
2.2
5
3.2
5
6.2
5
3.2
5
1.2
5
1.2
5
3.2
5

4.2
5
1.2
5
0.2
5
1.2
5
4.2
5
2.2
5
0.2
5
0.2
5
2.2
5

4.2
5
1.2
5
0.2
5
1.2
5
4.2
5
3.2
5
1.2
5
1.2
5
3.2
5

6.2
5
3.2
5
2.2
5
3.2
5
6.2
5
6.2
5
4.2
5
4.2
5
6.2
5

= 470.

J-Images l mt hnh nh xm c gi tr im nh l nhng gi tr J tnh ton

trn cc ca s a phng tp trung vo cc im nh. Tnh ton J ti tng pixel

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ca nh mu thng qua mt mt ph hp, ta c nh J-Image ca nh mu. Kt
qu thu c nh Hnh 3.3 sau:

Hinh 3. 3: Kt qu Lng ha mu v nh J-Image ca nh mu.

3.2 NH GI H THNG.

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Hinh 3. 4: Kt qu tnh ton J thng qua h thng.

o
o
o

Kt qu tnh ton thng qua h thng chnh xc vi kt qu tnh ton bng tay.
Tuy nghin thi gian x l kh nhanh vi nhng hnh nh nh hn 100x100.
Tuy nhin vi kch thc nh mu cng ln (kch thc class-map) cng ln hay

kt qu lng ha mu sc s lm tng nhanh chng thi gian x l ca chng trnh.

o Vi kch thc nh cng ln, ko theo vic s dng khng gian d liu ln v
tc x l chm hn k c a vo s dng a lung nh i khng gian d liu ly
thi gian x l.

3.3 KT LUN CHNG 3.

o nh gi kt qu tnh ton chnh xc theo yu cu, tng bc tin ti phn
on hnh nh, ng dng trong tra cu nh.
o Cn phi ti u ha thut ton ci thin tc cng nh khng gian d
liu.

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KT LUN
Bn lun vn trnh by mt s k thut nn tng ca cc h thng phn
on nh mu bao gm khng gian c trng, khng gian nh, m hnh vt l, trong
nhn mnh vo cc k thut phn on nh s dng c trng mu v khong
cch.
Nhng vn c gii quyt trong n:
o Gii thiu tng quan v phn on nh mu.
o Nghin cu v tin hnh ci t phng php phn on nh mu theo thut
ton JSeg.
Nhng vn cn tn ti:
Do thi gian tm hiu v ti cha c nhiu v nhng hn ch v kh nng
lp trnh ho nn mt s mc tiu t ra t khi bt tay nghin cu cha thc hin
c trong chng trnh chy th ny, bao gm:
o Tc x l v khng gian d liu ln, cha ti u.
o Ny sinh mt vi trng hp m thut ton cha th x l, cn c ci
tin thm (x l nhng mng nh sng khc nhau ht ln vt th, ).
o Cha a vo ng dng c th : tra cu nh,
Trong thi gian ti, em hy vng s c th gii quyt c nhng vn cn
tn ti trn c th xy dng c mt chng trnh thc s hu ch, p ng
c nhng yu cu ca bi ton.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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EM and its application to content-based image retrieval, Proc. of ICCV, p. 675-82,
1998.
[2] M. Borsotti, P. Campadelli, and R. Schettini, Quantitative evaluation of
color image segmentation results, Pattern Recognition letters, vol. 19, no. 8, p.
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[3] D. Comaniciu and P. Meer, Robust analysis of feature spaces: color image
segmentation, Proc. of IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,
pp 750-755, 1997.
[4] Y. Delignon, et. al., Estimation of generalized mixtures and its application
in image segmentation, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 6, no. 10, p. 136476, 1997.
[5] Y. Deng, C. Kenney, M.S. Moore, and B.S. Manjunath, Peer group
ltering and perceptual color image quantization, to appear in Proc. of ISCAS,
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[6] R.O. Duda and P.E. Hart, Pattern Classication and Scene Analysis, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1970.
[7] W.Y. Ma and B.S. Manjunath, Edge ow: a framework of boundary
detection and image segmentation, Proc. of CVPR,pp 744-49, 1997.
[8] D.K. Panjwani and G. Healey, Markov random eld models for
unsupervised segmentation of textured color images, PAMI, vol. 17, no. 10, p.
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[9] L. Shafarenko, M. Petrou, and J. Kittler, Automatic watershed
segmentation of randomly textured color images, IEEE Trans. on Image
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[10] J. Shi and J. Malik, Normalized cuts and image segmentation, Proc. of
CVPR, p. 731-37, 1997.
[11] J.-P. Wang, Stochastic relaxation on partitions with connected
components and its application to image segmentation, PAMI, vol. 20, no.6, p.
619-36, 1998.
[12] S.C. Zhu and A. Yuille, Region competition: unifying snakes, region
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