Steve Jobs - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/7/2015
SteveJobsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
SteveJobs
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
StevenPaul"Steve"Jobs(/dbz/February24,
1955October5,2011)[3][4]wasanAmerican
entrepreneur,[5]marketer,[6]andinventor,[7]whowas
thecofounder,chairman,andCEOofAppleInc.
ThroughApple,heiswidelyrecognizedasa
charismaticanddesigndrivenpioneerofthepersonal
computerrevolution[8][9]andforhisinfluentialcareer
inthecomputerandconsumerelectronicsfields,
transforming"oneindustryafteranother,from
computersandsmartphonestomusicandmovies."[10]
Jobsalsocofoundedandservedaschiefexecutiveof
PixarAnimationStudioshebecameamemberofthe
boardofdirectorsofTheWaltDisneyCompanyin
2006,whenDisneyacquiredPixar.Jobswasamong
thefirsttoseethecommercialpotentialofXerox
PARC'smousedrivengraphicaluserinterface,which
ledtothecreationoftheAppleLisaand,ayearlater,
theMacintosh.Healsoplayedaroleinintroducing
theLaserWriter,oneofthefirstwidelyavailablelaser
printers,tothemarket.[11]
Afterapowerstrugglewiththeboardofdirectorsin
1985,JobsleftAppleandfoundedNeXT,acomputer
platformdevelopmentcompanyspecializinginthe
highereducationandbusinessmarkets.In1986,he
acquiredthecomputergraphicsdivisionofLucasfilm,
whichwasspunoffasPixar.[12]Hewascreditedin
ToyStory(1995)asanexecutiveproducerand
characteristicallyforgivingprincipalinvestorofPixar.
HeservedasCEOandmajorityshareholderuntil
Disney'spurchaseofPixarin2006.[13]In1996,after
Applehadfailedtodeliveritsoperatingsystem,
Copland,GilAmelioturnedtoNeXTComputer,and
theNeXTSTEPplatformbecamethefoundationfor
theMacOSX.[14]JobsreturnedtoAppleasan
advisor,andtookcontrolofthecompanyasan
interimCEO.JobsbroughtApplefromnear
bankruptcytoprofitabilityby1998.[15][16][17]
AsthenewCEOofthecompany,Jobsoversawthe
developmentoftheiMac,iTunes,iPod,iPhone,and
iPad,andontheservicesside,thecompany'sApple
RetailStores,iTunesStoreandtheAppStore.[18]The
successoftheseproductsandservicesprovided
severalyearsofstablefinancialreturns,andpropelled
Appletobecometheworld'smostvaluablepublicly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
SteveJobs
JobsholdinganiPhone4atWorldwideDevelopers
Conference2010
Born
StevenPaulJobs
February24,1955
SanFrancisco,California,US
Died
October5,2011(aged56)
PaloAlto,California,US
Residence
PaloAlto,California,US
Almamater
ReedCollege(droppedout)
Occupation
Cofounder,Chairman,and
CEO,
AppleInc.
CofounderandCEO,
Pixar
FounderandCEO,
NeXTInc.
Yearsactive
19742011
Networth
US$8.3billion(July2010)
Board
memberof
TheWaltDisneyCompany[1]
AppleInc.
Religion
ZenBuddhism
(previouslyLutheran)[2]
Spouse(s)
LaurenePowell
(m.19912011hisdeath)
Partner(s)
ChrisannBrennan
Children
4includingLisaBrennanJobs
Relatives
MonaSimpson(sister)
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tradedcompanyin2011.[19]Thereinvigorationofthe
companyisregardedbymanycommentatorsasoneof
thegreatestturnaroundsinbusinesshistory.[20][21][22]
Signature
In2003,Jobswasdiagnosedwithapancreasneuroendocrinetumor.Thoughitwasinitiallytreated,he
reportedahormoneimbalance,underwentalivertransplantin2009,andappearedprogressivelythinner
ashishealthdeclined.[23]Onmedicalleaveformostof2011,JobsresignedinAugustthatyear,andwas
electedChairmanoftheBoard.HediedofrespiratoryarrestrelatedtothetumoronOctober5,2011.
Jobsreceivedanumberofhonorsandpublicrecognitionforhisinfluenceinthetechnologyandmusic
industries.Hehasbeenreferredtoas"legendary",a"futurist"anda"visionary",[24][25][26][27]andhas
beendescribedasthe"FatheroftheDigitalRevolution,"[28]a"masterofinnovation,"[29][30]"themaster
evangelistofthedigitalage"[31]anda"designperfectionist."[32][33]
Contents
1Earlylife
2Career
2.1Earlywork
2.2AppleComputer
2.3NeXTComputer
2.4PixarandDisney
2.5ReturntoApple
2.6Resignation
3Businesslife
3.1Wealth
3.2Stockoptionsbackdatingissue
3.3Managementstyle
3.3.1Realitydistortionfield
3.4Innovationsanddesigns
3.4.1TheMacintoshComputer
3.4.2TheNeXTComputer
3.4.3iMac
3.4.4iPod
3.4.5iPhone
3.5Philanthropy
4Personallife
4.1Healthissues
5Death
5.1Mediacoverage
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6Honorsandpublicrecognition
7Portrayalsandcoverageinbooks,film,andtheater
7.1Books
7.2Documentaryfilms
7.3Shortfilm
7.4Featurefilms
7.5Theater
7.6Television
8References
9Furtherreading
10Externallinks
10.1Articles
10.2Interviews
Earlylife
Jobs'sbirthparentsmetattheUniversityofWisconsinatMadison,wherehisSyrianbornbiological
father,Abdulfattah"John"Jandali(Arabic:
),[34][35][36][37][38]wasanundergraduateandthen
graduatestudent,andwherehisbiologicalmother,SwissAmericanJoanneCaroleSchieble,studiedfor
adegreeinspeechlanguagepathology.Jandali,whoemigratedtotheU.S.fromHoms,Syriaattheage
of19,wasagraduatestudentstudyingpoliticalsciencewhenhemetandbecameinvolvedwith
Schieble.WhenSchieblebecamepregnant,herfundamentalistfathervehementlyrefusedtolether
marryJandali,andSchiebleendedupgoingtoCaliforniatohavethebabyandgiveitupforadoption.
Aboutsixmonthslater,Schieble'sfatherdiedsuddenly,soshemarriedJandaliinDecember1955.
JandaliswiftlyfinishedhisPh.D.andgotateachingpositionattheUniversityofWisconsin,GreenBay.
Thecouplemovedthereandthenhadanotherchild,MonaSimpson,whoisSteveJobs'sfullsister.Their
marriageendedin1962,andthenSchieblemovedwithherdaughtertoLosAngeles,andlater
remarried.[39][40]
JobswasborninSanFrancisco,CaliforniaonFebruary24,1955.[41][42]HewasadoptedatbirthbyPaul
ReinholdJobs(19221993)andClaraJobs(neHagopian)(19241986),anArmenianAmerican.[43][44]
PaulandClarahadgottenmarriedinMarch1946,tendaysaftertheymet.Clarahadanectopic
pregnancyandcouldn'tbearchildren.In1955,nineyearsaftertheirmarriage,theydecidedtoadopta
child.[45]AccordingtoSteveJobs'scommencementaddressatStanford,SchieblewantedJobstobe
adoptedonlybyacollegegraduatecouple.SchieblelearnedthatClaraJobshadnotgraduatedfrom
collegeandPaulJobshadonlyattendedhighschool,butsignedfinaladoptionpapersafterthey
promisedherthatthechildwoulddefinitelybeencouragedandsupportedtoattendcollege.Later,when
askedabouthis"adoptiveparents",JobsrepliedemphaticallythatPaulandClaraJobs"weremy
parents."[46]Hestatedinhisauthorizedbiographythatthey"weremyparents1,000%."[40]Walter
IsaacsonwroteinhisauthorizedbiographyaboutSteveJobsthatStevehadtoldhim,"PaulandClaraare
100%myparents.AndJoannaandAbdulfatahareonlyaspermandaneggbank.It'snotrude,itisthe
truth."[45]
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TheJobsfamilymovedfromSanFranciscotoMountainView,CaliforniawhenJobswasfiveyears
old.[41][42]Theparentslateradoptedadaughter,Patty.[41]Paulworkedasamechanicandacarpenter,
andtaughthissonrudimentaryelectronicsandhowtoworkwithhishands.[41]PaulshowedStevehow
toworkonelectronicsinthefamilygarage,demonstratingtohissonhowtotakeapartandrebuild
electronicssuchasradiosandtelevisions.Asaresult,hebecameinterestedinanddevelopedahobbyof
technicaltinkering.[47]
Clarawasanaccountant[46]whotaughthimtoreadbeforehewenttoschool.[41]ClaraJobshadbeena
payrollclerkforVarianAssociates,oneofthefirsthightechfirmsinwhatbecameknownasSilicon
Valley.[48]
Jobs'syouthwasriddledwithfrustrationsoverformalschooling.AtMontaLomaElementaryschoolin
MountainView,hefrequentlyplayedpranksonothers.[49]Thoughschoolofficialsrecommendedthathe
skiptwogradesonaccountofhistestscores,hisparentselectedforhimtoskiponlyonegrade.[40][49]
JobsthenattendedCupertinoJuniorHighandHomesteadHighSchoolinCupertino,California.[42]At
Homestead,JobsbecamefriendswithBillFernandez,aneighborwhosharedthesameinterestsin
electronics.FernandezintroducedJobstohisneighbor,SteveWozniak,acomputerandelectronicswhiz
kid,whowasalsoknownas"Woz".In1969Wozniakstartedbuildingalittlecomputerboardwith
Fernandezthattheynamed"TheCreamSodaComputer",whichtheyshowedtoJobsheseemedreally
interested.[50]WozniakhasstatedthattheycalledittheCreamSodaComputerbecauseheand
FernandezdrankcreamsodaallthetimewhilsttheyworkedonitandthatheandJobshadgonetothe
samehighschool,althoughtheydidnotknoweachotherthere.[51]
Followinghighschoolgraduationin1972,JobsenrolledatReedCollegeinPortland,Oregon.Reedwas
anexpensivecollegewhichPaulandClaracouldillafford.Theywerespendingmuchoftheirlife
savingsontheirson'shighereducation.[50]Jobsdroppedoutofcollegeaftersixmonthsandspentthe
next18monthsdroppinginoncreativeclasses,includingacourseoncalligraphy.[52]Inthe
commencementaddresshegaveatStanford,Jobssaidthat,whilehecontinuedtoauditclassesatReed,
hesleptonthefloorinfriends'dormrooms,returnedCokebottlesforfoodmoney,andgotweeklyfree
mealsatthelocalHareKrishnatemple.[53]Inthatsamespeech,Jobssaid:"IfIhadneverdroppedinon
thatsinglecalligraphycourseincollege,theMacwouldhaveneverhadmultipletypefacesor
proportionallyspacedfonts."[53]
Career
Earlywork
In1972,SteveWozniakdesignedhisownversionoftheclassicvideogamePong.Afterfinishingit,
WozniakgavetheboardtoJobs,whothentookthegamedowntoAtari,Inc.inLosGatos,California.
AtarithoughtthatJobshadbuiltitandgavehimajobasatechnician.[54][55]Atari'scofounderNolan
Bushnelllaterdescribedhimas"difficultbutvaluable,"pointingoutthat"hewasveryoftenthesmartest
guyintheroom,andhewouldletpeopleknowthat."[56]
JobstraveledtoIndiainmid1974[57]tovisitNeemKaroliBaba[58]athisKainchiashramwithaReed
Collegefriend(and,later,anearlyAppleemployee),DanielKottke,insearchofspiritualenlightenment.
WhentheygottotheNeemKaroliashram,itwasalmostdesertedbecauseNeemKaroliBabahaddied
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inSeptember1973.[55]ThentheymadealongtrekupadryriverbedtoanashramofHaidakhanBabaji.
InIndia,theyspentalotoftimeonbusridesfromDelhitoUttarPradeshandHimachalPradesh.[55]
Afterstayingforsevenmonths,JobsleftIndia[59]andreturnedtotheUSaheadofDanielKottke.[55]
JobshadchangedhisappearancehisheadwasshavedandheworetraditionalIndianclothing.[60][61]
Duringthistime,Jobsexperimentedwithpsychedelics,latercallinghisLSDexperiences"oneofthe
twoorthreemostimportantthings[hehad]donein[his]life".[62][63]Healsobecameaserious
practitionerofZenBuddhism,engagedinlengthymeditationretreatsattheTassajaraZenMountain
Center,theoldestStZenmonasteryintheUS.[64]Heconsideredtakingupmonasticresidenceat
EiheijiinJapan,andmaintainedalifelongappreciationforZen.[65]Jobs
wouldlatersaythatpeoplearoundhimwhodidnotsharehis
counterculturalrootscouldnotfullyrelatetohisthinking.[62]
JobsthenreturnedtoAtari,andwasassignedtocreateacircuitboardfor
thearcadevideogameBreakout.AccordingtoBushnell,Atarioffered
$100foreachchipthatwaseliminatedinthemachine.Jobshadlittle
specializedknowledgeofcircuitboarddesignandmadeadealwith
WozniaktosplitthefeeevenlybetweenthemifWozniakcould
minimizethenumberofchips.MuchtotheamazementofAtari
engineers,Wozniakreducedthenumberofchipsby50,adesignsotight
thatitwasimpossibletoreproduceonanassemblyline.Accordingto
Wozniak,JobstoldhimthatAtarigavethemonly$700(insteadofthe
offered$5,000),andthatWozniak'ssharewasthus$350.[66]Wozniak
didnotlearnabouttheactualbonusuntiltenyearslater,butsaidthatif
Jobshadtoldhimaboutitandhadsaidheneededthemoney,Wozniak
wouldhavegivenittohim.[67]
HomebrewComputerClub
Newsletter,September1976
Wozniakhaddesignedalowcostdigital"bluebox"togeneratethenecessarytonestomanipulatethe
telephonenetwork,allowingfreelongdistancecalls.Jobsdecidedthattheycouldmakemoneyselling
it.Theclandestinesalesoftheillegal"blueboxes"wentwell,andperhapsplantedtheseedinJobs's
mindthatelectronicscouldbefunandprofitable.[68]Jobs,ina1994interview,recalledthatittooksix
monthsforhimandWozniaktofigureouthowtobuildtheblueboxes.[69]Jobssaidthatifnotforthe
blueboxes,therewouldhavebeennoApple.Hestatesitshowedthemthattheycouldtakeonlarge
companiesandbeatthem.[70][71]
JobsbeganattendingmeetingsoftheHomebrewComputerClubwithWozniakin1975.[42]Hegreatly
admiredEdwinH.Land,theinventorofinstantphotographyandfounderofPolaroidCorporation,and
wouldexplicitlymodelhisowncareerafterthatofLand's.[72][73]
In1976,JobsandWozniakformedtheirownbusiness,whichtheynamed"AppleComputerCompany"
inremembranceofahappysummerJobshadspentpickingapples.Atfirsttheystartedoffsellingcircuit
boards.[74]
AppleComputer
In1976,WozniaksinglehandedlyinventedtheAppleIcomputer.AfterWozniakshowedittoJobs,
whosuggestedthattheysellit,theyandRonaldWayneformedAppleComputerinthegarageofJobs's
parentsinordertosellit.[75]Waynestayedonlyashorttime,leavingJobsandWozniakastheprimary
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cofoundersofthecompany.[76]TheyreceivedfundingfromathensemiretiredIntelproductmarketing
managerandengineerMikeMarkkula.[77]ScottMcNealy,oneofthecofoundersofSunMicrosystems,
saidthatJobsbrokea"glassageceiling"inSiliconValleybecausehe'dcreatedaverysuccessful
companyatayoungage.[71]
In1978,ApplerecruitedMikeScottfromNational
SemiconductortoserveasCEOforwhatturnedouttobeseveral
turbulentyears.In1983,JobsluredJohnSculleyawayfrom
PepsiColatoserveasApple'sCEO,asking,"Doyouwantto
spendtherestofyourlifesellingsugaredwater,ordoyouwanta
chancetochangetheworld?"[78]
Intheearly1980s,Jobswasamongthefirsttoseethe
commercialpotentialofXeroxPARC'smousedrivengraphical
userinterface,whichledtothecreationoftheAppleLisa.Ayear
later,ApplecompletedtheMacintosh.[79][80]
Thefollowingyear,AppleairedaSuperBowltelevision
commercialtitled"1984."AtApple'sannualshareholders
meetingonJanuary24,1984,anemotionalJobsintroducedthe
MacintoshtoawildlyenthusiasticaudienceAndyHertzfeld
describedthesceneas"pandemonium."[81]
HomeofPaulandClaraJobs,on
CristDriveinLosAltos,California.
SteveJobsformedAppleComputer
initsgaragewithSteveWozniakand
RonaldWaynein1976.Waynestayed
onlyashorttime,leavingJobsand
Wozniakastheprimarycofounders
ofthecompany.
WhileJobswasapersuasiveandcharismaticdirectorforApple,someofhis
employeesfromthattimedescribedhimasanerraticandtemperamentalmanager.
DisappointingsalescausedadeteriorationinJobs'sworkingrelationshipwith
Sculley,whichdevolvedintoapowerstrugglebetweenthetwo.[82]Jobskept
meetingsrunningpastmidnight,sentoutlengthyfaxes,thencallednewmeetingsat
7:00am.[83]
Applelogo
introducedMay
17,1976,
createdbyRob
Janoffwiththe
rainbowscheme
useduntil
August26,
1999.
DuringanApril10&11boardmeeting,Apple'sboardofdirectorsgaveSculleythe
authoritytoremoveJobsfromallroles,exceptchairman,toreassignhimtoan
undeterminedposition.Johndelayedareassignment.ButwhenSculleylearnedthat
JobswhobelievedSculleytobe"badforApple"andthewrongpersontoleadthe
companyhadbeenattemptingtoorganizeaboardroomcoup,onMay24,1985,
calledaboardmeetingtoresolvethematter.Apple'sboardofdirectorssidedwith
SculleyonceagainandremovedJobsfromhismanagerialdutiesasheadofthe
Macintoshdivision.Withnodutiesandexiledfromtherestofthecompanytoan
otherwiseemptybuilding,Jobsstoppedcomingtoworkandlaterresignedas
chairman.[82][84][85]AfterunsuccessfullyapplyingtoflyontheSpaceShuttleasa
civilianastronaut,andbrieflyconsideringstartingacomputercompanyintheSovietUnion,[86]he
resignedfromApplefivemonthslater.[82]
InaspeechJobsgaveatStanfordUniversityin2005,hesaidbeingfiredfromApplewasthebestthing
thatcouldhavehappenedtohim"Theheavinessofbeingsuccessfulwasreplacedbythelightnessof
beingabeginneragain,lesssureabouteverything.Itfreedmetoenteroneofthemostcreativeperiods
ofmylife."Andheadded,"I'mprettysurenoneofthiswouldhavehappenedifIhadn'tbeenfiredfrom
Apple.Itwasawfultastingmedicine,butIguessthepatientneededit."[53][87][88]
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NeXTComputer
JobsfoundedNeXTInc.in1985afterhisresignation[83][89]with
$7million.Ayearlaterhewasrunningoutofmoney,andwith
noproductonthehorizon,hesoughtventurecapital.Eventually,
JobsattractedtheattentionofbillionaireRossPerotwhoinvested
heavilyinthecompany.[90]TheNeXTcomputerwasshownto
theworldatwhatwasconsideredJobs'scomebackevent,[91]a
lavish(invitationonly)galalaunchevent[92]andwasdescribed
asamultimediaextravaganza.[93]ItwasheldattheLouiseM.
DaviesSymphonyHall,SanFrancisco,CaliforniaonWednesday
October12,1988.
NeXTworkstationswerefirstreleasedin1990,pricedat$9,999.
ANeXTstationwiththeoriginal
LiketheAppleLisa,theNeXTworkstationwastechnologically
keyboard,mouseandtheNeXT
advanced,butwaslargelydismissedascostprohibitivebythe
MegaPixelmonitor
educationalsectorforwhichitwasdesigned.[94]TheNeXT
workstationwasknownforitstechnicalstrengths,chiefamong
themitsobjectorientedsoftwaredevelopmentsystem.JobsmarketedNeXTproductstothefinancial,
scientific,andacademiccommunity,highlightingitsinnovative,experimentalnewtechnologies,suchas
theMachkernel,thedigitalsignalprocessorchip,andthebuiltinEthernetport.TimBernersLee
inventedtheWorldWideWebonaNeXTcomputeratCERN.[95]
Therevised,secondgenerationNeXTcubewasreleasedin1990,also.Jobstouteditasthefirst
"interpersonal"computerthatwouldreplacethepersonalcomputer.WithitsinnovativeNeXTMail
multimediaemailsystem,NeXTcubecouldsharevoice,image,graphics,andvideoinemailforthefirst
time."Interpersonalcomputingisgoingtorevolutionizehumancommunicationsandgroupwork",Jobs
toldreporters.[96]JobsranNeXTwithanobsessionforaestheticperfection,asevidencedbythe
developmentofandattentiontoNeXTcube'smagnesiumcase.[97]Thisputconsiderablestrainon
NeXT'shardwaredivision,andin1993,afterhavingsoldonly50,000machines,NeXTtransitioned
fullytosoftwaredevelopmentwiththereleaseofNeXTSTEP/Intel.[98]Thecompanyreporteditsfirst
profitof$1.03millionin1994.[90]In1996,NeXTSoftware,Inc.releasedWebObjects,aframeworkfor
Webapplicationdevelopment.AfterNeXTwasacquiredbyAppleInc.in1997,WebObjectswasused
tobuildandruntheAppleStore,[98]MobileMeservices,andtheiTunesStore.
PixarandDisney
In1986,JobsboughtTheGraphicsGroup(laterrenamedPixar)fromLucasfilm'scomputergraphics
divisionforthepriceof$10million,$5millionofwhichwasgiventothecompanyascapital.[99]
Thefirstfilmproducedbythepartnership,ToyStory(1995),withJobscreditedasexecutive
producer,[100]broughtfameandcriticalacclaimtothestudiowhenitwasreleased.Overthenext15
years,underPixar'screativechiefJohnLasseter,thecompanyproducedboxofficehitsABug'sLife
(1998)ToyStory2(1999)Monsters,Inc.(2001)FindingNemo(2003)TheIncredibles(2004)Cars
(2006)Ratatouille(2007)WALLE(2008)Up(2009)andToyStory3(2010).FindingNemo,The
Incredibles,Ratatouille,WALLE,UpandToyStory3eachreceivedtheAcademyAwardforBest
AnimatedFeature,anawardintroducedin2001.[101]
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In2003and2004,asPixar'scontractwithDisneywasrunningout,JobsandDisneychiefexecutive
MichaelEisnertriedbutfailedtonegotiateanewpartnership,[102]andinearly2004,Jobsannounced
thatPixarwouldseekanewpartnertodistributeitsfilmsafteritscontractwithDisneyexpired.
InOctober2005,BobIgerreplacedEisneratDisney,andIgerquicklyworkedtomendrelationswith
JobsandPixar.OnJanuary24,2006,JobsandIgerannouncedthatDisneyhadagreedtopurchasePixar
inanallstocktransactionworth$7.4billion.Whenthedealclosed,JobsbecameTheWaltDisney
Company'slargestsingleshareholderwithapproximatelysevenpercentofthecompany'sstock.[103]
Jobs'sholdingsinDisneyfarexceededthoseofEisner,whoholds1.7percent,andofDisneyfamily
memberRoyE.Disney,whountilhis2009deathheldaboutonepercentofthecompany'sstockand
whosecriticismsofEisnerespeciallythathesouredDisney'srelationshipwithPixaraccelerated
Eisner'sousting.Uponcompletionofthemerger,Jobsreceived7%ofDisneyshares,andjoinedthe
BoardofDirectorsasthelargestindividualshareholder.[103][104][105]UponJobs'sdeathhissharesin
DisneyweretransferredtotheStevenP.JobsTrustledbyLaureneJobs.[106]
ReturntoApple
In1996,AppleannouncedthatitwouldbuyNeXTfor
$427million.ThedealwasfinalizedinFebruary1997,[107]
bringingJobsbacktothecompanyhecofounded.Jobsbecame
defactochiefafterthenCEOGilAmeliowasoustedinJuly
1997.Hewasformallynamedinterimchiefexecutivein
September.[108]InMarch1998,toconcentrateApple'seffortson
returningtoprofitability,Jobsterminatedanumberofprojects,
suchasNewton,Cyberdog,andOpenDoc.Inthecoming
LogofortheThinkDifferent
months,manyemployeesdevelopedafearofencounteringJobs
campaigndesignedby
whileridingintheelevator,"afraidthattheymightnothaveajob
TBWA\Chiat\Dayandinitiatedby
whenthedoorsopened.TherealitywasthatJobs'ssummary
JobsafterhisreturntoApple
executionswererare,butahandfulofvictimswasenoughto
Computerin1997.
terrorizeawholecompany."[109]Jobsalsochangedthelicensing
programforMacintoshclones,makingittoocostlyforthe
manufacturerstocontinuemakingmachines.
WiththepurchaseofNeXT,muchofthecompany'stechnologyfounditswayintoAppleproducts,most
notablyNeXTSTEP,whichevolvedintoMacOSX.UnderJobs'sguidance,thecompanyincreased
salessignificantlywiththeintroductionoftheiMacandothernewproductssincethen,appealing
designsandpowerfulbrandinghaveworkedwellforApple.Atthe2000MacworldExpo,Jobsofficially
droppedthe"interim"modifierfromhistitleatAppleandbecamepermanentCEO.[110]Jobsquippedat
thetimethathewouldbeusingthetitle"iCEO".[111]
Thecompanysubsequentlybranchedout,introducingandimprovinguponotherdigitalappliances.With
theintroductionoftheiPodportablemusicplayer,iTunesdigitalmusicsoftware,andtheiTunesStore,
thecompanymadeforaysintoconsumerelectronicsandmusicdistribution.OnJune29,2007,Apple
enteredthecellularphonebusinesswiththeintroductionoftheiPhone,amultitouchdisplaycellphone,
whichalsoincludedthefeaturesofaniPodand,withitsownmobilebrowser,revolutionizedthemobile
browsingscene.Whilestimulatinginnovation,Jobsalsoremindedhisemployeesthat"realartists
ship".[112]
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Jobswasbothadmiredandcriticizedforhisconsummateskillatpersuasionandsalesmanship,which
hasbeendubbedthe"realitydistortionfield"andwasparticularlyevidentduringhiskeynotespeeches
(colloquiallyknownas"Stevenotes")atMacworldExposandatAppleWorldwideDevelopers
Conferences.[113]
In2005,JobsrespondedtocriticismofApple'spoorrecyclingprogramsforewasteintheUSbylashing
outatenvironmentalandotheradvocatesatApple'sAnnualMeetinginCupertinoinApril.Afewweeks
later,AppleannounceditwouldtakebackiPodsforfreeatitsretailstores.TheComputerTakeBack
CampaignrespondedbyflyingabannerfromaplaneovertheStanfordUniversitygraduationatwhich
Jobswasthecommencementspeaker.[53]Thebannerread"Steve,don't
beaminiplayerrecycleallewaste".
In2006,hefurtherexpandedApple'srecyclingprogramstoanyUS
customerwhobuysanewMac.Thisprogramincludesshippingand
"environmentallyfriendlydisposal"oftheiroldsystems.[114]
Resignation
InAugust2011,JobsresignedasCEOofApple,butremainedwiththe
companyaschairmanofitsboard.[115][116]Hoursafterthe
announcement,AppleInc.(AAPL)sharesdroppedfivepercentinafter
hourstrading.[117]Thisrelativelysmalldrop,whenconsideringthe
importanceofJobstoApple,wasassociatedwiththefactthathishealth
hadbeeninthenewsforseveralyears,andhehadbeenonmedicalleave
sinceJanuary2011.[118]Itwasbelieved,accordingtoForbes,thatthe
impactwouldbefeltinanegativewaybeyondApple,includingatThe
WaltDisneyCompanywhereJobsservedasdirector.[119]Inafterhours
tradingonthedayoftheannouncement,WaltDisneyCo.(DIS)shares
dropped1.5percent.[120]
JobsonstageatMacworld
Conference&Expo,San
Francisco,January11,2005
Businesslife
Remember,thesixtieshappenedintheearlyseventies,andthat'swhenIcameofageandto
me,thesparkofthatwasthattherewassomethingbeyondwhatyouseeeveryday.It'sthe
samethingthatcausespeopletobepoetsinsteadofbankers.AndIthinkthat'sawonderful
thing.Ithinkthatsamespiritcanbeputintoproducts,andthoseproductscanbe
manufactured,andgiventopeople,andtheycansensethatspirit.
SteveJobs,SteveJobs:TheLostInterview
Wealth
AlthoughJobsearnedonly$1ayearasCEOofApple,[121]Jobsheld5.426millionApplesharesworth
$2.1billion,aswellas138millionsharesinDisney(whichhereceivedinexchangeforDisney's
acquisitionofPixar)worth$4.4billion.[122][123]Jobsquippedthatthe$1perannumhewaspaidby
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Applewasbasedonattendingonemeetingfor50centswhiletheother50centswasbasedonhis
performance.[124]Forbesestimatedhisnetwealthat$8.3billionin2010,makinghimthe42nd
wealthiestAmerican.[125]
Stockoptionsbackdatingissue
In2001,Jobswasgrantedstockoptionsintheamountof
7.5millionsharesofApplewithanexercisepriceof$18.30.It
wasallegedthattheoptionshadbeenbackdated,andthatthe
exercisepriceshouldhavebeen$21.10.Itwasfurtheralleged
thatJobshadtherebyincurredtaxableincomeof$20,000,000
thathedidnotreport,andthatAppleoverstateditsearningsby
thatsameamount.Asaresult,Jobspotentiallyfacedanumberof
criminalchargesandcivilpenalties.Thecasewasthesubjectof
activecriminalandcivilgovernmentinvestigations,[126]though
anindependentinternalAppleinvestigationcompletedon
December29,2006foundthatJobswasunawareoftheseissues
andthattheoptionsgrantedtohimwerereturnedwithoutbeing
exercisedin2003.[127]
SteveJobsandBillGatesatthefifth
D:AllThingsDigitalconference
(D5)inMay2007
OnJuly1,2008,a$7billionclassactionsuitwasfiledagainstseveralmembersoftheAppleBoardof
Directorsforrevenuelostduetotheallegedsecuritiesfraud.[128][129]
Managementstyle
Jobswasperceivedasademandingperfectionist,[130][131]whoalwaysaspiredtopositionhisbusinesses
andtheirproductsattheforefrontoftheinformationtechnologyindustry,byforeseeingandsetting
innovationandstyletrends.Hesummedupthisselfconceptattheendofhiskeynotespeechatthe
MacworldConferenceandExpoinJanuary2007,byquotingicehockeyplayerWayneGretzky
There'sanoldWayneGretzkyquotethatIlove.'Iskatetowherethepuckisgoingto
be,notwhereithasbeen.'Andwe'vealwaystriedtodothatatApple.Sincethevery
verybeginning.Andwealwayswill.[132]
Jobs'saggressiveanddemandingpersonalityhasbeenwidelypublicized.
Fortunestatedthathewas"consideredoneofSiliconValley'sleading
egomaniacs".[133]
In1993JobsmadeFortune'
slistofAmerica'sToughestBossesinregardto
hisleadershipatNeXT.NeXTcofounder,Dan'lLewin,wasquotedin
Fortune:"Thehighswereunbelievable...Butthelowswereunimaginable".
Inresponsetothearticle,Jobs'sofficeexplainedthathispersonalityhad
changedsincethen.[134]AppleCEOTimCooknoted,"Moresothanany
personIevermetinmylife,[Jobs]hadtheabilitytochangehismind,much
moresothananyoneIveevermet...Maybethemostunderappreciated
thingaboutStevewasthathehadthecouragetochangehismind."[135]
SteveJobsannouncing
thetransitiontoIntel
processorsinJune2005.
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In2005JobsbannedallbookspublishedbyJohnWiley&SonsfromAppleStores,asthecompanyhad
publishedanunauthorizedJobsbiography,iCon:SteveJobs.[136]Inits2010annualearningsreport,
Wileysaidithad"closedadeal...tomakeitstitlesavailablefortheiPad."[137]JefRaskin,aformer
colleague,oncesaidthatJobs"wouldhavemadeanexcellentkingofFrance",alludingtoJobs's
compellingandlargerthanlifepersona.[138]
JobshadapublicwarofwordswithDellComputerCEOMichaelDell,startingin1987,whenJobsfirst
criticizedDellformaking"uninnovativebeigeboxes".[139]OnOctober6,1997,ataGartner
Symposium,whenDellwasaskedwhathewoulddoifheranthethentroubledAppleComputer
company,hesaid:"I'dshutitdownandgivethemoneybacktotheshareholders."[140]Then,in2006,
JobssentanemailtoallemployeeswhenApple'smarketcapitalizationroseaboveDell's:
Team,itturnedoutthatMichaelDellwasn'tperfectatpredictingthefuture.Basedon
today'sstockmarketclose,AppleisworthmorethanDell.Stocksgoupanddown,and
thingsmaybedifferenttomorrow,butIthoughtitwasworthamomentofreflectiontoday.
Steve.[141]
JobswasalsoaboardmemberatGapInc.from1999to2002.[142]
Apple'sthirdcofounderWayneexplainedthatJob'spersonalitywasverycold.Herecountedthetimes
Jobswasruthless,includingoneoccasioninwhichJobsaskedWaynetoconvinceafriendtosellhis
companyforApple'sbenefit.[143]
FloydNorman,ofPixar,describedJobsasa"mature,mellowindividual"whoneverinterferedwiththe
creativeprocessofthefilmmakers.[144]InearlyJune2014,PixarcofounderandWaltDisneyPresident
EdCatmullrevealedthatJobsonceadvisedhimto"justexplainittothemuntiltheyunderstand."in
disagreements.CatmullreleasedthebookCreativityInc.in2014,inwhichrecountsnumerous
experiencesofworkingwithJobs.RegardinghisownmannerofdealingwithJobs,Catmullwrites:
Inallthe26yearswithSteve,SteveandIneverhadoneoftheseloudverbalargumentsand
it'snotmynaturetodothat....butwediddisagreefairlyfrequentlyaboutthings....Iwould
saysomethingtohimandhewouldimmediatelyshootitdownbecausehecouldthinkfaster
thanIcould....Iwouldthenwaitaweek...I'dcallhimupandIgivemycounterargument
towhathehadsaidandhe'dimmediatelyshootitdown.SoIhadtowaitanotherweek,and
sometimesthiswentonformonths.Butintheendoneofthreethingshappened.Abouta
thirdofthetimehesaid,'Oh,Igetit,you'reright.'Andthatwastheendofit.Anditwas
anotherthirdofthetimeinwhich[I'd]say,'ActuallyIthinkheisright.'Theotherthirdof
thetime,wherewedidn'treachconsensus,hejustletmedoitmyway,neversaidanything
moreaboutit.[145]
Realitydistortionfield
Apple'sBudTribblecoinedtheterm"realitydistortionfield"(RDF)in1981,todescribeJobs'scharisma
anditseffectsonthedevelopersworkingontheMacintoshproject.[146]Tribbleclaimedthattheterm
camefromStarTrek[146]andthetermhassincebeenusedtorefertoperceptionsofJobs'skeynote
speeches.[147]
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AndyHertzfelddescribedtheRDFasJobs'sabilitytoconvincehimselfandotherstobelievealmost
anything,wherebyheusedamixofcharm,charisma,bravado,hyperbole,marketing,appeasement,and
persistence.Althoughthesubjectofcriticism,Jobs'ssocalledRDFwasalsorecognizedasaconcept
thatcreatedasensethattheimpossiblewaspossible.Then,bymotivatingthepeoplearoundhimto
createinnovativeproducts,Jobswasinturnabletomarketthemcreativelytoreachawideaudience.[148]
Oncethetermbecamewidelyknown,itwasoftenusedinthetechnologypresstodescribeJobs'ssway
overthepublicparticularlyregardingnewproductannouncements.[149][150]
Innovationsanddesigns
Jobs'sdesignaestheticwasinfluencedbythemodernistarchitecturalstyleofJosephEichlerandthe
industrialdesignsofBraun'sDieterRams.[40]Hisdesignsensewasalsogreatlyinfluencedbythe
BuddhismwhichheexperiencedinIndiawhileonhissevenmonthspiritualjourney,[151]andhissense
ofintuitionwasinfluencedbythespiritualpeoplewithwhomhestudied.[151]
AccordingtoApplecofounderSteveWozniak"Stevedidn'tevercode.Hewasn'tanengineerandhe
didn'tdoanyoriginaldesign..."[152][153]DanielKottke,oneofApple'searliestemployeesandacollege
friendofJobs's,statedthat"BetweenWozandJobs,Wozwastheinnovator,theinventor.SteveJobs
wasthemarketingperson."[154]
Heislistedaseitherprimaryinventororcoinventorin346UnitedStatespatentsorpatentapplications
relatedtoarangeoftechnologiesfromactualcomputerandportabledevicestouserinterfaces
(includingtouchbased),speakers,keyboards,poweradapters,staircases,clasps,sleeves,lanyardsand
packages.Jobs'scontributionstomostofhispatentswereto"thelookandfeeloftheproduct".His
industrialdesignchiefJonathanIvehadhisnamealongwithhimfor200ofthepatents.[155]Mostof
thesearedesignpatents(specificproductdesignsforexample,Jobslistedasprimaryinventorinpatents
forbothoriginalandlampstyleiMacs,aswellasPowerBookG4Titanium)asopposedtoutilitypatents
(inventions).[7][156]Hehas43issuedUSpatentsoninventions.[7]ThepatentontheMacOSXDockuser
interfacewith"magnification"featurewasissuedthedaybeforehedied.[157]AlthoughJobshadlittle
involvementintheengineeringandtechnicalsideoftheoriginalApplecomputers,[153]Jobslaterused
hisCEOpositiontodirectlyinvolvehimselfwithproductdesign.[158]
Evenwhileterminallyillinthehospital,JobssketchednewdevicesthatwouldholdtheiPadina
hospitalbed.[159]Healsodespisedtheoxygenmonitoronhisfingerandsuggestedwaystorevisethe
designforsimplicity.[160]
Infact,sincehisdeaththeformerAppleCEOhaswon141patents.That'smorethanmostinventorswin
duringtheirlifetimes.TotalnumberofJobs'spatentsisnowover450.[161]
TheMacintoshComputer
TheMacintoshwasintroducedinJanuary1984.Thecomputerhadno"Mac"nameonthefront,but
ratherjusttheApplelogo.[162]ApplecofounderandformerAppleengineerSteveWozniaksaidthatthe
MacintoshfailedunderSteveJobs,andthatitwasn'tuntilJobsleftthatitbecameasuccess.[163]
TheNeXTComputer
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AfterJobswasforcedoutofApplein1985,hestartedacompanythatbuiltworkstationcomputers.The
NeXTComputerwasintroducedin1988atalavishlaunchevent.TimBernersLeecreatedtheworld's
firstwebbrowserontheNeXTComputer.TheNeXTComputerwasthebasisfortoday'sMacintoshOS
XandiPhoneoperatingsystem(iOS).[164][165]
iMac
AppleiMacwasintroducedin1998anditsinnovativedesignwasdirectlytheresultofJobs'sreturnto
Apple.Appleboasted"thebackofourcomputerlooksbetterthanthefrontofanyoneelse's".[166]
Describedas"cartoonlike",thefirstiMac,cladinBondiBlueplastic,wasunlikeanypersonalcomputer
thatcamebefore.In1999,AppleintroducedtheGraphitegrayAppleiMacandsincehasvariedthe
shape,colourandsizeconsiderablywhilemaintainingtheallinonedesign.Designideaswereintended
tocreateaconnectionwiththeusersuchasthehandleandabreathinglighteffectwhenthecomputer
wenttosleep.[167]TheAppleiMacsoldfor$1,299atthattime.TheiMacalsofeaturedsometechnical
innovations,suchashavingUSBportsastheonlydeviceinputs.Thislatterchangeresulted,throughthe
iMac'ssuccess,intheinterfacebeingpopularisedamongthirdpartyperipheralmakersasevidencedby
thefactthatmanyearlyUSBperipheralsweremadeoftranslucentplastic(tomatchtheiMac
design).[168]
iPod
ThefirstgenerationofiPodwasreleasedOctober23,2001.ThemajorinnovationoftheiPodwasits
smallsizeachievedbyusinga1.8"harddrivecomparedtothe2.5"drivescommontoplayersatthat
time.ThecapacityofthefirstgenerationiPodrangedfrom5Gto10Gigabytes.[169]TheiPodsoldfor
US$399andmorethan100,000iPodsweresoldbeforetheendof2001.TheintroductionoftheiPod
resultedinApplebecomingamajorplayerinthemusicindustry.[170]Also,theiPod'ssuccessprepared
thewayfortheiTunesmusicstoreandtheiPhone.[171]Afterthe1stgenerationofiPod,Applereleased
theharddrivebasediPodclassic,thetouchscreeniPodTouch,videocapableiPodNano,screenlessiPod
Shuffleinthefollowingyears.[170]
iPhone
ApplebeganworkonthefirstiPhonein2005andthefirstiPhonewasreleasedonJune29,2007.The
iPhonecreatedsuchasensationthatasurveyindicatedsixoutoftenAmericanswereawareofits
release.Timemagazinedeclaredit"InventionoftheYear"for2007.[172]TheAppleiPhoneisasmall
devicewithmultimediacapabilitiesandfunctionsasaquadbandtouchscreensmartphone.[173]Ayear
later,theiPhone3GwasreleasedinJuly2008withthreekeyfeatures:supportforGPS,3Gdataandtri
bandUMTS/HSDPA.InJune2009,theiPhone3GS,whoseimprovementsincludedvoicecontrol,a
bettercamera,andafasterprocessor,wasintroducedbyPhilSchiller.[174]TheiPhone4isthinnerthan
previousmodels,hasafivemegapixelcameracapableofrecordingvideoin720pHD,andaddsa
secondaryfrontfacingcameraforvideocalls.[175]AmajorfeatureoftheiPhone4S,introducedin
October2011,wasSiri,avirtualassistantcapableofvoicerecognition.[172]
Philanthropy
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ArikHesseldahlofBusinessWeekmagazinestatedthat"Jobsisn'twidelyknownforhisassociationwith
philanthropiccauses",comparedtoBillGates'sefforts.[176]IncontrasttoGates,Jobsdidnotsignthe
GivingPledgeofWarrenBuffettwhichchallengedtheworld'srichestbillionairestogiveatleasthalf
theirwealthtocharity.[177]InaninterviewwithPlayboyin1985,Jobssaidinrespecttomoneythat"the
challengesaretofigureouthowtolivewithitandtoreinvestitbackintotheworldwhichmeanseither
givingitawayorusingittoexpressyourconcernsorvalues."[178]Jobsalsoaddedthatwhenhehas
sometimehewouldstartapublicfoundationbutfornowhedoescharitableactsprivately.[179]
AfterresumingcontrolofApplein1997,Jobsinitiallyeliminatedallcorporatephilanthropy
programs.[180]Jobs'sfriendstoldTheNewYorkTimesthathefeltthatexpandingApplewouldhave
donemoregoodthangivingmoneytocharity.[181]Later,underJobs,Applesignedtoparticipateinthe
ProductRedprogram,producingredversionsofdevicestogiveprofitsfromsalestocharity.Applehas
goneontobecomethelargestcontributortothecharitysinceitsinitialinvolvementwithit.Thechiefof
theProductRedproject,singerBono,citedJobssayingtherewas"nothingbetterthanthechancetosave
lives",whenheinitiallyapproachedApplewiththeinvitationtoparticipateintheprogram.[182]Through
itssales,ApplehasbeenthelargestcontributortoProductRed'sgifttotheGlobalFund,whichfights
AIDS,tuberculosisandmalaria,accordingtoBono.[183][184]
Personallife
Inthe1980s,Jobsfoundhisbirthmother,JoanneSchiebleSimpson,whotoldhimhehadabiological
sister,MonaSimpson.Theymetforthefirsttimein1985,[185]andbecameclosefriends.Thesiblings
kepttheirrelationshipsecretuntil1986,whenMonaintroducedhimatapartyforherfirstbook.[46]
Afterdecidingtosearchfortheirfather,SimpsonfoundJandalimanagingacoffeeshop.Without
knowingwhohissonhadbecome,JandalitoldMonathathehadpreviouslymanagedapopular
restaurantinSiliconValley,mentioningthat"evenSteveJobsusedtoeatthere.Yeah,hewasagreat
tipper."InatapedinterviewwithhisbiographerWalterIsaacson,airedon60Minutes,[186]Jobssaid:
"WhenIwaslookingformybiologicalmother,obviously,youknow,Iwaslookingformybiological
fatheratthesametime,andIlearnedalittlebitabouthimandIdidn'tlikewhatIlearned.Iaskedherto
nottellhimthatweevermet...nottellhimanythingaboutme."[187]Jobswasoccasionallyintouchwith
hismotherJoanneSimpson,[180][188]wholivesinanursinghomeinLosAngeles.Whenspeakingabout
hisbiologicalparents,Jobsstated:"Theyweremyspermandeggbank.That'snotharsh,it'sjusttheway
itwas,aspermbankthing,nothingmore."[40]InanAugust2011interviewwithTheSun,Jandalistated
thathiseffortstocontactJobswereunsuccessful.JandalimailedinhismedicalhistoryafterJobs's
pancreaticdisorderwasmadepublicthatyear.[38][189][190]
InhereulogytoJobsathismemorialservice,MonaSimpsonstated:
Igrewupasanonlychild,withasinglemother.BecausewewerepoorandbecauseIknewmy
fatherhademigratedfromSyria,IimaginedhelookedlikeOmarSharif.Ihopedhewouldberich
andkindandwouldcomeintoourlives(andournotyetfurnishedapartment)andhelpus.Later,
afterI'dmetmyfather,Itriedtobelievehe'dchangedhisnumberandleftnoforwardingaddress
becausehewasanidealisticrevolutionary,plottinganewworldfortheArabpeople.Evenasa
feminist,mywholelifeI'dbeenwaitingforamantolove,whocouldloveme.Fordecades,I'd
thoughtthatmanwouldbemyfather.WhenIwas25,Imetthatmanandhewasmybrother.[185]
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Jobs'sfirstchild,LisaBrennanJobs,wasbornin1978,thedaughterofhislongtimepartnerChrisann
Brennan,aBayAreapainter.[180]Fortwoyears,sheraisedtheirdaughteronwelfarewhileJobsdenied
paternitybyclaiminghewassterilehelateracknowledgedLisaashisdaughter.[180]
JobsmetChrisannBrennanforthefirsttimein1972whentheywerebothstudentsatHomesteadHigh
SchoolinCupertino.Theydatedoffandonforthenextfiveyears.Theywerelivingtogetherwiththeir
roommateDanielKettkoin1977whenAppletookoff.JobsendedhisrelationshipwithChrisannin
1977whenhefoundoutshewaspregnant.[191]
JobsdatedJoanBaezforafewyearsintheearly80s.ElizabethHolmes,afriendofJobsfromhistime
atReedCollege,believedJobswasinterestedinBaezbecauseshehadbeentheloverofBobDylan,who
wasJobs'sfavoritemusician.[192]JobsconfidedinJoannaHoffmanhisconcernsabouttherelationship,
andshewouldlatertellhisofficialbiographer:"Shewasastrongwoman,andhewantedtoshowhewas
incontrol.Plus,healwayssaidhewantedtohaveafamily,andwithherheknewthathewouldn't".[193]
JobswasalsoafanofTheBeatles.HereferredtothemonmultipleoccasionsatKeynotesandwasalso
interviewedonashowingofaPaulMcCartneyconcert.Whenaskedabouthisbusinessmodelon60
Minutes,hereplied:
MymodelforbusinessisTheBeatles:Theywerefourguysthatkepteachother'snegative
tendenciesinchecktheybalancedeachother.Andthetotalwasgreaterthanthesumofthe
parts.Greatthingsinbusinessareneverdonebyoneperson,theyaredonebyateamof
people.[194]
In1982,JobsboughtanapartmentinTheSanRemo,anapartmentbuildinginNewYorkCitywitha
politicallyprogressivereputation,whereDemiMoore,StevenSpielberg,SteveMartin,andPrincess
YasminAgaKhan,daughterofRitaHayworth,alsoownedapartments.WiththehelpofI.M.Pei,Jobs
spentyearsrenovatinghisapartmentinthetoptwofloorsofthebuilding'snorthtower,onlytosellit
almosttwodecadeslatertoU2singerBono.Jobsnevermovedin.[195][196]
In1984,JobspurchasedtheJacklingHouse,a17,000squarefoot(1,600m2),14bedroomSpanish
ColonialmansiondesignedbyGeorgeWashingtonSmithinWoodside,California.Althoughit
reportedlyremainedinanalmostunfurnishedstate,Jobslivedinthemansionforalmosttenyears.
JobsmarriedLaurenePowellonMarch18,1991,inaceremonyattheAhwahneeHotelinYosemite
NationalPark.PresidingovertheweddingwasKobunChinoOtogawa,aZenBuddhistmonk.Theirson,
Reed,wasbornSeptember1991,followedbydaughtersErininAugust1995andEvein1998.[90]The
familylivedintheOldPaloAltoneighborhoodofPaloAlto,California.[197]
Accordingtoreports,hekepta1966BMWR60/2motorcycleinthelivingroomoftheJacklingHouse,
andletBillClintonuseitin1998.PresidentClintondinedwithJobsand14SiliconValleyCEOsthere
onAugust7,1996,atamealcateredbyGreensRestaurant.[198][199]ClintonreturnedthefavorandJobs,
whowasaDemocraticdonor,sleptintheLincolnbedroomoftheWhiteHouse.[200]Andaccordingto
Isaacson,duringonelatenightphonecall,BillClintononceaskedJobsforsomeadviceaboutthe
Lewinskyscandal,andwhenJobstoldthePresidentthat,iftheaffairweretrue,"'you'vegottotellthe
country'...Therewassilenceontheotherendoftheline."[201]
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JobsallowedJacklingHousetofallintoastateofdisrepair,
planningtodemolishthehouseandbuildasmallerhomeonthe
propertybuthemetwithcomplaintsfromlocalpreservationists
overhisplans.InJune2004,theWoodsideTownCouncilgave
Jobsapprovaltodemolishthemansion,ontheconditionthathe
advertisethepropertyforayeartoseeifsomeonewouldmoveit
toanotherlocationandrestoreit.Anumberofpeopleexpressed
interest,includingseveralwithexperienceinrestoringold
property,butnoagreementstothateffectwerereached.Later
thatsameyear,alocalpreservationistgroupbeganseekinglegal
SteveJobs'shouseinPaloAlto
actiontopreventdemolition.InJanuary2007,Jobswasdenied
therighttodemolishthepropertybyacourtdecision.[202]The
courtdecisionwasoverturnedonappealinMarch2010,andthemansionwasdemolishedbeginningin
February2011.[203]
Jobsusuallyworeablacklongsleevedmockturtleneckmadeby
IsseyMiyake(thatwassometimesreportedtobemadebySt.
Croix),Levi's501bluejeans,andNewBalance991
sneakers.[204][205]Hisstylewasinspiredbythatofrenowned
BrownUniversityAppliedMathematicsProfessorStuartGeman.
JobstoldWalterIsaacson"...hecametoliketheideaofhavinga
uniformforhimself,bothbecauseofitsdailyconvenience(the
rationaleheclaimed)anditsabilitytoconveyasignature
style."[204]
JobsdemonstratingtheiPhone4to
RussianPresidentDmitryMedvedev
onJune23,2010
Jobs'scarwasasilverMercedesBenzSL55AMG,whichdid
notdisplayitslicenseplates,ashetookadvantageofaCalifornia
lawwhichgivesamaximumofsixmonthsfornewvehiclesto
receiveplatesJobsleasedanewSLeverysixmonths.[206]Jobsinvolvedhimselfwiththedetailsof
designinghis78meter(256ft)luxuryyachtVenus(namedafterthedeity)[207]tokeepthoughtsofdeath
atbay.ItisalsodesignedbyPhilippeStarck.[208]ItwaslaunchedafterJobs'sdeath,andlaterimpounded
duetoanunpaiddebttoStarck,whichwasthenpaidbyJobs'sheirs.[209]
Ina2011interviewwithbiographerWalterIsaacson,JobsrevealedatonepointhemetwithU.S.
PresidentBarackObama,complainedofthenation'sshortageofsoftwareengineers,andtoldObama
thathewas"headedforaonetermpresidency."Jobsproposedthatanyforeignstudentwhogotan
engineeringdegreeataU.S.universityshouldautomaticallybeofferedagreencard.Afterthemeeting,
Jobscommented,"Thepresidentisverysmart,buthekeptexplainingtousreasonswhythingscan'tget
done....Itinfuriatesme."[210]
Jobscontributedtoanumberofpoliticalcandidatesandcausesduringhislife,giving$209,000to
Democrats,$45,700toassociatedspecialinterestsand$1,000toaRepublican.[211]
Healthissues
InOctober2003,Jobswasdiagnosedwithcancer,[212]andinmid2004,heannouncedtohisemployees
thathehadacanceroustumorinhispancreas.[213]Theprognosisforpancreaticcancerisusuallyvery
poor[214]Jobsstatedthathehadarare,farlessaggressivetypeknownasisletcellneuroendocrine
tumor.[213]Despitehisdiagnosis,Jobsresistedhisdoctors'recommendationsformedicalintervention
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forninemonths,[180]insteadconsumingapseudomedicinedietinanattempttothwartthedisease.
AccordingtoHarvardresearcherRamziAmri,hischoiceofalternativetreatment"ledtoan
unnecessarilyearlydeath."[212]CancerresearcherandalternativemedicinecriticDavidGorski
"disagreedwithAmri'sassessment,"stating,"MybestguesswasthatJobsprobablyonlymodestly
decreasedhischancesofsurvival,ifthat."[215]BarrieR.Cassileth,thechiefofMemorialSloan
KetteringCancerCenter'sintegrativemedicinedepartment,[216]said"Jobssfaithinalternativemedicine
likelycosthimhislife....Hehadtheonlykindofpancreaticcancerthatistreatableandcurable....He
essentiallycommittedsuicide."[217]AccordingtoJobs'sbiographer,WalterIsaacson,"forninemonths
herefusedtoundergosurgeryforhispancreaticcanceradecisionhelaterregrettedashishealth
declined."[218]"Instead,hetriedavegandiet,acupuncture,herbalremedies,andothertreatmentshe
foundonline,andevenconsultedapsychic.Hewasalsoinfluencedbyadoctorwhoranaclinicthat
advisedjuicefasts,bowelcleansingsandotherunprovenapproaches,beforefinallyhavingsurgeryin
July2004."[219]Heeventuallyunderwentapancreaticoduodenectomy(or"Whippleprocedure")inJuly
2004,thatappearedtosuccessfullyremovethetumor.[220][221][222]Jobsapparentlydidnotreceive
chemotherapyorradiationtherapy.[213][223]DuringJobs'sabsence,TimCook,headofworldwidesales
andoperationsatApple,ranthecompany.[213]
InearlyAugust2006,JobsdeliveredthekeynoteforApple'sannualWorldwideDevelopersConference.
His"thin,almostgaunt"appearanceandunusually"listless"delivery,[224][225]togetherwithhischoiceto
delegatesignificantportionsofhiskeynotetootherpresenters,inspiredaflurryofmediaandInternet
speculationabouthishealth.[226]Incontrast,accordingtoanArsTechnicajournalreport,Worldwide
DevelopersConference(WWDC)attendeeswhosawJobsinpersonsaidhe"lookedfine".[227]
Followingthekeynote,anApplespokespersonsaidthat"Steve'shealthisrobust."[228]
Twoyearslater,similarconcernsfollowedJobs's2008WWDCkeynoteaddress.[229]Appleofficials
statedthatJobswasvictimtoa"commonbug"andwastakingantibiotics,[230]whileotherssurmisedhis
cachecticappearancewasduetotheWhippleprocedure.[223]DuringaJulyconferencecalldiscussing
Appleearnings,participantsrespondedtorepeatedquestionsaboutJobs'shealthbyinsistingthatitwasa
"privatematter".Others,however,voicedtheopinionthatshareholdershadarighttoknowmore,given
Jobs'shandsonapproachtorunninghiscompany.[231][232]TheNewYorkTimespublishedanarticle
basedonanofftherecordphoneconversationwithJobs,notingthat"Whilehishealthproblems
amountedtoagooddealmorethan'acommonbug',theyweren'tlifethreateningandhedoesn'thavea
recurrenceofcancer."[233]
OnAugust28,2008,Bloombergmistakenlypublisheda2500wordobituaryofJobsinitscorporate
newsservice,containingblankspacesforhisageandcauseofdeath.(Newscarrierscustomarily
stockpileuptodateobituariestofacilitatenewsdeliveryintheeventofawellknownfigure'sdeath.)
Althoughtheerrorwaspromptlyrectified,manynewscarriersandblogsreportedonit,[234]intensifying
rumorsconcerningJobs'shealth.[235]JobsrespondedatApple'sSeptember2008Let'sRockkeynoteby
essentially[236]quotingMarkTwain:"Reportsofmydeatharegreatlyexaggerated."[237]Atasubsequent
mediaevent,Jobsconcludedhispresentationwithaslidereading"110/70",referringtohisblood
pressure,statinghewouldnotaddressfurtherquestionsabouthishealth.[238]
OnDecember16,2008,AppleannouncedthatmarketingvicepresidentPhilSchillerwoulddeliverthe
company'sfinalkeynoteaddressattheMacworldConferenceandExpo2009,againrevivingquestions
aboutJobs'shealth.[239][240]InastatementgivenonJanuary5,2009,onApple.com,[241]Jobssaidthat
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hehadbeensufferingfroma"hormoneimbalance"forseveralmonths.[242]
OnJanuary14,2009,inaninternalApplememo,Jobswrotethatinthepreviousweekhehad"learned
thatmyhealthrelatedissuesaremorecomplexthanIoriginallythought",andannouncedasixmonth
leaveofabsenceuntiltheendofJune2009,toallowhimtobetterfocusonhishealth.TimCook,who
previouslyactedasCEOinJobs's2004absence,becameactingCEOofApple,[243]withJobsstill
involvedwith"majorstrategicdecisions."[243]
InApril2009,JobsunderwentalivertransplantatMethodistUniversityHospitalTransplantInstitutein
Memphis,Tennessee.[244][245]Jobs'sprognosiswasdescribedas"excellent".[244]
OnJanuary17,2011,ayearandahalfafterJobsreturnedfromhislivertransplant,Appleannounced
thathehadbeengrantedamedicalleaveofabsence.Jobsannouncedhisleaveinalettertoemployees,
statinghisdecisionwasmade"sohecouldfocusonhishealth".Asduringhis2009medicalleave,
AppleannouncedthatTimCookwouldrundaytodayoperationsandthatJobswouldcontinuetobe
involvedinmajorstrategicdecisionsatthecompany.[246][247]Despitetheleave,hemadeappearancesat
theiPad2launchevent(March2),theWWDCkeynoteintroducingiCloud(June6),andbeforethe
Cupertinocitycouncil(June7).[248]
JobsannouncedhisresignationasApple'sCEOonAugust24,2011,writingtotheboard,"Ihavealways
saidifthereevercameadaywhenIcouldnolongermeetmydutiesandexpectationsasApplesCEO,I
wouldbethefirsttoletyouknow.Unfortunately,thatdayhascome."[249]Jobsbecamechairmanofthe
boardthereafter,namingTimCookhissuccessorasCEO,[250][251]andcontinuedtoworkforAppleuntil
thedaybeforehisdeathsixweekslater.[252]
Death
JobsdiedathisPaloAlto,California,homearound3p.m.on
October5,2011,duetocomplicationsfromarelapseofhis
previouslytreatedisletcellneuroendocrinepancreatic
cancer,[42][253][254]resultinginrespiratoryarrest.[255]Hehadlost
consciousnessthedaybefore,anddiedwithhiswife,children,
andsistersathisside.[185]
BothAppleandMicrosoftflewtheirflagsathalfstaff
throughouttheirrespectiveheadquartersandcampuses.[256][257]
BobIgerorderedallDisneyproperties,includingWaltDisney
WorldandDisneyland,toflytheirflagsathalfstafffrom
October6to12,2011.[258]
HisdeathwasannouncedbyAppleinastatementwhichread:
WearedeeplysaddenedtoannouncethatSteveJobs
passedawaytoday.
Steve'sbrilliance,passionandenergywerethesourceof
countlessinnovationsthatenrichandimproveallofour
lives.TheworldisimmeasurablybetterbecauseofSteve.
Flagsflyingathalfstaffoutside
AppleHQinCupertino,onthe
eveningofSteveJobs'sdeath.
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Hisgreatestlovewasforhiswife,Laurene,andhisfamily.
Ourheartsgoouttothemandtoallwhoweretouchedby
hisextraordinarygifts.[259]
Fortwoweeksfollowinghisdeath,Apple'scorporateWebsite
displayedasimplepage,showingJobs'snameandlifespannext
tohisgrayscaleportrait.[260]Clickingontheimageledtoan
obituary,whichread:
Applehaslostavisionaryandcreativegenius,andthe
worldhaslostanamazinghumanbeing.Thoseofuswho
havebeenfortunateenoughtoknowandworkwithSteve
havelostadearfriendandaninspiringmentor.Steve
leavesbehindacompanythatonlyhecouldhavebuilt,and
hisspiritwillforeverbethefoundationofApple.[260]
MemorialcandlesandiPadstoSteve
JobsoutsidetheAppleStoreinPalo
Alto,Californiashortlyafterhis
death
Anemailaddresswasalsopostedforthepublictosharetheirmemories,condolences,and
thoughts.[261][262]Overamilliontributesweresent,whicharenowdisplayedontheSteveJobs
memorialpage.
AlsodedicatingitshomepagetoJobswasPixar,withaphotoofJobs,JohnLasseterandEdwinCatmull,
andtheeulogytheywrote:[263]
Stevewasanextraordinaryvisionary,ourverydearfriend,andourguidinglightofthe
Pixarfamily.HesawthepotentialofwhatPixarcouldbebeforetherestofus,andbeyond
whatanyoneeverimagined.Stevetookachanceonusandbelievedinourcrazydreamof
makingcomputeranimatedfilmstheonethinghealwayssaidwasto'makeitgreat.'Heis
whyPixarturnedoutthewaywedidandhisstrength,integrity,andloveoflifehasmadeus
allbetterpeople.HewillforeverbepartofPixar'sDNA.Ourheartsgoouttohiswife
Laureneandtheirchildrenduringthisincrediblydifficulttime.[263]
AsmallprivatefuneralwasheldonOctober7,2011,ofwhichdetailswerenotrevealedoutofrespectto
Jobs'sfamily.[264]Appleannouncedonthesamedaythattheyhadnoplansforapublicservice,butwere
encouraging"wellwishers"tosendtheirremembrancemessagestoanemailaddresscreatedtoreceive
suchmessages.[265]Sunday,October16,2011,wasdeclared"SteveJobsDay"byGovernorJerryBrown
ofCalifornia.[266]Onthatday,aninvitationonlymemorialwasheldatStanfordUniversity.Thosein
attendanceincludedAppleandothertechcompanyexecutives,membersofthemedia,celebrities,close
friendsofJobs,andpoliticians,alongwithJobs'sfamily.Bono,YoYoMa,andJoanBaezperformedat
theservice,whichlastedlongerthananhour.Theservicewashighlysecured,withguardsatallofthe
university'sgates,andahelicopterflyingoverheadfromanareanewsstation.[267][268]
AprivatememorialserviceforAppleemployeeswasheldonOctober19,2011,ontheAppleCampusin
Cupertino.PresentwereCook,BillCampbell,NorahJones,AlGore,andColdplay,andJobs'swidow,
Laurene.SomeofApple'sretailstoresclosedbrieflysoemployeescouldattendthememorial.Avideo
oftheserviceisavailableonApple'swebsite.[269]
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JobsisburiedinanunmarkedgraveatAltaMesaMemorialPark,theonlynondenominationalcemetery
inPaloAlto.[270][271]HeissurvivedbyLaurene,hiswifeof20years,theirthreechildren,andLisa
BrennanJobs,hisdaughterfromapreviousrelationship.[272]Hisfamilyreleasedastatementsayingthat
he"diedpeacefully".[273][274]Hissister,MonaSimpson,describedhispassingthus:"Stevesfinalwords,
hoursearlier,weremonosyllables,repeatedthreetimes.Beforeembarking,hedlookedathissister
Patty,thenforalongtimeathischildren,thenathislifespartner,Laurene,andthenovertheir
shoulderspastthem.Stevesfinalwordswere:OHWOW.OHWOW.OHWOW."Hethenlost
consciousnessanddiedseveralhourslater.[185]
Mediacoverage
SteveJobs'sdeathbrokenewsheadlinesonABC,CBS,andNBC.[275]Numerousnewspapersaroundthe
worldcarriednewsofhisdeathontheirfrontpagesthenextday.Severalnotablepeople,includingUS
PresidentBarackObama,[276]BritishPrimeMinisterDavidCameron,[277]MicrosoftfounderBill
Gates,[278]andTheWaltDisneyCompany'sBobIgercommentedonthedeathofJobs.WiredNews
collectedreactionsandpostedthemintributeontheirhomepage.[279]Otherstatementsofcondolence
weremadebymanyofJobs'sfriendsandcolleagues,suchasSteveWozniakandGeorgeLucas.[280][281]
AfterSteveJobs'sdeath,AdultSwimaireda15secondsegmentwiththewords"hello"inascriptfont
fadinginandthenchanginginto"goodbye".
Majormediapublishedcommemorativeworks.TimepublishedacommemorativeissueforJobson
October8,2011.Theissue'scoverfeaturedaportraitofJobs,takenbyNormanSeeff,inwhichheis
sittinginthelotuspositionholdingtheoriginalMacintoshcomputer,firstpublishedinRollingStonein
January1984.TheissuemarkedtheeighthtimeJobswasfeaturedonthecoverofTime,[282]and
includedaphotographicessaybyDianaWalker,aretrospectiveonApplebyHarryMcCrackenandLev
Grossman,andasixpageessaybyWalterIsaacson.Isaacson'sessayservedasapreviewofhis
biography,SteveJobs.[283]
BloombergBusinessweekalsopublishedacommemorative,adfreeissue,featuringextensiveessaysby
SteveJurvetson,JohnSculley,SeanWisely,WilliamGibson,andWalterIsaacson.Onitscover,Steve
Jobsispicturedingrayscale,alongwithhisnameandlifespan.
Atthetimeofhisresignation,andagainafterhisdeath,Jobswaswidelydescribedasavisionary,
pioneerandgenius[284][285][286][287]perhapsoneoftheforemostinthefieldofbusiness,[288][289]
innovation,[290]andproductdesign,[291]andamanwhohadprofoundlychangedthefaceofthemodern
world,[284][286][290]revolutionizedatleastsixdifferentindustries,[285]andwhowasan"exemplarforall
chiefexecutives".[285]Hisdeathwaswidelymourned[290]andconsideredalosstotheworldby
commentatorsacrosstheglobe.[287]
AfterhisresignationasApple'sCEO,JobswascharacterizedastheThomasEdisonandHenryFordof
histime.[292][293]InhisTheDailyShoweulogy,JonStewartsaidthatunlikeothersofJobs'silk,suchas
ThomasEdisonorHenryFord,Jobsdiedyoung.Hefeltthatwehad,inasense,"wrungeverythingout
of"theseothermen,buthisfeelingonJobswasthat"we'renotdonewithyouyet."[294]Malcolm
GladwellinTheNewYorkerassertedthat"Jobs'ssensibilitywaseditorial,notinventive.Hisgiftlayin
takingwhatwasinfrontofhim...andruthlesslyrefiningit."[295]
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TherewasalsoadissentingtoneinsomecoverageofJobs'slifeandworksinthemedia,whereattention
focusedonhisnearfanaticalcontrolmindsetandbusinessruthlessness.ALosAngelesTimesmedia
criticreportedthattheeulogies"camecourtesyofreporterswhoafterdeadlineandofftherecord
wouldtellstoriesaboutacompanyobsessedwithsecrecytothepointofparanoia.Theyremindushow
Appleshutdownayouthfulfanboyblogger,punishedapublisherthatdaredtoprintanunauthorized
Jobsbiographyandrepeatedlyranafoulofthemostbasictenetsofafreepress."[296]Freesoftware
pioneerRichardStallmandrewattentiontoApple'sstrategyoftightcorporatecontroloverconsumer
computersandhandhelddevices,howApplerestrictednewsreporters,andpersistentlyviolatedprivacy:
"SteveJobs,thepioneerofthecomputerasajailmadecool,designedtoseverfoolsfromtheirfreedom,
hasdied".[297][298]Onhisblog,StallmanhassummarizedJobsashavinga"maligninfluence"on
computingbecauseofhisleadershipinguidingAppletoproduceclosedplatforms.[299][300]Silicon
ValleyreporterDanGillmorstatedthatunderJobs,Applehadtakenstancesthatinhisviewwere
"outrighthostiletothepracticeofjournalism"[296]theseincludedsuingthree"smallfry"bloggerswho
reportedtipsaboutthecompanyanditsunreleasedproductsincludingattemptstousethecourtstoforce
themtorevealtheirsources,suingteenagerNicholasCiarelli,whowroteenthusiasticspeculationabout
Appleproductsbeginningatage13[296](RaineywrotethatApplewantedtokillhis'ThinkSecret'blogas
"Itthoughtanyleaks,evenfavorableones,dilutedthepunchofitshighlychoreographedproduct
launcheswithJobs,inhisiconicjeansandmockturtleneckoutfit,asthestar."[296])
SomehavecomparedSteveJobsandDennisRitchiewhodiedaweeklater,andtherespectivemedia
coverageoftheirdeaths.[301][302]
Honorsandpublicrecognition
AfterApple'sfounding,Jobsbecameasymbolofhiscompanyandindustry.
WhenTimenamedthecomputerasthe1982"MachineoftheYear",the
magazinepublishedalongprofileofJobsas"themostfamousmaestroof
themicro".[303][304]
JobswasawardedtheNationalMedalofTechnologybyPresidentRonald
Reaganin1985,withSteveWozniak(amongthefirstpeopletoeverreceive
thehonor),[305]andaJeffersonAwardforPublicServiceinthecategory
"GreatestPublicServicebyanIndividual35YearsorUnder"(alsoknown
astheSamuelS.BeardAward)in1987.[306]OnNovember27,2007,Jobs
wasnamedthemostpowerfulpersoninbusinessbyFortunemagazine.[307]
OnDecember5,2007,CaliforniaGovernorArnoldSchwarzeneggerand
FirstLadyMariaShriverinductedJobsintotheCaliforniaHallofFame,
locatedatTheCaliforniaMuseumforHistory,WomenandtheArts.[308]
SteveJobswiththefirst
generationiPadtablet
InAugust2009,Jobswasselectedasthemostadmiredentrepreneuramongteenagersinasurveyby
JuniorAchievement,[309]havingpreviouslybeennamedEntrepreneuroftheDecade20yearsearlierin
1989,byInc.magazine.[310]OnNovember5,2009,JobswasnamedtheCEOofthedecadebyFortune
magazine.[288]
InNovember2010,JobswasrankedNo.17onForbes:TheWorld'sMostPowerfulPeople.[311]In
December2010,theFinancialTimesnamedJobsitspersonoftheyearfor2010,endingitsessay[312]by
stating,"Inhisautobiography,JohnSculley,theformerPepsiCoexecutivewhoonceranApple,saidthis
oftheambitionsofthemanhehadpushedout:'Applewassupposedtobecomeawonderfulconsumer
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productscompany.Thiswasalunaticplan.Hightechcouldnotbedesignedandsoldasaconsumer
product.'"[313]TheFinancialTimesclosedbyrhetoricallyaskingofthisquote,"Howwrongcanyou
be."[312]
OnDecember21,2011,GraphisoftcompanyinBudapestpresented
theworld'sfirstbronzestatueofSteveJobs,callinghimoneofthe
greatestpersonalitiesofthemodernage.[314]
InJanuary2012,whenyoungadults(ages1625)wereaskedto
identifythegreatestinnovatorofalltime,SteveJobsplacedsecond
behindThomasEdison.[315]
OnFebruary12,2012,Jobswasposthumouslyawardedthe
GrammyTrusteesAward,anawardforthosewhohaveinfluenced
themusicindustryinareasunrelatedtoperformance.[316]
StatueofJobsatGraphisoftPark,
Budapest[314]
InMarch2012,globalbusinessmagazineFortunenamedSteveJobsthe"greatestentrepreneurofour
time",describinghimas"brilliant,visionary,inspiring",and"thequintessentialentrepreneurofour
generation".[317]
Twofilms,Disney'sJohnCarter[318]andPixar'sBrave,[319]arededicatedtoJobs.
SteveJobswasposthumouslyinductedasaDisneyLegendonAugust10,2013.[320]
InFebruary2014,andaccordingtoalistofupcomingsubjectspublishedbyTheWashingtonPost,U.S.
PostalServiceapprovedthatSteveJobswillgetalimitedreleasepostagestampin2015.[321][322]
InaninterviewwithTimCookinSeptember2014,herevealedthatJobs'smainoffice,andeven
nameplate,stillremainsasitwasin2011.[323]
AmemorialtoJobswaserectedintheRussiancityofStPetersburginJanuary2013itwasdismantled
thefollowingyearforbreakinglawsagainst"gaypropaganda"afterCookcameoutasgay.[324][325]
Portrayalsandcoverageinbooks,film,andtheater
Books
TheBiteintheApple(2013)byChrisannBrennan.
iCon:SteveJobs(2005),byJeffreyS.Young&WilliamL.Simon
InsideApple(2012),abookbyAdamLashinskythatrevealsthesecretsystems,tactics,and
leadershipstrategiesthatallowedSteveJobsandhiscompanytowork.
iWoz(2006),bySteveWozniak,acofounderofApple.ItisanautobiographyofSteveWozniak,
butitcoversmuchofJobs'slifeandworkatApple.
SteveJobs(2011),anauthorizedbiographywrittenbyWalterIsaacson.
TheLittleKingdom(1984)byMichaelMoritz,documentingthefoundingof(then)Apple
Computer.
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TheManWhoThoughtDifferent(2009)byKarenBlumenthal
TheSecondComingofSteveJobs(2001),byAlanDeutschman
TheSteveJobsWay:iLeadershipforaNewGeneration(2011),byJayElliot,aformerSr.Vice
PresidentatApple.ItrevealsJobs'sworkatApplefromtheinceptionofgamechanging
productsliketheAppleIIandtheMacintosh,tohisstunningfallfromgrace,andontohisrebirth
atthehelmofApple.[326]
TheZenofSteveJobs(2012)writtenbyCalebMelbywithartworkbyJess3,agraphicnovelabout
therelationshipofJobsandKobunChinoOtogawaandhowthemonk'smentorshipinfluenced
Jobs'sbusinessphilosophy.
HowtoThinkLikeSteveJobs(2013)byDanielSmith.
Documentaryfilms
iGenius:HowSteveJobsChangedtheWorlda2011DiscoveryChanneldocumentaryhosted
byAdamSavageandJamieHyneman.[327]
TheMachineThatChangedtheWorldPart3ofthis1992fivepartdocumentary,calledThe
PaperbackComputer,prominentlyfeaturedJobsandhisroleintheearlydaysofApple.
SteveJobs:BillionDollarHippie,"a2011BBCDocumentary.[328]
SteveJobs:OneLastThinga2011PBSdocumentaryproducedbyPioneerProductions.[329]A
slightlyshortenedandlocalized[330]versionoftheshowwasbroadcast[331]intheUnitedKingdom
thefollowingdaytitled,SteveJobs:iChangedtheWorldonChannel4.[332]
SteveJobs:TheLostInterview,releasedin2012includesthefull70minuteinterviewJobsgavein
1995forthedocumentary,TriumphoftheNerds.
Mobilize:AFilmAboutCellPhoneRadiation,a2014documentary,featuresJobsinarchived
interviews.
Shortfilm
GoldenDreams,a2001shortfilmaboutthehistoryofCaliforniashowatDisneyCalifornia
AdventurePark.SteveJobsisportrayedbyMarkNeveldine.
Featurefilms
UntitledfuturefilmonJobsAUniversalStudiosfilmthatwillbedirectedbyDannyBoylewith
ascreenplaybyAaronSorkin.
Jobsa2013independentfilmbyJoshuaMichaelStern.JobsisportrayedbyAshton
Kutcher.[333]
iSteve,a2013parodyfilmproducedbyFunnyOrDiestarringJustinLongasJobs.
PiratesofSiliconValleya1999TNTfilmwhichchroniclestheriseofAppleandMicrosoft
from1971to1997.JobsisportrayedbyNoahWyle.[334]
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Theater
TheAgonyandEcstasyofSteveJobsThePublicTheater,NewYorkCity,2012,starringMike
Daisey.[335]
Television
ThecharacterJoeMacMillan(LeePace)ontheAMCshowHaltandCatchFirewasinspiredby
SteveJobs.Jobsismentionedfrequentlyontheshow,setin1983.[336]
IntheDoctorWhoepisode,DarkWater,Jobs'sconsciousnessismentionedtohavebeenuploaded
toanafterlifedatabase.[337]
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softdrinksguyinthefirstplace.Bynow,however,Iknewthiswasalunaticplanourraceto
realizeithadbeenadeathmarch.Technologycompaniesareonlysuperficiallyinthesame
50/57
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categoryasconsumerproductscompanies.Wecouldn'tbendrealitytoallourdreamsof
changingtheworld.Theworldwouldalsohavetochangeus.Ourperspectivehadbeen
hopelesslywrong.Hightechcouldnotbedesignedandsoldasaconsumerproduct.The
consumerbusinesshadcollapsedattheendof1984.Mostpeoplewhoboughtcomputersstuffed
themintheclosetbecausebalancingacheckbookwasn'treasonenoughtoflickontheswitch.
Consumersweren'treadytoputcomputersintheirhomesaseasilyastheyinstalledtelephones,
refrigerators,televisions,andevenCuisinarts.Theyweren'twillingtopayacoupleofthousand
dollarsforsomethingtheydidn'tknowwhattodowith.
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325. ^RussiadismantlesSteveJobsmemorialas'gaypropaganda'afterApple'sTimCookcomesout
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329. ^"SteveJobs:OneLastThingPBSshowwebsite"(http://www.pbs.org/programs/stevejobsonelastthing).
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Furtherreading
Butcher,Lee(1987).AccidentalMillionaire:TheriseandfallofSteveJobsatApple.Paragon
House.ISBN9780913729793.
Caddes,Carolyn(1986).PortraitsofSuccess:ImpressionsofSiliconValleyPioneers.Tioga
PublishingCo.ISBN9780935382563.
Cringely,RobertX.(1996).AccidentalEmpires.HarperBusiness.ISBN9780887308550.
Denning,PeterJ.Frenkel,KarenA.(1989)."AconversationwithSteveJobs".Communications
oftheACM32(4):436433.doi:10.1145/63334.63336
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F63334.63336).
Deutschman,Alan(2001).TheSecondComingofSteveJobs.Broadway.ISBN978076790433
9.
Freiberger,PaulSwaine,Michael(1999).FireintheValley:TheMakingofThePersonal
Computer.McGrawHillTrade.ISBN9780071358927.
Hertzfeld,Andy(2004).RevolutionintheValley.O'ReillyBooks.ISBN9780596007195.
Kahney,Leander(2004).TheCultofMac.NoStarchPress.ISBN9781886411838.
Levy,Steven(1984).Hackers:HeroesoftheComputerRevolution.AnchorPress,Doubleday.
ISBN9780385191951.
Levy,Steven(1994).InsanelyGreat:TheLifeandTimesofMacintosh,theComputerthat
ChangedEverything.PenguinBooks.ISBN9780670852444.
Malone,MichaelS.(1999).InfiniteLoop.AurumPress.ISBN9781854106384.Bantam
DoubledayDell.ISBN9780385486842.
Markoff,John(2005).WhattheDormouseSaid:Howthe60sCountercultureShapedthe
PersonalComputerIndustry.NewYork:Viking.ISBN9780670033829.
53/57
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Schlender,Brent,"TheLostSteveJobsTapes"
(http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/165/stevejobslegacytapes),FastCompanymagazine,
May2012issue
Simon,WilliamL.Young,JeffreyS.(2005).iCon:SteveJobs,TheGreatestSecondActinthe
HistoryofBusiness.JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN9780471720836.
Stross,RandallE.(1993).SteveJobsandTheNeXTBigThing.AtheneumBooks.ISBN9780
689121357.
Slater,Robert(1987).PortraitsinSilicon.MITPress.ISBN9780262192620.Chapter28
Young,JeffreyS.(1988).SteveJobs:TheJourneyistheReward.Scott,Foresman&Co.
ISBN9780673188649.
Wozniak,Steve(2006).iWoz:ComputerGeektoCultIcon:HowIinventedthepersonal
computer,cofoundedAppleandhadfundoingit.W.W.Norton&Co.ISBN9780393061437.
Externallinks
Seealso:TimelineofSteveJobsmediaforachronologicallistofhisinterviews,mediaappearances,
andspeakingengagementsandtheirsubjectmatter.
Jobs'sMacworldkeynotein1997whereheannouncedthepartnershipwithMicrosoft
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI)onYouTube
SteveJobs(June2005).SteveJobs's2005StanfordCommencementAddress
(http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html).StanfordUniversity.
"ThoughtsonFlash"(https://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonflash/)bySteveJobs,April
2010.
Appearances(http://www.cspan.org/person/?stephenjobs)onCSPAN
SteveJobs(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/)attheInternetMovieDatabase
WorksbyoraboutSteveJobs(http://worldcat.org/identities/lccnn87883336)inlibraries
(WorldCatcatalog)
SteveJobs(http://www.theguardian.com/technology/stevejobs)collectednewsandcommentaryat
TheGuardian
SteveJobs
(http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/j/steven_p_jobs/index.html)collected
newsandcommentaryatTheNewYorkTimes
SteveJobs(http://topics.wsj.com/person/J/stevejobs/605)collectednewsandcommentaryatThe
WallStreetJournal
BloombergGameChangers:SteveJobs(http://www.bloomberg.com/video/63722844/)A48
minutevideoonSteveJobsbyBloomberg
SteveJobsProfile(http://www.forbes.com/profile/stevejobs)atForbes
Cammeron,Brenna(October5,2011)."SteveJobsDies:ATimelineOfHisHealth"
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/stevejobshealthtimeline_n_997313.html).The
54/57
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HuffingtonPost.
"SteveJobscollectednewsandcommentaryat"(http://allthingsd.com/tag/stevejobs/).
AllThingsD.
SteveJobs(https://www.apple.com/stevejobs/)remembrancenotesfromthecommunity
FederalBureauofInvestigationdossieronStevenPaulJobs(http://vault.fbi.gov/stevejobs).
TheLostSteveJobsSpeech(http://www.pointerbrain.com/theloststevejobsspeechisfound)
SteveJobs:VisionaryEntrepreneura2013documentaryproducedbytheSiliconValley
HistoricalAssociation.Itincorporatesfootagefroma1994interviewwithJobsconductedbythe
historicalassociation.
SteveJobs1994UncutInterviewanunedited1994interviewwithJobsproducedbytheSilicon
ValleyHistoricalAssociation
Articles
"TheCareerofAppleandSteveJobs"(http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/).
Time.2007.RetrievedFebruary21,2012.
Hertzfeld,Andy."TheOriginalMacintosh"(http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?
project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium).folklore.org.Retrieved
February21,2012.
Lohr,Steve(January12,1997)."CreatingJobs"
(http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creatingjobs.html).TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedFebruary21,2012.
Booth,CathyJackson,DavidS.Marchant,Valerie(October6,2011)."Steve'sJob:Restart
Apple"(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html).Time.Retrieved
February21,2012.
Elkind,Peter(March5,2008)."ThetroublewithSteveJobs"
(http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm).Fortune.
RetrievedMarch5,2008.
McCracken,Harry(October5,2011)."SteveJobs,19552011:MourningTechnology'sGreat
Reinventor"(http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html).Time.
RetrievedFebruary21,2012.
"TheFBIFileonSteveJobs"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html).The
WallStreetJournal.RetrievedFebruary21,2012.
Interviews
SteveJobsin1994:TheRollingStoneInterview
(http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/stevejobsin1994therollingstoneinterview
20110117),RollingStone1994,republishedJanuary17,2011.ArchivedURL
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(http://www.webcitation.org/5vqHxPeNY)
SmithsonianInstitutionOralHistoryInterview
(http://www.cwheroes.org/archives/histories/jobs.pdf)PDF(143KB)April20,1995.
TheSeedofApple'sInnovation
(http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083.htm),
BusinessWeekOctober12,2004.
HowBigCanAppleGet?
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/02/21/8251769/index.htm),
FortuneFebruary21,2005.
'GoodfortheSoul'
(https://web.archive.org/web/20061022014411/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15262121/site/new
sweek/)attheWaybackMachine(archivedOctober22,2006)Newsweek,October15,2006.
BillGatesandSteveJobs(videoandtranscriptofonstageinterview)
(http://d5.allthingsd.com/20070530/d5gatesjobsinterview/),AllThingsD,May30,2007.
VideotapedDepositionofStevenP.JobsinfrontoftheSecuritiesandExchangeCommission
(http://images.forbes.com/media/2009/04/24/jobsdeposition.pdf),March18,2008
InterviewwithAbdulfattah"John"Jandali,Jobs'sbiologicalfather,byMohannadAlHajAli
(http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/02/28/stevejobsisabiologicalarabamericanwithrootsin
syriaapple/),publishedinAlHayatandreprintedbyYaLibnan,February28,2011
"SteveJobs'sAppearancesatD,theFullVideoSessions"(http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve
jobsappearancesatdthefullsessions/).AllThingsD.
Businesspositions
Precededby
GilAmelio
CEOofApple
19972011
Succeededby
TimCook
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&oldid=641268552"
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