Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Air conditioning
Lesson Plan
Cold
room
cooler
Cooling
water
Heat energy
Refrigerant flow
Heat out
(1) Evaporator
Liquid
Condenser
(2) Compressor
(3) Condenser
Hot Gas
Expansion (4)
Compressor
Expansion Valve
valve
Low Pressure Side
EVAPORATOR:
Heat out
Liquid
Condenser
Hot Gas
Compressor
Expansion
valve
Low Pressure Side
Evaporator
Gas
Heat in
COMPRESSOR :
Heat out
Liquid
Condenser
Hot Gas
Compressor
Expansion
valve
Low Pressure Side
Evaporator
Gas
Heat in
LIQUEFACTION:
Heat out
Liquid
Condenser
Hot Gas
Compressor
Expansion
valve
Low Pressure Side
Evaporator
Gas
Heat in
EXPANSION:
Heat out
Liquid
Condenser
Hot Gas
Compressor
Expansion
valve
Low Pressure Side
Evaporator
Gas
Heat in
Saturated vapour
line
Sub-cooled
region
Sub cooled
Liquid liquid
vapour
mixture
Superheated
region
Refrigeration Cycle :
Pressure-Enthalpy graph
Enthalpy Total amount of energy per unit
weight of substance.
Unit : BTU / Lb or kJ / kg
Entropy Measure of heat dispersion in a
system divided by temperature.
Unit : BTU / Lb / deg change
or kJ / kg / deg change for a
substance.
P2
Liquid vapour
mixture
Pressure
(absolute)
P1
1
Superheated
vapour
Refrigeration Cycle :
Pressure-Enthalpy chart
Non ideal Refrigeration Cycle : Pressure Enthalpy chart , showing
superheating & sub cooling
Pressure (absolute)
Vapour to Liquid
Sub cooled liquid
4
Superheated
transformation
in
Liquid vapour
mixture
CONDENSER
Superheated
vapour
subcooling
Throttling at
expansion
valve
Liquid vapour
mixture
1
Liquid to Vapour
Transformation in
superheated
EVAPORATOR
Enthalpy ( BTU / lbs or KJ / kg )
Non ideal Refrigeration Cycle : Pressure Enthalpy chart , showing superheating & sub cooling
Vapour to Liquid
Pressure (absolute)
Superheated vapour
transformation in
CONDENSER
4
Throttling at
expansion
valve
Liquid vapour
mixture
Liquid to Vapour
Transformation in
H1
EVAPORATOR
H2
H3
The amount of heat that the refrigerant absorb being equal to the cooling load.
(1) Refrigerant cooling load ( F ) = cooling load / ( H2 H1)
(2) Work done by compressor = F x ( H3 H2 )
(3) Heat rejected by condenser = F x ( H3 H1 )
(4) Heat absorbed by evaporator = F x ( H2 H1 )
Coefficient of Performance (COP) = heat absorbed by refrigerant / Energy required driving compressor
= ( H2 H1) / ( H3 H2)
Pressure-Enthalpy chart
1-2 : EVAPORATOR extraction of heat from room
2-3 : COMPRESSOR compression work
Pressure
( bar )
Vapour to Liquid
transformation in
16
= 154 / 61 or 2.52
CONDENSER at 42 deg C
Throttling at
expansion valve
Work done in the
compressor
3.2
Liquid to Vapour
Transformation in
EVAPORATOR at -13 deg C
150
304
365
Enthalpy ( KJ / kg of refrigerant )
To FISH ROOM
Condenser
Solenoid
Drier
receiver
expansion valve
stop valve
Oil return to
compressor sump
HP pressure switch
To VEGETABLE
ROOM
Evaporator
Capillary tube
Oil separator
Fan / blower
T1
Sight glass
Bulb
HP pressure gauge
T2
Oil pressure gauge
Refrigerant
compressor
MEAT ROOM
Back pressure
regulating valve
From FISH ROOM
LP pressure switch
From VEGETABLE
ROOM
: Refrigerant flow
Thermostat
Brine
header
tank
Condenser / Receiver
Solenoid
stop valve
expansion valve
Drier
Cooling water in / out
Evaporator
Capillary tube
Oil separator
pump
T1
Sight glass
Oil return to
compressor sump
Bulb
HP pressure switch
T2
Refrigerant
compressor
Temperature
sensor
LP pressure switch
: Refrigerant flow
Secondary refrigerant
to various
compartment
Purpose :
Act as system balancing diverters
a) When all solenoid valves are opened, the valve restrict liquid flowing into the vegetable room &
therefore deliver the bulk to the colder rooms.
b) Limits the pressure drops across the expansion valve by giving a set minimum pressure in the
evaporator coil. Prevents cold air blowing directly onto delicate vegetables.
Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Screw
Oil Separator
Gas from
compressor
Gas to
condenser
Internal
baffles
Oil to
compressor
crankcase
Oil
Page 12
Float
Refrigerant in
Clean,dry refrigerant
Desiccant
(dehydrating material)
Felt pad
Fine filter to remove small
particles
Page 13
Condenser:
Air cooled type up to 5 hp
Large capacity shell & tube type , SW
cool
Tubes aluminium brass (option ext. fins)
Water velocity < 2.5 m/s minimise erosion
Anodes avoid corrosion non ferrous
metals
Throttling device:
Metering of refrigerant rate suitable to maintain
designed operating pressures at different load.
Maintain pressure differential between HP & LP side.
The pressure of the refrigerant is reduced as it passes through the small orifice
of the throttling device. With the reduction in pressure, the corresponding
boiling point of the liquid is reduced.
Expansion valve
automatic expansion valve
thermostatic expansion valve
externally equalised thermostatic
expansion valve
Refrigerant OUT
Spring
diaphram
Refrigeration
pressure
Closing
action
Liquid Refrigerant
IN
Throttling
Orifice
Evaporator
Page 18
bulb
Refrigerant OUT
(slightly superheated gas)
diaphram
Throttling
orifice
Liquid Refrigerant
IN
spring
Evaporator
Page 19
Page 20
Manual start/stop
Speed variation
Cylinder unloading
reciprocating compressor
Unloading device
Cylinder for unloading
mechanism
Cylinder cover
Oil separator
Safety spring
Spring
Delivery valve
Suction valve
Piston
Refrigerant flow
To crankcase
Refrigerant flow
Liner
Unloader
Capacity
regulator
Spring
Oil Pressure
gauge
Suction valve
Pin
Piston
Ring
Suction pressure
Unloader
Oil pressure
switch
Ball joint
Cylinder for unloading
mechanism
To internal oil
passages in
crankshaft
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Attached pump
Oil strainer
No oil pressure
Screw compressor
DRIVE
SHAFT
INLET
LOBES
Max
Min
DISCHARGE
PORT
UNLOADING
PISTON
BYPASS
GAS
CYLINDER
SLIDE VALVE
NORMAL LOADING
Page 12
OUTLET
Screw compressor
DRIVE
SHAFT
INLET
LOBES
Max
Min
DISCHARGE
PORT
UNLOADING
PISTON
BYPASS
GAS
CYLINDER
OUTLET
SLIDE VALVE
REDUCE LOADING