2 Explain cloud characterstics and service

model?

A good starting point for a definition of cloud computing is the definition issued by the U.S.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) September, 2011. It starts with:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access
to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five
essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. (The NIST
Definition of Cloud Computing, SP800-145.pdf)
Before getting to the essential characteristics, service models, and deployment models of the
cloud model mentioned at the end of the definition, let's pause for a moment and consider this
first part of the first sentence. It mentions a shared pool of configurable computing resources.
This aspect of Cloud Computing is not new. In fact, it is fair to draw a direct line from timesharingthat was initiated in the late 1950s and saw significant growth in the 1960s and
1970sto today's Cloud Computing. Adding to that, however, is the essential characteristic
of Cloud Computing known as elasticity. The second part of the first sentence alludes to
elasticity by stating there are computing resources ... that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. (We'll get to
service provider later.)
The end of the first sentence of the definition mentions a service provider. In Cloud
Computing, the elastic computing resources are used to provide a service. It is unclear how
rigorous we should view the term service in this definition. Nevertheless, Cloud Computing
is very much involved with the software engineering term service. A service is the endpoint
of a connection. Also, a service has some type of underlying computer system that supports
the connection offered (in this case the elastic computing resources). See:

Web Services and Cloud Computing

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud Computing

The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing lists five essential characteristics of Cloud
Computing. It is reasonable to assume that missing any one of these essential characteristics
means a service or computing capability cannot be considered as Cloud Computing.
1. On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing
capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically
without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
2. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
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3. Resource pooling. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a
sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or
knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to
specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
4. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some
cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to
be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
5. Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type
of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Typically
this is done on a pay-per-use or charge-per-use basis. Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider
and consumer of the utilized service.
So, Cloud Computing is measured, on-demand, elastic computing using pooled resources,
usually on the Internet.
Next, the NIST Definition of Cloud Computing list three service models:
1. Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure2. The applications are
accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a
web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.More on
Software as a Service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy
onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created
using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has
control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment. More on Platform as a Service (PaaS).
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources
where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and
deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components
(e.g., host firewalls). More on Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
Although it is not part of the NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, Network as a Service
(NaaS) is sometimes factored out of IaaS. See Network as a Service (NaaS).

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These service models need illustrations an further discussion to make them easier to
understand. You can find such illustrations and further discussion of these service models in
Categories of Cloud Providers.

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Harshita Sarraf
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