A Study of Relations among Learning Motivation,

Training Effectiveness and Work Performance

***
Melody L.Y. Wen*Shih-Cheng Wei**

630 394 62.5%

t Pearson
1.

2.
3.

Abstract
The quality of human resources is the crucial factor to create the competitive
advantage within an organization. Therefore, a lot of organizations invest more
resources to pursue higher human quality. To make a comprehensive survey of global
ecosystem in the 21st century, the most major problem is environment which worsens
suddenly, as the global warming result in climate anomaly. Its the duty for Forestry
Bureau to protect forest ecosystem and conserve natural resources. There is no
denying that the Forestry Bureau's employees to take part in education training is very
important. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among learning
motivation, training effectiveness and work performance. Six hundred and thirty
questionnaires were sent to the Forestry Bureau employees by purposive sampling
method and 394 useable questionnaires returned, with 62.5% valid return rate. The
data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics analysis, t-test,
one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, multiple stepwise regressions and hierarchical
moderator regression. According to the findings, the results were summarized as
*

**

follows: 1. There was significant differences on organizational commitment, learning

motivation, training effectiveness and work performance among employees
demographic variables; 2. The higher reaction in learning motivation was result in
higher training effectiveness; 3. Learning level of training effectiveness had a direct
effect on work performance.
Finally, the recommendations based on the findings and conclusions of the study
were made for the government and the further study.
Keywords: learning motivation, training effectiveness, work performance

Noe, 2005
Porter1990

McDermott, 1987

1999
1997continuing professional
education

Noe1986

2006

2004

Mckeachie1961learning motivation

Brophy1988

1992
1996
1996

Sheffield, 1964

1992
1.2.3.4.
5.6.

training effectiveness

Dessler, 2003

2001

1994

Kirkpatrick1959
2003

Kirkpatrick


Reaction level

Learning level

noisy
factors

Behavior level
transfer

Result level

Kirkpatrick

Kirkpatrick

Campbell1990job performance

Borman Motowidlo1993

1999

Korman1977work
motivationskills & abilitiesrole perceptions
MannheimBaruch Tal1997

Borman Motowidlo1993Campbell1990
task performance
contextual performance
Borman Motowidlo
1996

1996

1.task performance

2.contextual performance

Botsman1975
CarpPeterson Roelfs19763,910

2002
19851,859

1985

2002
30551993
1995
1997
2001

Joseph
1980

Ordor1980

1985

19951997

H1
H1-1
H1-2
H1-3
H1-4
H1-5
H1-6

1992

2005

1990

2001
1992

21-30
2003


1990

1992

H2
H2-1
H2-2
H2-3
H2-4
H2-5
H2-6

2002

2002

2002

H3
H3-1
H3-2
H3-3
H3-4
H3-5
H3-6

1992

2004

H4

2004

2004

H5

1.
3.
5.

H1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

2.
4.
6.

H2

H4

1.
2.
3.

H3

H5

1.
2.

2006

34
43 43 630 459
72.9 65 394
62.5

Likerts 5 point-scale

5 4 3 2
1

1.
6

2.

19852002
Promax
.4

66.126
Cronbachs ..928


Kirkpatrick1959

200420062006

Promax
.4
63.494 Cronbachs .
.924

19962004

Promax .4

55.937 Cronbachs ..939

SPSS 12.0
t

229 58.1
165 41.9%35 ~40 () 40
~45 () 88 22.3
/
122 31.0 58.4%
137 34.8
129
32.7 30
169 42.9

()

(1)
(2)
(1)30
(2)30 ~35 ()
(3)35 ~40 ()
(4)40 ~45 ()
(5)45 ~50 ()
(6)50 ~55 ()
(7)55
(1)()
(2)
(3)/
(4)()
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)~()
(3)~()
(4)~()
(5)~()
(6)
(1)30
(2)30 ~50 ()
(3)50 ~90 ()
(4)90

229
165
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
95
108
122
69
137
26
126
41
62
30
39
27
72
97
129
169
110
68
47

58.1
41.9
10.9
16.5
22.3
22.3
9.9
11.4
6.6
24.1
27.4
31.0
17.5
34.9
6.6
32.1
10.5
15.8
7.6
9.9
6.9
18.3
24.6
32.7
42.9
27.9
17.3
11.9

t t-test

one-way ANOVA

t 2
p.05
H1-1
H2-1

H3-1

 2 t

229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165

3.941
4.019
3.242
3.061
3.917
3.886
3.052
3.045
3.340
3.245
3.347
3.482
3.541
3.337
3.530
3.493

.477
.514
.737
.758
.560
.607
.710
.722
.716
.841
.693
.792
.804
.690
.477
.470

229
165
229
165
229
165
229
165

3.443
3.355
3.806
3.639
3.675
3.568
3.649
3.525

.503
.455
.566
.489
.618
.572
.475
.422

3.880
3.963
3.872
3.872
3.875
3.905

.468
.487
.462
.518
.439
.479

-1.549

.122

2.386*

.017*

.518

.605

.103

.918

1.195

.233

-1.805

.072

2.696*

.007*

.767

.444

1.782

.076

3.058*

.002*

1.742

.082

2.676*

.008*

-1.698

.090

.004

.997

-.650

.516

229
165
229
165
229
165

*p.05

Scheff

1. 30 ()
40 ~45 ()
H1-2
F
Scheff Scheff
.05

 F
H3-2

55

4.172
4.086
3.886
3.964
3.892
3.938
3.885
3.273
3.112
2.997
3.190
3.288
3.433
2.971
3.948
4.042
3.783
3.930
3.840
3.906
3.904
3.265
2.966
2.970
2.957
3.118
3.364
2.831
3.628
3.138
3.236
3.196
3.455
3.494
3.163
3.781
3.409
3.352
3.273
3.431
3.511
3.154

.404
.487
.468
.545
.418
.506
.537
.707
.809
.658
.796
.722
.702
.801
.754
.588
.553
.608
.470
.459
.519
.590
.832
.597
.792
.671
.591
.741
.821
.802
.666
.789
.763
.677
.863
.667
.780
.772
.735
.650
.614
.778

3.530
3.492
3.225
3.518
3.451
3.560

.716
.731
.712
.874
.729
.687

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26

3.438
3.413
3.356
3.438
3.278
3.444
3.519
3.794
3.699
3.708
3.805
3.612
3.721
3.808
3.721
3.588
3.609
3.682
3.472
3.707
3.592

.507
.514
.461
.487
.451
.471
.517
.421
.584
.522
.561
.520
.527
.646
.535
.562
.556
.669
.610
.601
.687

43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

2.607*

.017

N/A

2.431*

.026

N/A

1.419

.206

3.262*

.004

3.111*

N/A

.005

N/A

3.174*

.005

(1)
(4)

1.923

.076

.989

.432

.838

.541

.934

.471

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

43
65
88
88
39
45
26
43
65
88
88
39
45
26

3.728
3.949
3.914
3.976
3.996
3.794
4.022
3.783
3.904
3.859
3.954
3.840
3.781
3.910

.420
.547
.452
.467
.393
.453
.575
.403
.503
.471
.516
.468
.466
.565

*p.05N/A

2.336*

.031

1.028

.406

N/A

4
Scheff

1. ()()

2. ()()

3. ()()

H1-3 H3-3

F Scheff
Scheff
.05
F

3.907
3.939
4.025
4.032
3.337
3.120
3.150
3.033
3.789
3.854
3.940
4.078

.492
.482
.516
.466
.712
.755
.690
.865
.547
.544
.616
.575

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.196
3.069
3.030
2.852

.691
.642
.718
.806

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.529
3.280
3.273
3.065

.746
.673
.823
.788

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.493
3.331
3.452
3.307

.708
.666
.824
.721

1.377

.249

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.632
3.356
3.430
3.414

.735
.719
.829
.724

2.439

.064

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69
95
108
122
69
95
108
122
69

3.525
3.367
3.389
3.331
3.821
3.648
3.770
3.696
3.712
3.541
3.667
3.594

.479
.496
.494
.437
.501
.519
.551
.592
.550
.607
.632
.593

95
108
122
69
95
108
122
69
95
108
122
69

1.509

2.551

.212

.055

3.805*

.010

(4)
(1)

3.196*

.024

(1)
(4)

.002

(1)
(4)

5.155*

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

2.760*

.042

2.045

.107

1.624

.183

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.821
3.978
3.918
3.940

.497
.445
.479
.485

1.922

.125

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

95
108
122
69

3.796
3.856
3.908
3.937

.483
.484
.481
.498

1.472

.222

*p.05N/A

N/A

P.05 Scheff

p.006.05

F Dunnetts T3

1.
2.
3.
H1-4H2-4 H3-4

F Scheff

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62

4.001
3.992
3.937
4.039
3.929
3.286
3.317
3.065
2.945
3.185
3.861
4.043
3.902
4.058
3.841
3.146
3.046
2.967
2.829
3.148

.485
.465
.505
.393
.561
.647
.577
.857
.774
.749
.612
.547
.544
.631
.553
.687
.705
.747
.601
.754

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

137
26
126
41
62

3.538
3.394
3.133
3.049
3.238

.695
.637
.810
.692
.832

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62

3.505
3.531
3.294
3.234
3.445
3.562
3.654
3.381
3.302
3.377

.692
.480
.775
.777
.800
.739
.666
.725
.844
.858

137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62
137
26
126
41
62

3.456
3.378
3.376
3.427
3.352
3.844
3.890
3.666
3.707
3.583
3.698
3.754
3.578
3.663
3.506

.480
.454
.506
.453
.493
.484
.544
.598
.473
.529
.553
.628
.636
.547
.646

.600

2.644*

.663

.033

1.469

.211

2.342

.054

N/A

.717

.580

3.793*

.005

1.642

.163

(1)
(3)
6.337*

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

.000
(1)
(4)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

137
26
126
41
62

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

137
26
126
41
62

3.849
3.863
3.912
4.028
4.014
3.832
3.958
3.850
3.943
3.905

.466
.484
.466
.512
.491
.467
.487
.487
.450
.540

2.145

.075

1.990

.095

*p.05N/A

1.987

.096

.788

.533

(1)
(5)

Scheff

p.008.05

p.009.05

F Dunnetts T3
H1-5 H3-5

1.
~()
2.
~()
3.

4.
~()
5. ~()

H3-5
~

30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129

4.300
4.051
4.059
3.947
3.942
3.896
3.450
3.109
3.241
3.069
3.155
3.165
4.025
3.821
4.000
3.892
3.862
3.920
3.293
3.056
3.044
2.928
3.068
3.045
3.767
3.282
3.259
3.128
3.343
3.269
3.680
3.482
3.600
3.400
3.301
3.353
3.627
3.508
3.533
3.347
3.441
3.454

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129

3.400
3.457
3.525
3.336
3.411
3.402
3.910
3.744
3.905
3.621
3.760
3.704
3.773
3.677
3.874
3.547
3.623
3.584

.603
.442
.595
.412
.428
.521
.427
.572
.543
.508
.536
.564
.560
.571
.684
.574
.572
.627

.374
.496
.517
.506
.461
.502
.621
.767
.695
.828
.658
.798
.548
.737
.620
.723
.483
.501
.759
.744
.671
.718
.673
.729
.710
.837
.842
.851
.636
.765
.769
.841
.746
.834
.622
.709
.716
.622
.744
.871
.629
.845

3.873*

.002

(1) (4)
(1)(5)
(1)(6)

1.204

.306

.694

.628

1.135

.341

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

.716

.612

1.947

.086

1.720

.129

(1) (4 )

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

30
39
27
72
97
129
30
39
27
72
97
129

3.652
3.879
3.942
4.014
3.897
3.939
3.781
3.791
3.975
3.983
3.881
3.828

.376
.440
.489
.478
.462
.501
.403
.444
.414
.461
.490
.530

3.109*

.009

1.823

.107

.687

.633

*p.05N/A

2.644*

.023

1.659

.144

Scheff H1-6H2-6

1. 90
30 ~50 ()
2. 90

(4) (1 )

 30
H3-6

F
Scheff
F
7

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.943
3.960
4.000
4.081

.523
.469
.462
.480

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.175
3.114
3.239
3.154

.775
.708
.742
.779

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.876
3.797
4.018
4.093

.561
.598
.589
.531

4.034*

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.148
2.947
2.997
3.009

.691
.739
.737
.678

2.011

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.411
3.170
3.324
3.170

.779
.791
.720
.726

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.404
3.285
3.556
3.460

.738
.770
.674
.727

2.008

.112

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.480
3.333
3.585
3.464

.747
.790
.713
.816

1.672

.172

1.047

.402

.372

.751

.008

(4) (2 )

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.312
3.473
3.429
3.553

.485
.465
.471
.499

4.438*

.004

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.735
3.744
3.729
3.729

.555
.511
.565
.538

.014

.998

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.609
3.571
3.762
3.655

.592
.618
.580
.612

1.545

.202

.112

2.705*

.045

N/A

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.886
3.952
3.954
3.875

.460
.495
.484
.490

.685

.561

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

169
110
68
47

3.835
3.939
3.908
3.793

.470
.484
.426
.606

1.578

.194

*p.05N/A

(4) (1 )


Pearson
r .80.80r .40.40.80 .80
r .40 2006
Pearson 8

-.038~.261
r=.756, p.01
r=.767, p.01

r -.038 ~ .646

8 Pearson

1.
1.
3.974
.493
2.
3.166
.750
.310**
3.
3.904
.580
.521**
4.
3.049
.714
.280**
5.
3.300
.771
.253**
6.
3.404
.738
.271**
7.
3.455
.764
.307**
8.
3.406
.485
.207**
9.
3.736
.541
.458**
10.
3.630
.601
.411**
14.
3.915
.477
.159**
15.
3.872
.486
.221**
*p.05 **p.01 394

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

14.

.242**
.583**
.566**
.393**
.374**
.249**
.277**
.248**
-.018
.008

.220**
.193**
.333**
.407**
.178**
.339**
.324**
.261**
.260**

.646**
.500**
.426**
.329**
.298**
.294**
.002
.022

.640**
.556**
.309**
.367**
.416**
-.009
.029

.555**
.235**
.312**
.377**
.099*
.095

.268**
.499**
.500**
.109*
.131**

.492**
.447**
-.038
.012

.756**
.051
.135**

.050
.112*

.767**

9
36.5p
.05
36.5
25.7
8.6
2.2

.05 H4
9

F
R2
R2

.318
.291
.180
-.007
.033
.050
-.011
74.710*
.365
.360

R2

.257
.086
.022

.000
.000
.000
.882
.503
.355
.841

6.417*
6.825*
3.678*
-.148
.670
.925
-.200

*p.05

10
10.2
p.05 10.2

H5-2
10

F
R2
R2
*p.05

-.081
.111
.026
4.878*
.102
.012*

-1.399
2.209*
.339

.163
.028
.735

30
90

~ () ~ ()

~ ()

90
30 ~ 50 ()

90

90
30

~ ()

360

2004

2003

1993
1996

2006SPSS
2006

1992

2002

2003
205899-928
2006

1996
2002

2004

2002

1999

4013
2001

2006

2001

2005

1995

1992

2001

1985

1992
1996342-8
2002
2004

1990

1997

1992

2004

2002

1994124

2004

1997

1999

Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include
elements of contextual performance. In Schmitt, N. & Borman, W. C. (Eds.).
Personnel selection in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 71-98.
Brophy, J. E. (1988). On motivations student. In Berliner D. & Rosenshine B. (Eds). :
Talks to teachers. New York: Randon House, 201-245.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial
and organization psychology. In Dunnette, M. D. & Hough L. M. (Eds.).
Handbook of Industrial and Organization Psychology (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychologists Press, 1, 687-732.
Dessler, G. (2003). Human Resource Management (9th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Joseph, H. J. (1980). The influence of selected socio-demographic factors and
motivational orientation on enrollment persistence of adult part-time students in
university courses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State
University at Raleigh.
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1959). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Journal of the
American Society of Training Directors, 13(11), 3-9.
Korman, G. (1977). This Can't Be Happening at MacDonald Hall. New York:
Scholastic.
Mannheim, B., Baruch Y., & Tal J. (1997). Alternative Models for Antecedents and
Outcomes of Work Centrality and Job Satisfaction of High Tech Personnel.
Human Relations, 50(9) , 1537-1562.
McDermott, A. G. (1987). A model of training effectiveness: Individual and
environmental factors influencing training outcomes. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, TX: University of Houston.
Mckeachie, W. J. (1961). Motivation, teaching methods, and college learning. In
Jones M. R. (Ed.). Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of
Nebraska, 111-142.
Noe, R. A. (2003). Employee training and development (3th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Noe, R. A. (2005). Employee Training and Development with Powerweb Card. (3rd
ed.). Columbus, OH: State University of Columbus.
Ordors, D. G. (1980). Models for motivation for participation in adult education.
Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Porter, L. W., Steers R. M. & Mowday R. T., Boulian P. V. (1974). Organization
commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians.
Journal of Applied Psycholocy, 59, 603-609.
Sheffield, S. B. (1964). The Orientation of Adult Continuing Learners. In D. Solomon
(ED.), The Continuing Learners. Chicago, Ill: Center for the Study of Liberal
Education for Adult.