Professional Documents
Culture Documents
November
No. 11
1977
Newsletter of t h e S o c i e t y of A f r i c a n i s t A r c h a e o l o g i s t s i n America,
E d i t e d by P.L. S h i n n i e and i s s u e d from t h e Department of Archaeology,
The U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, Calgary, A l b e r t a , T2N 1 N 4 , Canada. Typing
and e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e by Ama Owusua S h i n n i e .
$15
Total
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s t h e r e a r e c o s t s f o r s t a t i o n e r y , mainly
envelopes amounting t o about $30 f o r each i s s u e . Making a t o t a l of
$641 o r $2.17 p e r copy which i s $4.34 p e r y e a r (two i s s u e s )
Of t h e p r e s e n t c i r c u l a t i o n of 295 c o p i e s , a c i r c u l a t i o n which
i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y each y e a r , though it i s now somewhat below t h e 1976
f i g u r e because of t h e r e c e n t removal of t h o s e no l o n g e r i n t e r e s t e d , I
c a l c u l a t e t h a t about 40 probably do not have a c c e s s t o c o n v e r t i b l e
currency s o t h a t 255 a r e being asked t o c a r r y t h e c o s t . I a m t h e r e f o r e
proposing t o charge an annual s u b s c r i p t i o n of $7 i n t h e hope of r a i s i n g
at l e a s t $1,785 p e r y e a r , S i n c e some charges w i l l s t i l l be c a r r i e d by
Calgary and t y p i n g w i l l continue t o be done f r e e of charge t h i s sum
should s u f f i c e t o pay production c o s t s , a l l o w of f r e e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o
t h o s e a b s o l u t e l y unable t o f i n d c o n v e r t i b l e c u r r e n c y , and provide a
s m a l l sum t o enable D r . Bisson, who w i l l c a r r y t h e burden of d e a l i n g
with t h e a c c o u n t s , t o h i r e some p a r t - t i m e a s s i s t a n c e .
Costs a r e l i k e l y t o go up s l i g h t l y i n f u t u r e b u t s i n c e i n c r e a s e d
p r i n t i n g r u n s r e s u l t i n a lower u n i t p r i c e an i n c r e a s e i n p a i d c i r c u l a t i o n would be of c o n s i d e r a b l e h e l p . There a r e s t i l l , I s u s p e c t , a
c o n s i d e r a b l e number of c o l l e a g u e s who would be i n t e r e s t e d i n Nyame Akuma
i f it were brought t o t h e i r a t t e n t i o n - p l e a s e s o b r i n g it.
I e n c l o s e a s e p a r a t e s h e e t on which t o r e c o r d your s u b s c r i p t i o n .
I would be g r a t e f u l i f you would complete it and send it w i t h your
cheque t o D r . Bisson.
P.L. Shinnfe.
m s
ITEMS
BOTSWANA
The following telex was received from Dr.Tamplin of Trent
University:
EAST AFRICA
The B r i t i s h I n s t i t u t e i n E a s t e r n A f r i c a .
Publications
AZANIA X I 1 (1977) i s a s p e c i a l number devoted t o t h e L a t e Stone Age i n
E a s t e r n A f r i c a and i s e d i t e d by D.M,Phillipson,
Articles include:
D , W . P h i l l i p s o n , 'Lowasera'
M.J. Mehlman, 'Excavations a t Nasera Rock, Tanzania'
John R.F. Bower, Charles M. Nelson, Albert F. Waibel and Sipiyu Wandibba,
'The University of Massachusetts' Later Stone ~ge/~astoral' Neolithic '
Comparative Study in Central Kenya'
.4
Ethiopia
Travaux de 1'Institut Ethiopien d'~rch;ologie dans le Soddo,
par F. Anfray
La quatrigme campagne d'arch6ologi-e a 6t6 accomplie dans le Soddo
du 2 mai au 10 juin 1977.
Le Soddo est une rggion qui se trouve m e centaine de kilomhes
au sud-ouest d'Addis-Abeba. On y trouve de nombreux sites de la protohistoire caract6ris6s principalement par des tombes et des st&es
anthropomorphes, figuratives, marqu6es de symboles vari6s. Les
recherches ont eu lieu dans les cantop de Lemen et de Tiya du district
de Zwa?,ainsi que dans le canton de To16 du district de Wolisso.
Come par le pas&, 1'objet des travaux cette ann6e a 6t6 1'inventaire
des sites et des monuments. Ce recensement comporte naturellement
l'6tude arch6ologique des sites et des monuments (localisation, description, dessin et photographie)
. .
Matabaietu y i e l d e d a c o l l e c t i o n of w e l l - p a t i n a t e d Oldowan
One
a r t i f a c t s d i s t r i b u t e d over a 70 by 40 m square a r e a a able 1 )
f r e s h a r t i f a c t , a b i f a c i a l chopper ( ~ i g .2 a ) , w a s found -in situ at
t h e t o p of a low narrow r i d g e overlooking t h e s i t e . V i r t u a l l y a l l
a r t i f h c t s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d down t h e western s l o p e of t h i s r i d g e and
a c r o s b a r e l a t i v e l y f l a t s u r f a c e t o a small wadi. E v i d e n t l y , t h e
l i v i n g s u r f a c e h a s been almost t o t a l l y d i s t r o y e d w i t h o n l y a small
p o s s i b i l i t y of a r t i f a c t s remaining -in situ.
J u s t n o r t h (ca. 100 m . )
of t h e main c o n c e n t r a t i o n were found t h e remains of an e l e p h a n t
p a r t i a l l y washed downslope. A l a r g e d e n t i c u l a t e d s c r a p e r was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e bones.
laterally a great deal. All artifacts were analyzed in the field but
without detailed typological or technological studies. The impossibility of exporting the artifact sample and subsequent political developments have prevented further work.
Choppers are mostly unifacial and occasionally difficult to
distinguish from simple flake cores. In addition, a predilection for
thin, wedge-shaped cobble blanks causes some gradation into light-duty
scrapers ( ~ i ~
2c).
. Choppers range in size from 110/95/28 qun. (length/
width/thickness) to 51/48/34 mm. with a mean of 92/80/40 millimeters.
The protoburins ( ~ i 2d)
~ . are all symmetrical dihedral and formed by two
blows. In both size and blank type they closely resemble protoburins
from site DK at Olduvai Gorge. A total of six heavy-duty scrapers was
recovered from Matabaietu. They range in size from 145/150/85 mm to
76/87/50 mm with a mean of 120/104/61 milimeters . Morphologically,
these pieces somewhat resemble single platforn flake cores and tend to
grade into them, In addition, the surface collection yielded two polyhedrons ( ~ i 2b)
~ ., two light-duty scrapers, and one questionable burin.
Although 26 pieces were classified as cores or core fragments, detailed
study would probably place a riumber of these within the polyhedron or
heavy-duty scraper categories. One typical discoidal core was recovered
in addition to a globular core which approaches discoidal. One single
platforn blade core was found which is anomalous considering the rest
of the assemblage. Bidirectional orientation was noted in six of the
cores.
..
Acknowledgements:
Professor Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University provided
administrative and financial support for the 1976 field season. I
should also like to thank Jon Kalb of the RVRME for the opportunity to
work in the Afar and for his friendship, David Searcy, of Dallas, Texas,
illustrated the artifacts under less than ideal conditions, and is also
to be thanked.
8
Tools
Choppers
Scrapers, light-duty
S c r a p e r s , heavy-duizy
Polyhedrons
Protobur i n s
Burin
Total
Number
6
2
6
2
Debitage
Flakes
Broken f l a k e s
Blades
Broken b l a d e s
Primary elements
Chunks
Chips
Total
3
1
20
54
32
3
2
13
5
21
130
Table 1
T o t a l A r t i f a c t Assemblage From
Matabaietu North Upper-
Percent
30.0
10.0
30.0
10.0
15.0
5.0
100.0
41.5
24.6
2.4
1.5'
10.0
3.8
16.2
100.0
10 cm.
0
L
Fig.2
Ethiopian Research
Jim Gallagher
w e n t research in Ethiopia includes the canpletion of a Ph. D.
dissertation entitled Ethnoarchaeological and Prehistoric Investigations
in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The research was carried out in 1971
as part of a series of Ethiopian expeditions by Southern Methodist
University and funded by the National Science Foundation (Gallagher 1973,
1974, in press). The dissertation is being reprinted by University
Microfilms.
,SMU
were identified by local people as being not m r e than one year old.
The discovery of the recent chipping stations led to the investigation
of contemporary stone tool use in central Ethiopia in an attempt to
asses the relatianship between the LSA and current stone tool technology
and use.
s a
period. The people who make and use these stone tools are a l l ~ r of
despised caste of leather tanners called fakis.
- The material is obsidian which
is mined with digging sticks, shaped into blanks, and transported to the
hame of the hide worker.
The hide worker shapes the blanks into oval or limace-shaped scrapers
Each handle
has two scrapers held in place with pitch. The scraper is frequently
resharpened by the hide worker as he scrapes the hide thus reducing the
size of the scraper rapidly. Usually four scrapers are used up in
the preparation of a single cow hide. All exhausted scrapers (fig.3)
, debi-
12
tage, and waste are carefully saved in baskets or other suitable containers
and duped into a pit 10-50 meters frm the habitation area.
Gallagher, James P.
1973 Preliminary report on archaeological research near Lake Zuai
Ethiopia. Annalfes D1Ethiopia,9 (64-80), Ethiopian Archaeological
Institute, Addis Ababa.
1974 Preparation of hides with stone tools in south central Ethiopia.
Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 13 (177-182),Institute of Ethiopian
Studies, Addis Ababa.
In press
Fig. 2
Hide Scrapers i n Wooden Handle
Fig. 3
2 cni.
Ethnographic T o o l s
a, b
c, e
d
E x h a u s t e d hide s c r a p e r s , M u c t a ' s d u m p
Exhausted hide s c r a p e r s , M o l i s o ' s d u m p
G l a s s hide s c r a p e r , Mafaed
Kenya
T h i s r e p o r t is from M r . Sassoon a t Morabasa:
You have a l r e a d y published a n o t e about t h e Mombasa Wreck Excavat i o n , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t anybody i n t e r e s t e d should w r i t e t o me f o r a copy
of o u r l a t e s t r e p o r t . Only one person responded t o t h i s i n v i t a t i o n . I
have r e c e n t l y s e n t you a n e w s l e t t e r o u t l i n i n g o u r program f o r t h e 1978
d i v i n g season.
From September through November 1976 I c a r r i e d o u t a r e s c u e
excavation on t h e s i t e where e x t e n s i o n s a r e now being b u i l t f o r t h e
Coast General H o s p i t a l , on t h e east s i d e of Mombasa I s l a n d . I f i r s t
became aware of t h i s s i t e i n 1974 when I found t h a t t h e beach below t h e
h o s p i t a l was made up of broken p o t t e r y . Trenches dug w i t h i n a s m a l l
a r e a some 20m by 20m on t h e l a n d above t h e beach produced l u g e q u a n t i t i e s of p o t t e r y . T h i s i n c l u d e d s g r a f f i a t o , I s l a m i c monochrome, P e r s i a n
The
t i n g l a z e , celadon and a few s h e r d s of chinese b l u e and w h i t e .
p e r i o d covered by t h i s assemblage would appear t o be 1100 - 1500 A . D .
The s i t e i n c l u d e d massive masonry walls, 45-60 cm t h i c k and s t a n d i n g up
t o 2 , 50m h i g h - although e n t i r e l y below p r e s e n t ground l e v e l .
C o n s t r u c t i o n w a s random c o r a l rag and l i m e m o r t a r . No doorways o r
windows were found and it seems t h a t we o n l y found s t r e e t and garden
w a l l s , but no domestic b u i l d i n g s . The s c a l e of t h e occupation and
b u i l d i n g s makes it c l e a r t h a t t h i s was t h e s i t e of a c o n s i d e r a b l e town.
Adjacent a r e a s , n o t y e t b u i l t o v e r , a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r f u r t h e r e x c a v a t i o n
when time p e r m i t s .
S i n c e September 1 up t o t h e t i m e of w r i t i n g ( ~ o v e m b e r4 ) , I have
been c l e a r i n g a mound b e s i d e Mbaraki P i l l a r , on t h e west s i d e of Mombasa
I s l a n d . T h i s h a s now r e v e a l e d i t s e l f a s a s m a l l b u t w e l l - b u i l t mosque.
To t h e e a s t of t h e main h a l l o r musalla t h e r e i s a n o t h e r musalla which
w a s probably used by women. To t h e e a s t of t h i s t h e r e i s a f i n e and
deep c i s t e r n . On t h e west s i d e of t h e mosque t h e r e i s a n o t h e r c i s t e r n ,
around which a low s t e p h o l d s f o u r c o r a l foot-rubbing b o s s e s . Nearby
a r e t h e remains of a s q u a t l a v a t o r y . The c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e mosque was
r o o f e d with masonry some 5Ocm t h i c k , and enormous lumps of t h i s r o o f now
l i e on t h e f l o o r . The s o i l above t h i s f a l l e n r o o f c o n t a i n e d some p i e c e s
of Chinese p o r c e l a i n of t h e K'ang H s i p e r i o d , probably l a t e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y .
One p i e c e of a f i n e celadon bowl was found on t h e f l o o r of t h e e a s t e r n
musalla; it probably w a s t h e r e when t h e r o o f f e l l , and it i s probably
-ntury.
L o c a l l y made p o t t e r y i s i d e n t i c a l t o some of t h e m a t e r i a l
from t h e Coast General H o s p i t a l and g i v e s s u p p o r t t o a 1 4 t h c e n t u r y d a t e
f o r t h e mosque, Excavation c o n t i n u e s .
William F . McDonough
Department of Anthropology
U n i v e r s i t y of Massachusetts
Boston, Massachusetts 02125
Nelson, C , M ,
1971 A Standardized S i t e Enumeration System f o r t h e Coninent of
A f r i c a . B u l l e t i n of t h e Commision on Nomenclature f o r t h e
Pan-African Congress of P r e h i s t o r y and Quaternary S t u d i e s ,
~0.4U
. n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley.
Wright, J , B .
Tanzania
D r . F .T
P r e l i m i n a r y R e p o r t o f a Study o f P r e h i s t o r i c C u l t u r e s
o f t h e S e r e n g e t i N a t i o n a l Park
S u b m i t t e d by:
D r . John R. F. Bower
Dept. o f S o c i o l o g y and A n t h r o p o l o g y
lowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
Ames, lowa 50011
U.S.A.
Introduction
D u r i n g a s i x week p e r i o d i n J u l y and August o f 1977,
lowa
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e a u t h o r , and t h e T a n z a n i a Department o f
A n t i q u i t i e s ( M i n s t r y o f N a t i o n a l C u l t u r e and Y o u t h ) ,
represented
1977) and an E x c a v a t i o n
/~
L i c e n s e f r o m t h e A n t i q u i t i e s Department ( r e f . no. U T V / D M K / ~ O ~ ~1/199,
dated 9 t h J u l y ,
1977).
The f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t i s a p r e l i m i n a r y
summary o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e s e a r c h so a u t h o r i z e d .
Aims o f t h e Study
A l t h o u g h much i n f o r m a t i o n e x i s t s c o n c e r n i n g p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t u r e s
i n areas a d j o i n i n g t h e S e r e n g e t i Park (as, f o r example, O l d u v a i
Gorge; Leakey,
w i t h i n t h e Park p r e v i o u s t o o u r work.
remains
Consequently, one o f t h e
p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s o f o u r r e s e a r c h was a v e r y r u d i m e n t a r y one:
to
21
e s t a b l i s h i n as much d e t a i l as p o s s i b l e t h e n a t u r e and d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t u r e s w i t h i n t h e Park.
Our w i s h t o d e t e r m i n e
n o t j u s t t h e n a t u r e o f p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t u r e s b u t , more p a r t i c u l a r l y ,
t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n (viz-a-viz vegetation,
etc.)
r a i n f a l l , topography,
i s r e l a t e d t o t h e second o f o u r m a j o r c o n c e r n s :
t o launch
an a t t e m p t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between human c u l t u r e s
and t h e environment i n t h e Park.
Our t h i r d m a j o r o b j e c t i v e was,
i n t u r n , c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o o u r concerns w i t h c u l t u r a l e c o l o g y ,
paleoenvironments, e t c .
excavation,
--
t o l o c a t e s i t e s w h i c h m i g h t , upon
issues.
Methods
To a c c o m p l i s h o u r o b j e c t i v e s , we c a r r i e d o u t a s u r v e y c o n s i s t i n g
o f a more o r l e s s s y s t e m a t i c s e a r c h f o r p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s a l o n g p r e determined t r a n s e c t s .
b u t e d among f o u r m a j o r r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a r e a s chosen f o r e c o l o g i c a l
contrast:
t h e Western C o r r i d o r ,
t h e N o r t h e r n E x t e n s i o n , t h e Moru
t h e t r a n s e c t s were more o r l e s s e q u a l l y d i v i d e d
among t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e areas, a l t h o u g h a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e
number were p l a c e d i n t h e Western C o r r i d o r , where we "shook down"
our f i e l d procedures.
Twenty-two
s i t e s were l o c a t e d d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y (see T a b l e 1 ) ;
they w i l l be
one (HbJd3)
i n open, s h o r t g r a s s p l a i n s .
i n a wooded r e g i o n and t h e o t h e r ( H c J e l )
1.
Cultural Inventory
Apparently,
a l l b u t one ( p o s s i b l y two) o f t h e m a j o r s t a g e s i n
I w i l l discuss t h e stages
i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r , and t h e r e a d e r may f i n d i t e a s i e r t o f o l l o w
t h e d i s c u s s i o n by r e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e 1 a t a p p r o p r i a t e t i m e s .
The s i t e y i e l d e d s e v e r a l handaxes,
b u t a l s o i n c l u d e s t o o l forms more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s u c c e e d i n g
s t a g e , t h e M i d d l e Stone Age.
The l a t t e r i s v e r y w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e P a r k , f o r a t l e a s t
e i g h t s i t e s c o n t a i n t o o l s o f MSA t y p e .
One o f these,
HcJdl,
is
t h e t y p e s i t e f o r a newly d i s c o v e r e d v a r i a n t o f t h e MSA, w h i c h we
have named t h e L o i y a n g a l a n i a n ( a f t e r t h e r i v e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e
site).
i t s richness o f information--bone
i s o f t e n superbly preserved,
w h i c h may b e d a t a b l e .
( ~ o s ot f t h e known MSA s i t e s i n E a s t A f r i c a
a r e poor i n bone, o r p r o s p e c t s f o r d a t i n g o r b o t h ) .
S i n c e t h e MSA may
r e p r e s e n t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f s p e c i a l i z e d h u n t i n g ( C l a r k 1970:138-142),
t h e abundance o f economic d a t a i n o u r s i t e s makes them v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f o r f u r t h e r study.
The L a t e Stone Age i s s u r p r i s i n g l y r a r e among o u r s i t e s :
o n l y two o r t h r e e examples were found.
We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e a p p a r e n t
P a s t o r a l Neol i t h i c ) w h i c h s h a r e t h e same
s t o n e t o o l t e c h n o l o g y , o r by t e r m i n o l o g i c a l vagueness,
ceramic".
as i n "LSA
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , we have y e t t o work o u t a s a t i s f a c t o r y
i n p a r t , by
Moreover, w e b e l i e v e t h a t , b u t f o r t h e a c c i d e n t o f
We a l s o s u s p e c t t h a t t h e s e p e o p l e may
though t h e e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s i s v e r y tenuous.
Final ly,
g l a s s t r a d e beads
It i s l i k e l y that
Rock a r t ,
i n c l u d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 01 - p u l m o t i f s ( s h i e l d s and c a t t l e b r a n d s ) ,
a l s o o c c u r a t L a t e I r o n Age s i t e s and p r o b a b l y a r e o f s i m i l a r e t h n i c
origin.
Without l a r g e s c a l e excavation,
it i s d i f f i c u l t t o obtain
d a t a u s e f u l f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i n g p a s t environments.
S i n c e o u r excava-
t i o n s were v e r y l i m i t e d , we a r e u n a b l e t o p r o v i d e a d e t a i l e d
p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l framework f o r o u r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l d a t a .
Never-
t h e l e s s , we can o f f e r a few t e n t a t i v e i d e a s :
a.
b.
c.
3.
C u l t u r a l Ecology
I n t h e p r e s e n t r a t h e r underdeveloped s t a t e o f o u r data, t h e r e
i s l i t t l e we can say about c u l t u r a l ecology.
I n f a c t , our only
At
a r i c h and n e a r l y e x h a u s t i v e r e c o r d o f c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n d u r i n g
t h e Stone Age and p o r t i o n s o f t h e I r o n Age.
Moreover,
t h e prospects
Acknowledgments
f o r the
I would l i k e t o acknowledge t h e h e l p o f v a r i o u s o f t h e
s c i e n t i f i c s t a f f a t t h e S e r e n g e t i Research I n s t i t u t e
--
in particular,
Praeger P u b l i s h e r s I n c . ,
Nelson, C . M.
1971
A S t a n d a r d A f r i c a n S i t e Enumerat i o n Sys tern (SASES)
Bul l e t i n o f t h e Comm i s s i o n on Nomenclature, PACPQS.
Leakey, M. D.
1971
Olduvai Gorge, Vol
I1 I .
'l'ahlch I . - Lnventory o f S i t e s
S i L(.s
Cul t u r a l
(SASIIS )
Idcmtity
(;x.Jel
LSA c e r a m i c
CxJe2
PN
( N d e r i t ware)
S ton(, Tool s
i'ottery3
l%onr
Cores
Too 1 s
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
--
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
--
Was t 1%
HaJal
LSA c e r a m i c
MSA
X
X
X
X
X
X
HaJcl
MSA
(Loiyanga1anian)X
LSA c e r a m i c
MSA
HbJal
LSA c e r a m i c ( ? )
IA
Obs
X
X
--
Mollusk
--
--
HaJel
0tl1cr
---
--
X
X
X
X
X
X
Obs
Obs
Bone p e n d a n t , c a i r n ,
stone enclosures
Mollusk
--
HbJd2
MSA
Obs
Obs
HbJd4
LSA c e r a m i c
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
---
HbJd5
LSA c e r a m i c
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
--
HcJdl
MSA
(Loiyangalanian) X
--
ESA o r
e a r l y MSA
--
LSA c e r a m i c ,
IA
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Rock a r t
LSA c e r a m i c ,
I A (MSA?)
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Ob s
Rock a r t
--
S t o n e bowl f r a g .
Obs
Stone enclosure
P e s t l e rubber,
grindstone rock a r t
MSA
HbJa2
HcJd2
HcJd3
HcJd4
HcJd5
LSA, NSA
IlcJd6
PM
--Hc J d 7
-
IIr Td8
--
-- --HcJe3
IldJd!
- --
Obs
Obs
Obs
LSA c e r a m i c ,
IA
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Stone pendant
Stone enclosures
Obs
Obs
Obs
Obs
Stone enclosures
LSA c e r a m i c
(PN? )
HcJe2
----
LSA(&PN?)
PN
Hc.lel
11SA
LSA c e r a m i c , I A
LSA
L9!.
ceramic
0 1I S
X
Ohs
X
Obs
X I
X
X
Reads, c o w r i e , g r i n d s t o n e , p e r f o r a t e d bone
--
--
Notes
% t a n d a r d A f r i c a n S i t e Enumeration System ( N e l s o n 1971)
...
Ghana
FIRST DATES FROM THE COASTAL SITES NEAR KPONE, GHANA
We can now r e p o r t t h e first C 1 4 d a t e s from t h e Gao Lagoon s h e l l
middens (0' 02' 25"E, 5 O 40' 0 5 " ~ )and t h e e x t e n s i v e ceramic s i t e on
t h e c r e s t of t h e dune s e p a r a t i n g t h a t lagoon from t h e s e a ( p r e v i o u s
r e p o r t s i n Nyame Akuma 8 and 1 0 ) . The d a t e s have j u s t a r r i v e d from
Mme. G. D e l i b r i a s a t t h e CNRS-CEA l a b , Gif-sur-Yvette - t o o c l o s e t o
your d e a d l i n e f o r u s t o co-ordinate t h i s r e p o r t with whatever comments
o r new i n f o r m a t i o n t h e o t h e r h a l f of t h e team (at t h e Archaeology
Department, U n i v e r s i t y of ~ h a n a )may have wished t o add. We hope t h e y
a r e n o t t o o outraged by what w e w r i t e here! The d a t e s a r e :
GlF-4241
GlF-4239
t 140 y e a r s B.P. d a t e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y e x c i t i n g as t o t h e
The 4 1 8 0 b e s t of o u r knowledge t h i s makes t h e Gao lagoon midden t h e o l d e s t y e t
r e p o r t e d from t h e Guinea c o a s t . Analysis of material r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g
Joanne Dombrowski's excavation of t h e s i t e ( ~ y a m eAkuma 1 0 ) i s s t i l l i n
p r o g r e s s , b u t t o g i v e r e a d e r s some i d e a of t h e s o r t of l i t h i c material
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s h e l l mounds we can d e s c r i b e h e r e a s u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n made i n 1976. About 850 a r t e f a c t s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e low
energy beach a l o n g t h e s o u t h s i d e of t h e lagoon. These were completely
u n r o l l e d and had obviously been d e r i v e d from t h e e r o d i n g margin of
immediately a d j a c e n t middens. On t h e s u r f a c e o n l y s t o n e a r t e f a c t s were
found, no p o t t e r y , although t h e l a t t e r w a s found a t a l l l e v e l s i n some
t e s t p i t s ( ~ ~ a mAkuma
e
10).
The l i t h i c m a t e r i a l belongs t o a s m a l l f l a k e i n d u s t r y , t h e
m a j o r i t y of a r t e f a c t s being l e s s t h a n 4 cm. i n maximum d i a m e t e r , o n l y a
few g r e a t e r t h a n 5 cm. T o o l s have been made on f l a k e s , c o r e s and chunks,
none on b l a d e s . Only two c r u d e l y made m i c r o l i t h s were found (assuming
' m i c r o l i t h ' t o mean g e o m e t r i c a l l y o u t l i n e d , retouched b l a d e s , b l a d e l e t s
o r f l a k e s ) . 69 specimens have been worked i n one way o r a n o t h e r ; t h e
r e s t a r e f l a k e s , c h i p s and chunks. Q u a r t z i s t h e dominant r a w material,
a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e a r t e f a c t s b e i n g made from s m a l l , well-rounded
q u a r t z p e b b l e s . The assemblage i s as f o l l o w s :
B i f a c i a l l y worked pebble choppers
S c r a p e r s , a l l made on f l a k e s
D e n t i c u l a t e , made on f l a k e
B i f a c e , made on pebble
Pointed t o o l , t h i c k f l a k e
Notched t o o l s , made on f l a k e s
M i c r o l i t h s , one t r a p e z o i d , one t r a n c h e t
Knife, t h i c k f l a k e
Burin, pointed, f l a k e
Modified f l a k e s
Trimmed pebbles
Radial cores, made on pebble fragments,
f l a k e s and c o r e s
Hammerstones
Miscellaneous
Bank s e c t i o n s i n t h e Onukpa Wahe stream immediately south of t h e
Accra-Tema motorway (0' 05' 10W, 5' 39' 2 5 " ~ )have yielded what appears
from a preliminary survey t o be a similar i n d u s t r y . However t h e s e
exposures a r e some 6 . 5 km north of t h e present coast and t h e r e a r e no
a s s o c i a t e d s h e l l s at a l l .
The d a t e of 1260 + 90 B.P. from t h e dune-top exposure t e n d s t o
confirm t h e previously suspected pre-European age of t h i s s i t e ,
although a number of age determinations would c l e a r l y be needed t o
f u l l y d e f i n e t h i s t h i c k and l a t e r a l l y extensive accumulation of p o t t e r y
and organic d e b r i s .
Apart from t h e i r obvious archaeological importance, t h e two
d a t e s a l s o bracket t h e period of dune formation, an event of considera b l e palaeoclimitological s i g n i f i c a n c e . There are no a c t i v e dunes
along t h e modern coast of Ghana, t h e Kpone dune probably accumulating
during a period when onshore winds were s t r o n g e r t h a n at p r e s e n t . It
i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t t h e r e a r e a l s o i n d i c a t i o n s from Lake
Bosumtwi of notably windy conditions around 2000-3000 B .P. ( ~ a l b o,t
unpubl ) , s o we may be seeing evidence f o r a period of general t r a d e
wind i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n i n t r o p i c a l West Africa.
Signe Nygaard
Mike Talbot
Department of Earth Sciences,
University of Leeds,
Leeds, LS2 9JT
U.K.
P r o f e s s o r P.L. S h i n n i e of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, f i n a n c e d
with a g r a n t from t h e Canada C o u n c i l , c a r r i e d o u t a n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l
s u r v e y i n t h e Gon.ja a r e a of Ghana i n J u l y and August 1977, Accompanied
s
and Messrs Kense and B u i t r o n , as
by t h r e e g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s ( ~ i s Brower
w e l l as by Mrs, ~ h i n n i e )t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s p r i m a r i l y aimed a t examini n g s i t e s known from w r i t t e n and o r a l t r a d i t i o n s t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
t h e f o u n d a t i o n of t h e Gonja s t a t e i n t h e e a r l y s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y ,
With t h e a i d of t h e Yabumwura, t h e Paramount Chief of Gonja, a
number of s i t e s were i d e n t i f i e d and examined, These i n c l u d e d Nyanga, t h e
former r e s i d e n c e of t h e c h i e f s , Mankurna, t h e i r b u r i a l p l a c e , B o l e , Buipe,
Dakrupe and o t h e r v i l l a g e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e v e n t s i n t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y
of Gonja, and Senyon, t h e s i t e of t h e most i m p o r t a n t pagan s h r i n e i n t h e
a r e a . I n a d d i t i o n a c o n s i d e r a b l e number of unnamed mound s i t e s were
examined.
The mounds of Gonja have been known as an i m p o r t a n t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l
phenomenon f o r many y e a r s and both York and Mathewson e x c a v a t e d a number
of them d u r i n g t h e s a l v a g e campaign i n connection w i t h t h e V o l t a dam. It
now i s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e s e mound do n o t occur i n t h e western p a r t o f Gonja
and a r e p r i m a r i l y a f e a t u r e of t h e r e g i o n at t h e confluence of t h e Black
and White V o l t a r i v e r s and do n o t extend west of Damongo. It i s t h e r e f o r e
p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y a r e n o t connected w i t h t h e Gonja, b u t t o some o t h e r
people.
S u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s of p o t t e r y were made a t a l l t h e s i t e s found
and w i l l be examined d u r i n g t h e n e x t few months. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e
s u r v e y a small t r i a l e x c a v a t i o n was made a t a mound i n t h e Mole N a t i o n a l
P a r k f o r t h e purpose of exammingthe s t r u c t u r e of t h e mound and of o b t a i n i n g a s t r a t i f i e d sample of p o t t e r y . Whatever t h e n a t u r e of t h e m a j o r i t y
of mounds f o u n d , t h e one excavated had c e r t a i n l y been a b u i l d i n g and
unambiguous t r a c e s of walls ( n o t always e a s i l y s e e n i n t h e h a r d l a t e r i t e
s o i l ) were found
Guinea
R e s u l t s of archaeological r e s e a r c h a t Niani
W . Filipowiak, Muzeum Narodowe, Szczgin
*-
The f u r t h e r f i v e d a t e s of C l 4 from v a r i o u s l e v e l s of t h e r o y a l
q u a r t e r and t h e Arab d i s t r i c t d a t e v e r y w e l l t h e s e p a r a t e phases of
N i a n i ' s development.
One of t h e most i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c o v e r i e s i s a b i g cave, s i t u a t e d
at 4 km d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e of Niani. A p r e l i m i n a r y examination,
based on ceramic m a t e r i a l s , speaks of i t s a n c i e n t u s e . The planned
e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e cave i n 1978 w i l l answer many q u e s t i o n s concerning
t h e o r i g i n s of N i a n i , i n a c o n t e x t of f u r t h e r examination of t h e t e l l
and b u r i a l grounds. The p l a n s of t h e Polish-Guinean e x p e d i t i o n provide
f o r f u r t h e r , many y e a r s ' complex r e s e a r c h on t h e h i s t o r y of N i a n i .
F i l i p o w i a k , S Jasnosz , R . ~ o f a g i e w i c z- Les r e c h e r c h e s
archaeologiques p o l o n o - g u i n ~ e n n e s Niani en 1968. W : M a t e r i a l y
Zachodnio-Pomorskie t X I V , (1968) p 639-648.
1. W
Nigeria
D r . Ekpo Eyo sends t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m on t h e work of t h e F e d e r a l
Department of A n t i q u i t i e s .
The Department of A n t i q u i t i e s , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h r e e
N i g e r i a n U n i v e r s i t i e s , namely, Ibadan, Lagos and Nsukka w i l l be cond u c t i n g a r e s c u e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l work i n t h e a r e a earmarked f o r t h e
development of t h e new F e d e r a l C a p i t a l T e r r i t o r y f o r N i g e r i a . P a r t of
t h e a r e a encroaches on t h e Nok f i g u r i n e s a r e a . W
e t h i n k t h a t it w i l l
be a good i d e a t o do some r e s c u e e x c a v a t i o n work among o t h e r t h i n g s
t h e r e b e f o r e any c o n s t r u c t i o n s b e g i n .
Furthermore, D r . Eyo and Mr. Bassey-Duke ( ~ r c h a e o l o ~ i s are
t)
proposing t o c a r r y o u t some e x c a v a t i o n s i n t h e Cross R i v e r S t a t e i n t h e
a r e a of Ikom where t h e unique s t o n e c a r v i n g s ( a k m n s h i ) were found
a r r a n g e d i n c i r c l e s i n t h e bush.
The t e r r i t o r y i s g e o g r a p h i c a l l y and e t h n i c a l l y d i v e r s e w i t h a t l e a s t
e i g h t e t h n i c groups i n c l u d i n g G w a r i Genge, G w a r i Yemma, Koro, Basa
Nkomo, Gade, Ganagana, Hausa and F u l a n i . The s i t e of Taruga, which h a s
produced t h e e a r l i e s t x e l l - d a t e d evidence of iron-working i n West
A f r i c a , i s l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y , I t would a p p e a r probable on
e c o l o g i c a l grounds t h a t t h e t e r r i t o r y l i e s w i t h i n t h e zone i n which t h e
yam - o i l palm economy w a s first developed.
The F e d e r a l Department of A n t i q u i t i e s i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h s e v e r a l
Nigerian U n i v e r s i t i e s i s i n s t i g a t i n g m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h , i n v o l v i n g , b e s i d e s archaeology, ethnography, l i n g u i s t i c s , and t h e v i s u a l and
performing arts. One a i m of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g a r c h a e o l o g i s t s , who w i l l
be working under a D i r e c t o r a t e headed by a member of t h e F.D.A., w i l l be
t o accumulate a l a r g e body of f i n e - g r a i n e d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l d a t a from a
l i m i t e d r e g i o n of which we can a s k more i n t e r e s t i n g q u e s t i o n s t h a n i s
o t h e r w i s e p o s s i b l e i n a n a r e a over which both s i t e s and a r c h a e o l o g i s t s
a r e v e r y l i g h t l y s c a t t e r e d . We hope a l s o t o be a b l e t o b e n e f i t from
t h e i n p u t of s p e c i a l i s t s i n o t h e r d i s c i p l i n e s who w i l l be working under
t h e a e g i s of t h e F e d e r a l C a p i t a l Development A u t h o r i t y . P a r t i a l fundi n g i s expected t o be provided by t h e F.D.A.
So f a r , o n l y p r e l i m i n a r y reconnaissance h a s been c a r r i e d o u t by
Nicholas David and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams (who h a s r e c e n t l y joined
t h e I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan, w i t h a n M.A. i n
Anthropology from Brown u n i v e r s i t y ) . We hope t o develop t h i s i n t o a
s t r a t i f i e d sample survey a l o n g t h e l i n e s suggested by L.R. B i n f o r d ,
although h i s scheme w i l l r e q u i r e s u b s t a n t i a l m o d i f i c a t i o n on account of
d i f f i c u l t y of a c c e s s t o l a r g e p a r t s of t h e t e r r i t o r y . Archaeological
questionna,ires a r e a l s o being d i s t r i b u t e d t o s p e c i a l i s t s i n o t h e r d i s c i p l i n e s and t o secondary s c h o o l c h i l d r e n and t r a i n e e t e a c h e r s .
Pending t h e d i s c o v e r y of s i t e s of s u b s t a n t i a l a n t i q u i t y , w e expect t o
work back i n t o t h e p a s t u s i n g l o c a l t r a d i t i o n s and t o c a r r y o u t ethnoa r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h b e a r i n g on t h e problem of t h e e x p r e s s i o n of
ethnicity i n material culture.
Courses i n Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan
-+
.--
Rhodesia
D r . C . K . Cooke, Curator of Archaeology, U m t a l i Museum r e p o r t s .
No f i e l d work i s being undertaken by me a t t h e moment. The
onset of t h e r a i n s i s imminent. The publication of t h e Redcliff
excavations and t h e Mammalian remains i s i n t h e proof s t a g e . Dr.Klein
examined t h e fauna and wrote t h e r e p o r t . A re-examination of material
excavated i n 1937 a art in C . 1938. A rock s h e l t e r on Nyazonga mountain,
Penhalonga d i s t r i c t S Rhodesia. Occ Pap. Queen v i c t o r i a ~ e m o r i a l
Library &:I-3) i s a l s o i n proof s t a g e .
50 BP
& 60 BP
- 80 BP
South Africa
The following report on activities of the South African Museum
has been received from Dr. F.R. Schneitser.
Graham Avery spent a month in Australia during September attending the First Southern Hemisphere Conference on M i t i m e Archaeology
and a Workshop on the Conservation of Rock Art in Perth, A great deal
of extremely useful information was gained and it is intended to initiate a programme of wreck recording as an extension of the indexing
system of the Archaeological Data Recording Centre, At a later date
when suitable conservation facilities can be obtained it is hoped to
initiate an active research programme involving excavation. Research
on Rock Art conservation being undertaken by the National Building
Research Institute in South Africa compares very favourably with that
of workers in Australia and Canada who are faced with very similar
problems on deterioration.
The project on bird remains "Avian fauna, palaeoenvironments
and palaeoecology in the ~leistocene/koloceneof the southern and
western Cape is currently under way and will be submitted for a Ph.D.
degree on its completion.
The following were published during 1977:
AVERY, G. 19772. Report on the marine bird remains from the
Paternoster midden. S. Afr. archaeol. Bull.
32: 74-76.
19772. Seabirds and archaeology. The Cormorant -2:
25-26.
Margaret Avery is continuing her study of the micromammals from
southern Cape sites and is presently trying to interpret the differences apparent in proportional representation of species at different
times and places. On the advice of Dr. R .G. Klein (chicago) subprogram
Factor of The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( N . H . N ~~ et
a1
1975. New York: McGraw-Hill) is being employed as an aid in this task
and is proving very useful.
The first part of the Die Kelders excavations dealing with the
Later Stone Age deposits has been accepted for publication by the
Annals of the South African Museum. This will be followed by Part 2,
the Middle Stone Age sequence by Klein, Schweitzer and Volman.
Schweitzer and Wilson are at present analysing the lithic sample from
Byeneskranskop and looking for a third inland, site to complete the
broad environmental range under study in the South African Museum's
archaeological research programme.
How do t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n p a t t e r n s of t h i s Karoo s i d e of t h e
mountains r e l a t e t o those suggested by Paskington from t h e
coast at Elands Bay?
59TH S T R B B T
I L L I N O I S 60637
was
- 1M; Paleosols of
- 445
- 584.
I.
~~~~~~e
. more
2.
.:*
:.
..
The faunal dat Ing o f ' blember 4 I s supported by new evidence from Omo i n
southern Ethiopia on t h e dating there o f t h e same h m l n l d species, A. afrlcanus
(F.C. Howel I and Y. Coppens, 1976).
Addi t l o n a l ' support has r e c e n t l y been furnished by an Important new breakthrough, The f i r s t palaeomaynetic dating of an A~~stralopithecus-bearingFormation.
3.
Member 4 has not been shawn t o contain any hominid remains o t h e r than those
africanus and it has.no stone tools.
4.
The --..
New Sterkfontefn Find o f August 1976
The ~ ~ r f a t i g r a p h p
i co s i t i o n of t h e two kinds of hominid i n the now w e l l defined Sterkfont.ein sequence~supportst h e concept . t h a t A. a f r i c a n u s was an
e a r l iqr, upper .PI iocene spec1es., same popu t a t ions o f which were we l l p l aced I n
time and morphology t o have been probably ancestral t o t h e lower Pleistocene Homo
species.
5.
, 6 , '. Thanks
and
P. V. TOBIAS
Sudan
A.
B.
d i v i d e t h e i r i n d u s t r y i n t o f o u r t y p e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e
3 Dagga meaning
c a l l e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c o l l o q u i a l Arabic as
l i t e r a l l y a beat.
..
Al-Gharbawi ya (i e west of t h e ~ u d a n )t e c h n i q u e
Womens' technique
F a l a t a ( i . e . west ~ f r i c a n )technique
d ) Awlad A 1 Balad ( i , e . N i l e v a l l e y ) technique
I n t h e s e f o u r t e c h n i q u e s c o i l i n g , s l a b b i n g and moulding of
v a r i o u s degrees a r e used. Furthermore, methods of c l a y p r e p a r a t i o n
v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e technique used. The informants d i f f e r e n t i a t e
between v a r i o u s t y p e s of c l a y . Samples of c l a y s a r e b e i n g c o l l e c t e d
f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s t o determine t h e n a t u r e and p r o p e r t i e s of each
t y p e . The importance of t h i s s p r a n g from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t y p e of
c l a y i s determined f i r s t l y by t h e technique used and secondly by t h e
purpose f o r which t h e p o t i s going t o s e r v e .
V a r i a t i o n s i n methods of f i r i n g have been recorded - both p i l e
f i r i n g as w e l l as s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d k i l n s of e l a b o r a t e n a t u r e were
used. The t y p e of f u e l used p l a y s an important r o l e .
Thus t h e end product of t h e p o t t e r seems t o have been a r e s u l t
of s e r i e s of f a c t o r s each w i t h v a r i o u s d e g r e e s of s i g n i f i c a n c e .
I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n f u r t h e r a r e a s a r e planned.
A, p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t w i l l appear i n ADAB; t h e j o u r n a l of
F a c u l t y of A r t s , U n i v e r s i t y of Khartoum Vo1.5, 1978.
C.
Mrs. E l s e Kleppe w i l l e x p l o r e Juba-Malakal a r e a f o r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e f u t u r e . J . Gowlett c o n t i n u e s work on Kenya
p a l a e o l i t h i c . M r . Abbas S i d Ahmed i s c a r r y i n g out a p r e h i s t o r i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n of Wadi H a w a r , Northern D a r f u r .
Research
D r . Hakem's
work on Garstang tomb c a r d s i s p r o g r e s s i n g . A new
f a c s i m i l e of t h e Sun-Temple of Meroe h a s been made and an a r t i c l e i s
put f o r t h e press.
Plovement of people
New members j o i n i n g t h e Department of Archaeology i n c l u d e
P r o f . P i e r c e , Mr,B. Crocker and Sayed K h i d i r Abdel K a r i m . P r 0 f . J . M.
Plumley w a s a V i s i t i n g P r o f e s s o r f o r t h r e e months, d u r i n g 1975,
M r . L . K i m a n v i s i t e d Khartoum, Geology Archaeology workshop w a s
c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e G e z i r a a r e a a l o n g t h e Blue Nile and m i t e N i l e ,
under j o i n t - s t a f f and s t u d e n t s from Department of Archaeology, Department of Geology, G e z i r a S o i l Research S t a t i o n and U n i v e r s i t y of
Macquarie, A u s t r a l i a . Dr.Ahmed M.A. Hakem s p e n t h i s s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e
a t Cambridge, England and r e t u r n e d t o Khartoum December 1976.
In June 1976 the Sudan Antiquities Service invited me in accordance d t h an agreement with the Academy of Sciences of the GDR to
visit the pyramids at Bepawiya and the remains of the old buildings
at Suakin in order to prepare the beginning of reconstruction and restoration work on both sites.
The structural conditions of the pyramids of the Northern Group
were examined and plans for a first season in winter 1976/77 were made.
In Suakin the situation in the few remains of houses of turkish-islamic
architectural style was tudied and the present conditions were compared
with my previous reports and scheme worked out in 1968.
Returning home a completely new idea and project for Suakin was
examined and proposed in autumn 1976 suggesting the reconstruction of
about 20 houses in a part of the island. This new historical quarter
should reflect as an ensemble the old pattern of houses, streets,
small squares and the suk. For this purpose a number of most important
houses from the architectural point of view and representing all architectural styles of old Suakin were selected and earmarked for reconstruction in the new area. Another main criterion for the selection of
certain houses for future reconstruction was that enough documentary
material such as drawings, photographs, etc. was available to ensure
the possibility of working out structural and detail drawings of the
original architecture. It was suggested to utilize some of the
reconstructed houses as small museums for different subjects (ancient
and 19th century history of Suakin, ethnography of the Red Sea Hills
area, natural history, architecture of Red Sea style, etc.) and others
as resthouses, Repair and restoration work on a number of Government
Buildings (~overnors'Palace, Courts of Justice, Main Gates, F'orts) and
the two mosques on the island were included in the project which was
then submitted to the Commissioner for Archaeology.
A.
3.
4.
..
The a n a l y s i s of t h e molluscan fauna from t h e Neolithic s e t t l e ment at Kadero revealed t h e presence of Limicolaria s p . , P i l a ovata
(= Am-pullaria) , Lanistes c a r i n a t u s , Cleopatra bulimoides , Aspatharia
rubens, E t h e r i a e l l i p t i c a and Corbicula consorbina. Limicolaria and
P i l a a r e most frequent and were probably eaten. S h e l l s found i n t h e
Neolithic b u r i a l s ' a t Kadero comprise various marine gastropods which
point t o connecti6n with t h e Red Sea shores.
1)
Zambia
$1.50
II
$12.50
Paper 2 2 9 ~ ~
Derricourt,R.M.
"
II
"
II
Vogel, Joseph 0 .
"
If
$1.00
$7.00
$1.00
1971 KAMANGOZA : An i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e
I r o n Age Cultures of t h e V i c t o r i a F a l l s Region
paper pp.140
$5.50
"
I)
..
Gralake ,P S
paper
ll9pp.
$5 50
1975 Simbusenga:
The Archaeology of t h e
Intermediate Period of t h e Southern Zambia
I r o n Age.
Paper 156pp.
$7 00
$1.50
6 KEBLE ROAD
OXFORD
OX1 3QJ
Dear Archaeologists,
My a c t i v i t i e s a r e :
i ) t h e study of t h e p o s s i b l e c u l t u r a l l i n k s between Northern E t h i o p i a
and Nile Valley i n ancient times, e x p e c i a l l y based on t h e comparative
study of t h e p o t t e r y ; f o r t h i s research I have i n programme a t r i p t o
Khartoum i n November 1977 t o study t h e a n c i e n t p o t t e r y of Southern
Sudan f o r comparison with t h a t of Northern E t h i o p i a , with s p e c i a l
reference t o Pre-Aksumite p o t t e r y ,
i i ) t h e study of t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s of Predynastic Egypt; t h i s
research i s p a r t of a more complete programme of study about t h e
formation of t h e S t a t e i n ancient Egypt i n progress at t h e Department
of African Studies ( ~ a ~ l e with
s ) t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n of P r o f . C Barocas ,
Egyptologist, and P r o f . M. T o s i , P r e h i s t o r i a n ; f o r t h i s research I am
preparing t h e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s of t h e recorded Predynastic tombs i n
order t o i n f e r from t h i s evidence some d a t a concerning t h e s t r u c t u r e of
Predynastic s o c i e t y .