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# Institution of Chemical Engineers
Trans IChemE, Vol 80, Part C, December 2002
www.ingentaselect.com=titles=09603085.htm
INTRODUCTION
ANDRITSOS et al.
224
EXPERIMENTAL
Details concerning the experimental set-up, the tubular test
section and the specimen (semi-annular coupons) on which
deposits develop are given in Andritsos and Karabelas14. The
semi-annular coupons are mounted in pairs to give a tubular
test surface arrangement: the tubular test section allows one to
study the fouling process in a well-characterized hydrodynamic system. A schematic of the set-up is presented in
Figure 1. In order to assess the effect of ow velocity, a new
tubular test section was installed (in addition to that already
available, of i.d. 13 mm) comprising of semi-annular coupons
forming an i.d. of 7 mm. These coupons were machined out
of AISI 316L. Some PTFE semi-annular coupons were also
used. Evaluation of the modi ed surfaces was carried out in
another test section placed at the downstream end, having a
10 10 mm2 free cross-sectional area. Modi ed and unmodi ed surfaces of dimension 10 40 mm2 were glued on
special trapezium-shaped stainless steel coupons and inserted
into the test section forming a channel of square crosssection. The unmodi ed at coupons were of stainless steel
AISI 316L with 2R surface nish, provided by UGINE,
France. The following modi ed surfaces were tested:
Solution
concentration (mM)
11.61
3.70
6.09
1.03
2.17
8.05
8.98
3.21
Citrate C6H8O73 .
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALE FORMATION FROM SIMULATED MILK ULTRAFILTRATE SOLUTIONS 225
IAP
Ksp
Figure 4. The deposited mass at 60 min run time vs pH, and the
corresponding change in initial light absorbance. T 60 C, V
0.32 m s 1, i.d. 13 mm (Re 8800).
226
ANDRITSOS et al.
Figure 5. Size and shape of bulk precipitated calcium phosphate particles at 60 C collected on 0.2 mm polycarbonate membrane lters. Left: pH 6.25;
right: pH 6.4.
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALE FORMATION FROM SIMULATED MILK ULTRAFILTRATE SOLUTIONS 227
Figure 7. XRD patterns of deposits formed from SMUF solutions with and
without citrates.
AH a
2pee0 c2 a ln 1 ekh
12h
ANDRITSOS et al.
228
Figure 10. Video image of the morphology of deposits in the 7 mm i.d. pipe
section. Conditions: T 60 C; running time 100 min; pH 6.3;
Re 16,000 (V 1.10 m s 1).
Figure 11. Mass of deposits on modi ed and unmodi ed surfaces at various conditions. Each number corresponds to the position of the coupon in the test
section ( ow velocity 0.32 m s1).
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALE FORMATION FROM SIMULATED MILK ULTRAFILTRATE SOLUTIONS 229
Figure 12. SEM micrographs of the deposits on different substrates from the same run (T 60 C, pH 6.25, run time 1 h, Re 8800).
are different, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 14, where platelike DCPD and OCP can be identi ed along with HAP.
Citrates, at much lower concentrations, have been reported
to inhibit crystal growth and induce habit modi cations of
calcium phosphate precipitating in supersaturated solutions24. It is stated that these phenomena were caused by
surface absorption of negatively charged ions.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Experiments have been carried out to investigate the
mechanism of calcium phosphate deposition from SMUF
solutions at 60 and 70 C, by using tubular test sections.
At both temperatures the deposition rate vs pH exhibited a
bell shape, with the maximum corresponding to the onset
of system bulk precipitation. Under the present experimental
conditions it seems that mass transport plays an important
role in the scale formation and may control the whole
process. An increase in ow velocity leads to more compact
and smoother deposits. Our preliminary experiments
suggests that surface modi cation does not result in noticeable deposit reduction, but some indications exist that
adhesion strength on modi ed surfaces might be smaller,
possibly facilitating clean-up. However, more experiments
are required to investigate scaling characteristics of modi ed
surfaces and obtain more de nitive results.
ANDRITSOS et al.
230
Figure 14. Left, picture from a stereomicroscope (magni cation 40) and, right, SEM micrograph of deposits formed from SMUF solution without citrates
(T 60 C, pH 5.7, Re 8800).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr H. Visser, the coordinator
and the driving force behind the MODSTEEL project, who will be
remembered by the present authors for his contributions in the area of
fouling, his enthusiasm for research and above all his kindness. This work
has been nancially supported by the Commission of European Communities under Contract G5RD-CT-1999-00066. The authors wish to thank the
Analytical Laboratory of CPERI for the XRD spectra and the SEM pictures
and Professor P.G. Koutsoukos of the University of Patras, Greece, for
helpful suggestions and discussions.
ADDRESS
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
Dr N. Andritsos, CPERI=CERTH, PO Box 361, GR 570 01, ThermiThessaloniki, Greece.
E-mail: andritso@cperi.certh.gr
The paper was presented at the Fouling, Cleaning and Disinfection in
Food Processing conference held at the University of Cambridge, UK, 35
April 2002. The manuscript was received 31 May 2002 and accepted for
publication after revision 29 October 2002.