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TRNG I HC TI NGUYN V MI TRNG H NI

KHOA KH TNG THY VN

O THY LINH

TNG QUAN CH S WQI


PHN VNG CHT LNG NC SNG

NIN LUN KHO H1


Ngnh: Thu vn

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC


ThS. NGUYN TH THY

H Ni 12/2014

LI CM N
hon thin c bi nin lun ny em nhn c rt nhiu s
quan tm ng vin, h ch v gip ca thy c v cc bn
Em xin gi li cm n su sc n C hng dn ca mnh,
TS.Nguyn Th Thy ngi ch bo em rt nhit tnh trong thi gian
lm nin lun va qua
Em xin gi li cm n n cc Thy, C trong khoa kh tng Thy
Vn Trng i hc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng H Ni tn tnh gip
em trong qu trnh lm nin lun.
Do nin lun c thc hin trong thi gian c hn, ti liu tham kho
cn thiu thn, kinh nghim bn thn cn hn ch nn ni dung nin lun cn
rt nhiu thiu st. V vy, rt mong nhn c s ng gp qu bu ca thy
c gio v ton th cc bn sinh vin bi lm c th hon tin tt hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Em xin chn thnh cm n!


Sinh Vin
o Thy Linh

MC LC

M U ........................................................................................... 9
1.

Tnh cp thit ca ti ......................................................... 9

2.

Mc tiu v phm vi nghin cu .......................................... 11

3.

B cc nin lun ................................................................... 13

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC 14


1.1 Cht lng nc, cc phng php nh gi cht lng nc
.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Thng s cht lng nc .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHNG II: S DNG CH S CHT LNG NC
PHN VNG CHT LNG NC .......................................... 17
2.1 C s l thuyt...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Cc ch s phn vng cht lng nc sng................. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
KT LUN V KIN NGH ......................................................... 31

KT LUN .......................................................................... 31

KIN NGH.......................................................................... 32

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................... 33

DANH MC BNG

Bng 1-1: Phn loi nc theo cng .......................................... 17


Bng2-1:cc cng thc tnh WQI tng qut.20
Bng 2-2: Cc thng s CLN la chn c mc ch s dng khc nhau. 22
Bng 2-3: Cc thng s c la chn theo phng php delphi- Tn Tht
Lng
Bng 2-4: Phn loi cht lng nun nc mt.26
Bng 2-5: Thng s v trng lng ng gp Wi ca phng php NSFWQI/HCM.27

DANH MC CH VIT TT
CLN
WQI
NSF-WQI
CCME-WQI
BOD5
COD
DO
TSS
TC
TCMT
TCVN
QCVN
QD
CSCL
TUR

Cht lng nc
(Water quality Index) ch s cht lng nc
(Canadian Council of Minieters of the Environment
Water Quality Index) ch s cht lng nc ca hi
ng b trng Mi trng Canada
(National Sanation Foundation Water quality Index)
ch s cht lng nc ca qu v sinh M
(5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cu oxi
sinh ha
(Chemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cu oxi ha hc
(Disolved Oxygen) Oxi ha tan
(Total Suspended Solids) Tng cht rn l lng
(Total Coliform) Tng coliform
Tng cc mi trng
Tiu chun Vit Nam
Quy chun Vit Nam
Quyt nh
C s cht lng
c

LI NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

.........................................................

LI NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Trc y, Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii nh gi phn
vng cht lng nc (CLN), mc nhim nc sng, knh, rch, ao, h,
mngi ta thng da vo vic phn tch cc thng s CLN ring bit,
sau so snh gi tr tng thng s vi gi tr gii hn c qui nh trong
cc tiu chun/qui chun trong nc hoc quc t. Tuy nhin, cch lm ny
c rt nhiu cc hn ch nh: Khi nh gi phn vng qua tng thng s ring
bit s khng ni ln din bin cht lng tng qut ca cong sng (hay on
sng), do vy kh so snh CLN tng vng ca mt con sng, so snh CLN
ca con sng ny vi con sng khc, CLN thi im ny vi thi im khc
(theo thng, theo ma), CLN qu kh, hin ti v tng laiV th, s gy
kh khn cho cng tc theo di, gim st din bin CLN, kh nh gi hiu
qu u t bo v ngun nc v kim sot nhim nc ng thi,
khi nh gi phn vng cht lng nc qua cc thng s ring bit, khi c
th c thng s t, thng s vt, iu ch ni ln CLN i vi tng
thng s i ring bit. Do , ch cc nh khoa hc hoc cc nh chuyn
mn mi hiu c. V vy, kh thng tin v tnh hnh CLN cho cng ng
dn chng, gy kh khn khi cc nh qun l a ra cc quyt nh ph hp
v bo v, khai thc ngun nc khc phc kh khn trn, cn phi c
mt hoc mt h thng ch s cho php lng ho c CLN (ngha l biu
din CLN theo mt thang im thng nht), c kh nng m t tc ng tng
hp ca nng nhiu thnh phn ho l sinh trong ngun nc. Mt
trong s ch s l ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index - WQI).
WQI (Water Quality Index) c xut hin u tin M vo thp
nin 70 v hin ang c p dng rng ri nhiu bang. Hin nay, ch s
WQI c trin khai nghin cu v s dng rng ri nhiu quc gia nh n
, Canada, Chil, Anh, i Loan, c, MalaysiaMt trong nhng b ch s

10

ni ting, c p dng rng ri trn th gii l b ch s WQI-NSF ca Qu


v sinh Quc gia M NSF (National Sanitation Foundation - Water Quality
Index),
Ti Vit Nam c nhiu nghin cu v xut v p dng v b ch s
CLN nh cc WQI-2 v WQI-4 c s dng nh gi phn vng s liu
CLN trn sng Si Gn ti Ph Cng, Bnh Phc v Ph An trong thi
gian t 2003 n 2007.... Hin nay, thng nht cch tnh ton ch s CLN,
thng 07 nm 2011, Tng cc Mi trng chnh thc ban hnh S tay
hng dn k thut tnh ton ch s cht lng nc theo Quyt nh s
879/Q-TCMT ngy 01 thng 07 nm 2011 ca Tng cc trng Tng cc
Mi trng. Theo Quyt nh ch s CLN c p i vi s liu quan trc
mi trng nc mt lc a v p dng i vi c quan qun l nh nc v
mi trng, cc t chc, c nhn c tham gia vo mng li quan trc mi
trng v tham gia vo vic cng b thng tin v cht lng mi trng cho
cng ng.
Theo hng dn Ch s cht lng nc (vit tt l WQI) l mt ch s
c tnh ton t cc thng s quan trc cht lng nc, dng m t nh
lng v cht lng nc v kh nng s dng ca ngun nc ; c biu
din qua mt thang im.WQI thng s (vit tt l WQISI) l ch s cht
lng nc tnh ton cho mi thng s. nh gi v phn vng cht lng
nc thng qua ch s cht lng nc gip nhng nh quy hoch, nhng nh
qun l: nh gi nhanh cht lng nc mt lc a mt cch tng qut; c
th c s dng nh mt ngun d liu xy dng bn phn vng cht
lng nc; cung cp thng tin mi trng cho cng ng mt cch n gin,
d hiu, trc quan v nng cao nhn thc v mi trng ca cng ng.
Phn vng cht lng nc sng l ni dung c bit quan trng khng
ch trong qun l ti nguyn nc m cn phc v cho quy hoch s dng v
bo v ti nguyn nc. Trong nm 2008, B TN&MT ban hnh QCVN

11

08:2008/BTNMT v cht lng nc mt. Theo quy chun ny, ngun nc


mt c chia thnh 4 loi: loi A1, loi A2, loi B1, loi B2. c c s
khoa hc v thc tin trong vic phn loi v phn vng cht lng nc theo
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT cn phi p dng h thng phn loi theo ch s cht
lng nc ph hp c im ngun nc ca a phng hoc lu vc. Khi
c phn vng tt, cc cp lnh o v cc s, ngnh, doanh nghip a
phng s xc nh r: on sng no t yu cu CLN an ton cho cp nc
sinh hot, nui trng thy sn, thy li, xy dng c s th thao; on sng
no khng th s dng cho mc ch trn, yu cu u tin x l, kim sot
nhim.
Vi cc l do trn, vic nghin cu ch s cht lng phn vng cht
lng nc sng l c tnh cn thit. Do vy, chng ti la chn ti nin
lun: Nghin cu kh nng ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng
nc sng.
2. Mc tiu v phm vi nghin cu
2.1. Mc tiu nghin cu
Tng quan ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng.
2.2. Phm vi nghin cu
Phm vi ti: S dng ch s cht lng nc ph hp phn vng
cht lng nc sng
Phm vi thi gian: t ngy 30/11/2014 n ngy 30/12/2014
Cch tip cn v phng php nghin cu
3.1 Cch tip cn
Cch tip cn nh tnh: Tip cn cc kt qu nghin cu trc bng
cch: Khai thc, tham kho v k tha ti a cc ti liu hin c ca cc
ti, d n thc hin v ch s phn vng cht lng nc trong v ngoi
nc thy cc mc ch ng dng khc nhau ca ch s cht lng nc
vi con sng khc nhau.
3.2 Phng php nghin cu

12

Phng php nghin cu l thuyt:


Phng php phn tch v tng hp l thuyt: Nghin cu cc ti liu, l
lun khc nhau v kh nng ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc
sng bng cch phn tch chng thnh tng b phn bao gm: c s l thuyt
v phm vi ng dng tm hiu su sc v phn vng CLN sng quach s
WQI.Lin kt tng mt trong tng b phn thng tin c phn tch to
ra mt h thng l thuyt mi y v su sc v vic ng dng ch s WQI
phn vng cht lng nc.
Phng php phn loi v h thng ha l thuyt: Sp xp cc ti liu khoa
hc v phn vng cht lng nc bng ch s WQI theo tng c im khc
nhau ng vi iu kin ca sng phn vng cht lng nc. Sp xp ch
s WQI thnh mt h thng thnh mt c s l thuyt, sao cho s hiu bit v
phn vng cht lng nc bng ch s WQI y hn.
Phng php nghin cu thc tin:
Phng php phn tch tng kt kinh nghim: Nghin cu v xem xt li
nhng thnh qu nghin cu phn vng cht lng nc sng trong qu kh
rt ra kt lun chnh xc nht v kh nng phn vng cht lng nc ca
sng
Phng php chuyn gia: S dng tr tu ca i ng chuyn gia v ch s
CLN WQI nhn nh bn cht ca ch s, tm ra u im v nhc im
khi ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng,

13

3. B cc nin lun
M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
2. Mc tiu v phm vinghin cu
3. Cch tip cn v phng php nghin cu
Chng 1. Tng quan v ch s WQI
1.1 C s l thuyt ca ch s WQI
1.2 Phn loi ch s WQI
1.3 ng dng ca ch s WQI
Chng 2. Mt s ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng
2.1 Mt s loi ch s WQI dng phn vng cht lng nc sng
2.2 Mt s nghin cu ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng
Kt lun v kin ngh
1. Kt lun
2. Kin ngh

14

CHNG I.
TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC
1.1 C s l thuyt ca ch s WQI
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung v ch s CLN
Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index-WQI) l mt ch s t
hp c tnh ton t thng s cht lng nc xc nh thng qua mt cng
thc ton hc.WQI Dng m t nh lng v cht lng nc v c
biu din qua mt thang im
Vic s dng sinh vt trong nc lm ch th cho mc sch c t
nm 1850 c coi l nghin cu u tin v WQI
Ch s Horton (1965) l ch s WQI u tin c xy dng trn thang
s.
Hin nay c rt nhiu quc gia/a phng xy dng v p dng ch s
WQI. Thng qua mt m hnh tnh ton, t cc thng s khc nhau ta thu
c mt ch s duy nht. Sau cht lng nc c th so snh vi nhau
thng qua ch s . y l phng php n gin so vi vic phn tch mt
lot cc thng s.
1.1.2 Quy trnh xy dng WQI
Vic xy dung mt hnh tnh WQI gm 4 giai on c bn:
Xc nh thng s cht lng nc la chn (Xi): mt s t cc thng s
c la chn t nhiu thng s cht lng nc tnh vo WQI. S thng
s c la chn tnh vo WQI thng thay i, n c hiu chnh thay
i cho ph hp vi tng dng sng, cho tng mc ch s dng nc, nhng
thng l 3:13 thng s.
Xc nh thnh phn trng lng ng gp ca cc thng s la chon
(Wi): phn trng lng ng gp th hin tm quan trng ca mi thng s
la chn trong m hnh tnh WQI. Ty theo dng sng v mc ch s dng
nc khc nhau m tm quan trng ca mi thng s trong m hnh tnh cng
khc nhau. Song, cng co mt s loi WQI khng tnh n phn trng lng
ng gp ca thng s la chn.
Xc nh ch s ph (qi): qi th hin cht lng ca thng s la chn v
do vy n ph thuc vo gi tr ca thng s la chn. Mt khc, do cc thng
s la chn thng c n v khc nhau nn phi quy v thang im (hay ch

15

s ph qi) khng c n v, qi thng nhn gi tr trong khang 0:100 hoc


0:1. xc nh qi, ngi ta phi xy dng s ph thuc gia qi v gi tr o
xi ca thng s la chn (Xi) di dng phng trinh tnh ton, th hm
tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn tnh qi=f(xi) hoc bng tra cu.
Tnh cc gi tr WQI theo cng thc ton hc xc nh: cc cng thc
tnh ton WQI c nhiu dng khc nhau, c th tnh v khng tnh n phn
trng lng ng gp (Wi), c th l dng tng hp hoc dng tch hoc dng
SolwayBng 1 cp mt s phng php thng c p dng
Bng 1.1: Cc cng thc tnh WQI tng qut .
Dng tng
Khng
tnh
phn
trng
lng
ng
gp
C tnh phn
trng
lng
ng gp

Dng tch
1/n

wi

Dng solway
(

2.1.3 u v hn ch ca WQI
T cc ti liu tham kho c v phng php nghin cu cht lng
nc bng ch s WQI, ti tng hp v nh gi v cc u im ca WQI
trong nh gi din bin cht lng nc:
Cho php gim mt s cc thng s phn tch vt l, ha hc v vi sinh
xung cn mt con s n gin theo mt phng php n gin.
Cho php lng ha cht nc (tt, xu, trung bnh,) theo mt thang
im lin tc v n th hin tng ha nh hng ca cc thng s cht lng
nc.
Thch hp vi vic tin hc ha, nn thun li cho qun l v thng bo
cht lng nc cho cng ng v cc nh hoch nh chnh sch.
S to iu kin thun li cho bn ha cht lng nc thng qua
vic mu ha cc thang im WQI..
Khng nhng ng vai tr l ch th ca s thay i cht lng nc
m cn ch th cho nhng thay i v tim nng s dng nc.

16

Cho php nh gi khch quan v cht lng nc, ng thi cho php
so snh cht lng nc theo khng gian, thi gian v do vy, thun li cho
phn vng v phn loi cht lng nc.
Tuy c nhiu u im, nhng WQI cng c nhng hn ch sau:
Tnh m h: trong mt s trng hp, WQI khng phn nh r rng v
thc trng cht lng nc, chng hn cht lng nc km nhng gi tr
WQI li phn nh l trung bnh, thm ch tt v ngc li, cht lng nc tt
nhng gi tr WQI li phn nh l trung binhg
Tnh khng mm do: mt s m hnh tnh WQI khng cho php b
sung thng s do phng php c c nh
Tnh che khut: mt thng s no y c gi tr ch s ph thp c th
b che lp bi nhng thng s c gi tr cao hn
1.2 ng dng ch s WQI
Phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh: WQI c th c s dng lm c s
cho vic ra cc quyt nh phn b ti chnh v xc nh cc vn u tin.
Phn vng cht lng nc
Thc thi tiu chun: WQI c th nh gi c mc p ng/khng
p ng ca cht lng nc i vi tiu chun hin hnh
Phn tch din bin cht lng nc theo khng gian v thi gian.
Cng b thng tin cho cng ng
Nghin cu khoa hc: cc nghin cu chuyn su v cht lng nc
thng khng s dng WQI tuy nhin WQI c th s dng cho cc nghin
cu v m khc nh nh gi tc ng ca qu trnh th ha n cht lng
nc khu vc, nh gi hiu qu kim sot pht thi
nh gi cht lng nc

17

CHNG II
TNG QUAN NG DNG CH S WQI TRONG NH GI
PHN VNG CHT LNG NC SNG
2.1 Phn loi ch s ch s cht lng nc
2.1.1 Phn loi theo b thng s
2.1.1.1 Ch s cht lng nc ca T chc V sinh quc gia M (NSFWQI)
Ch s cht lng nc ny c xy dng vo nm 1970 nh l mt
cng c truyn thng tin v cht lng nc n cng ng v cc nh ban
hnh lut, l mt trong nhng CSCL nc c s dng rng ri nht Hoa
K. WQI l kiu ch s CLN tng qut, tc l chung cho a mc ch s dng
nc. NSF-WQI c xy dng bng cch s dng k thut Delphi (ca tp
on rand) xc nh cc thng s CLN la chn (Xi), sau xc lp phn
trng lng ca tng thng s(wi) v tin hnh xy dng cc th chuyn
i t cc gi tr xi (gi tr o c ca thng s la chn) sang ch s ph
(qi). trnh nhng vn do quan i ch quan v s khc nhau a
phng, vic xy dng cu hi c da vo mt bng cu hi ly kin
nhn xt ca nhiu chuyn gia nhiu vng a l khc nhau.
u tin cc chuyn gia s chn ra cc bin s cn c trong ch s v
trng s ca tng bin s. Theo kt qu kho st kin ca tng chuyn gia,
11 thng s c chn trn tng s 35 thng s ngh, bao gm: DO,
TC, pH, BOD5,NO3-,PO43-, nhit , TUR v tng cht rn (TS), cc cht c
v thuc tr su. Vi 9 thng s u, cc chuyn gia a ra cc ng
cong th hin s thay i ca cc ch s ph ng vi nhiu mc nhim khc
nhau cc vng khc nhau. Sau s ly trung bnh v hnh thnh ng
cong phn hng tnh ch s ph. i vi cht c v thuc tr su, ch s
c ly bng 0 gi tr ti a cho php v ch s tng dn theo s gim nng
ca cc cht ny. Ch s NSF tng th c tnh bng cch cng tt c cc
tch ca ch s ph v trng s tng ng ca chng:
NSF WQI =

Trong : NSF WQI- ch s cht lng nc ca T chc v sinh Hoa K


Wi- trng s ca thng s nhim i
Ii- ch s ph ca thng s nhim i

18

Phn trng lng ng gp (wi) ca 9 thng s la chn nh sau:


DO:0,17; coliform phn: 0,15; ph:0,12; BOD5: 0,10; PO43-: 0,10; bin thin
nhit (t): 0,10; TUR: 0,08; TS: 0,08.
Ch s ph qi c xc nh da vo th qi=f(xi). Trn mi th
qi=f(xi), gi tr trung bnh v khong tin cy 80% c biu din, qi nhn gi
tr 0:100.
Theo m hnh ny, gi tr WQI xc nh c nm trong khong 0-100,
WQI=0 ng vi mc CLN xu nht, WQI=100 ng vi mc CLN tt nht.

2.1.1.2 Ch s cht lng nc ca Bhargava.


Ch s cht lng nc ny do Bhargava xy dng vo nm 1083, c
p dng u tin phn vng v phn loi cht lng nc sng Gng, n
. Cc bc xy dng ch s cht lng nc ca Bhargava (vit tt l
Bhargava-WQI) gm:
Xc nh mc ch s dng nc: Tc gi xut vic nh g cht lng
theo 5 mc ch s dng chnh: tm, bi li; cp nc sinh hot nng nghip,
cng nghip, nui c v tip xc trc tip.
Xc nh cc thng s cht lng nc cho mi mc ch s dng nc:
cc mc ch s dung nc khc nhau yu cu cc thng s cht lng nc
khc nhau v tm quan trng ca mi thng s cng khc nhau.
Bng 2-2: Cc thng s CLN la chn cc mc ch s dng khc
nhau.
STT
Mc ch s dng nc
Cc thng s la chn
c, BOD, DO, N-NH3,
1
Tm, bi li
coliform
c, BOD, DO, Cl-,
2
Cp nc sinh hot
coliform
3
Nng nghip
TDS, Cl-, Bo, t s natri
4
Cng nghip
c, TDS, cng
Nui c v tip xc trc
5
Nhit , BOD, DO, Cltip
Xy dng hm nhy cho cc thng s la chn (Fi): Hm nhy m t cht
lng ca thng s CLN la chn, l i lng trung tm ca m hnh
Bhargava- WQI. y l hm tuyn tnh, biu din mi quan h gia Fi vi gi
tr xi c dng chuyn cc gi tr o (xi) v cng mt thang im chung
trong khong 0,01 : 1. Vic xy dng da trn cc gi tr gii hn quy nh

19

i vi cc thng s cht lng nc c la chn trong cc tiu chun


tng ng vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
Tnh ton ch s cht lng nc: WQI cho mi mc ch s dng nc
c tnh theo cng thc:
WQI=(

)1/n x 100

Trong :
Fi: gi tr hm nhy ca thng s th i
n: s thng s la chn (n ty thuc vo mi mc ch s dng nc).
WQI tng qut (hay WQI cho a mc ch s dng) c tnh bng
cch ly bnh qun s hc cc gi tr WQI ca cc mc nh s dng nc
khac nhau vi gi thit tm quan trng ca chng l nh nhau.Nu tm quan
trng ca cc mc ch s dng nc khc nhau, c th gn h s khc nhau
cho mi mc ch s dng khi tnh WQI tng qut. Da vo thang im
Bhargava-WQI, CLN c phn loi v nh gi theo 5 mc (5 loi) nh sau:
mc I: WQI = 90:100 (rt tt); mc II: WQI = 65:89 (tt); mc III: WQI =
35 : 64 (trung bnh); mc IV: WQI = 11: 34 (xu); mc V : WQI = 1:10 (rt
xu)
2.1.1.3 Ch s cht lng nc ca Canada (CCME Water Quality Index)
Ch s cht lng nc Canada CCME-WQI c xy dng da trn
c s k tha v pht trin m hnh WQI ca bang British Columbia (Canada)
v nm 2001 c hi ng B trng Mi trng Canada chp nhn a
vo s dng. CCME-WQI l loi m hnh WQI cho mc ch ring hoc mc
ch tng qut v c th p dng cho c ngun nc ngt, nc l v nc
mn. Song m hnh ny ch p dng khi c 4 thng s cht lng nc v 4
t o hay quan trc. Nhng thng s cht lng nc cn quan trc (cc
thng s la chn) v nhng tiu chun cht lng nc cho cc mc ch s
dng khc nhau ph thuc vo cc tiu chun v quy nh ca quc gia v
quc t.
CCME-WQI c tnh ton t cc h s i din cho 3yu t: phm vi
(F1), tn s (F2) v ln (F3) trong F1 v F2 c xc nh trc tip, F3
c xc nh gin tip.
Xc nh F1 (phm vi): F1 th hin thng s cht lng nc khng t
chun, vt qu (hoc nh hn) gii hn cho php trong tiu chun cht
lng nc ng vi mt mc ch no . F1 c o bng t s gia s thng
s khng t chun v tng s cc thng s c quan trc:

20

F =

(4)

Xc nh F2 (tn s): F2 cho bit tn s (s ln) khng t chun ca


cc thng s quan quan trc so vi tng s cc kt qu ca tt c cc thng s:

F2=

Xc nh F3 ( ln): F3 cho bit ln ca thng s khng t chun


so vi gi tr ca thng s c quy nh trong tiu chun v n c xc
nh qua 3 bc:
Bc 1: Xc nh lch (k hiu l Exi) ca mi thng s khng t
chun, cao hn hay thp hn bao nhiu so vi tiu chun quy nh ca thng
s i vi mt mc ch s dng nc xc nh. Exi c tnh nh sau:
Khi gi tr ca thng s cao hn tiu chun:
Exi =

-1

Ngc li, khi gi tr ca thng s nh hn tiu chun:


Exi =

-1

Bc 2: Xc nh lch tng cng chun ha bng t s gia tng cc


lch v tng s cc kt qu quan trc khng t chun (ln hn hoc nh
hn chun) i vi mt mc ch s dng nc xc nh:

Nse=

Bc 3: Tnh F3 l hm ca nse v c tnh t nse sao cho n c


nhn gi tr trong khong 0:100
F3=[

Cui cng tnh CCME-WQI: CCME-WQI c xem l t hp cha 3


yu t F1, F2, F3; mi yu t c xem l mt vecto trong khng gian 3 chiu.
a vecto t hp v 100 (gi tr cao nht), bt buc phi chia cho
1,732 v lc ny CCME-WQI =0, ng vi CLN xu nht. trn c s tnh c
ch s CCME-WQI, ngi ta phn loi v nh gi cht lng nc theo 5
thang im nh sau: mc I: WQI-B = 90:100 (rt tt); mc II: WQI-B = 80
94,9 (tt); mc III : WQI B = 65 :79,9 (trung bnh); mc IV: WQI B =
45:64,9 (xu); mc V: WQI B= 0:44,9 (rt xu)

21

2.1.2 Phn loi ch s cht lng nc WQI theo trng s ti Vit Nam
Ti vit Nam, trong thi gian qua, tng cc Mi trng ban hnh quyt
nh s 879/Q-TCMT v vic ban hnh s tay hng dn tnh ton ch s
cht lng nc. Tuy nhin WQI c cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v p
dng cho mt vi lu vc sng t lu, mt s nghin cu in hnh nh sau:
Tn Tt Lng (2006). Xy dng ch s cht lng nh gi v qun l
cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, trong nghin cu ny tc gi s
dng phng php Delphi v phn tch tng quan a ra ch s
WQI.ng thi tc gi xy dng mt h thng cu hi gi n cc chuyn gia
v cc thng s cn c quan tm la chn, cng nh cc trng s cho mi
thng s . C 6 thng s c la chn nh sau:
Bng 2-3: Cc thng s c la chn theo phng php Delphi-Tn
Tht Lng.
Trng s tm
Trng s cui
STT
Thng s
thi
cng
1
BOD5
1
0,23
2
DO
0,76
0,18
3
SS
0.7
0,16
4
pH
0,66
0,15
Tng N
0,63
0,15
5
6

Tng coliform

0,56

0,13

T im trung bnh do cc chuyn gia cho ng vi tng khong nng


thc t, i vi mi thng s cht lng nc, tc gi ti xy dng
th v hm s tng quan gia nng v ch s ph. Cc hm cht lng
nc c biu th bng cc gi tr sau:
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s BOD5: y= -0,0006x2-0,1491x + 9,8255
Hm lng cht lng nc vi thng s DO: y= 0,0047x2 + 1,20276x
0,0058
Hm lng cht lng nc vi thng s SS: y= 0,0003x2 0,1304x +
11,459
Hm lng cht lng nc vi thng s pH: y = 0,0862x4 2,4623x3
+ 24,756x2 102,23x + 150,23
Hm lng cht lng nc vi thng s tng N: y= -0,04x2 0,1752x
+ 9,0244
Hm lng cht lng nc vi thng s T.coliform : y= 179,39x0,4067

22

Ch s WQI cui cng c tnh theo cng thc trung bnh cng c
trng s:
I=
i
Trong qi, wi ln lt l ch s ph v trng s tng ng ca
thng s cht lng nc i.
nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, da vo kt qu
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v kinh nghim thc t, tc gi ti xut
phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s WQI nh sau:
Bng 2-4: phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt Tn Tht Lng
nh gi cht lng
Loi ngun nc
Ch s WQI
nc
1
9<WQI<10
Khng nhim
2
7<WQI<9
nhim rt nh
3
5<WQI<7
nhim nh
4
3<WQI<5
nhim trung bnh
5
1<WQI<3
nhim nng
6
9<WQI<10
nhim t nng
Theo L Trnh v cng tc vin .Nghin cu phn vng cht lng
nc theo cc ch s cht lng v nh gi kh nng s dng ngun nc
sng, knh rch trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong cng trnh
nghin cu ny, tc gi a ra 3 m hnh tnh ton WQI. V c bn cc m
hnh u da trn hai m hnh gc NSF-WQI v m hnh Bhargava-WQI
tnh ton.Cc m hnh khc nhau ch xc nh b thng s v trng s ng
gp ca tng thng s trong b thng s chn sao cho ph hp vi mc
ch v c trng ca khu vc nh gi. Do , khi gii thiu v phn tch cc
m hnh, chng ti xin trch tm tt cc im khc bit v b thng s v
trng s ng gp m khng lp li cch tnh ton c th. Cc m hnh c th
c trnh by cc mc di y:
a.M hnh 1: Da theo m hnh NSF-WQI (NSF-WQI/HCM)
Da theo m hnh NSF-WQI/HCM do L Trnh v cng s xut
nm 2007. Trong c bn iu chnh 4 thng s trong 9 thng s ca NSFWQI. Phng php, cng thc tnh v trng s wikhng thay i so vi NSFWQI. Xem bng sau:

23

Bng 2-5: Thng s v trng lng ng gp wi ca phng php


NSF-WQI/HCM
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

NSF-WQI/HCM
Thng s la Trng s ng
chn
gp wi
Nhm thng s
Bin i
0,12
nhit
SS+DS
0,08
c
0,10
pH
0,08
Oxy ha tan
0,17
(DO)
Thng s vt l
Nhu cu oxi
0,10
sinh ha
Tng N
0,10
Thng s ha hc
Tng P
0,10
Thng s sinh hc
T.coliform
0,15
Tng wi
1,00

b. M hnh 2: Xy dng m hnh WQI cho HCM (HCM-WQI).


M hnh ny ci tin da trn m hnh NSF-WQI, trong c xy dn
li thng s v trng s ng gp. xy dng m hinhg ny tc gi gi
30 nh khoa hc tham kho la chn thng s.Kt qu 10 trong 40 thng
s gi i c la chn nhiu nht.
Cc phng trnh ch s ph:
DO(y): y=-0,7061x2+17,179x+3,7855
BOD(y): y=0,0068x2-2,1089x+100,34
Tng N(y): y=0,1213x2-8,318x+99,233
COD (y): y=0,0039x2-1,157x+94,011
pH (y): y=0,416x4-11,609x3+110,15x2-409,46x+539,31
TC (y) : y=-8,899 ln(x)+132,04
Tng P(y): y=-14,443Ln(x)+33,146, SS (y) : y=0,001x20,6468x+101,36
Du m (y): y=-19,082Ln(x)+3,9124 vi x l nng ca tng
ch th (mg/l)
c. M hnh 3: p dng m hnh Bhargava iu chnh (Bhargava-WQI/HCM)
Trong m hnh ny 10 thng s c la chn nh gi v cc
thng s ny trng hp vi b thng s s dng trong m hnh HCM-WQI.

24

Tuy nhin c iu chnh ph hp vi vic nh gi cht lng nc theo


tiu chun v cht lng nc mt (TCVN 5942-1995) v phn nh c ht
c im cht lng nc vng mt vng Tp.HCM. Mt s hiu chnh sau:
Thm thng s Fe
Dng thng s EC thay cho mn.
B thng s tng P v khng c trong TCVN 5942-1995
Thay thng s tng N bng NO3- hoc NH4+/NH3.
ti ny tnh WQI trong c 4 trng hp:
i)Tnh Fe, NH4+/NH3, khng tnh NO3ii)Tnh Fe, NO3- m khng tnh NH4+/NH3
iii) Tnh c Fe, NH4+/NH3 v NO3iv) Tnh NH4+/NH3 v NO3- m khng tnh Fe.
Kt qu tnh ton Bhargava-WQI/HCM cho cc sng, knh, rch
Tp.HCM cho thy:
(i)v (ii) cho thy kt qu gn nh bng nhau, chnh lch khng qu 2.
(i) v (iii) chnh lch nhau khng qu.
(iv) chnh lch ln cho cc trng hp cn li, khi nng Fe trong
mu > 2ml th (iv) chnh lch vi (iii) trn 10 n v.
T kt qu trn L Trnh v cng s xut khng chn (iv) v nn chn
thng s Fe trong m hnh tnh ton Bhargava-WQI/HCM. C th chn NO3hoc NH4+/NH3 m khng cn chn c hai thng s ny. Trong nu nng
NH4+/NH3 trong mu thp th u tin chn NO3- (v NH4+ kh xc nh
chnh xc)

25

2.2 Mt s nghin cu ng dng WQI phn vng cht lng nc


Nghin cu ch s cht l ng nc nh gi v phn vng cht
l ng nc sng Hu
Tnh cp thit ca ti.
Sng Hu c rt nhiu chc nng quan trng c bit ca ngun nc, i vi pht trin
kinh t - x hi ton vng Ty Nam b. Chnh v vy vic tng cng v nng cao hiu qu qun l
v bo v ngun nc sng Hu l mt nhim v quan trng, l mt yu cu cp thit, m bo
cc mc tiu pht trin hin ti v pht trin bn vng trong tng lai.
Phn vng cht lng nc l ni dung c bit quan trng khng ch trong qun l mi
trng m cn c tm quan trng trong quy hoch s dng ti nguyn nc mt cch hp l v an
ton.
Nhm gp phn ngn chn cc nguy c khng hong v ngun nc cng nh tng bc
khc phc, ci thin v bo v ngun nc mt trn a bn thnh ph Cn Th, cn thit phi tin
hnh nghin cu xy dng cng c qun l thng nht v tng hp ti nguyn nc sng Hu.
Ch s cht lng nc v phn vng cht lng nc l cng c gip nh gi mc nhim
tng on sng phc v mc ch quy hoch s dng hp l ngun nc mt v xy dng nh
hng kim sot nhim, bo v mi trng nc, t , xy dng cc bin php kim sot
nhim mi trng nc tt hn, y l mt vn rt cn thit v cp bch.

Kt qu nghin cu
nh gi cht lng nc h thng Hu, da vo mt s kt qu nghin
cu v kinh nghim thc t, chng ti xut phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s
WQI nh sau:
Bng Phn loi nhim ngun nc mt
nh gi cht
lng

Mc ch s dng nc

Loi
ngun
nc

K hiu
mu

Ch s WQI

Xanh
dng

90<WQI100

Khng nhim

S dng cho tt c cc mc ch
s dng nc m khng cn x l

Lam

70<WQI90

nhim rt nh

Nui trng thy hi sn, nng


nghip, mc ch gii tr, GTT.

Lc

50<WQI70

nhim nh

Gii tr ngoi tr cc mn th
thao tip xc trc tip, ph hp
vi mt s loi c

Vng

30<WQI50

nhim trung bnh

Ch ph hp vi s gii tr tip
xc gin tip vi nc, GTT

Da cam

10<WQI30

nhim nng

Dng cho gii tr khng tip xc


v GTT

26

WQI10

nhim rt nng

Ch s dng vi GTT.

Din bin CLN h thng sng Hu khu vc Cn Th


Nhn chung, cht lng nc sng Hu v nhim mc t trung bnh
n nh. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip
gy ra. Hin nay, trn a bn tnh Cn Th c 6 khu cng nghip. Trong , khu
cng nghip Tr Nc 1 v Tr Nc 2 hot ng nhng cha c khu cng nghip
no c h thng x l tp trung. Hu nh nc thi cng nghip cha qua x l m
x thng vo sng Hu. V vy, nc sng Hu c du hiu nhim hu ht cc
ch tiu. Nng cc cht dinh dng tng i cao.
Kt qu phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu c th hin trn bn

Nghin cu phn vng cht l ng nc v nh H Long, tnh Qu ng


Ninh v xut cc gi i php qu n l s dng
Mc tiu nghin cu
- Phn vng c hin trng cht lng nc vnh H Long theo
ch s cht lng nc;
- xut c gii php qun l s dng nc cho cc phn

27

vng cht lng nc khc nhau trong vnh H Long.

Kt lun
Din bin cht l ng nc khu vc nghin cu
Thng qua vic tng quan ti liu v o c cht lng nc lun n
xc nh c nhng vn ct li v cht lng nc vnh H Long. l
cc vn v nhim cht rn l lng, cht dinh dng, cht hu c v du
m. Gi tr cc thng s cht lng nc lin quan n cc loi nhim ny
c xu hng tng ln theo thi gian. Trong tng lai, vn nhim cht rn
l lng, cht dinh dng, cht hu c v du ti khu vc ven b vn c xu
hng tng v vt qu gii hn cho php ca quy chun QCVN
10:2008/BTNMT, nh hng trc tip cht lng nc vng li vnh.
Mc tc ng c a cc khu vc ngun th i n cht l ng nc
v nh
Lun n lm sng t cc ngun tc ng n cht lng nc vnh H
Long, c bit xc nh c mc ng nh hng ca cc khu vc ngun
thi bn trong v bn ngoi vnh thng qua tnh ton m. Kt qu tnh ton
m phng cho thy vng li vnh H Long chu tc ng mnh t cc ngun
thi ven b thnh ph H Long v hot ng tu thuyn, nui trng hi sn
lng b trn vnh.
Cc ngun thi ti khu vc Yn Hng, Cm Ph, Ct B nh hng ch yu
n vng m v khng tc ng nhiu n vng li vnh H Long.
Xy dng v tnh ton ch s cht l ng nc cho v nh H Long
Lun n ng gp v lm sng t phng php lun xy dng ch s cht
lng nc bin, phc v vic nh gi v phn vng cc vng, vnh ven bin
thng qua vic pht trin mt cng thc tnh ch 23 s cht lng nc cho
vnh H Long.
Chn thng s tnh WQIHL c la chn
c theo c im ca nc bin ven b v cc c trng mi
trng vnh H Long. Cc thng s tnh bao gm %DOBH (vi trng
s 0,07), COD (0,11), TOC (0,08), du v m (0,17) tng coliform
hoc feacal coliform (0,07), TSS (0,17), TN (0,11), TP (0,11) v
chlorophyll a (0,11). Cc ch s ph c xy dng da trn QCVN
10:2008/MONRE, cc tiu chun cht lng nc bin ven b ca
ASEAN, Australia, Nht,v cc yu cu cht lng nc cho cc
h sinh thi bin. Thang phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI gm 5
mc: rt tt (97-100), tt (qi min 67 hoc WQI = 92-96 v qi min
67), trung bnh (70-91), xu (50-69), rt xu (1-49). Qu trnh tnh
ton bng cng thc c ci tin v xy dng trn vn c
tin hnh nh bnh thng khi thiu s liu.
Phn vng cht l ng nc v nh H Long
Lun n ng gp cho phng php lun p dng ch s cht
lng nc bin nh gi v phn vng cht lng nc bin ven

28

b Vit Nam, trc ht cho trng hp nghin cu vnh H Long.


Da vo WQIHL xy dng c v cng c GIS, lun n phn
vng vnh H Long thnh cc phn khu cht lng nc. Cc phn
khu cht lng nc tt n rt tt ch yu nm vng li vnh v
phn m pha bin. Cc phn khu cht lng nc trung bnh, xu
v rt xu nm vng ph cn v vng m pha t lin. iu ny
cho thy cht lng nc vnh H Long hin ang chu p lc ln t
cc ngun thi ven bin. Kt qu phn vng cng cho thy mt s
hot ng s dng nc vnh H Long hin ang din ra trong iu kin
khng m bo.
Gi i php qu n l v s dng v nh H Long.
Lun n a ra mc tiu chung v cc mc tiu c th bo v
cht lng nc cho tng phn vng vnh H Long. Trn c s ny,
lun n xut cc hot ng s dng nc c php thc hin,
khng c php thc hin hoc b hn ch thc hin, ty thuc vo
vng cht lng nc v mc ng tc ng mi trng ca cc hot
ng ny. Cui cng, lun n xut xy dng v trin khai bn
nhm gii php lin ngnh, tng hp v theo khng gian ci thin
v bo v cht lng nc vnh H Long. Cc gii php qun l
xut bao gm (i) Xy dng quy hoch khng gian bin v th ch
ha cc vng bin, ng thi iu chnh cc quy hoch hin c; (ii)
y mnh qun l tng hp vng b v p dng b cng c EoH ca
UNESCO v IUCN trong qun l mi trng vnh; (iii) Tng cng
kim sot v qun l cc ngun thi gy nhim vnh, tp trung vo
cc ngun thi ca thnh ph H Long v mt s khu vc lng chi
trn vnh; (iv) y mnh cng tc nghin cu thit lp cc tiu ch
cht lng nc bin cho vng li vnh, gim st cht ch cc thng
s nh gi nhim cht hu c, cht dinh dng, cht rn l lng
v du trong nc vnh.
Kin ngh v cc nghin cu tip theo
- Tip tc nghin cu v gi tr gii hn ca cc thng s tnh
WQIHL sao cho ph hp vi iu kin ca vnh.
- Tip tc nghin cu v cc ch s nh gi cht lng vng
bin nh ch s cht lng trm tch, ch s tch t sinh hc
- Kim chng thm s phn vng cht lng nc vi s liu
thc t ti nhng khu vc s dng phng php ni suy xc nh
cht lng nc.

29

ng dng ch s WQI nh gi hin trng cht l ng cht l ng nc


m i trng nc mt thnh ph L
Mc tiu nghin cu
ng dng ch s WQI nh gi hin trng cht lng nc mt trn a bn thnh ph
Lt.
Xc nh nguyn nhn gy nhim nc mt ca thnh ph Lt. xut bin php qun l
ngun nc mt ca thnh ph Lt theo pht trin bn vng.

30

Kt qu
Bng so snh WQI quan trc v WQI tiu chun

31

KT LUN V KIN NGH


1.Kt lun
Qua vic nghin cu k trn chng ta c th rt ra c mt s kt lun
nh sau:
Ch s cht lng nc l mt ch s c tnh ton t cc thng s
quan trc cht lng nc, dng m t nh lng v cht lng nc v
kh nng s dng ca ngun nc , c biu din qua mt thang im.
Cung cp thng tin mi trng cho cng ng mt cch n gin, d hiu,
trc quan gp phn nng cao nhn thc v mi trng.
T kt qu phn tch, kho st v nh gi ch s cht lng nc mt
ti mt s sng,h v sui ln ca Vit Nam, nhn chung nhiu sng,h, sui
ln nc ta ang trong tnh trng nhim. Chnh v vy nu khng c bin
php qun l ngay t by gi, th cht lng nc mt ca ca cc sng h
hin nay th hnh nh ca mt t nc du lch ni ting c to nn t cnh
quan mi trng p v cc cc sng h p s khng cn p na, khi m
cc sng h thnh th ln nng thn nc mt th en ngm, bc ln mi hi
thi nng nc, xc c tm ni lnh bnh.

32

2.Kin ngh
Nng cao nhn thc v nguy c nhim mi trng, i vi s pht
trin bn vng, th hin r trong quy hoch, k hoch pht trin ca tng a
bn phng x, tng ngnh, trong tng d n, vi tm nhn di hn.
Tip tc kin ton h thng c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng
n cp huyn (thnh ph). T y mnh cng tc thanh tra, kim tra vic
chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng; x l nghim cc hnh vi vi phm
php lut v BVMT, trong t trng tm i vi cc c s gy nhim
mi trng trn phm vi tan thnh ph, thc hin ni dung bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng ca cc c s sn xut,
kinh doanh v dch v.
Trin khai quy hach chi tit s dng t trong lu vc, b tr s dng
nc hp l, hn ch cc d n lm gia tng cc cht thi gy nhim.
xut tip tc tranh th ngun vn ti tr u t m rng h thng
x l nc thi tin n ph kn thu gom nc thi cho tan b c dn th
trong lu vc.
Thc hin chng trnh thu gom v x l cht thi t sn xut nng
nghip (trng trt, chn nui); u t mt s im thu gom rc thi t sn
xut nng nghip nh h rc, b rc... ng thi kt hp vn ng nhn dn
t thu gom, x l, tn dng ph phm t sn xut ch bin phn hu c...
Xy dng vn ha ng x thn thin vi mi trng, y mnh tuyn
truyn, gio dc php lut, nng cao nhn thc, xy dng cc chun mc,
hnh thnh thc, hnh vi ng x thn thin vi thin nhin, mi trng.
a cc ni dung bo v mi trng vo cuc vn ng Ton dn on
kt xy dng i sng vn ha khu dn c v cuc vn ng Xy dng
np sng vn minh ni cng cng

33

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng (2008), Quy chu n Qu c gia v cht
l ng nc mt (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT), H Ni
[2]. Gio trnh Qu n l cht l ng M i Trng- PGS.TS Nguyn Vn
Phc, Nguyn Th Vn H
[3]. B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng (2011), Quyt nh v vic ban hnh s
tay hng dn tnh ton ch s cht l ng nc, H Ni
[4] Tng cc Mi Trng (2010), phng php tnh ton ch s WQI
[5]. L Trnh (2006), Bo co t ng h p ti liu nghin cu phn vng cht
l ng nc Thnh ph H Ch Minh, TP.HCM
[6].Phm Th Anh (2010), Gio trnh Qu n l cht l ng m i trng, Trng
i hc Yersin Lt.
[4]. Lut Bo v Mi trng nm (2005), cc Ngh nh v Th ng t km
theo.
[5]. Trn Thanh Lm (2006), Qu n l m i trng bng c ng c kinh t, Nh
Xut b n Lao ng, Tp. HCM.
[6]. Trn Thanh Lm (2004), Qu n l m i trng a phng, Nh Xut b n
Xy Dng, H Ni.
[7]. Hong Hng (2005), Qu n l v s dng h p l ti nguyn nc, Nh
Xut b n i hc Qu c gia HCM.
[8]. Nguyn Th Thanh Thy (1997), T chc qu n l m i trng c nh quan
th , Nxb. Xy Dng, H Ni.

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