BÀI GIẢNG NỀN MÓNG MỐ TRỤ CẦU

TRNG I HC XY DNG MIN TRUNG
KHOA CU NG
B MN CU & CNG TRNH NGM
--------------------
ON HU SM
BI GING MN HC
NN MNG V M TR CU
Chuyn ngnh : XY DNG CU NG

(DNH CHO SINH VIN H CAO NG)
(LU HNH NI B)
TP. TUY HA, thng 12 nm 2011
MC LC
CHNG 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V NN MNG V M TR CU ................1
1.1.
Khi nim chung v nn, mng ...........................................................................1
1.1.1. Khi nim c bn v nn, mng...........................................................................1

a.
Nn cng trnh.....................................................................................................1
b.
Mng cng trnh..................................................................................................2
1.1.2. Phn loi nn, mng.............................................................................................2

a.
Phn loi nn .......................................................................................................2
b.
Phn loi mng....................................................................................................6
1.2.
Khi nim chung v m tr cu ...........................................................................9
1.2.1. Khi nim chung v m tr cu ...........................................................................9

1.2.2. Phn loi m tr cu...........................................................................................10
a.
Phn loi theo cng dc cu.........................................................................11
b.
Phn loi theo h thng kt cu nhp ................................................................13
c.
Phn loi theo vt liu xy dng .......................................................................15
d.
Phn loi theo phng php xy dng..............................................................16
e.
Phn loi theo hnh thc cu to ca m tr .....................................................16
f.
Phn loi theo yu cu s dng.........................................................................18
1.2.3. Vt liu xy dng m tr cu.............................................................................18

1.2.4. Xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca m tr cu ...............................................19
a.
Cao nh mng .............................................................................................19
b.
Cao nh m tr............................................................................................20
c.
Kch thc m m tr trn mt bng ................................................................21
d.
Xc nh mt s cc kch thc khc ...............................................................23
CHNG 2: TNH TON THIT K MNG NNG..............................................24

2.1.
Cc khi nim c bn v mng nng .................................................................24
2.1.1. Khi nim ...........................................................................................................24

2.1.2. Cu to ...............................................................................................................28
2.2.
Thit k mng nng trn nn thin nhin ..........................................................32
2.2.1. Trnh t thit k..................................................................................................32

2.2.2. Xc nh s b kch thc y mng ................................................................34
a.
Trng hp mng chu ti ng tm ................................................................36
b.
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm..................................................................39
2.2.3. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn (TTGH).................................................45

2.2.4. Tnh ton cng bn thn mng ...................................................................46
a.
Xc nh chiu cao b mng .............................................................................46
b.
Tnh ton ct thp cho b mng........................................................................49
CHNG 3: TNH TON THIT K MNG CC .................................................57

3.1.
Khi nim, phn loi mng cc .........................................................................57
3.1.1. Khi nim mng cc ..........................................................................................57

3.1.2. Phn loi cc, mng cc ....................................................................................58
a.
Phn loi cc .....................................................................................................58
b.
Phn loi mng cc ...........................................................................................59
3.1.3. Cu to cc v b cc.........................................................................................60
a.
Cu to cc........................................................................................................60
b.
Cu to b cc ...................................................................................................63
3.2.
Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc.............................................................................68
3.2.1. Khi nim ...........................................................................................................68
3.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo vt liu..........................................69

3.2.3. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo t nn ..........................................71
a.
Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu c hc ca t nn
(phng php tnh)........................................................................................................72

b.
Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu trng thi (ch tiu vt
l) ca t nn (phng php thng k) .......................................................................83

c.
Mt s phng php thng dng khc v tnh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc
theo t nn ...................................................................................................................88
3.3.
Thit k mng cc i thp ................................................................................94
3.3.1. Kim tra iu kin mng cc lm vic dng i thp........................................94

3.3.2. Xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc .............................................................96
3.3.3. Xc nh s lng cc v b tr cc...................................................................96
3.3.4. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc theo phng ng .....................................96
3.3.5. Kim tra cng ca nn t di mi cc ....................................................98
3.3.6. Kim tra ln ca mng cc ...........................................................................99
3.3.7. Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang ..................................................................100
3.3.8. Tnh ton i cc..............................................................................................106
a.
Kim tra xuyn thng gia ct (tr) v i.....................................................106
b.
Kim tra xuyn thng gia cc v i ............................................................107
c.
Tnh ton chu un v b tr ct thp cho i..................................................109
3.4.
Thit k mng cc i cao ...............................................................................125
3.4.1. Khi nim .........................................................................................................125

3.4.2. Tnh ton mng cc i cao tuyt i cng theo s bi ton phng...........125
a.
0
Xc nh quan h gia iK v iK
...................................................................128
b.
Xc nh quan h gia iK v iK ...................................................................129
c.
Xc nh quan h gia i v v, u, w...............................................................130
d.
Xc nh cc chuyn v v, u, w ca i cc ....................................................131
CHNG 4: CU TO TR CU DM................................................................136
4.1.
Cu to cc b phn ca tr cu.......................................................................136
4.1.1. M tr...............................................................................................................136
4.1.2. Thn tr ............................................................................................................138
4.1.3. Mng tr...........................................................................................................138
4.1.4. Lt mt m tr cu ...........................................................................................138
4.2.
Cu to tr cu ton khi .................................................................................139
4.2.1. Tr nng ...........................................................................................................139

4.2.2. Tr thn ct ......................................................................................................141
4.2.3. Tr thn hp .....................................................................................................144
CHNG 5: CU TO M CU DM .................................................................145
5.1.
ngha, nhim v ca m trong cng trnh cu..............................................145
5.2.
Cu to m ton khi .......................................................................................154
5.2.1. Cu to m ch U ............................................................................................154
5.2.2. Cu to m vi .................................................................................................157
5.3.
M cu 4 khp .................................................................................................160
CHNG 6: TNH TON M TR CU DM ....................................................162

6.1.
Khi nim chung ..............................................................................................162
6.1.1. Khi nim chung v thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD).........162

6.1.2. Cc ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh cu ........................................................164
6.1.3. Cc trng thi gii hn, h s ti trng v t hp ti trng..............................165
6.2.
Xc nh mt s ti trng tnh ton m tr cu...........................................168
6.2.1. Ti trng thng xuyn....................................................................................168

6.2.2. Ti trng tc thi..............................................................................................169
CHNG 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V NN MNG V M TR CU

1.1. Khi nim chung v nn, mng
Trong cng trnh xy dng, ngi ta thng chia cc b phn ca cng trnh ra lm
hai phn ln: kt cu phn trn (kt cu thng tng) v kt cu phn di (kt cu h
tng). Vic phn chia c th kt cu phn trn v kt cu phn di bao gm nhng b
phn no l ty thuc vo tng ngnh. Kt cu phn di li c chia lm 2 b phn
l nn cng trnh v mng cng trnh.
1.1.1. Khi nim c bn v nn, mng
a. Nn cng trnh
Nn cng trnh l phn a cht (t, ) nm ngay di y mng, tip nhn ton
b ti trng cng trnh bn trn truyn xung thng qua mng.
Mt t t nhin
Df
Mng
Hn
Nn
Hnh 1.1. Nn v mng cng trnh.

V l thuyt, c th coi nn nh khng c gii hn v khi chu tc dng ca ti
trng t cng trnh bn trn th ti bt k mt im no trong nn u chu mt gi
tr ng sut nht nh, nhng trong thc t thng coi nn l phm vi a cht c nh
hng ng k n cng trnh. V vy nn c gii hn l mt mt bao vi cc im
nm trn mt y c cng mt gi tr ng sut quy c no .
Kch thc theo chiu su ca vng nn Hn thng ly bng chiu dy ca lp t
b nn cht ngay di y mng (chiu dy vng nn ln), c xc nh k t y
mng n su z m tha mn iu kin thng dng sau y:
z(bt ) 5 z( gl )
i vi nn t di y mng l nn t tt.
z(bt ) 10 z( gl ) i vi nn t di y mng l nn t yu.
2
b. Mng cng trnh
Mng cng trnh l mt b phn thuc kt cu phn di ca cng trnh, n lin
kt trc tip vi kt cu phn trn ca cng trnh, tip nhn ton b ti trng t bn
trn (v c th ni l c bn hng mng) v truyn xung cho nn cng trnh gnh .
1.1.2. Phn loi nn, mng

a. Phn loi nn
Nn thng c phn bit ra nn thin nhin v nn nhn to.
Nn thin nhin: l nn gm cc lp t c kt cu t nhin c to thnh t lch
s hnh thnh cc lp a cht, c kh nng chu c ti trng cng trnh theo thit k
m khng cn s dng cc bin php k thut ci thin kh nng chu lc ca nn.
Nn nhn to: khi nn c cc lp t ngay st bn di mng khng kh nng
chu lc vi kt cu t nhin ca n, xy dng cng trnh nhng v tr ny ta cn
phi p dng cc bin php k thut nhm nng cao kh nng chu lc ca cc lp t
hoc thay cc lp t bng cc lp t tt hn. Nhng nn nh vy c gi l
nn nhn to.
Cc bin php k thut s dng trong nn nhn to:
Ci to kt cu khung ht t nhm gia tng sc chu ti v gim bin dng ln
ca nn t:
m vt liu ri (m ct, m , ).
Gia ti trc.
Gia ti trc kt hp bin php tng tc thot nc.
Ct vt liu ri (ct ct, ct , ).
Ct t trn vi hoc trn xi mng.
Phng php in thm.
Pht va xi mng hoc vt liu lin kt vo vng nn chu lc.
Hnh 1.2. Gia ti trc kt hp bc thm thot nc ng v thot nc ngang.
Hnh 1.3. Thi cng ct vt liu ri (ct ).
Hnh 1.4. Thi cng ct t trn xi mng.
Hnh 1.5. Pht vt liu lin kt gia cng nn.

Tng cng cc vt liu chu ko cho nn t (t c ct):
S dng si hoc vi a k thut.
S dng thanh hoc v a k thut.
S dng thanh neo.
Hnh 1.6. ng dng vi a k thut trong xy dng nn ng.
Hnh 1.7. ng dng li a k thut trong xy dng nn ng.
Hnh 1.8. S dng thanh neo tng cng n nh ca nn ng trn sn dc.
6
b. Phn loi mng
C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau:
Phn loi theo vt liu xy dng mng: mng gch, hc, b tng, b tng ct
thp, thp, g.
Phn loi theo cng ca mng: mng cng, mng mm (mng chu un).
Phn loi theo phng php thi cng: mng ton khi, bn lp ghp, lp
ghp.
Phn loi theo c tnh chu ti: mng chu ti trng tnh, mng chu ti trng
ng (thng gp l mng my).
Phn loi theo su chn mng: mng nng, mng su, mng na su.
Thng thng khi ni ti vic phn loi mng, ta thng quan tm n cch phn
loi theo su chn mng. Hin nay, c s phn loi mng theo cch ny c
thng nht hn c trong ngnh xy dng l khi tnh sc chu ti ca t nn th thnh
phn ma st gia thnh mng vi t nn c xem xt nh th no. Theo cch phn
loi ny, mng c chia thnh mng nng, mng su v mng na su.
Mng nng: l phn m rng ca y cng trnh nhm c c mt din tch tip
xc thch hp t nn c th gnh chu c p lc y mng, loi mng ny khng
xt n lc ma st gia thnh mng vi t xung quanh khi tnh sc chu ti ca nn
t. Mng nng thng c chia thnh mng n, mng phi hp, mng bng, mng
b.
Mng su: khi chiu su chn mng ln hn chiu su ti hn Dc, t su ny
sc chu ti ca t nn y mng khng tng theo chiu su na m t gi tr
khng i v thnh phn ma st gia thnh mng vi t xung quanh c xt n khi
tnh sc chu ti ca nn t. Mt s loi mng su nh mng tr, mng cc.
Mng tr gm cc tr ln chn su gnh cc cng trnh cu, cng, gin khoan
ngoi bin, Nu tr gm cc t rng v phng php thi cng h vo lng t tng
on tr c thc hin ging nh thi cng ging th mng c gi l mng ging
chm. Khi mng ging chm t qu su hoc a cht xung quanh khng cho php ht
nc o v xy, ngi ta phi bt mt trn cc ging to thnh mt bung kn, sau
dng hi p bm vo bung ny y nc ra m tin hnh o t h ging, lc
ny mng c gi l mng ging chm hi p.
7
Mng cc c cu to bi cc thanh c kch thc b hn tr, gi l cc hay c.
Loi ny rt a dng nh cc g, cc thp, cc b tng ct thp, cc ng thp nhi b
tng, Cc b tng ct thp c loi ch to sn (tit din vung, trn, ng c hoc
khng c thp d ng lc) v loi nhi b tng vo trong l to trc trong lng t
(cc khoan nhi, cc barrette tng barrette)
Mng na su: khi chiu su chn mng nh hn chiu su ti hn Dc, nhng
khng phi l mng nng nh: mng cc ngn, mng tr ngn v mt s mng ging
chm.
Hnh 1.9. Mng n.
Hnh 1.10. Mng bng.
Hnh 1.11. Mng b.
Hnh 1.12. Mng cc ch to sn
Hnh 1.13. Mng ging chm.
v mng cc khoan nhi.
Hnh 1.14. Thi cng tng barrette.
1.2. Khi nim chung v m tr cu

1.2.1. Khi nim chung v m tr cu
Hnh 1.15. M v tr.
1-M cu.
2-Tr cu.
M tr cu l mt b phn quan trng trong cng trnh cu, c chc nng kt

cu nhp v truyn ton b ti trng xung t nn.
V mt kinh t, m tr cu chim mt t l ng k trong tng vn u t xy dng
cng trnh.
M tr cu l cng trnh thuc kt cu phn di. Ngoi tr cc cu trn cn, a s
m tr cu nm trong vng m t, d b xm thc, xi l, bo mn. Vic xy dng,
thay i, sa cha rt kh khn nn khi thit k cn ch sao cho ph hp vi a
hnh, a cht, cc iu kin k thut khc v d on trc s pht trin ti trng.
V vy m tr cu phi m bo nhng yu cu v kinh t, k thut v khai thc.
m bo yu cu v kinh t, k thut ngha l m tr cu s dng vt liu mt cch
hp l, cc kch thc c bn c chn sao cho c tr s nh nht m vn m bo v
cng , cng, n nh, khng b xi l, ln, st. m bo yu cu v khai thc
bao gm m bo thot nc thun li di cu, m bo tnh m quan, khng cn tr
lu thng di cu trong cu vt, chng bo mn b mt m tr
10
Hnh 1.16. Mt cng trnh cu trong thc t.

M cu l mt b phn thuc kt cu phn di ca cng trnh cu, c b tr
hai u cu, ngoi chu ti trng t kt cu nhp truyn xung cn lm nhim v ca
mt tng chn t, chu p lc ngang ca t p, m bo n nh ca nn ng
u cu.
M cn l b phn chuyn tip, m bo xe chy m thun t ng vo cu.
Ngoi ra m cn l cng trnh iu chnh dng chy v m bo chng xi l b sng
i vi cc cu vt sng.
Ti trng ngang truyn vo m ch yu theo phng dc cu v gi tr ti trng
ngang theo hai hng ca phng dc cu thng khc nhau nhiu nn cu to ca m
theo phng dc thng khng i xng.
Tr cu l mt b phn thuc kt cu phn di ca cng trnh cu, c v tr gia
hai nhp k nhau, phn chia cc nhp cu, chu ti trng t kt cu nhp truyn xung.
i vi cu vt sng, tr cu c xy dng trong phm vi dng chy nn tit
din ngang phi c dng hp l v thy ng hc thot nc tt, bn ngoi tr c
lp v c bit chng xm thc. Ngoi ra tr cu cng phi c thit k hp l
m bo thng thuyn i vi cu c thit kt thng thuyn.
i vi cc cu vt v cu cn, hnh dng tr phi m bo m quan v khng
cn tr lu thng di cu.
Tr cu lm vic theo hai phng: dc cu v ngang cu, v thng c cu to i
xng theo c hai phng.
1.2.2. Phn loi m tr cu

C nhiu cch phn loi m tr cu:
11
Phn loi theo cng dc cu.
Phn loi theo h thng kt cu nhp.
Phn loi theo vt liu xy dng.
Phn loi theo phng php xy dng.
Phn loi theo hnh thc cu to ca m tr.
Phn loi theo yu cu s dng.
a. Phn loi theo cng dc cu
Theo cng dc cu c th phn thnh: m tr cng v m tr do.
M tr cng l loi c kch thc ln, cng ln. Thng gp trong hu ht cc
cng trnh cu. Khi chu lc, bin dng ca m tr tng i nh c th b qua. M tr
c kh nng chu c ton b ti trng ngang theo phng dc cu t nhp truyn n
v ti trng ngang do p lc t gy ra. Hnh 1.16 th hin mt dng m tr cng.
M tr do l loi c kch thc thanh mnh, cng nh. Trn m m tr ch c
gi c nh hoc khng cn gi. Khi chu lc ngang theo phng dc cu, ton b kt
cu nhp v tr s lm vic nh mt khung v ti trng ngang s truyn cho cc tr
theo t l cng ca chng. Lc ny cu lm vic nh mt khung nhiu nhp, do
gim lc ngang tc dng ln tr v kch thc tr khi tnh ton thit k s gim i
nhiu. Tuy nhin, m tr do chu x va km nn cn lu khi chn loi m tr ny.
Tr do thng c dng tr ct, tr cc hoc tng mng (hnh 1.17). Tr do thng
p dng cho cc cu nhp nh v c chiu cao khng ln lm (thng l cu dn).
Hnh 1.17. Tr do.
a-Tr cc.
1-Dm m (x m hay m tr).
2-Cc.
b-Tr tng mng.

3-Ct.
4-Mng.
c-Tr ct.
5-Thn tr.
12
Lin bin
Lin gia
Hnh 1.18. M tr do dng cc vi kt cu nhp l cc dm gin n lin kt vi m

m tr bng cc gi ta c nh (lin kt cht).
Hnh 1.19. Tr do dng cc thp v g.
Hnh 1.20. Tr do dng tng mng.
Hnh 1.21. Tr do dng ct.
13
b. Phn loi theo h thng kt cu nhp
Theo h thng kt cu nhp c th phn thnh: m tr khng chu lc y v m tr
chu lc y t kt cu nhp.
M tr khng chu lc y t kt cu nhp thng c cu to tng i n
gin: m tr cu dm, m tr cu khung.
M tr chu lc y t kt cu nhp l h thng chu lc y ngang ln nn c
cu to nng n, thit k phc tp v khng c kh nng lp ghp: m tr cu
vm, m tr cu treo.
M tr cu dm: di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng trn kt cu nhp, ch c
p lc thng ng truyn xung gi ca m tr cu.
M
Tr
Hnh 1.22. M tr cu dm.

M tr cu khung: ging cu dm nhng tr lin kt ngm vi kt cu nhp to
thnh nt khung nn trong thn tr xut hin moment ln.
14
Hnh 1.23. Tr cu khung.

M tr cu vm: di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng trn kt cu nhp, m tr
cu chu lc y ngang ln ti chn vm.
Hnh 1.24. M tr cu vm.
15
M tr cu treo: di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng trn kt cu nhp, m cu
chu lc nh xin rt ln.
Hnh 1.25. M tr cu treo dy vng.

c. Phn loi theo vt liu xy dng
M tr cu c th c xy dng bng xy, b tng, b tng ct thp ( ti
ch, bn lp ghp, lp ghp). Mt s trng hp nh tr cu cn c th c xy dng
bng thp, g. Cc thp cu treo cng c th c xy dng bng thp.
Hnh 1.26. M tr cu bng xy.
16
d. Phn loi theo phng php xy dng
Theo phng php xy dng, m tr c phn thnh cc loi: ton khi, bn lp
ghp v lp ghp.
M tr ton khi c xy dng ngay ti v tr cng trnh, theo yu cu cng
nghip ha th nhng m tr loi ny cn cha hp l. Tuy nhin trong trng hp
chu lc phc tp (m tr cu vm, cu treo) hoc do iu kin kinh t, kh nng thi
cng tr cu trn cc sng ln c thng thuyn, gii php tr ton khi l thch hp.
Tr bn lp ghp (hnh 1.27b) gm nhng khi v bng BTCT v b tng lp lng.
Lp v bn ngoi va ng vai tr l lp o ngoi, va l vn khun khi b tng.
Tr lp ghp (hnh 1.27c) c xy dng bng nhng khi b tng c, c sn
hoc c th lm bng thp.
Hnh 1.27. Tr nng.
a-Tr ton khi.
b-Tr bn lp ghp.
c-Tr lp ghp.
1-M tr; 2-Thn tr;
3-Mng; 4-Lp v BTCT;
5-B tng lp lng;
6-B tng lp ghp.
e. Phn loi theo hnh thc cu to ca m tr

Theo hnh thc cu to c th phn thnh:
M tr nng bao gm cc loi c kch thc ln, kt cu nng n. M tr nng
thng p dng cho cc cu nhp ln hoc cc cu thuc h thng lc y. Loi ny
thng c xy dng bng , b tng, b tng hc, b tng ct thp.
M tr nh c hnh dng thanh mnh hn, c th gm cc hng ct, hng cc hoc
tng mng.
i vi cc cu cn, cu vt ng v ngay c i vi cc cu qua sng c th p
dng cc loi tr ct tit din c hoc ct ng BTCT rng (hnh 1.28). Nu kt cu
nhp ch c hai dn ch, thn tr c th cu to gm hai ct t ng tim dn. Trong
17
trng hp cn m bo tm nhn v khng cn tr giao thng di cu (cu cn, cu
vt, cu cho) c th p dng tr mt ct.
Hnh 1.28. Tr dng ct.

M tr c mng ring: mng tr c th l mng nng, mng cc, mng ging
chm
M tr c cu to lin vi mng: kt cu mng khng tch bit r vi phn thn
m tr: m tr dng cc, ct ng.
M tr c cu to thng trn bnh : trc tim cu vung gc vi dng chy
hoc hng lu thng.
M tr c cu to xin trn bnh : trc tim cu xin gc vi dng chy hoc
hng lu thng. m bo yu cu thot nc v lu thng tt nht, trn mt bng
chiu di tr nn b tr song song dc theo dng chy, chiu ngang tr nn hp ti mc
ti a (hnh 1.29a). Loi ny thng p dng cho cu c xin ln. i vi cu qua
ng, cn c th b tr m tr trn mt bng theo hnh bc thang (hnh 1.29b), kt cu
nhp vn t thng. Loi ny thng km m quan v cn tr tm nhn nn t c p
dng.
18
Hnh 1.29. S m tr trong cu xin.

1-Tim ng.
2-Tim cu.
3-Tim cc ct tr.
4- k gi.
f. Phn loi theo yu cu s dng

Theo yu cu s dng c cc loi m tr cu ng t, m tr cu ng st,
hoc kt hp c ng t v ng st.
1.2.3. Vt liu xy dng m tr cu

i vi b tng v ct thp, p dng theo tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN-272-05.
xy: xy m tr cu l cc loi t nhin, cht lng tt, khng b nt n,
phong ha, c cng ln hn 600 kg/cm2 ( 60 MPa), kch thc nh nht ca
hc l 25 cm. Nhng tr bng b tng hc, c cng ln hn 400 kg/cm2 (
40 MPa), lng khng ln hn 20% khi lng b tng ton b.
Va dng trong cc tr lp ghp hoc trong cc tr xy yu cu phi c cng
ti thiu l 100 kg/cm2 ( 10 MPa).
19
1.2.4. Xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca m tr cu
Hnh dng m tr cu v cc kch thc c bn ca chng c xc nh xut pht
t iu kin thy vn, a cht, chiu cao cu, chiu di nhp v hng lot cc yu t
khc.
Tuy nhin, mt vi kch thc c bn c xc nh theo cc yu cu cu to v
khai thc nh cao nh mng m tr, cao nh m tr, kch thc m m tr trn
mt bng, chiu dy ti thiu ca cc b phn, kch thc cc g, bc.
a. Cao nh mng
Cao nh mng c quyt nh xut pht t iu kin lm vic ca m tr
trong qu trnh khai thc, t iu kin xy dng v nhng l do kinh t.
Trn nhng vng kh cn, phn bi sng, cu vt, cu cn, cu qua thung lng,
cao nh mng khng ph thuc loi m tr v thng t cao ti mt t, tr
cc loi m vi.
i vi cc tr cu qua sng c mng trn nn thin nhin, mng cc b thp,
mng su, cao nh mng thng t di mc nc thp nht (MNTN) t 0,5 m
n 0,7 m. Ti cc nhp thng thuyn, cao nh mng phi m bo tu b qua
li khng va vo mp nh mng.
Hnh 1.30. Cao nh mng trong mng cc.

1-B mng.
2-Cc.
3-Thn tr.
Vi nhng m tr mng cc b cao, b tr c th t cao bt k (hnh 1.30).

Khi t b tr cao hn MNTN th xy dng tr d dng, khi lng thn tr gim
nhng khng m bo yu cu m quan. Nu cc c chiu di ln, gim moment
20
un v chiu di t do chu nn ca cc, nn t b cc su hp l, va c li v
mt chu lc, va thun tin cho vic thi cng.
b. Cao nh m tr
Cao nh m tr c quyt nh xut pht t yu cu sau: y dm cng nh
nh m tr phi cao hn mc nc cao nht tnh ton (MNCN) ti thiu l 0,5 m. V
tr y kt cu nhp c xc nh t chiu cao tnh khng di cu i vi cu vt,
cu cn hoc t chiu cao tnh khng thng thuyn vi nhng nhp thng thuyn v c
cy tri. Cao y kt cu nhp cao hn cao nh m tr mt tr s bng chiu cao
gi cu (hnh 1.31).
Hnh 1.31. Xc nh cao nh tr.

a-nh tr cao hn MNCN.
b-Chn cao nh tr theo mc nc thng thuyn (MNTT).
i vi nhng cu vt qua thung lng, khe su, nhng yu cu trn khng cn xt
v chiu cao cu, chiu cao tr c xc nh t cao tuyn ng qua cu.
Trong trng hp chung, cao nh tr s ly tr s ln nht trong hai cao sau:
MNCN + h
MNTT + htt hg
Trong :
MNCN Mc nc cao nht tnh ton.
MNTT Mc nc thng thuyn.
h Khong cch nh nht t MNCN n nh tr, trn sng khng thng
thuyn h = 0,5 m.
htt Chiu cao nh nht cho php ca kh thng thuyn.
hg Chiu cao gi cu.
21
Lin quan n tnh khng thng thuyn, tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN-272-05 ni
r: tr khi c ch nh khc, kh gii hn thng thuyn phi tun theo cc gi tr cho
trong bng sau, ly t TCVN 5664-1992.
Kh gii hn thng thuyn trn cc sng c thng thuyn
Cp ng sng
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Kh gii hn ti thiu trn mc nc cao c chu k 20 nm (m)

Theo chiu ngang
Theo chiu thng ng
(trn ton chiu rng)
Cu qua sng
Cu qua knh
80
50
10
60
40
9
50
30
7
40
25
6 (thch hp)
5 (ti thiu)
25
20
3,5
15
10
2,5
Trn nhng vng kh cn, y kt cu nhp phi cao hn mt t ti thiu l 1m.

c. Kch thc m m tr trn mt bng
Chiu rng nh nht (theo phng dc cu) v chiu di (theo phng ngang cu)
ca m m tr c xc nh nh hnh 1.32.
Hnh 1.32. Xc nh kch thc m m tr.

1-Kt cu nhp.
2-Tht gi.
3-Tm k gi ( k gi).
4-M tr.
5-Tng nh.
22
i vi tr cu:
bp b3 b2 b2 bo 2(15 20) 2b1
(cm)
a p na2 ao 2(15 20) 2a1
(cm)
i vi m cu:
bp b3 b2
bo
(15 20) b1
2
(cm)
a p ging m tr.
Trong :
bp , a p - Chiu rng v chiu di m m tr.
n - S khong cch gia tim cc dm ch.

bo , ao - Kch thc tht gi.
(1520) cm - Khong cch nh nht t mp tht gi n mp b k gi.

b2 , b2 - Khong cch t tim gi n u dm ca cc dm nhp bn tri v bn
phi tr.
b3 - Khong cch gia hai u dm cnh nhau hoc u dm v tng nh m.
b3 5 cm
vi gi c nh.
b3 t ol 5 cm
vi gi di ng.
- H s dn n do nhit ca dm.
t o - Hiu s gia nhit cao nht v nhit trung bnh.
l - Chiu di ton dm.
a2 - Khong cch gia tim cc dm k nhau theo phng ngang cu.

b1 , a1 - Khong cch nh nht t mp b k gi n mp m m tr theo
phng dc v phng ngang cu (theo quy trnh 22TCN-18-79)

Tr s b1 ly ty thuc chiu di nhp:
Chiu di nhp (m)
b1 (cm)
1520
15
30100
25
>100
35
Tr s a1 ly ty thuc loi kt cu nhp:

Loi kt cu nhp
Kt cu nhp bn
Mi kt cu nhp khc vi gi phng v gi tip tuyn
Mi kt cu nhp khc vi gi con ln v con quay
a1 (cm)
20
30
50
23
d. Xc nh mt s cc kch thc khc
Chiu cao tng nh ca m h1 c xc nh bng tng chiu cao xy dng ca

kt cu nhp (tnh t y dm ti m n cao phn xe chy), chiu cao gi cu v
chiu dy tm k gi (hnh 1.32).
Chiu dy tng nh ca m nng (ti cao m m) c chn bng (0,50,6)h1
v b dy pha trn tng nh khng nh hn 0,5m.
Kch thc tit din thn tr cu ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin: hnh dng m tr,
chiu cao m tr, tr s ti trng, vt liu V vy ty trng hp c th s c xc
nh theo quy trnh hoc theo kinh nghim thit k.
Chiu dy x m ca cc tr cc, m tr v dm m ca cc loi m tr khc
khng c nh hn 0,4m m bo phn b ti trng t kt cu nhp n cc b
phn hoc cc khi xy thn tr. Chiu dy tng ca cc khi BTCT tit din hnh
hp rng khng c nh hn 15 cm (nu cc khi ny khng c lp y bng b
tng) v khng nh hn 1/15 chiu cao tit din khi khng c bn ngn ngang.
Chiu dy thnh tr ng khng nh hn cc tr s sau:
ng knh trong ca ng d (m)
0,4
0,6
1,23
45
Chiu dy t (cm)
8
10
12
14
Theo kinh nghim thit k, chiu dy tr nng b tng hoc b tng hc ti mt

ct nh mng khng nn nh hn 1/51/6 chiu cao. Chiu dy tng trc (tng
thn) ca cc m c tng cnh hoc thn m vi (ti mt ct nh mng) khng nn
nh hn 0,350,4 chiu cao t p. Chiu dy tng ca cc khi b tng rng khng
nn nh hn 2530 cm.
Tuy nhin trong cc trng hp ring, nu cng ngh ch to kt cu hon thin th
cc ngh trn c th thay i.
24
CHNG 2: TNH TON THIT K MNG NNG

2.1. Cc khi nim c bn v mng nng
2.1.1. Khi nim
Mng nng l phn m rng ca y cng trnh nhm c c mt din tch tip
xc thch hp t nn c th gnh chu c p lc y mng.
Khi tnh sc chu ti ca nn t, thnh phn lc ma st v lc dnh gia thnh
mng vi t xung quanh c b qua.
Cng c nh ngha v mng nng da vo nhiu quan trc thc nghim kt hp
vi th nghim xuyn tnh CPT nh sau: mng nng l mng c t s De/B < 1,5.
Hnh 2.1. Chiu su ngm mng tng ng.

Vi De l chiu su ngm mng tng ng (hnh 2.1), xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
D
1
De
qc ( z )dz
qce 0
Trong :
qce l sc khng mi tng ng, xc nh nh sau:
qce
1
3a b
D 3a
qcc ( z )dz
D b
Vi qcc(z) l sc khng mi qc(z) san bng cc gi tr ln hn 1,3qcm

qcm l gi tr trung bnh ca qc(z) trong khong t (D b) n (D+3a)
qcm
1
3a b
D 3 a
D b
qc ( z )dz
25
qce qcm 1,3qcm
Hnh 2.2. S tnh chiu su ngm mng tng ng.

Trong cc cng thc trn:
a = B/2
nu B>1m
a = 0,5m
nu B<1m
b = min{a,h}
vi h l chiu su t mng trong lp t chu lc.
n gin hn, c th xem mng nng l mng c chiu su chn mng Df 2B
i vi cc mng nng ring l.
Mng nng c thi cng trn nhng h o l thin, sau c lp t n cao
trnh thit k. Chiu su chn mng thng khong 2-3m, mt s trng hp c th
chn su n 5-6m.
N
Df
Mx
y mng
Mt mng
Hng mng
Mx
Df
Hnh 2.3. S mt mng nng (dng mng n) chu tc dng ca cc ngoi lc v

phn lc ca t nn.
Trong tnh ton mng nng, ta cn phi xc nh p lc y mng (ngc chiu vi
phn lc t nn).
26
p lc y mng (cng nh phn lc t nn) ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
cng ca mng.
Loi t nn (, t dnh, t) v trng thi ca chng.
Chiu su chn mng.
Thi gian c kt i vi t ht mn.
Hnh dng v kch thc ca y mng.
Mng cng
Mng chu un
Mng chu un
Mng cng
a. t cng
b. t dnh
Mng cng
Mng chu un
c. t ct
Hnh 2.4. Cc dng biu phn lc t nn ln y mng.

i vi t thot nc nhanh, qu trnh thay i p lc y mng xy ra gn nh
tc khc. i vi t thot nc chm, qu trnh thay i p lc y mng ph thuc
vo thi gian phn tn p lc nc l rng thng d trong t nn.
Trong tnh ton nn mng thng c 2 cch chn biu p lc y mng (cng
nh phn lc nn):
Vi mng tuyt i cng: p lc y mng c xem l tuyn tnh.
Vi mng chu un (mng mm): p lc y mng thng c gi thuyt l t
l vi chuyn v thng ng ca y mng (bin dng n hi theo phng
ng ca nn). Nn t di y mng nh vy thng c gi l nn
Winkler (hay nn n hi cc b) v t nn c c trng bng h cc l xo
n hi.
27
Mng nng c th c phn loi theo cc cch sau:
Theo hnh dng mng, c th chia thnh:
Mng n (mng n chu ti ng tm, chu ti lch tm, mng chn vt).
Mng phi hp (mng phi hp bi cc mng n).
Mng bng (mng bng n thun di tng, ct, mng bng giao thoa).
Mng b (mng b di nhiu tng, nhiu ct ca mt phn hoc ton b
cng trnh, mng b dng bn, dng sn nm, dng hp).
N
N
Df
Hy
Mx
B
Hy
Df
y
Mx
B
Df
Hy
Mx
z
x
z
x
z
x
ey
ey
ey
Hy
Hy
y
N
Hy
L
N
B
Hnh 2.5. Cc dng mng n chu ti lch tm mt phng.

Theo vt liu xy dng mng, c th chia thnh:
Mng gch: thch hp cho cng trnh c ti trng nh, nm trn mc nc
ngm (MNN) v ch chu ng sut nn.
Mng hc: thch hp cho cng trnh c ti trng trung bnh, c th nm trn
hoc di mc nc ngm v ch chu ng sut nn.
Mng b tng: s dng trong cc mng ch chu ng sut nn.
Mng b tng ct thp: c s dng ph bin trong mi trng hp.
Theo phng php xy dng mng, c th chia thnh:
Mng ton khi (hay mng ti ch): c xy dng ngay ti v tr cn
xy dng cng trnh.
Mng lp ghp: gm cc cu kin c ch to sn nh xng, bi c. Sau
vn chuyn cc cu kin ny n v tr xy dng cng trnh v lp ghp to
thnh mng.
28
Mng bn lp ghp: l s kt hp gia hai phng php trn.
Theo cng ca mng, c th chia thnh:
Mng cng: khi chu ti, bin dng ca mng rt nh, c th b qua trong qu
trnh tnh ton.
Mng mm (hay mng chu un): khi chu ti, mng b un cong, bin dng ca
mng c xt n trong qu trnh tnh ton.
a s cc mng n u l nhng mng cng, trong khi cc mng bng di
ct, mng b di cc tng, ct l nhng mng mm.
Theo c im chu ti ca mng, c th chia thnh:
Mng ch yu chu ti thng ng, n nh ca mng ph thuc vo ln ca
mng v sc chu ti cho php ca nn t.
Mng ch yu chu ti ngang nh mng ca b k, tng chn t, m cu,
p, tr qut gi, tr in n nh ca cc loi mng ny ph thuc vo
cng chng trt ca nn t.
2.1.2. Cu to
Mc ny s trnh by ch yu v cu to mng nng trong ngnh cu ng.
Khi thit k mng nng, trc ht ta phi xc nh c s b cc kch thc ca
mng.
Hnh dng mng ty thuc vo iu kin a cht, thy vn, ti trng v cu to
ca cng trnh bn trn.
su t mng cn c vo mt ct a cht chn, phi t ln cc tng t c
cu to n nh v cng tnh ton ph hp, ngoi ra cn phi m bo khng b lt
do hin tng xi mn lng sng.
i vi m tr cu, y mng phi c chn su di mt t sau khi xi l ln
nht, ti thiu l:
h = h + k
Trong :
h su chn mng.
k Sai s c th xy ra trong khi tnh ton su xi l.
h su t mng trong t m bo s n nh ca m tr.
29
Gi tr k c th ly t 10% 20% su xi l tnh ton.
Gi tr h ty thuc vo iu kin cng v n nh ca t nn, thng thng
h 2,5m.
i vi nh dn dng v mt s cng trnh cng nghip c th chn mng su
h 0,5m.
Khng nn t mng trn mt t hoc nn t mi p. Mng t trn mt t s
b nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh s xi mn ca nc ma trn mt t, s ph hoi
ca cn trng cng nh nh hng trc tip ca thi tit. Mng t trn nn t mi
p thng c ln ln, ln khng u c th lm ph hoi cng trnh.
Mt trn ca mng nng thng t ngang mt t i vi nhng ni khng c
nc mt, chng hn nh mng ca m tr cu trn cn, trn bi sng. Nu m tr cu
t nhng ni c nc mt th mt trn ca mng thng ly thp hn mc nc
thp nht (MNTN) t 0,5 0,7m. nhng sng c thng thuyn, mt trn ca mng
cn ch n iu kin m bo khng va chm ca phng tin lu thng trn sng.
Hnh 2.6 th hin cu to mng nng ca tr cu v m cu.
Hnh 2.6. Tr cu v
m cu trn mng
nng.
a-Tr cu.
b-M cu.
1-Mt trn mng
2-y mng
3-Thn tr
4-M tr
5-Thn m
6-M m
7-Tng cnh
30
G mng thng ly t 0,2 1m i vi m tr cu v 0,1 0,5m i vi nh
dn dng v mt s cng trnh cng nghip.
Kch thc ca y mng xc nh ty thuc vo cng ca t nn.
Nu mng c xy dng bng cc vt liu nh gch, xy, b tng v y mng
c m rng ra qu nhiu th di tc dng ca phn lc nn cc bc mng c th
b gy (v cc vt liu ny c cng chu ko rt km so vi cng chu nn).
m bo cho cc bc mng khng b gy th gc phi nh hn mt tr s cho php
(ty thuc vo vt liu xy mng) trong mng ch xut hin ng sut nn m khng
xut hin ng sut ko.
i vi mng nng ca nh dn dng v mt s cng trnh cng nghip, c th ly
theo bng sau:
Bng gi tr gc
Mng xy dng bng cc loi vt liu khc nhau
Gi tr gc
- Mng hc bng va tam hp
23o
- Mng hc bng va xi mng
30o
- Mng b tng n hc
33o
- Mng b tng
40o
Gc c xc nh gn ng vi gc phn b ng sut bn trong ca khi xy

mng.
Nu cu to ca mng c gc ln hn cc tr s quy nh trn, do tc dng ca
phn lc nn, mng s chu un v sinh ra ng sut ko y mng. Trong trng hp
ny, c th s dng mng b tng ct thp vi ct thp c b tr y mng chu
ng sut ko do moment un t phn lc nn sinh ra.
Khi thit k mng, hnh dng y mng nn chn sao cho p lc y mng phn b
u.
Nu ti trng ch c lc ng tc dng ng tm, y mng nn lm i xng. Nu
ti trng bao gm lc ng, lc ngang v moment th y mng nn cu to khng i
xng sao cho p lc y mng phn b u hn. Ni cch khc l lm sao cho hp lc
ca ti trng cng gn trng tm y mng cng tt.
Ni chung hp lc ca ti trng khng nm ngoi li mng.
31
a)
b)
N
M
H
R
N
pmin
pmax
Hnh 2.7. Mng nng chu ti ng tm v lch tm.
a. Mng ch chu tc dng ca lc ng ng tm, cu to mng i xng.
b. Mng chu tc dng ca lc ng, lc ngang v moment, cu to mng
khng i xng.
i vi cc cng trnh chu lc ngang ln, c th xy ra trng hp cng trnh b
trt y mng v b ph hoi. Khi xc nh hnh dng ca mng, nu thy tg < f
(vi f l h s ma st gia y mng v t) tc l lc gy trt nh hn sc khng
trt y mng th y mng c th t nm ngang. Nu gc qu ln, hay gp i
vi m ca cu vm hay tng chn t, c th lm mng nghing i mt gc no
(hnh 2.8a).
Hnh 2.8. y mng c cu to nghing v cu to bc.

a. y mng ca m cu vm c cu to nghing.
b. y mng c cu to thnh bc t trn tng c phn lp nm nghing.
Khi mng m tr cu t trn tng , yu cu phi ph ht lp phong ha trn mt
v t mng vo lp cng ti thiu l 25cm. Trng hp tng di y mng c
cc phn lp nm nghing, c th cu to mng thnh cc bc nh hnh 2.8b
Khi thit k mng t khng su lm, m bo cho nn t chu c ti trng
bn trn phi m rng y mng ln hn gc . Trong trng hp ny thng s dng
32
mng b tng ct thp. Mng bng b tng ct thp c th thi cng theo phng php
ton khi, lp ghp, hoc bn lp ghp.
Hnh 2.9 th hin ct thp c b tr trong mt s dng mng n bng b tng
ct thp thi cng theo phng php ton khi v bn lp ghp.
Hnh 2.9. Mt s dng mng n b tng ct thp ton khi v bn lp ghp.
2.2. Thit k mng nng trn nn thin nhin

2.2.1. Trnh t thit k
Trnh t thit k mng nng trn nn thin nhin ni chung cho cc ngnh xy
dng c th thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Xc nh cc ti trng tc dng ti nh mng.
nh gi a cht, thy vn, cc ch tiu c l ca t nn.
Chn su chn mng.
Xc nh s b kch thc y mng.
Tnh ton nn mng theo cc trng thi gii hn.
Trong ngnh xy dng cu ng, khi thit k theo tiu chun thit k cu
22TCN272-05 (da trn tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO xut bn nm 1998 ca M,
trn c s phng php lun thit k theo h s ti trng v h s sc khng LRFD),
trnh t c th h thng thnh cc bc nh th hin trong s hnh 2.10.
33
1. B tr s b v tng th cng
trnh cu (ST)
2. Xem xt cc iu kin a cht,
thy vn c sn (GT)
3. Kho st hin trng (GT)
4. Xc nh su chn mng t
tnh ton xi l (GT)
6. Xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca
t nn t th nghim hin trng v
th nghim trong phng (GT)
5. Xc nh ti trng tc dng ln
mng (ST)
7. Tnh ton sc khng danh nh

trng thi gii hn cng v
trng thi gii hn c bit (GT)
8. Tnh ton sc khng danh nh

trng thi gii hn s dng (GT)
11. Xc nh kch thc mng

trng thi gii hn s dng (ST)
9. Tnh ton sc khng trt v sc

khng b ng ca t trng thi
gii hn cng v trng thi gii
hn c bit (GT)
12. Kim tra p lc y mng,

lch tm v trt trng thi gii
hn cng (ST)
10. Kim tra n nh tng th di

tc dng ca ti trng s dng (ti
trng khng c h s) (GT)
13. Kim tra p lc y mng,

lch tm v trt trng thi gii
hn c bit (ST)
ST = Structural (thuc v tnh ton kt cu mng)

GT = Geotechnical (thuc v tnh ton nn)
14. Thit k kt cu mng s dng

ti trng c h s (ST)
Hnh 2.10. S trnh t thit k mng nng cho cng trnh cu.
34
2.2.2. Xc nh s b kch thc y mng

Kch thc y mng c th xc nh s b theo sc chu ti tiu chun ca t nn
Rtc c trnh by trong mn c hc t. Sc chu ti tiu chun ny tng ng vi
vng bin dng do bin y mng pht trin n su bng 1/4 b rng b ca y
mng hnh bng. Vi kch thc ca vng bin dng do nh vy, nn cn c th c
xem l bn khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh. Khi ta c th p dng l thuyt ca
Boussinesq tnh ng sut trong nn v tnh ln cho nn.
Cng thc xc nh sc chu ti tiu chun ca t nn:
R tc m(A b BDf * Dc tc )
R tc R II
(theo TCXD 45-70)
m1m 2
(Ab II BD f *II Dc II )
k tc
(theo TCXD 45-78)
Trong :
m h s iu kin lm vic ca t nn, c chn nh sau:
m = 0,6 khi nn l ct bt di mc nc ngm.
m = 0,8 khi nn l ct mn di mc nc ngm.
m = 1 cho cc trng hp cn li.
m1, m2 ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn t v h s iu kin lm
vic ca cng trnh tc ng qua li vi nn t, c chn theo bng tra.
ktc h s tin cy, c chn nh sau:
ktc = 1 khi cc ch tiu c l ca t nn c ly t kt qu th nghim.
ktc = 1,1 khi cc ch tiu c l ca t nn c ly theo cc kt qu thng k.
A, B, D cc h s ph thuc gc ma st trong di y mng, c th tra bng
hoc xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
A
0, 25
cot g
, B 1
cot g
, D
cot g
cot g
b b rng mng (m).

Df su chn mng (m).
, II - dung trng ca t di y mng (kN/m3).
* , *II - dung trng ca t t y mng tr ln (kN/m3).
c tc ,c II - lc dnh ca t di y mng (kN/m2).
35
Lu : t trn mc nc ngm, dng dung trng t nhin. t di mc nc
ngm dng dung trng y ni.
Gi tr cc h s iu kin lm vic
H s m2 i vi nh v cng trnh c s
kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di

H s
ca nh (cng trnh) hoc tng n
m1 nguyn vi chiu cao L/H bng:
4
1,5
Loi t
t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
t ct khng k t phn v bi
1,4
1,2
1,4
Ct mn:
-
Kh v t m
1,3
1,1
1,3
No nc
1,2
1,1
1,3
Ct bi:
-
Kh v t m
1,2
1,0
1,2
No nc
1,1
1,0
1,2
1,2
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,0
1,0
t hn ln c cht nht l st v
t st c st IL 0,5
Nh trn c st IL > 0,5
Ghi ch:
1. S kt cu cng l nhng nh v cng trnh m kt cu ca n c kh nng c

bit chu ni lc thm gy ra bi bin dng ca nn.
2. i vi nh c s kt cu mm th h s m2 ly bng 1.
3. Khi t s L/H ca nh, cng trnh nm gia cc tr s ni trn th h s m2 xc nh
bng ni suy.
Gi tr h s sc chu ti A, B, D
(rad)
0, 25
cot g
B 1
cot g
cot g
cot g
0.000
0.0000
1.0000
3.1416
0.035
0.0290
1.1159
3.3196
0.070
0.0614
1.2454
3.5100
0.105
0.0976
1.3903
3.7139
36
(rad)
0, 25
cot g
B 1
cot g
cot g
cot g
0.140
0.1382
1.5527
3.9326
10
0.175
0.1837
1.7349
4.1677
12
0.209
0.2349
1.9397
4.4208
14
0.244
0.2926
2.1703
4.6940
16
0.279
0.3577
2.4307
4.9894
18
0.314
0.4313
2.7252
5.3095
20
0.349
0.5148
3.0591
5.6572
22
0.384
0.6097
3.4386
6.0358
24
0.419
0.7178
3.8713
6.4491
26
0.454
0.8415
4.3661
6.9016
28
0.489
0.9834
4.9338
7.3983
30
0.524
1.1468
5.5872
7.9453
32
0.559
1.3356
6.3424
8.5497
34
0.593
1.5547
7.2188
9.2198
36
0.628
1.8101
8.2403
9.9654
38
0.663
2.1092
9.4367
10.7985
40
0.698
2.4614
10.8455
11.7334
42
0.733
2.8785
12.5138
12.7874
a. Trng hp mng chu ti ng tm

Xt mt mng n c y l hnh ch nht kch thc lb, chu tc dng ca ti
ng tm nh hnh 2.11.
37
Notc
Hnh 2.11. Mng n (lb) chu ti ng tm.

Cc lc tc dng ln mng bao gm:
Ti trng cng trnh bn trn truyn xung
Df
ti nh mng: N otc
Trng lng bn thn mng: N mtc
F = lb
Trng lng t p trn mng trong phm

vi kch thc mng: N dtc
Phn lc nn t tc dng ln y mng: p tc
Biu phn lc nn thc cht c dng ng cong, nhng i vi mng cng ta

c th xem l ng thng, v trong trng hp ti ng tm th biu c dng phn
b u.
iu kin cn bng tnh hc ca mng:
N otc N mtc N dtc p tc .F

t G N mtc N dtc tb .D f .F
tb - trng lng ring trung bnh ca mng v t p trn mng trong phm vi
kch thc mng, c th ly tb 20 22 kN / m 3 .

D f - su chn mng.
p tc .F N otc G N otc tb .Df .F
p tc
N otc
tb .Df
F
vi
N otc
N ot t
n
Kch thc mng c xc nh theo iu kin:

p tc R tc
N otc
tb .Df R tc
F
N otc
F tc
R tb .Df
(n = 1,15)
38
Trong biu thc trn ta thy F v Rtc u l nhng i lng c cha chiu rng
y mng b v trong Rtc cn c cha su chn mng Df . Do vic xc nh din
tch F trn c th quy v xc nh chiu rng y mng b, sau xc nh chiu di
y mng l theo t s k = l/b chn trc. V trnh t c th thc hin nh sau:
Chn trc mt su chn mng Df
Chn trc t s cc cnh ca y mng k = l/b 1, ta s c: F = lb = k.b2
Biu thc trn c th c vit li nh sau:
kb 2
N otc
m(A b BDf * Dc tc ) tb .Df
khi Rtc tnh theo TCXD 45-70
kmAb3 k m(BDf * Dc tc ) tb .Df b 2 N otc 0
kb 2
N otc
m1m 2
(Ab II BDf *II DcII ) tb .Df
k tc
khi Rtc tnh theo TCXD 45-78
m m
m1m 2
A II b3 k 1 2 (BD f *II Dc II ) tb .D f b 2 N otc 0
k tc
k tc
Gii bt phng trnh bc 3 trn ta c tr s chiu rng y mng b cn tm.

T xc nh c l = kb.
Bt phng trnh trn c th gii theo phng php ng dn tm gi tr b nh
nht tha mn bt phng trnh .
V d 2.1:
Mt mng n c y hnh ch nht chu ti ng tm Nott = 500 kN, su chn
mng Df = 1,5 m, MNN nm ngay ti y mng, nn t c: = 18 kN/m3, sat = 20
kN/m3, = 18o, c = 20kN/m2. Xc nh kch thc y mng, bit: m1 = m2 = ktc = 1;
n = 1,15; tb = 22 kN/m3,
Li gii
su chn mng c cho trc Df = 1,5 m
Chn k = l/b = 1,2
Chiu rng y mng c xc nh t iu kin sau:
k
m m
m1m 2
A II b3 k 1 2 (BDf *II Dc II ) tb .Df b 2 N otc 0
k tc
k tc
39
k
m m
N tt
m1m 2
A II b3 k 1 2 (BDf *II Dc II ) tb .Df b 2 o 0
k tc
n
k tc
T = 18o tra bng ta c: A = 0,4313, B = 2,7252, D = 5,3095.

Mc nc ngm ngang y mng nn:
II sat w 20 10 10kN / m3
*II 18kN / m3
Do :
k
m m
N tt
m1m 2
k tc
n
k tc
1, 2.0, 4313.10.b3 1, 2 2,7252.1,5.18 5,3095.20 22.1,5 b 2
500
0
1,15
5,1756b3 176,1245b 2 434,7826 0
Vi b = 1,5m VT = -21,0348
Vi b = 1,6 m VT = 37,2954
Vy chn b = 1,6m l = kb = 1,2.1,6 = 1,92m. Chn l = 2m
b. Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm
Mng chu ti lch tm l mng c im t ca tng hp lc ca ti trng khng

i qua trng tm ca y mng. lch tm e ca hp lc trn mt bng y mng
xc nh theo cng thc e = Mtc / Ntc. Vi Mtc l moment tiu chun ti trng tm y
mng, Ntc l tng ti trng thng ng tiu chun ti y mng.
Xt mt mng n chu ti lch tm nh hnh 2.12 (tm ct trng tm mng)
40
Notc
Notc
Moxtc
Hoytc
Df
Moytc
Hoxtc
Df
h
h
y
z
x
ey = Mxtc / Ntc
ex = Mytc / Ntc
ey
l
Vi
ex
Hoytc
Mytc = Moytc Hoxtc.h

y
Hoxtc
Mxtc = Moxtc Hoytc.h

Ntc = Notc + G = Notc + tb.Df .F
=> ey = [Moxtc Hoytc.h] / [Notc + tb.Df .F]

V ex = [Moytc Hoxtc.h] / [Notc + tb.Df .F]
b
Hnh 2.12. Mng n chu ti lch tm theo 2 phng (tm ct trng tm mng).
ey , ex lch tm ca hp lc ca ti trng trn mt bng y mng theo phng
y v phng x tng ng.
Mxtc moment un tiu chun quanh trc x ti trng tm y mng.
Mytc moment un tiu chun quanh trc y ti trng tm y mng.
Ntc tng ti trng thng ng tiu chun ti y mng.
Moxtc moment un tiu chun quanh trc x ti nh mng.
Moytc moment un tiu chun quanh trc y ti nh mng.
Hoxtc lc ngang tiu chun theo phng x ti nh mng.
Hoytc lc ngang tiu chun theo phng y ti nh mng.
Notc ti trng thng ng tiu chun ti nh mng do cng trnh bn trn truyn
xung.
G trng lng trung bnh ca mng v t p trn mng trong phm vi kch
thc mng.
Trong trng hp tm ct khng trng tm mng, chng hn nh hnh 2.13.
41
Notc
Notc
Df
Moxtc
Hoytc
Df
h
y
Moytc
Hoxtc
x
z
x
ey = Mxtc / Ntc
ex = Mytc / Ntc
ey
y
l H tc
oy
Vi
ex
x
Hox
Mxtc = Moxtc Hoytc.h Notc.y

Mytc = Moytc Hoxtc.h Notc.x
Ntc = Notc + G = Notc + tb.Df .F
=> ey = [Moxtc Hoytc.h Notc.y] / [Notc + tb.Df .F]
tc
V ex = [Moytc Hoxtc.h Notc.x] / [Notc + tb.Df .F]

b
Hnh 2.13. Mng n chu ti lch tm theo 2 phng (tm ct khng trng tm mng)
Lu :
Trong cc cng thc xc nh ey v ex :
Cc thnh phn (Hoytc.h) v (Notc.y) ly du (+) khi cc thnh phn ny l nhng
moment cng chiu vi moment Moxtc , ly du () trong trng hp ngc li.
Cc thnh phn (Hoxtc.h) v (Notc.x) ly du (+) khi cc thnh phn ny l nhng
moment cng chiu vi moment Moytc , ly du () trong trng hp ngc li.
i vi mng chu ti lch tm, khi xc nh s b kch thc y mng ta vn
thc hin tng t nh trng hp mng chu ti ng tm. Sau , ta tng kch thc
y mng ln chu ti trng lch tm. Thng thng, kch thc y mng c gia
tng nh sau:
l + 2ex
hay
l + 2el
vi ex = el
b + 2ey
hay
b + 2eb
vi ey = eb
Sau , kim tra li cc gi tr kch thc y mng va chn theo iu kin sau:
42
p tctb R tc
tc
tc
p max 1, 2R
tc
p min 0
tc
tc
p max
p min
2
vi p tctb
tc
tc
0, 25p max
Mt s cng trnh c cu chy, cn yu cu p min
Khi mng c dng bt k:

p
tc
max
min
tc
N tc M y M xtc
F
Wy
Wx
Khi mng c dng hnh ch nht:

tc
p max
min
Vi
N tc
F
6 el 6 e b
l
b
M tcy N tce x N tcel ;

Wy
b l2
6
M xtc N tc e y N tce b
;
Wx
l b2
6
Nu mng ch lch tm theo phng x (phng cnh di l):

p
tc
max
min
N tc
6 el
1
Nu mng ch lch tm theo phng y (phng cnh ngn b):

p
tc
max
min
N tc
6 eb
1
tc
Trong thit k phi khng ch sao cho p min
0 , tc l l 6el hoc b 6e b trong
trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo 1 phng hoc tng ng vi iu kin rng
buc trong trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo 2 phng.
V d 2.2:
Cho mt mng n chu ti lch tm mt phng nh hnh v: Nott = 600kN, Mott =
30 kN.m, Hott = 50kN, Df = 1,5 m, nn t c: = 18 kN/m3, sat = 20 kN/m3, = 20o
(A = 0,515, B = 3,059, D = 5,657), c = 15 kN/m2,. Xc nh kch thc y mng,
bit: m1 = m2 = ktc = 1; n = 1,15; tb = 22 kN/m3.
Li gii
43
Nott= 600kN
Mott= 30kN.m
Hott= 50kN
h=0,6m
Df = 1.5m
MNN
y
hc
bc
l
su chn mng c cho trc Df = 1,5 m
Chn k = l/b = 1,5
Chiu rng y mng c xc nh t iu kin sau:
k
m m
m1m 2
A II b3 k 1 2 (BDf *II Dc II ) tb .Df b 2 N otc 0
k tc
k tc
m1m 2
2 N ott
m1m 2
3
*
k
A II b k
(BDf II Dc II ) tb .Df b
0
k tc
n
k tc
T = 20o tra bng ta c: A = 0,515, B = 3,059, D = 5,657.

Mc nc ngm ngang y mng nn:
II sat w 20 10 10kN / m3
*II 18kN / m3
Do :
k
m m
N tt
m1m 2
k tc
n
k tc
1,5.0,515.10.b3 1,5 3,059.1,5.18 5,657.15 22.1,5 b 2

7,725b3 201,672b 2 521,739 0
Vi b = 1,5m VT = -41,905
Vi b = 1,6 m VT = 26,183
Vy chn b = 1,6m l = kb = 1,5.1,6 = 2,4m.
600
0
1,15
44
Xc nh lch tm:
e x el
e x el
tc
y
tc
M
N
M tcy
N tc
M ott H ott
.h
M H .h
M H .h
n
n
N tb Df F N tb Df F N ott
tb Df F
n
30
50
.0,6
52,174
1,15 1,15
0,08m
600
648,
459
22.1,5.(1,6.2, 4)
1,15
tc
oy
tc
o
tc
ox
tc
o
tc
o
tc
o
Chn li chiu di y mng:
l = 2,4 + 2el = 2,4 + 2.0,08 = 2,56m Chn l = 2,6m

Kim tra p lc y mng theo iu kin:
p tctb R tc
tc
tc
p max 1, 2R
tc
p min 0
vi p tctb
tc
tc
p max
p min
2
Sc chu ti tiu chun ca nn t:

R tc R II
m1m 2
(Ab II BDf *II Dc II )
k tc
R tc 1 0,515.1,6.10 3,059.1,5.18 5,657.15 175,688(kN / m 2 )
Tnh ton v kim tra p lc y mng:
N tc 6 el 648, 459 6.0, 08

1
l 1, 6.2, 6
F
2, 6
tc
max
184, 657 (kN / m 2 ) 1, 2.R tc 210,826 (kN / m 2 )

648, 459 6.0, 08
1 2, 6
1, 6.2, 6
2
127,102(kN / m ) 0
tc
p min
N tc
F
6 el
1
l
tc
tc
p max
p min
184, 657 127,102
2
2
2
tc
155,88(kN / m ) R 175, 688(kN / m 2 )
p tctb
Vy vi kch thc y mng b = 1,6m v l = 2,6m th p lc y mng tha iu

kin kim tra.
45
2.2.3. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn (TTGH)
Hin nay, khi tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh xy dng ni chung ngi ta thng
tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn.
Trng thi gii hn (pht biu theo quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii
hn 22TCN18-79) l trng thi m kt cu hoc nn mng khng cn tha mn
c yu cu v khai thc na do nh hng ca cc tc ng lc. Hoc theo tiu
chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05, trng thi gii hn l trng thi ng vi iu kin
m vt qua n th cu hoc cu kin ca cu ngng tha mn cc quy nh c
da vo thit k.
Theo quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 22TCN18-79, cng nh
cc tiu chun khc ca ngnh xy dng, khi tnh ton thit k cng trnh phi tin
hnh theo 3 TTGH sau:
Tnh ton theo TTGH 1: nhm m bo cho cng trnh khng b ngng s dng
do khng cn kh nng chu lc (v cng , n nh, chu mi) hoc
pht trin bin dng do ln.
Tnh ton theo TTGH 2: nhm m bo cho cng trnh khng pht sinh bin
dng chung qu ln nh dao ng, chuyn v, ln, gy kh khn cho vic s
dng bnh thng.
Tnh ton theo TTGH 3: nhm m bo bn chng nt cho cng trnh
trnh gy kh khn cho vic s dng bnh thng.
i vi nn, khi tnh ton thit k, ch tnh theo TTGH 1 v TTGH 2.
Tnh ton nn theo TTGH 1 bao gm:
Kim ton p lc y mng.
Kim ton tnh n nh cng trnh, bao gm:
+n nh chng lt.
+n nh chng trt.
+n nh chng trt su.
Tnh ton nn theo TTGH 2 bao gm: kim tra ln n nh, ln lch v gc
nghing gii hn ca mng
V phn ny c th xem thm sch Nn v Mng cng trnh cu ng (Bi Anh
nh, Nguyn S Ngc).
Theo tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05, cc TTGH c chia thnh:
46
TTGH s dng.
TTGH mi v ph hoi gin.
TTGH cng (I, II, III).
TTGH c bit.
Trong tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05, vic tnh ton nn v mng theo
TTGH khng tch ri nhau. Cc TTGH lin quan, c s dng khi thit k nn mng
bao gm:
Trng thi gii hn s dng: phi bao gm:
Ln (xem xt da trn tin cy v tnh kinh t).
Chuyn v ngang
Sc chu ti c tnh dng p lc chu ti gi nh
Trng thi gii hn cng : phi xt n:
Sc khng , loi t p lc chu ti gi nh.
Mt tip xc qu nhiu.
Trt ti y mng.
Mt ngang.
Mt n nh chung.
Kh nng chu lc ca kt cu.
Mng phi c thit k v mt kch thc sao cho sc khng tnh ton khng nh
hn tc ng ca ti trng tnh ton.
Trng thi gii hn c bit: thit k nn mng theo TTGH c bit theo quy nh.
V phn ny c th xem thm tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05.
2.2.4. Tnh ton cng bn thn mng
Theo cch tnh thng thng trong cc ngnh xy dng, tnh ton cng bn
thn mng bao gm xc nh chiu cao b mng (chiu cao i) v tnh ton ct thp
cho b mng.
a. Xc nh chiu cao b mng
Chiu cao h (hay chiu dy) b mng thng c gi nh trc khi xc nh s

b kch thc y mng, sau c kim tra li theo iu kin xuyn thng. Ngha
l nu chiu cao b mng khng ln th b mng s b ph hoi theo thp xuyn
47
thng xut pht t chn ct v nghing mt gc bng gc cng ca vt liu so vi
phng thng ng (gc cng ca b tng bng 45o).
iu kin mng khng b xuyn thng:
Pxt Pcx
Trong :
Pxt : lc gy xuyn thng.
Pcx : lc chng xuyn thng.
a.1. Trng hp mng n b tng ct thp chu ti ng tm
Nott
Nott
45o
Mt b xuyn thng
h0
lc
tt
h0
lc + 2h0
lc
h0
bc
h0
h0 lc
h0
bc
b
x
h0
bc + h0
lc + h0
Mt chng xuyn tnh ton
Hnh 2.14. Tnh ton xuyn thng mng n b tng ct thp chu ti ng tm.
Pxt = ptt . Sngoi y thp xuyn = ptt . [l.b (lc + 2h0).(bc + 2h0)]
Pcx = 0,75.Rk . Sxq thp xuyn = 0,75.Rk .[2.(lc +bc + 2ho). ho ]
Vi
ptt phn lc nn tnh ton gy xuyn thng.

p tt
N ott
. y cn ch rng trng lng ca mng v t trn mng
F
khng lm cho mng b un v khng gy ra xuyn thng mng nn

khng k n.
ho = h a : chiu cao lm vic ca mng.
a : khong cch t trng tm ct thp chu ko y mng n th b
tng chu ko ngoi cng ca y mng.
48
Rk : cng chu ko ca b tng mng.
a.2. Trng hp mng n b tng ct thp chu ti lch tm theo 1 phng
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo phng cnh di l (hnh 2.15).

Ch cn tnh ton cho mt thp xuyn bt li nht. Mt thp xuyn bt li nht l
mt ng vi phn lc nn tnh ton ln nht pttmax
Nott
Nott
Mott
Hott
45o
pttmin
h0
tt
tt
p1 p
Mott Mt b xuyn thng
Hott
pttmin
p1tt pttmax
max
lc
h0
bc
bc
b
h0
h0 lc
x
h0
bc + h0
lc + h0
h0
Mt chng xuyn tnh ton
Hnh 2.15. Tnh ton xuyn thng mng n b tng ct thp chu ti lch tm theo 1
phng.
Pxt = {0,5.(b+bc+2h0).0,5.[l (lc + 2h0 )]} .0,5.[pttmax+ p1tt]
Pcx = 0,75. Rk . S1 mt bn thp xuyn = 0,75. Rk .[(bc+h0)h0]
Trong :
pttmax v pttmin xc nh theo cng thc sau:
p
tt
max
min
Vi
tt
N ott M y
F
Wy
Mytt = Moytt Hoxtt.h

Wy
b l2
6
p1tt : phn lc nn ti chn thp xuyn ng vi mt thp xuyn bt li nht, c

th xc nh t pttmax v pttmin theo h thc lng trong tam gic ng dng.
49
tt
tt
tt
p1tt p min
p max
p min
0,5 l lc 2h o
l
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo phng cnh ngn b, ta c th tnh ton
tng t nh trn bng cch o cc k t b v l cho nhau:
Pxt = {0,5.(l+lc+2h0).0,5.[b (bc + 2h0 )]} .0,5.[pttmax+ p1tt]
Pcx = 0,75. Rk . S1 mt bn thp xuyn = 0,75. Rk .[(lc+h0)h0]
Trong :
pttmax v pttmin xc nh theo cng thc sau:
tt
p max
min
Vi
N ott M xtt
F
Wx
Mxtt = Moxtt Hoytt.h

Wx
l b2
6
p1tt : phn lc nn ti chn thp xuyn ng vi mt thp xuyn bt li nht, xc

nh tng t nh trn nhng pttmax v pttmin ly theo biu phn lc nn tnh
ton theo phng lch tm tng ng (phng cnh ngn b).
tt
tt
tt
p1tt p min
p max
p min
0,5 b b c 2h o
b
b. Tnh ton ct thp cho b mng

Xem b mng nh mt dm consol c ngm ti mp chn ct.
b.1. Trng hp mng n b tng ct thp chu ti ng tm

b
(l lc)/2
Nott
lc
b
b
Mb
bc
ptt
l
Hnh 2.16. Tnh ton ct thp trong mng n b tng ct thp chu ti ng tm.
50
Moment tnh ton ti mt ngm theo phng b:
Mb p
tt
l lc . l lc p tt . b l lc
.b.
2
Moment tnh ton ti mt ngm theo phng l:

Ml p
tt
b b c . b b c p tt . l b b c
.l.
2
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho phng b v l c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc
sau:
Fa (b)
Mb
Mb
;
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0
Fa (l )
Ml
Ml
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0
b.2. Trng hp mng n b tng ct thp chu ti lch tm theo 1 phng

Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo phng cnh di l (hnh 2.17).
(l lc)/2
Nott
Mott
Hott
lc
b
b
pttmin
p2tt
bc
Mb
pttmax
Hnh 2.17. Tnh ton ct thp trong mng n b tng ct thp chu ti lch tm theo 1
phng.
M b p 2tt .b.
l lc . l lc 1 . p tt
2
max
p 2tt .b.
l lc . 2 . l lc
2
b l lc
b l lc
b l lc
tt
tt
p .
p max
p 2tt .
2p max
p 2tt
8
12
24
2
tt
2
tt
tt
tt
p max
p min
Vi p 2tt p min
0,5 l lc
l
51
Ml p
Vi p tttb
tt
tb
b b c . b b c p tt . l b b c
.l.
2
tb
tt
tt
p max
p min
2
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho phng b v l tnh tng t nh trng hp mng
chu ti ng tm.
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm theo phng cnh ngn b, ta c th tnh ton
tng t nh trn bng cch o cc k t b v l cho nhau:
M l p 2tt .l.
p .
tt
2
b b c . b b c 1 . p tt
2
l b bc
8
max
tt
max
p .
tt
tt
tt
p max
p min
Vi p 2tt p min
tt
2
p 2tt .l.
l b bc
b bc . 2 . b bc
2
12
2p
tt
max
p
tt
2
l b bc
24
0,5 b b c
b

Mb p
tt
tb
l lc . l lc p tt . b l lc
.b.
2
tb
Vi ptttb xc nh tng t nh trn nhng pttmax v pttmin ly theo biu phn lc

nn tnh ton theo phng lch tm tng ng (phng cnh ngn b).
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho phng b v l tnh tng t nh trng hp mng
chu ti ng tm.
V d 2.3:
Xc nh chiu cao mng h hp l mng tha mn iu kin xuyn thng trong
v d 2.1. Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng ng vi chiu cao h va chn. Bit: a
= 5 cm; kch thc ct lc x bc = 30 cm x 20 cm; b tng mng mc 200 c Rn = 90
kG/cm2; Rk = 7,5 kG/cm2; thp trong mng c Ra = 2300 kG/cm2.
(1 kG/cm2 102 kN/m2)
Li gii
Trong v d 2.1, ta xc nh c kch thc y mng: l = 2m v b = 1,6m.
Gi s h = 0,5 m ho = h a = 0,5 0,05 = 0,45 m.
52
Phn lc nn tnh ton:
p tt
N ott
500
156, 25(kN / m 2 )
F
2.1, 6
Lc gy xuyn thng:
Pxt = ptt . Sngoi y thp xuyn = ptt . [l.b (lc + 2h0).(bc + 2h0)]
Pxt = 156,25.[2 .1,6 (0,3 + 2 .0,45).(0,2 + 2 .0,45) = 293,75 (kN)
Lc chng xuyn thng:
Pcx = 0,75.Rk . Sxq thp xuyn = 0,75.Rk .[2.(lc +bc + 2ho). ho]
Pcx = 0,75. 7,5.102. [2.(0,3 + 0,2 + 2 .0,45) .0,45] = 708,75 (kN)
Pxt < Pcx . Vy iu kin chng xuyn thng c tha mn.
(l lc)/2
Nott
lc
b
b
Mb
bc
ptt
l

Mb p .
tt
b l lc
1,6. 2 0,3
156, 25.
90,313(kN.m)
8
2

Ml p .
tt
l b bc
2. 1,6 0, 2
156, 25.
76,563(kN.m)
8
2
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho phng b v l:
Fa (b)
Mb
Mb
90,313
9,7.104 m2 9,7 cm 2
2
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0 0,9.2300.10 .0, 45
Chn 714 c tng din tch Fa = 10,77 (cm2) b tr thnh 14a230 theo
phng cnh ngn b
Fa (l )
Ml
Ml
76,563
8, 22.104 m 2 8, 22 cm 2
2
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0 0,9.2300.10 .0, 45
53
Chn 614 c tng din tch Fa = 9,23 (cm2) b tr thnh 14a340 theo phng
cnh di l
V d 2.4:
Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng trong v d 2.3. Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho
mng. Bit: a = 5 cm; kch thc ct lc x bc = 30 cm x 20 cm; b tng mng mc 200
c Rn = 90 kG/cm2; Rk = 7,5 kG/cm2; thp trong mng c Ra = 2300 kG/cm2.
(1 kG/cm2 102 kN/m2)
Li gii
Trong v d 2.3, ta xc nh c kch thc y mng: l = 2,6m v b = 1,6m.
Chiu cao mng h = 0,6 m ho = h a = 0,6 0,05 = 0,55 m.
Phn lc nn tnh ton:
p
tt
max
tt
N ott M y
600
60
177,509 kN / m 2
F
Wy 2, 6.1, 6 1,803
tt
min
tt
N ott M y
600
60
110,953 kN / m 2
F
Wy 2,6.1,6 1,803
Vi
Mytt = Moytt + Hoxtt.h = Mott + Hott.h = 30 + 50.0,6 = 60 (kN.m)

b l 2 1, 6.2, 6 2
Wy
1,803 m 3
6
6
0,5. l lc 2h o
l
0,5. 2,6 0,3 2.0,55
110,953 177,509 110,953 .
2,6
tt
tt
tt
p max
p min
p1tt p min
.
162,15 kN / m 2
tt
tt
tt
p max
p min
p 2tt p min
0,5 l lc
l
110,953 177,509 110,953 .

148,071 kN / m 2
0,5. 2,6 0,3

2,6
Lc gy xuyn thng:
Pxt = {0,5.(b+bc+2h0).0,5.[l (lc + 2h0 )]} .0,5.[pttmax+ p1tt]
Pxt = {0,5.(1,6 + 0,2 + 2.0,55).0,5.[2,6 (0,3 + 2.0,55)]}.0,5.[177,509 + 162,15]
54
Pxt = 147,752 (kN)
Lc chng xuyn thng:
Pcx = 0,75. Rk . S1 mt bn thp xuyn = 0,75. Rk .[(bc+h0)h0]
Pcx = 0,75. 7,5.102.[(0,2+0,55).0,55] = 232,031 (kN)
Pxt < Pcx . Vy iu kin chng xuyn thng c tha mn.
(l lc)/2
Nott
Mott
Hott
lc
b
b
pttmin
p2tt
bc
Mb
pttmax

M b 2p
tt
max
b l lc
p
24
tt
2
1, 6. 2, 6 0,3
2.177,509 148,071
177, 423(kN.m)
24
2

tt
l b bc
l b bc
p tt p min
Ml p .
.
max
8
2
8
2
tt
tb
177,509 110,953 2, 6 1,6 0, 2

.
91,875(kN.m)
2
8
2
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho phng b v l:

Fa (b)
Mb
Mb
177, 423
15,6.104 m2 15,6 cm2

2
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0 0,9.2300.10 .0,55
Chn 816 c tng din tch Fa = 16,08 (cm2) b tr thnh 16a200 theo
phng cnh ngn b
Fa (l )
Ml
Ml
91,875
8,07.104 m 2 8,07 cm 2
2
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0 0,9.2300.10 .0,55
Chn 614 c tng din tch Fa = 9,23 (cm2) b tr thnh 14a400 theo phng
cnh di l
55
Lu : Trong mi trng hp, khng b tr khong cch gia cc ct thp dc
trong cng mt lp vt qu 400mm.
Theo tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05, c th xc nh din tch ct thp nh
sau:
Xt mt cu kin chu un c tit din hnh ch nht, b tr ct thp n. Di tc
dng ca moment un ngoi lc M, khng xt s lm vic ca b tng vng chu ko,
ta c s ng sut trn tit din nh hnh 2.18.
b
0,85fc
a
h
TTH
ds
as
(ds a/2)
As.fy
As
Hnh 2.18. Xc nh din tch ct thp n cho tit din chu un hnh ch nht.
Bit b, h, fc, M Xc nh As
Trong :
h chiu cao ca tit din.
b chiu rng ca tit din.
ds khong cch t th chu nn ngoi cng n trng tm ct thp chu ko
(gi l chiu cao lm vic ca tit din).
as khong cch t th chu ko ngoi cng n trng tm ct thp chu ko.
a chiu cao vng nn quy i.
fc cng chu nn ca b tng.
fy gii hn chy ca ct thp.
As din tch ct thp chu ko.
T s ng sut trn tit din ca cu kin (hnh 2.18), ta c:
Phng trnh cn bng moment trn tit din ly i vi trng tm ct thp chu
ko:
a
M 0,85.f c.a.b d s
2
56
a ds ds
Vi
2M u
2M
ds ds
;
0,85.f c.b
.0,85.f c.b
Mu
Mu moment do ti trng tc dng gy ra TTGH cng .

h s sc khng (hay cn gi l h s gim bn)
Phng trnh cn bng lc trn mt ct ngang:

0,85.f c.a.b A s f y
As
0,85.f c.a.b
fy
57
CHNG 3: TNH TON THIT K MNG CC

3.1. Khi nim, phn loi mng cc
3.1.1. Khi nim mng cc
Mng cc l mt loi mng su, khi tnh sc chu ti theo t nn c k n thnh
phn ma st v lc dnh gia thnh mng (thnh cc) vi t xung quanh v c chiu
su chn mng kh ln so vi b rng mng.
Da vo nhiu quan trc thc nghim iu kin lm vic ca mng su kt hp vi
kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT, mng su c nh ngha l mng c t s gia
chiu su ngm mng tng ng trong t v b rng mng l De/B > 5.
Vi mng c 1,5 < De/B < 5, mng c xem l mng na su.
Hnh 3.1. Mng cc

Mng cc gm 2 b phn chnh l i cc (hay b cc) v h cc.
i cc: lin kt cc cc li vi nhau, tip nhn ti trng t cng trnh bn trn v
truyn xung cho cc cc.
H cc: c lin kt bi i cc, tip nhn ti trng t i v truyn cho nn t
xung quanh cc v bn di mi cc. Mi cc lun c thit k cm vo cc lp a
cht tt gnh ti trng cng trnh bn trn cng vi thnh phn sc chu ti do
ma st v lc dnh xung quanh cc.
58
3.1.2. Phn loi cc, mng cc
a. Phn loi cc
Theo vt liu cc, c th chia thnh: cc g, cc b tng (dng cho thit k cc ch
chu nn), cc b tng ct thp, cc thp, cc phi hp cc loi vt liu trn.
Cc g thng c s dng l: trm, tre, thng, di dng cc n, i khi
dng t hp cc thanh n thnh b cc hoc phi hp vi cc loi cc bng vt liu

khc nh cc g - thp phi hp. Cc g thng c b tr nm hon ton di mc
nc ngm trnh mi, mc
Cc b tng ct thp c s dng ph bin hin nay, bao gm loi ch to sn v
loi ti ch vo h khoan hoc h o sn

Cc thp rt t tin, thng c s dng phc v qu trnh thi cng, sa cha
cp bch hoc cc cng trnh bn cng hoc n nh b (nh dng cc bn thp). Cc

dng khc l dng tit din I, +, H hoc cc ng thp.
Theo phng php thi cng h cc vo t nn, c th phn thnh: cc ng,

cc p, cc h bng ba chn ng (ba rung), cc h bng phng php xi nc
(hoc xi nc kt hp ng, rung p), cc xon, cc nhi (cc khoan nhi, cc
barrette).
Cc ng, c h vo t nn bng cc ba ng cc. Ba ng cc thng gm
3 loi chnh l ba trng lc (hay ba ri t do), ba hi (n ng, song ng), ba

diesel. Qu trnh h cc thng bao gm cc cng vic sau: di chuyn gi ba hoc
cn trc n v tr ng cc, vn chuyn v dng cc vo gi, t ba ln u cc v
h cc.
Cc p, c h vo t nn nh cc kch thy thc c gn trn khung p c
cht i trng.
Cc h bng ba chn ng, c ba chn ng c gn cht vo u cc, khi ba
lm vic, lc chn ng truyn vo cc lm gim ma st gia cc v t, trng lng

ba v cc s thng phn lc ca t mi cc lm cho cc c h vo t.
Cc h bng phng php xi nc, dng tia nc cao p xi t di mi cc
lm gim sc cn ca t, ng thi v c p sut ln nn nc cn theo dc thn cc

ln trn lm gim lc ma st xung quanh cc. Kt qu l cc s tt xung khi ba ng
59
nh ln u cc, hoc nu xi mnh hn na, ch cn trng lng bn thn ca cc v
ba cng c h tt xung, c bit l giai on u khi h cc.
Cc xon c ch to c cc cnh xon bng thp u cc, thng l vng xon
lin tc c ng knh ln hn ng knh thn cc. Cc c h nh thit b xoay

thn cc lm cho cc xuyn vo t nn.
Cc nhi c s dng ph bin hin nay, l loi cc c b tng ti ch vo
cc l khoan hoc h o c khoan (o sn) ngay ti v tr cn b tr cc.
Theo c im chu ti ca cc, c th phn thnh: cc chu mi, cc ma st.

Cc chu mi khi phn ln ti trng c truyn qua mi cc vo lp a cht tt
mi cc. Cc chu mi cn c gi l cc chng.

Cc ma st khi cc khng ta n lp a cht tt mi cc, ti trng c phn
b phn ln qua thn cc nh lc ma st v lc dnh vi t xung quanh cc v ch

mt phn nh ti trng truyn vo t nn mi cc. Cc ma st cn c gi l cc
treo.
Cc cng c th c phn thnh cc ch yu chu ti trng ng, cc ch yu
chu ti trng ngang.
i khi cc c phn chia thnh cc ng, cc xin.
Ngoi ra, cc cn c phn loi theo kch thc thnh cc c ng knh nh,
ng knh ln.
Cc khng m rng y v cc m rng y.
Cng cn c khuynh hng phn chia cc thnh cc c chi (cc h bng
phng php ng hoc p) v cc khng c chi (cc nhi).
b. Phn loi mng cc

Mng cc c th c phn loi da theo vic phn loi cc hoc c th c phn
loi thnh: mng cc i thp, mng cc i cao, mng cc i n, i kp, i bng,
i b. Trong , ta thng quan tm hn c l mng cc i thp v mng cc i
cao.
Mng cc i thp c i cc nm di mt t t nhin, ti trng ngang tc dng
ln i cc hon ton do cc lp t t y i tr ln tip nhn, h cc ch yu ch

chu nn.
60
Mng cc i cao thng c i cc nm trn mt t t nhin, h cc va chu
nn va chu un.
3.1.3. Cu to cc v b cc
a. Cu to cc
a.1. Cc g
Cc g thng c lm bng cc loi g thng, g t thit (g lim, hng sc, tu,
) v cc loi g ny thng, thn cy tng i u, cng tng i cao. Cc g
c th lm bng cc thn cy nguyn dng hoc cc thanh g x. Chiu di cc g
nguyn (khng ni, khng ghp) thng thng l 5-8 m, ng knh khong 20-30 cm.
nh cc g phi c bo v bng ai thp (hnh 3.2c) khi ng khi b nt n.
Mi cc g c vt nhn v bt thp khi ng c d dng v khng b te (hnh
3.2a, b). Khi cc g cn c chiu di ln th c th ni cc cy g li vi nhau (hnh
3.2d). Khi cn c tit din ln th c th ghp nhiu cy g li vi nhau (hnh 3.2e).
Hnh 3.2. Cu to cc g
a. Mi cc vt 4 cnh;
d. Mi ni;
b. Cc bt mi thp;
e. Cc ghp;
c. ai thp nh cc;
f. Cc g dn.
61
a.2. Cc b tng ct thp
Cc b tng ct thp c nhiu loi tit din khc nhau: trn, vung, ch nht, ch
T, ch I, tam gic, a gic, vnh khn, vung c l rng. (Hnh 3.3)
Hnh 3.3. Cc dng tit din cc b tng ct thp

Loi cc tit din vung c s dng rng ri hn c v n c u im ch yu l
ch to n gin, c th ch to ngay ti cng trng. Kch thc tit din ca loi cc
ny thng l 2020cm, 2525cm, 3030cm, 3535cm, 4040cm. gim bt trng
lng ca cc (khi khng c ba nng ng cc), c th dng loi cc vung c
l rng trn gia. Chiu di thng dng ca cc b tng ct thp l 4-25m.
V kh khn trong qu trnh vn chuyn v iu kin hn ch v gi ba nn phn
ln cc c ch to thnh tng on ri ni li vi nhau trong qu trnh h cc. Chiu
di mi on cc thng khong 6-8m. Hnh 3.4 th hin cu to ca cc b tng ct
thp tit din vung thng c s dng hin nay.
1000
20,1m
Mc cu, 16
6 a100
Ct thp ai
Li thp
cc, 6 a50
150
1-1,5D
1000
Ct thp dc
L
on cc mi.
D
L
on cc gia.
Hnh 3.4. Cu to cc b tng ct thp thng tit din vung.
6 a100
62
u cc
Mi hn
Mi thp
Hp ni cc
Ni cc
A-A
A
Hnh 3.5. Cu to chi tit u cc, mi cc v mi ni cc.

Khi ng cc, ng sut cc b pht sinh nh cc, do phm vi nh cc phi
c tng cng thm bng cc li ct thp. Mi cc phi c b tr thanh thp gia
cng chu lc khng xuyn khi h cc vo cc lp a cht cng. Ct thp ai
hai u b tr dy hn vi bc 5-10cm so vi on gia vi bc 15-20cm. Ct thp
ai c th dng ai nhnh hoc xon c. Ct thp dc thng gm 4 hoc 8 thanh c
= 16-32mm, ct thp ai dng = 6-8mm. Lp b tng bo v ca cc c chiu dy
ti thiu l 3cm. B tng dng lm cc phi c mc thp nht l 300 i vi ngnh cu
ng, thy li, 150 i vi ngnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip. Trong mi cc
(hay mi on cc) phi b tr mc cu cc trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lp dng
cc ln gi ba.
a.3. Cc thp
Cc thp dng trong cc cng trnh chu ti trng ngang ln. Cc thp c u im
l chu c ti trng ln do cng tnh ton ca vt liu cao, v vy thng dng
63
khi cc chu moment ln. Tuy nhin, thp l mt loi vt liu c gi thnh cao nn
c cn nhc khi s dng cho cng trnh.
Cc thp cng c s dng rng ri lm vng vy thi cng cc loi mng, cc
cc ny c dng thanh cc vn, c chiu di thng 8-22m. Hnh 3.6 th hin mt s
dng tit din ngang ca cc vn thp.
Hnh 3.6. Mt s dng tit din ngang ca cc vn thp.
b. Cu to b cc
B cc c tc dng lin kt cc u cc thnh mt khi cng tham gia chu ti
trng ca cng trnh bn trn truyn xung. B cc thng c ch to bng b tng
hoc b tng ct thp.
B cc i vi m tr cu thng c chiu dy 1-3m. Mt trn ca b c xc
nh ty vo mt bng ca kt cu bn trn. Kch thc y b ph thuc vo s lng
cc khi thit k.
B cc m tr cu thng dng b tng mc ti thiu l 150. Nu y b c m
rng ln th m bo cho b chu c lc do cc hng cc ngoi tc dng ln phi
64
b tr thm ct thp trong b tng y b chu moment un. Cc phi c neo
cht vo b (khng k phn b tng bt y). Thng yu cu i vi cc loi cc nh,
u cc phi cm trong b t nht 2 ln ng knh hay b rng ca cc; nu cc c
ng knh ln hn 60cm th chn su ca u cc trong b ti thiu l 1,2m.
tng cng s lin kt gia cc v b thng i vi nhng cc b tng ct
thp tit din c, ngi ta thng phn ct thp ch ca u cc t 20 -40, cn
phn b tng u cc ngp vo trong b t
nht 10cm (khng k phn b tng bt y).
i vi cc rng nh cc ng b tng ct
thp, cc thp, thng cho vo u cc
mt khung ct thp, u nhng ct thp ca
khung ny nm trong b 1-2,5m.
Ct thp trong b thng dng cc thanh
c ng knh khng nh hn 20-25mm.
Khong cch gia cc thanh thng t 1020cm. Lp b tng bo v ct thp ti thiu
l 5cm.
Nu phn lc do u cc truyn ln b
tng b (khng k lc dnh ca mt bn cc)
vt qu cng tnh ton chu p ca b
tng th pha trn u cc ngi ta t
nhng li thp gia cng to bi cc thanh
ng knh khng nh hn 12mm, mt li
1010cm n 1515cm. u ca nhng cc
ng cnh mp b nn tng cng bng
nhng vng ai neo. (Hnh 3.7)
Hnh 3.7. Cu to ct thp b cc.

1-Ct thp y b; 2-Li thp
trn u cc; 3-Ct thp chong;
4-B tng bt y.
Cc b tr trong b tt nht l lm sao cho ni lc trong cc cc xp x bng nhau.

Nhng nh vy thng lm cho cng vic tnh ton phc tp thm ng thi khi thi
cng cng kh khn hn. Thng cc c b tr thnh tng dy theo hnh ch nht
hay vung hoc hnh hoa mai trn mt bng. (Hnh 3.8)
Khong cch gia tim cc cc y b khng nh hn 1,5 ln ng knh cc,
khong cch t mp cc ngoi cng n mp b phi ln hn 25cm.
65
a)
b)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Hnh 3.8. S b tr cc trn mt bng.

a. B tr kiu ch nht;
b. B tr kiu hoa mai
+
+
66
Khong cch gia tim cc chn cc ty vo loi cc. i vi nhng cc thng
thng khong cch ny khng nh hn 3d, nhng i vi cc c m rng hoc cc
xon, tnh khng gia cc bu hay cnh xon nh nht l 1m. Vi cc cc n mn,
khong cch tim ca cc chn cc phi ln hn 1,6 ln ng knh ca bu.
Khi b tr cc nghing so vi phng thng ng, khong cch gia tim cc u
cc c gim nh so vi chn cc cho php rt nh kch thc b, gim khi lng
vt liu.Tuy nhin, vic thi cng h cc nghing vo t nn kh khn hn cc ng.
i vi cc nghing, su ng cc ti thiu khng c nh hn 4m.
Khi thit k mng cc, cc c b tr lm sao cho ti trng truyn vo cc ch
yu l lc dc trc, cn lc ngang ch xut hin vi gi tr nh nht c th. Trong cc
cng trnh chu ti trng ngang ln ni chung nn b tr cc nghing chuyn mt
phn lc ngang ngoi lc thnh ni lc dc trc trong cc.
Hnh 3.9a th hin mng cc di tng chn chu cc lc ch yu l trng lng
bn thn tng v p lc t sau tng. Chiu nghing ca cc nn b tr thin v
hng ca hp lc tc dng bn trn. i vi cc cng trnh chu lc ngang ln m li
lun thay i chiu (nh tr cu), thng phi b tr cc nghing theo 2 chiu (hnh
3.9b).
Hnh 3.9. Cng trnh trn cc nghing.

a. Tng chn t; b. Tr cu.
67
V cu to b cc, tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05 quy nh:
i vi mng cc ng:
Khong cch gia tim cc cc khng c nh hn 750mm hay 2,5 ln ng knh

hay chiu rng cc (chn gi tr ln hn).
Khong cch t mt bn ca bt k cc no ti mp gn nht ca b mng phi ln
hn 225mm.
nh ca cc cc phi c thit k ngm su t nht 300mm trong b mng. Nu
cc c gn vi b mng bng cc thanh ct thp chn hay cc tao, chng phi c
chn su khng nh hn 150mm vo b mng.
Khi dm b tng ct thp c c ti ch v c dng nh dm m c bi
cc cc, lp b tng bo v pha cc cc phi dy hn 150mm, cng thm mt lng
nhm xt n s khng thng cho php, v cc cc phi c thit k ngm su trong
b cc t nht 150mm. Khi ct thp cc c neo trong b cc tha mn cc yu cu
theo tiu chun th ngm c th nh hn 150mm.
i vi cc khoan nhi:
Khong cch gia tim cc cc phi ln hn 3 ln ng knh hoc khong cch

yu cu nhm trnh nh hng gia cc cc ln cn (chn gi tr ln hn).
68
3.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
3.2.1. Khi nim
Mt cc nm c lp trong t nn (cc n) v khi nm trong nhm cc th c kh
nng chu ti trng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cho n nay khi thit k cc loi mng cc,
ngi ta thng gi thit rng sc chu ti ca mi cc trong nhm cc bng sc chu
ti ca cc n. V vy, trong phn ny s trnh by cc phng php xc nh sc
chu ti ca cc n.
a)
b)
Hnh 3.10. Mng cc.
a. Cc n
b. Nhm cc
Sc chu ti ca cc l mt i lng rt quan trng c s dng trong sut qu

trnh thit k mng cc. Vic xc nh chnh xc i lng ny l cc k quan trng v
n nh hng n s an ton v gi thnh ca cng trnh.
Mng cc c th b ph hoi do mt trong hai nguyn nhn sau y:
Bn thn cng vt liu lm cc b ph hoi.

t nn khng sc chu ng.
Do , khi thit k phi xc nh sc chu ti ca cc v c hai mt: sc chu ti
ca cc theo cng vt liu cc v sc chu ti ca cc theo cng t nn. Tr
s nh nht trong hai tr s s c s dng tnh ton mng cc. Khi thit k
phi chn kch thc ca cc sao cho hai tr s sc chu ti ca cc khng chnh
lch nhau nhiu qu m bo iu kin kinh t. Trong tt c mi trng hp, khng
c chn kch thc cc m sc chu ti tnh ton ca n xc nh theo cng vt
liu cc li nh hn sc chu ti ca cc xc nh theo cng ca t nn.
69
3.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo vt liu
Sc chu ti ca cc theo vt liu lm cc c xc nh theo cc phng php
thng thng trong cc gio trnh kt cu cng trnh. Cc lm vic nh mt thanh chu
nn ng tm, lch tm hoc chu ko (khi cc b nh) v sc chu ti nn dc trc ca
cc theo vt liu c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
Qvl = Ap Rvl
Qvl sc chu ti nn dc trc ca cc theo vt liu.
Ap din tch tit din ngang ca cc.
Rvl cng chu nn tnh ton ca vt liu lm cc.
h s nh hng bi mnh ca cc.

Cc lm vic trong nn t chu tc dng ca p lc nn ca t xung quanh, nn
thng thng ta khng xt n nh hng ca un dc. Ngoi tr cc trng hp c
bit nh cc qu mnh hoc do tc ng ca s rung ng lm trit tiu p lc xung
quanh hay cc i qua lp t bn long, nh hng ca mnh phi c xt n
trong sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo vt liu.
Vi cc b tng ct thp chu nn, sc chu ti cc hn ca cc theo vt liu xc
nh theo cng thc thanh chu nn c xt n un dc nh sau:
Qa = (Rn Ab + Ra Aa)
Rn cng chu nn ca b tng.
Ab din tch tit din ngang ca b tng trong cc (c th ly xp x bng Ap).
Ra cng chu ko hay nn ca thp.
Aa din tch ct thp dc trong cc.
- h s xt n nh hng ca un dc ph thuc mnh v theo thc

nghim c th ly nh sau:
1, 028 0, 0000288 2 0, 0016
1, 028 0, 0003456 d2 0, 00554 d
hay
hoc c th tra theo bng sau
l0 / r
<14 21
28
35
42
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
97
104
d l0 / d
<4
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
.98 .96 .93 .90 .87 .84 .81 .78 .74 .70 .65 .60
.55
Trong :
70
r bn knh cc trn hay cnh cc vung.
d b rng ca tit din ch nht.
l0 chiu di tnh ton ca cc, l0 = vl
l chiu di thc ca on cc tnh t u cc n im ngm trong t, hoc l
c chn l chiu dy ca lp t yu m cc i qua.

v h s ph thuc lin kt 2 u cc, ly nh sau
v=2
v = 0,7
v = 0,5
u cc ngm trong i u cc ngm trong i u cc ngm trong i

v mi cc nm trong v mi cc ta ln t v mi cc ngm trong
t mm
cng hoc
Khi xt n s hin din ca t bn long xung quanh cc, M. Jacobson ngh

nh hng un dc nh sau:
= L/r
50
70
85
105
120
140
0,8
0,588
0,41
0,31
0,23
L chiu di cc;
r bn knh hoc cnh cc.
Theo quy phm xy dng Vit Nam 21-86, sc chu ti nn dc trc ca cc theo
vt liu c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Qvl = k m Rgh
k = 0,7 h s ng nht.
m = 1 h s iu kin lm vic.
Rgh sc chu ti nn gii hn ca vt liu lm cc.
Vi cc b tng ct thp ch to sn:
Qvl = k m (Rn Ab + Ra Aa)
Sc chu ko cng ca cc b tng ct thp theo vt liu khi cc lm vic chu nh:
Qvl,nh = k m Ra Aa
71
Sc chu ti theo vt liu ca cc nhi:
Qvl = Ru Ab + Ra Aa
Ru cng tnh ton ca b tng cc nhi
Ru = R/4,5; Ru 6 MPa: khi btng di nc hoc di bn.
Ru = R/4; Ru 7MPa: khi btng trong h khoan kh.
R mc thit k ca b tng.
Ab din tch tit din ngang ca b tng trong cc (c th ly xp x bng Ap).
Ra cng chu ko hay nn ca thp.
Aa din tch ct thp dc trong cc.
3.2.3. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo t nn

Trong thc t tnh ton, sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo t nn c xem nh
bao gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn sc khng bn v thnh phn sc khng mi.
Q u Qs Q p
L
Qs - sc chng ct cc hn gia t v mt bn ca cc, Qs u s dz

0
Qp - sc gnh cc hn ca t mi cc, Q p A p q p
Hoc
Qu Asfs A pq p
As din tch xung quanh cc tip xc vi t

Sc chu ti cho php ca cc:
Qa
Q
A q
Qs
A f
p s s p p
FSs FSp
FSs
FSp
hoc
Qa
Q u Qs Q p A s f s A p q p
FS
FS
FS
FSs - h s an ton cho thnh phn sc khng bn; 1,5 2,0
FSp - h s an ton cho thnh phn sc khng mi; 2,0 3,0
FS - h s an ton chung, chn 2 3
Sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo t nn c th xc nh theo cc phng php

chnh sau:
72
Theo ch tiu c hc ca t nn, cn gi l phng php tnh.
Theo ch tiu trng thi, cn gi l phng php thng k.
Theo th nghim nn tnh cc ti hin trng.
Theo th nghim ng cho cc cc h vo t bng ba ng.
a. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu c hc ca t nn
(phng php tnh)
a.1. Sc khng mi ca t mi cc Qp
a.1.1. Phng php Terzaghi
Cng thc xc nh sc khng mi ca cc da trn c s cc cng thc sc chu

ti ca mng nng, vi s trt ca t di mi cc tng t nh s trt ca
t di mng nng.
Qp A p q p R p2 1,3cN c Df N q 0,6R p N
(Cho cc trn bn knh Rp )
Qp A p q p D 2 1,3cN c Df N q 0, 4Bp N
(Cho cc vung cnh Bp )
Trong : Nc, Nq, N l cc h s sc chu ti ca Terzaghi c thit lp cho mng
nng tit din trn hoc vung, xc nh nh sau:
Nq
2 3 /4 /2 tg

2cos 2
4 2
N c N q 1 cot g
1 Kp
1 tg
N
2
2 cos
Vi Kp h s p lc b ng ca t tc ng ln mt nghing ca nm nn
cht di y mng.
Hoc Nc, Nq, N c th c tra t biu hnh 3.11 hay bng tra bn di.
73
Nc , Nq , N
Nc
Nq
N
Hnh 3.11. Biu cc h s sc chu ti Nc , Nq , N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
(rad)
0.000
0.017
0.035
0.052
0.070
0.087
0.105
0.122
0.140
0.157
0.175
0.192
0.209
0.227
0.244
0.262
0.279
0.297
0.314
0.332
0.349
0.367
0.384
0.401
0.419
0.436
Bng cc h s sc chu ti Nc , Nq , Nca Terzaghi

Nq
Nc
N
o (rad)
Nq
1.000
1.105
1.220
1.347
1.487
1.642
1.812
2.001
2.209
2.439
2.694
2.975
3.288
3.634
4.019
4.446
4.922
5.451
6.042
6.701
7.439
8.264
9.190
10.231
11.401
12.720
5.712
5.997
6.300
6.624
6.968
7.337
7.730
8.151
8.602
9.086
9.605
10.163
10.763
11.410
12.108
12.861
13.676
14.559
15.517
16.558
17.690
18.925
20.272
21.746
23.361
25.135
0.5
1.2
2.5
9.7
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.454
0.471
0.489
0.506
0.524
0.541
0.559
0.576
0.593
0.611
0.628
0.646
0.663
0.681
0.698
0.716
0.733
0.750
0.768
0.785
0.803
0.820
0.838
0.855
0.873
14.210
15.896
17.808
19.981
22.456
25.282
28.517
32.230
36.504
41.440
47.156
53.799
61.546
70.614
81.271
93.846
108.750
126.498
147.736
173.285
204.191
241.800
287.855
344.636
415.146
Nc
27.085
29.236
31.612
34.242
37.162
40.411
44.036
48.090
52.637
57.754
63.528
70.067
77.495
85.966
95.663
106.807
119.669
134.580
151.950
172.285
196.219
224.549
258.285
298.718
347.509
19.7
42.4
100.4
297.5
780.1
1153.2
74
Thng thng, thnh phn 0, 4Bp N v 0,6R p N c b qua do n kh nh so
vi hai thnh phn cn li, vic b qua ny b tr cho trng lng cc khng c xt
vo cng thc c lng sc chu ti.
T cc cng thc trn ta thy rng sc khng mi ca cc s cng ln khi su
chn cc Df cng ln. Tuy nhin, thc nghim chng t rng trong mt lp t, sc
khng mi ca t mi cc ch tng n mt su nht nh ri khng i na k
t su ti hn k hiu l Dc hay Lc hay Zc. Hin tng ny th hin r nht trong
t ct.
Hu ht cc nghin cu thc nghim hot ng ca nn cc cho thy khu vc nh
hng bi lc ma st ca cc lan rng dn t trn mt t n chiu su ti hn Zc v
ko di xung mi cc, mi cc phm vi nh hng ngang khong bng 3D v phm
vi nn ca mi cc khong 2D di mi cc v 4D trn mi cc.
Hnh 3.12. Nn t xung quanh cc giai on chu ti cc hn.

a.1.2. Phng php Meyerhof
Sc chu ti cc hn ca t nn mi cc c dng:
Qp A p q p A p cNc qNq
qp = qu - sc chu ti n v din tch ca phn t nm di y cc mng su
v mng cc khi xt ti hnh dng v chiu su chn mng.
q p cNc qNq
q' - p lc thng ng hu hiu ca t ti su ca mi cc.
75
Phng php Meyerhof xc nh cc h s Nc, Nq . Sc chu ti mi cc trong
t nn, c bit l ct, gia tng theo chiu su cc chn trong lp ct chu ti v t
cc i khi t s Lb/D = (Lb/D)cr
t yu
L
L=Lb
D
D
Lb
Hnh 3.13. S chn chiu di cc ngm vo t Lb

Vi
Lb chiu su cc cm trong t tt.

D cnh cc su mi cc.
Lb < L khi cc xuyn qua lp t yu v ngm vo t cng.

Lb = L khi cc trong nn ng nht.
Khi Lb/D > (Lb/D)cr th cc tht s ngm vo t cng, tng ng iu kin
De/D>5 theo nh ngha mng su.
Meyerhof ngh xc nh sc chu ti mi cc nh sau:
1- Xc nh gc ma st trong ca ct
2- Xc nh t s Lb/D
3- Xc nh t s (Lb/D)cr t biu hnh 3.14
4- Xc nh gi tr gn ng ca Nc, Nq t biu hnh 3.14
5- Tnh Qp theo cng thc trn
Gi tr gii hn ln nht ca qp trng hp nn ct c tnh theo ng thc sau:
q p kN / m 2 50Nq tg
Meyerhof cng ngh sc chu mi n v ca cc trong nn ct ng nht xc

nh theo kt qu xuyn ng chun (SPT) nh sau:
q p kN / m 2 40N L / D 400N
Vi N - gi tr trung bnh ca th nghim SPT trong phm vi 10D bn trn v 5D

bn di mi cc.
76
Cc
ng
o
N q v Noc
tng ng vi
cc t s Lb/D
Noc
Noq
Gc ni ma st ca t
Hnh 3.14. Biu xc nh cc h s sc chu ti ca t nn di mi cc

(Lu : Trong biu trn: Noc = Nc, Noq = Nq)
Trng hp cc i xuyn qua lp t yu vo lp ct chu lc qp xc nh nh sau:
q l (c) ql ( y) L b
q p ql ( y)
q l (c)
10D
ql(y) sc khng mi gii hn ca lp t yu.
ql(c) sc khng mi gii hn ca lp ct cht.
Lb chiu di cc xuyn trong ct cht.
77
Hnh 3.15. Gi tr gii hn ca sc khng mi cc hn qp

Trng hp nn l t st bo ha, sc chu ti ca t nn mi cc c th xc
nh nh sau:
Qp q p A p Ncc u A p 9c u A p
Tm tt cch tnh sc chu ti ca t nn di mi cc theo Meyerhof:

1- T , xc nh (Lb/D)cr t biu hnh 3.14
2- Xc nh t s Lb/D
3- Nu L b / D
4- Nu L b / D
Lb / D cr
2
Lb / D cr
2
, chn gi tr ti a ca Nc, Nq t biu hnh 3.14

, cc gi tr Nc, Nq c xc nh nh sau:
Lb / D
Nc Nc Lb /D0 Nc max Nc Lb /D0
0,5 L / D
b
cr
Lb / D
Nq Nq Lb /D0 Nq max Nq Lb /D0
0,5 L / D
b
cr
5- Tnh qp theo cng thc q p cNc qNq v Q p A p q p

(Lu : Cc thng s chng ct c, chn trong tnh ton tng ng vi trng thi
ng sut hu hiu).
a.1.3. Phng php Vesic

Sc chu ti ca t nn mi cc c dng:
Q p A p q p A p (cN c v N q DN )
v q - p lc thng ng hu hiu ca t ti su ca mi cc.
78
Nc, Nq, N l cc h s sc chu ti ca Vesic, xc nh theo cng thc sau:

N q e tg tg 2
4 2
N c N q 1 cot g
N 2 N q 1 tg
Hoc Nc, Nq, N c th c tra t bng c lp sn.

o
(rad)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.000
0.017
0.035
0.052
0.070
0.087
0.105
0.122
0.140
0.157
0.175
0.192
0.209
0.227
0.244
0.262
0.279
0.297
0.314
0.332
0.349
0.367
0.384
0.401
Bng cc h s sc chu ti Nc , Nq , Nca Vesic

Nq
Nc
N
o
(rad)
Nq
1.000
1.094
1.197
1.309
1.433
1.568
1.716
1.879
2.058
2.255
2.471
2.710
2.974
3.264
3.586
3.941
4.335
4.772
5.258
5.798
6.399
7.071
7.821
8.661
5.142
5.379
5.632
5.900
6.185
6.489
6.813
7.158
7.527
7.922
8.345
8.798
9.285
9.807
10.370
10.977
11.631
12.338
13.104
13.934
14.835
15.815
16.883
18.049
0.000
0.073
0.153
0.242
0.340
0.449
0.571
0.707
0.860
1.031
1.224
1.442
1.689
1.969
2.287
2.648
3.060
3.529
4.066
4.681
5.386
6.196
7.128
8.202
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
0.419
0.436
0.454
0.471
0.489
0.506
0.524
0.541
0.559
0.576
0.593
0.611
0.628
0.646
0.663
0.681
0.698
0.716
0.733
0.750
0.768
0.785
0.803
0.820
9.603
10.662
11.854
13.199
14.720
16.443
18.401
20.631
23.177
26.092
29.440
33.296
37.752
42.920
48.933
55.957
64.195
73.897
85.374
99.014
115.308
134.874
158.502
187.206
Nc
19.324
20.721
22.254
23.942
25.803
27.860
30.140
32.671
35.490
38.638
42.164
46.124
50.585
55.630
61.352
67.867
75.313
83.858
93.706
105.107
118.369
133.874
152.098
173.640
9.442
10.876
12.539
14.470
16.717
19.338
22.402
25.994
30.215
35.188
41.064
48.029
56.311
66.192
78.024
92.246
109.411
130.214
155.542
186.530
224.634
271.748
330.338
403.652
a.2. Sc khng bn ca t xung quanh cc Qs

Thnh phn Qs xc nh bng cch tch phn sc chng ct n v fs trn ton b
mt tip xc ca cc v t xung quanh cc, sc chng ct ny xc nh theo cng
thc ca Coulomb:
fs = ca + h tga = ca + Ks v tga
ca - lc dnh bm gia cc v t.
a - gc ma st gia cc v t.
79
h - ng sut php tuyn hu hiu ti mt bn ca cc.
h= Ks v = Ks z
Ks - h s p lc ngang
H s p lc ngang Ks c th xc nh theo cc khuynh hng sau:
Khuynh hng 1:
Xem t nn l vt liu n hi, ta c:
Ks
;
1
- h s nn hng.
- h s Poisson (h s n hng).
Khuynh hng 2:
H s Ks c chn theo h s p lc ngang trng thi tnh K0
Ks = K0 = 1 sin
Khi cc c h vo nn t c kt trc th:
K s (1 sin ) OCR
OCR - h s c kt trc.
Khuynh hng 3:
Khi ng hoc p cc vo nn t, th tch cc chim ch ca t v t dn t
gn n trng thi cn bng b ng (Ks tin dn n Kp). Bowles ngh Ks l gi
tr trung bnh ca K0, Ka, Kp theo cng thc sau:
Ks
K a Fw K 0 K p
2 Fw
Fw 1
Thc t o c, h s Ks thay i theo chiu su, theo bin dng th tch v cht
ca t xung quanh cc. u cc KsKp (Kp xc nh theo Rankine), mi cc
KsK0
Trong tnh ton thc t c th ly theo bng sau.
80
Gi tr Ks (theo B. J. Das)
Cc khoan nhi
Ks = K0 = 1 sin
Cc ng, c th tch t b chim ch nh
Ks = K0
(gii hn di)
Ks = 1,4.K0
(gii hn trn)
Cc ng, c th tch t b chim ch ln

Ks = K0
(gii hn di)
Ks = 1,8.K0
(gii hn trn)
Gi tr Ks theo ENPC (kt qu nghin cu ca Broms)

a
Ks (ct cht trung bnh)
Ks (ct cht)
20o
0,5
Cc b tng
3/4
Cc nhi
3/4
0,5
0,5
Cc g
2/3
1,5
Loi cc
Cc thp
Ngoi ra, cn c cc phng php xc nh sc khng bn ca cc theo t nn

nh sau:
a.2.1. Phng php

Tomlinson ngh thm vo thnh phn lc dnh mt h s trong cng thc xc
nh sc chng ct n v gia cc v t.
fs = ca + h tga = ca + Ks v tga
H s c th ly theo cc bng sau:
Bng gi tr theo Vin Du ha ca M (API)
Sc chng ct khng thot nc cu (kPa)
H s
< 25
25 75
1 0,5
(cc gi tr trung gian c ni suy)
> 75
0,5
81
Bng gi tr (theo Tomlinson)
Loi t
H s
L/D
Ct cht hoc st cng
St mm, bi v t dnh cng
< 20
1,25
> 20
cu < 75:
= 1,25
cu = 75 180:
= 1,25 0,4
8 20
> 20
St cng
8 20
> 20
0,4
cu = 0 25:
= 1,25 0,7
cu > 25:
= 0,7
0,4
cu = 0 30:
= 1,25 1
cu = 30 80:
= 1
cu = 80 130:
= 1 0,4
cu > 130:
= 0,4
Bng gi tr (theo Peck, 1974)
Sc chng ct khng thot nc cu (kPa)
H s
50
0,95
100
0,8
150
0,65
200
0,6
250
0,55
300
0,5
Sladen (1992) ngh cng thc tnh h s cho t ct mn bo ha nc nh

sau:

C1 v
su
Vi
C1 = 0,40,5 cho cc nhi.

C1 = 0,5
cho cc ng.
su = cu - sc chng ct khng thot nc.
82
a.2.2. Phng php
Sc chng ct n v gia cc v t c dng:

fs = Ks v tga = v
vi
= Ks tga
Khi c ti ngoi phn b u rng khp trn mt t:

fs = (v + s )
vi
s- ng sut ph thm do ti ngoi phn b u khp trn mt t.
Trong cng thc trn = 0,25 0,4 (khi Ks = K0), hoc theo Bhushan (1982),
xc nh nh sau:
= Ks tga = 0,18 + 0,0065 Dr
hoc
vi
Ks = 0,5 + 0,008 Dr
Dr - cht tng i ca ct.
a.2.3. Phng php
Focht v Vijavergiya ngh sc chng ct n v gia cc v t st c dng:

fs = (v + 2cu )
vi
(v + 2cu ) - p lc t nm ngang b ng.

-thay i theo chiu su ng cc, xc nh theo biu hnh 3.15.
Hnh 3.15. Biu xc nh gi tr h s
83
Ngoi cc phng php xc nh sc khng bn ca t xung quanh cc trn, c
th k n mt s cc phng php khc nh:
Phng php Coyle - Castillo
Phng php tng qut Kulhawy
Phng php th nghim hin trng: t kt qu th nghim nn p ngang
(Mnard), th nghim xuyn tnh CPT.
b. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu trng thi (ch tiu vt l)
ca t nn (phng php thng k)
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc xc nh theo cng thc sau:

Qa
Q tc
;
k
k =1,4 1,75
Qtc - sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc.

b.1. Sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc chng
Sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc chng (khi nn t c Eo > 50 MPa) c xc nh

theo cng thc sau:
Qtc = Ap qp
Khi cc ta ln , t ht ln v st cng:
qp = 20 MPa
Khi cc ngm trong :
qp
Vi
tc
q pn
h3
1,5
k d d3
tc
q pn
- cng chu nn trung bnh ca trng thi no nc.
kd = 1,4
h3 - su chn cc trong .
d3 - ng knh cc ngm trong .
Khi cc ng ta ln :
qp
tc
q pn
kd
84
b.2. Sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc ma st
i vi cc ng c cnh cc t 250 800mm:
Sc chu nn ca cc:
n
Q tc m R q p A p u mf fsili
i 1
mR , mf : h s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc v mt bn cc
Sc chu nh ca cc:
n
Q tc mu m f fsili
i 1
m - h s iu kin lm vic chu nh.

m = 0,6 khi cc h vo t < 4m
m = 0,8 khi cc h vo t > 4m
Bng gi tr h s mR v mf
Phng php h cc
H s iu kin lm vic ca t
Di mi cc mR
mt bn cc mf
- Ht th v ht va
1,2
- Ht mn
1,2
- Ht bi
- ct
0,9
0,9
- st
0,8
0,9
- St
0,7
0,9
1- H cc c v cc rng bng c
bt u bng ba hi, ba diesel
2- Rung v p cc vo:
a) t ct cht va:
b) t st c st IL = 0,5
c) t st c st IL < 0
Cc h s mR v mf ca t c st trong khong 0 0,5 xc nh bng cch ni

suy.
Sc chu ti n v ca t mi cc qp xc nh theo bng sau.
85
(Trong bng trn, cc gi tr trong ngoc c s dng cho t st)

Sc chng ct n v gia cc v t xung quanh cc fs xc nh theo bng sau.
86
(Cc gi tr fs ca ct cht tng thm 30%. Khi xc nh fs nn chia cc lp t c
chiu dy khng qu 2m)
i vi cc nhi:
Sc chu nn ca cc:
n
Q tc m m R q p A p u m f fsili
i 1
m - h s iu kin lm vic.
m = 0,8 (t st c bo ha Sr > 0,85).
m = 1 (cho cc trng hp cn li).
H s iu kin lm vic ca t di mi cc mR xc nh theo bng sau
H s iu kin lm vic ca t mt bn cc mf xc nh theo bng sau
qp - sc khng mi n v ca t di mi cc nhi v cc ng, c tnh nh

sau:
Vi t si ln ct v ct:
qp = 0,75( dp Ak0 + * L Bk0): cc nhi, cc ng ly nhn.
qp = ( dp Ak0 + * L Bk0): cc ng gi nguyn nhn
87
- trng lng ring ca t di mi cc
* - trng lng ring ca t nm trn mi cc
dp - ng knh cc
L - su chn cc
Cc h s , , Ak0, Bk0 tra bng sau.
Vi t st:
qp c chn theo bng sau.
88
c. Mt s phng php thng dng khc v tnh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc
theo t nn
Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu cng ca t nn.

Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn (CPT,
SPT).
V d 3.1:
Cho cc BTCT cnh 30x30cm, di 18m gm 2 on cc 9m ni li, cc c ng
vo tng t c cu to a cht nh sau:
MNN
Lp 1: Bn st nho, IL > 1,
c = 5 kN/m2, = 50,
= 15kN/m3 , sat = 16kN/m3
Lp 2: St pha ct, do mm, IL = 0,52,

c = 20 kN/m2, = 160,
sat = 20kN/m3
Vi Ks = 1,4Ko , a = , ca = c
1. Xc nh SCT cc hn ca cc theo ch tiu vt l Qtc.
2. Xc nh SCT cc hn ca cc theo ch tiu c hc Qu (vi Qs tnh theo
Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Terzaghi).
Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Meyerhof).
Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Vesic).
(Lu : 1 T/m2 = 10 kN/m2)
Li gii
89
1. Xc nh SCT cc hn ca cc theo ch tiu vt l Qtc.
Ta c Q tc m R q p A p u mf fsili
- H s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc v mt bn cc (tra bng):
mR = mf = 1 (v l cc ng)
- Din tch tit din cc:
- Chu vi tit din cc:
Ap = 0,3 . 0,3 = 0,09 m2
u = 4 . 0,3 = 1,2 m
- Sc khng mi n v ca t mi cc qp (tra bng):

qp= 160,4 T/m2 = 1604 kN/m2
( st ca t mi cc l IL = 0,52, tra bng tng ng vi su mi
cc z = 20m v ni suy gia cc gi tr st IL = 0,5 v IL = 0,6 ta xc nh
c sc khng mi n v qp)
- Sc chng ct n v gia mt bn thn cc v t xung quanh tng ng vi cc
lp t fsi (tra bng):
fs1 = 0,6 T/m2 = 6 kN/m2 , tng ng on cc l1 = 6m v su trung bnh ca
lp t trong on ny l z = 5m
fs2= 2,62 T/m2 = 26,2 kN/m2 , tng ng on cc l2 = 12m v su trung
bnh ca lp t trong on ny l z = 14m
Q tc m R q p A p u mf fsili q p A p u f1l1 f 2l2
1604.0,09 1, 2. 6.6 26, 2.12 564,84 kN

Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Terzaghi).
Ta c Q u Qs Q p
- Tnh sc khng bn Qs theo Coulomb:
Qs u f sili
Vi
f s ca 'h t ga ca K s 'v t ga
K s 1, 4.K 0 1, 4.(1 sin )
f s ca 1, 4.(1 sin ).'v t ga
90
Chia cc thnh cc on tng ng vi v tr mt phn cch ca cc lp t v v
tr ca mc nc ngm.
Xc nh sc khng bn n v theo Coulomb cho tng on cc chia, vi cc
i lng trong cng thc c ly ti v tr gia mi on.
on 1: (l1 = 2m, su z = 24m)
f s1 ca 1, 4.(1 sin ).'v t ga
5 1, 4.(1 sin 50 ).45. t g50 10,03(kN / m 2 )
Vi 'v 1.3 15.3 45(kN / m 2 )
on 2: (l2 = 4m, su z = 48m)
f s 2 ca 1, 4.(1 sin ).'v t ga
5 1, 4.(1 sin 50 ).72. t g50 16,05(kN / m 2 )
Vi 'v 1.4 1 .2 15.4 (16 10).2 72(kN / m 2 )
on 3: (l3 = 12m, su z = 820m)
f s3 ca 1, 4.(1 sin ).'v t ga
20 1, 4.(1 sin160 ).144.t g160 61,87(kN / m 2 )
Vi 'v 1.4 1 .4 2 .6 15.4 (16 10).4 (20 10).6 144(kN / m 2 )
Qs u f sili 1, 2 10,03.2 16,05.4 61,87.12 992,04(kN)
- Tnh sc khng mi Qp theo Terzaghi:

Q p A p q p A p (1.3cN c v N q 0.4 DN )
T = 16o tra bng theo Terzaghi N c 13,676, N q 4,922, N 3

Vi
v 1.4 1 .4 2 .12 15.4 (16 10).4 (20 10).12 204(kN / m 2 )
2 sat 2 w 20 10 10(kN / m3 )
( trong cng thc trn l dung trng ca t di mi cc, xt n y
ni khi t nm di mc nc ngm).
Q p A p q p A p (1.3cN c v N q 0.4 DN )
0,09.(1,3.20.13,676 204.4,922 0, 4.10.0,3.3) 122,69(kN)
Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc Qu:
Q u Qs Q p 992,04 122,69 1114,73(kN)
91
Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Meyerhof).
Ta c Q u Qs Q p
- Tnh sc khng bn Qs theo Coulomb (nh trn):
Qs 992,04(kN)
- Tnh sc khng mi Qp theo Meyerhof:

Qp A p q p A p cNc qNq
T = 16o tra biu L b / D cr 3,5

Xem lp bn st nho l lp t yu, ta c chiu di cc cm trong lp t tt
(st pha ct) l Lb = 12m L b / D 12 / 0,3 40
V L b / D 40 L b / D cr 3,5 Nc v Nq ly gi tr ti a khi tra biu .
T = 16o tra biu theo Meyerhof Nc 20, Nq 6
Vi
q v 1.4 1 .4 2 .12
15.4 (16 10).4 (20 10).12 204(kN / m 2 )

Qp A p q p A p cNc qNq 0,09 20.20 204.6 146,16(kN)
Q u Qs Q p 992,04 146,16 1138, 2(kN)

Coulomb v Qp tnh theo Vesic).
Ta c Q u Qs Q p
- Tnh sc khng bn Qs theo Coulomb (nh trn):
Qs 992,04(kN)
- Tnh sc khng mi Qp theo Vesic:

T = 16o tra bng theo Vesic N c 11,631, N q 4,335, N 3,060

Vi
q v 1.4 1 .4 2 .12
15.4 (16 10).4 (20 10).12 204(kN / m 2 )
92
0,09(20.11,631 204.4,335 10.0,3.3,060) 101,35(kN)
Q u Qs Q p 992,04 101,35 1093,39(kN)
V d 3.2:
Cho cc nhi c D = 1m, di 20m, cc c h vo tng t c cu to nh sau:
2m
Lp 1: Bn st,
4m
c = 5 kN/m2, = 50,
sat = 16 kN/m3
Lp 2: St cng,
cu = 150 kN/m2,
3
16m sat = 20 kN/m
Vi Ks = Ko , a = , ca = c = cu . Mc nc ngm ti mt t.
Xc nh SCT cc hn ca cc theo ch tiu c hc Qu (vi Qs tnh theo phng
php ( tra bng theo Peck 1974) v Qp tnh theo Meyerhof trong trng hp t st
bo ha).
Li gii
Ta c Q u Qs Q p
- Tnh sc khng bn Qs theo phng php :
Qs u f sili
Vi
f s .ca 'h t ga .ca K s 'v t ga .ca K 0 'v t ga
93
f s .ca (1 sin )'v t ga
Chia cc thnh cc on tng ng vi v tr mt phn cch ca cc lp t v v
tr ca mc nc ngm.
Xc nh sc khng bn n v theo phng php cho tng on cc chia, vi
cc i lng trong cng thc c ly ti v tr gia mi on.
on 1: (l1 = 4m, su z = 26m)
f s1 .ca (1 sin )'v t ga
1.5 (1 sin 50 ).24. t g50 6,92(kN / m 2 )
Vi
'v 1 .4 ( sat1 w ) (16 10).4 24(kN / m 2 )
= 1 (tra bng theo Peck 1974 ng vi cu = 5 kN/m2)

on 2: (l2 = 16m, su z = 622m)
f s 2 .ca (1 sin )'v t ga
0,65.150 0 97,5(kN / m 2 )
Vi
= 0,65 (tra bng theo Peck 1974 ng vi cu = 150 kN/m2)
Qs u f sili D f sili 3,14.1. 6,92.4 97,5.16 4985,3(kN)
- Tnh sc khng mi Qp theo Meyerhof (trong trng hp t st bo ha):

Qp q p A p Nccu A p 9c u A p 9cu .
D2
3,14.12
9.150.
1059,75(kN)
4
4
Q u Qs Q p 4985,3 1059,75 6045,05(kN)

Bi tp
Bi 3.1: Cho cc BTCT cnh 30x30cm, di 12m, cc c ng vo tng t cng
c lc dnh khng thot nc cu = 200 kN/m2. Tnh Qu ca cc vi Qs tnh theo
phng php ..
Bi 3.2: Mt cc BTCT cnh 30x30cm, di 16m c ng qua nn t ri c =
350, eo = 0,85, emax = 0,95, emin = 0,75, sat = 20 kN/m3. MNN ngay ti mt t. Tnh Qu
ca cc vi Qs tnh theo phng php .
Bi 3.3: Mt cc ng thp c D = 40cm, di 20m c h vo st mm c cu = 70
kN/m2, sat = 20 kN/m3, MNN ngay ti mt t. Tnh Qu ca cc vi Qs tnh theo
phng php .
94
3.3. Thit k mng cc i thp
Khi thit k mng cc i thp, phi thc hin cc nhim v sau y:

1. Chn loi, kch thc ca i cc v ca cc.
2. Xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc ng vi kch thc chn v iu kin
a cht cho.
3. S b xc nh s lng cc cn dng.
4. B tr cc trn mt bng v mt ng.
Thc hin xong nhim v th 4 tc l ta ra c mt phng n mng cc
i thp c y kch thc chi tit v cc v cch b tr chng.
5. Tnh ton kim tra phng n va ra xem c tha mn cc yu cu cn
thit hay khng.
Vic tnh ton kim tra mng cc c tin hnh theo 3 TTGH sau:
a. Tnh ton mng cc theo TTGH 1: bao gm vic kim tra ti trng tc dng
ln cc, kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t mi cc.
b. Tnh ton mng cc theo TTGH 2 (v bin dng): bao gm vic kim tra
ln v chuyn v ngang ca mng cc.
c. Tnh ton mng cc theo TTGH 3 (hnh thnh khe nt): bao gm vic tnh
ton cc chu lc trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lp dng cc ln gi, tnh
ton i cc.
Nu mt trong cc yu cu kim tra khng tha mn th phi thay i li kch
thc ca mng cc, s lng cc v tin hnh tnh ton li t u cho ti khi tha
mn tt c cc yu cu.
Qu trnh thit k chi tit mt mng cc i thp trong thc t c th c tin
hnh theo cc bc tng ng vi cc mc sau.
3.3.1. Kim tra iu kin mng cc lm vic dng i thp
Khi tnh ton mng cc i thp, ti trng ngang tc dng ln i cc c xem

nh hon ton do cc lp t t y i tr ln tip nhn.
m bo yu cu ny, y b phi c t n su nht nh. C th tm
c su ny t ng thc sau:
H Ep b
Vi
h 2
h 2 2 0
Kp b
tg 45
2
2
2
H - ti trng ngang tc dng ln i cc.
95
Ep - p lc b ng ca t ln thnh bn ca i cc.
b - cnh ca y i theo phng vung gc vi ti trng ngang H.
h - chn su y i.
Kp - h s p lc b ng ca t, K p tg 2 450
2
, - dung trng v gc ma st trong ca t t y i tr ln.

Bin i biu thc trn ta c cng thc xc nh chn su y i ti thiu
ca mng cc i thp ti trng ngang tc dng ln i cc hon ton do t t y
i tr ln tip nhn:
h min
2H 0
.tg 45
2
b
Vy khi su y i tha mn iu kin h hmin th mng cc mi c tnh

ton theo iu kin mng cc i thp.
Trong thc t thit k, xt n thnh phn ma st v lc dnh mt bn v y
i chng li tc dng ca ti trng ngang, hmin c chit gim bng cch nhn vi h
s m = 0,7.
Vy iu kin mng cc lm vic theo dng mng cc i thp l:
h 0,7.h min 0,7.
2H 0
.tg 45
b
2
h = Df
Ep
H
Hnh 3.16. Xc nh chiu su chn i ti thiu.
96
Trong thc t, khi t xung quanh i b xi mn hoc b o ln do thi cng cng
trnh bn cnh th iu kin trn khng tha mn na. Do , nn kim tra kh nng
chu ti trng ngang ca cc cc hn l s dng iu kin trn.
3.3.2. Xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc
Khi xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc ta phi xc nh hai tr s: sc chu ti

ca cc theo vt liu (mc 3.2.2) v sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn (mc 3.2.3).
Chn tr s nh nht a vo thit k. Tuy nhin, v thc t, m bo vn kinh
t, thng ngi ta u chn kch thc ca cc sao cho sc chu ti ca cc theo vt
liu ln hn sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn. Nu iu kin ny khng tha mn th
phi gim bt chiu di cc hoc (v) tit din cc.
3.3.3. Xc nh s lng cc v b tr cc
Sau khi xc nh c sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc th s lng cc trong mng

c th s b xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
N tt
n
Qa
n - s lng cc trong mng.

- h s xt n nh hng ca lc ngang v moment, = 1,21,5
Ntt - tng lc ng tnh ton ti cao trnh y i.

Qa - sc chu ti nn tnh ton ca cc.
Sau khi xc nh c s b s lng cc th tin hnh b tr cc trong mng.
Khi b tr cc trong mng phi c gng tha mn hai yu cu chnh l thi cng d dng
v chu lc tt. Ngoi ra phi m bo cc yu cu v cu to trong mc (3.1.3)
3.3.4. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc theo phng ng
Vi gi thuyt i cc tuyt i cng, ti trng s phn b u hoc theo quy lut

tuyn tnh ln tt c cc cc bn di. Ngc li khi i cc mm th s phn b ti
trng ln cc cc ty thuc vo bin dng un ca i, v trong trng hp ny cc
cc ngoi bin s chu ti trng t hn do i cc bin dng ln nht tm.
97
Khi i cc c xem l tuyt i cng, chu ti trng lch tm th ti trng thng
ng tc ng ln mi cc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
P( x,y)
tt
N tt M y x
M xtt y
n
x i2 yi2
Trong :
N tt - tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti y i.

M ttx - moment tnh ton ti y i quanh trc x i qua trng tm ca cc tit din
cc ti y i.
M tty - moment tnh ton ti y i quanh trc y i qua trng tm ca cc tit din
cc ti y i.
x, y - khong cch t tim cc ang xt n cc trc y v x i qua trng tm ca cc
tit din cc ti y i.
xi, yi - khong cch t tim cc th i n cc trc y v x i qua trng tm ca cc tit
din cc ti y i.
Lu : Cc i lng th 2 v th 3 trong cng thc trn ly du (+) khi cc thnh
phn moment tng ng gy ra lc nn ln cc ang xt v ly du () trong trng
hp ngc li.
Gi tr ti trng thng ng ln nht v nh nht tc dng ln cc:
Pmax
tt
n
n
N tt M y x max
M ttx y max
n
x i2
yi2
Pmin
tt
k
k
N tt M y x max
M ttx y max
n
x i2
yi2
x nmax , y nmax - khong cch t tim cc chu nn xa nht n cc trc y v x i qua
trng tm ca cc tit din cc ti y i do M tty v M ttx gy ra.

x kmax , y kmax - khong cch t tim cc chu nh xa nht n cc trc y v x i qua
trng tm ca cc tit din cc ti y i do M tty v M ttx gy ra.

Nu P > 0: cc chu nn.
Nu P < 0: cc chu nh.
iu kin kim tra i vi cc chu nn: P Qa
98
iu kin kim tra i vi cc chu nh: | P | Qa, nh
(Qa, nh - sc chu nh tnh ton ca cc)
Ngoi ra, cn kim tra s lm vic ca nhm cc theo iu kin:
Pnh .n.Q a N tt
Vi:
Pnh - sc chu ti nn tnh ton ca nhm cc.

- h s nhm, c th xc nh theo Converse-Labarre nh sau:
(n 1) n 2 (n 2 1) n1
1 1
90 n1 n 2
d
0 arctg
s
n1 : s hng cc.
n2 : s cc trong 1 hng.
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc.
s : khong cch gia cc cc tnh t tim cc.
3.3.5. Kim tra cng ca nn t di mi cc
kim tra cng ca nn t cng

nh tnh ln mng cc, ngi ta xem i cc,
cc v t gia cc cc l mt mng khi, gi
l mng khi quy c. Mng khi ny c
chiu su y mng bng khong cch t mt
t ti mt phng i qua mi cc. Din tch
y mng khi quy c xc nh nh sau:
Fq Lq Bq
L q A1 2Ltg
Bq B1 2Ltg
A1
B1
Sau khi coi mng cc nh mt mng
B1 + 2Ltg
L - chiu di cc cm trong t tt.

khi quy c th vic kim tra cng ca
nn t mi cc c tin hnh nh i vi
A1 + 2Ltg
Hnh 3.17. S mng khi quy c.
99
mng nng trn nn thin nhin, ngha l phi tha mn cc iu kin sau y:
p tctb R tc
tc
tc
p max 1, 2R
tc
p min 0
p
tc
tb
Vi
tc
max
N qtc
tc
p min
Fq
N qtc
Fq
N qtc
Fq
tc
M xq
Wxq
tc
M xq
Wxq
M tcyq
Wyq
M tcyq
Wyq
Trong :
p tctb - p lc tiu chun trung bnh di y mng khi quy c.
tc
p max
- p lc tiu chun ln nht di y mng khi quy c.
tc
p min
- p lc tiu chun nh nht di y mng khi quy c.
N qtc - tng ti trng thng ng ti y mng khi quy c (bao gm ti trng
thng ng ti nh i do cng trnh bn trn truyn xung, trng lng

bn thn ca i, cc v t trong phm vi ca mng khi quy c).
M tcxq - moment un tiu chun quanh trc x ti trng tm y mng khi quy c.
M tcyq - moment un tiu chun quanh trc y ti trng tm y mng khi quy c.
Wxq - moment chng un quanh trc x ca tit din y mng khi quy c.
Wyq - moment chng un quanh trc y ca tit din y mng khi quy c.
Gi s trc x l trc theo phng cnh di Lq v trc y l trc theo phng cnh
ngn Bq ca y mng khi quy c, ta c:
Wxq
Lq Bq2
6
Wyq
Bq L2q
6
3.3.6. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
Cng nh i vi cc loi mng khc, khi thit k mng cc phi bo m iu

kin v ln sau y:
100
S [S]
Vi
S - ln ca mng cc.
[S] - ln cho php ca cng trnh, ty theo loi cng trnh v quy
phm khc nhau m [S] c tr s tng ng.
Khi khong cch gia cc trc cc khng vt qu 4 ln ng knh hay cnh cc,
tnh ton ln S, mng c xem nh mt mng khi quy c nh trnh by
phn trn. Khi c mng khi quy c ri th vic tnh ton ln c tin hnh
theo mt trong cc phng php trnh by trong mn C hc t.
Mt trong cc phng php thng hay s dng xc nh ln n nh l
phng php phn tng cng ln. ln n nh c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
S
i 1
i 1
Si
e1i e 2i
hi
1 e1i
3.3.7. Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
Tnh ton cc chu ti ngang c thc hin da trn nhng nghin cu ca I. V.

Urban, K. X. Zavriev, Terzaghi. Trong phn ny, ta c th tin hnh tnh ton theo
TCXDVN 205-1998.
Xt mt cc c chiu di L, chu tc dng ca h ti trng nh sau:
M0
H0
y
y (kN/m2)
Hnh 3.18. S lm vic ca cc chu ti ngang.

Khi tnh ton cc chu ti ngang, t xung quanh cc c xem nh mi trng
n hi tuyn tnh c m phng bng m hnh nn Winkler.
101
y C zy .y
C zy
y
y
(kN / m 3 )
Phng trnh trc un ca cc c dng:
EI
d4y
zy 0
4
dz
E - m un n hi tit din ngang ca cc.

I - moment qun tnh tit din ngang ca cc.
Czy - h s nn theo phng ngang, thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu su, Czy K z
K - h s nn qui c hay h s t l, c th tra theo bng sau:
H s K (T/m4)
Loi t quanh cc
St, st do chy, IL = [0,751]

St, st do mm, IL = [0,50,75]
st do, IL = [01]
Ct bi, e = [0,60,8]
St, st do v na cng, IL = [00,5]
st cng, IL < 0
Ct nh, e = [0,60,75]
Ct ht trung, e = [0,550,7]
St, st cng, IL < 0
Ct ht th, e = [0,550,7]
lo
65250
50200
200500
200400
500800
400600
8001300
6001000
yo
MH
HH
H0=1
Cc nhi
Cc ng
MM
M0=1
HM
Hnh 3.19. S tc ng ca moment v lc ngang ln cc.
102
Chuyn v HH , HM , MH , MM ti cao trnh mt t do cc ng lc n v t ti
cao trnh ny xc nh nh sau:
HH
1
A0
EI
3
bd
MH HM
MM
1
B0
EI
2
bd
1
C0
bd E I
Gii phng trnh trc un, ta suy ra cc i lng cn thit: p lc tnh ton z ,
moment un Mz , lc ct Qz :
z
M
H
K
z e y 0 A1 0 B1 2 0 C1 3 0 D1
bd
bd
bd E I
bd E I
M z 2bd E Iy 0 A 3 bd E I 0 B3 M 0C3
H0
D3
bd
Q z 3bd E Iy 0 A 4 2bd E I 0 B4 bd M 0C 4 H 0 D 4
Trong :
ze : chiu su tnh i, ze = bd z
le : chiu di cc trong t tnh i, le = bd l
bd : h s bin dng, bd
Kbc
EI
bc : chiu rng qui c ca cc, theo TCXD 205-1998:

. d 0,8 m bc = d + 1 m
. d < 0,8 m bc = 1,5d + 0,5 m
A0 , B0 , C0 tra bng theo le
Ai , Bi , Ci , Di (i = 1, 3, 4) tra bng theo ze
Lc ngang H0 v moment M0 tc dng ln cc ti cao trnh mt t (z = 0):
H0 = H
M0 = M + H lo
Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti cao trnh mt t (z = 0):
y0 = H0 HH + M0 HM
0 = H0 MH + M0 MM
103
Chuyn v ngang ca cc cao trnh t lc:
n y 0 0l0
Hl03 Ml02
3E I 2E I
Gc xoay ca cc cao trnh t lc:

0
Hl02 Ml0
2E I E I
n nh nn xung quanh cc
iu kin n nh nn t xung quanh cc khi c p lc ngang do cc tc ng c
dng sau:
zy 12
4
,v tgI c I
cos I
Trong :
v : ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su z
I : trng lng ring tnh ton ca t
cI , I : lc dnh v gc ma st trong tnh ton ca t
: h s = 0,6 cho cc nhi v cc ng, = 0,3 cho cc cc cn li
1 : h s = 1 cho mi trng hp; tr cng trnh chn t, chn nc = 0,7
2 : h s xt n t l nh hng ca phn ti trng thng xuyn trong tng ti
2
Mp Mv
nM p M v
Mp : moment do ti thng xuyn

Mv : moment do ti tm thi
n = 2,5 cho mi trng hp, tr trng hp:
. Mng bng: n = 4
. Cng trnh quan trng:
le < 2,5 ly n = 4;
le > 2,5 ly n = 2,5
Khi le < 2,5: cc ngn hay cc ng, n nh nn theo phng ngang c kim tra
ti hai su z = L v z = L/3
Khi le > 5: cc di hay cc chu un, n nh nn theo phng ngang c kim tra
ti su z = 0,85/bd
104
Bng gi tr cc h s A0 , B0 , C0
105
Bng gi tr cc h s Ai , Bi , Ci , Di
106
3.3.8. Tnh ton i cc
a. Kim tra xuyn thng gia ct (tr) v i
iu kin i khng b xuyn thng:

Pxt - lc gy xuyn thng, Pxt
Pxt Pcx
N 0tt
.n xt
n
N 0tt - tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti chn ct (tr).

n xt - s lng cc ngoi y thp xuyn thng.
Pcx - lc chng xuyn thng.

Khi bin y thp xuyn thng vi gc m 45o khng ph ln cc cc:
Pcx 0,75.R k .2 lc b c 2h 0 .h 0
Khi bin y thp xuyn thng vi gc m 45o ph ln mt phn cc cc:
h
h
Pcx 0,75.R k .2. lc c1 .h 0 . 0 b c c 2 .h 0 . 0
c1
c2
o
c
o
c
c
Hnh 3.20. Bin y thp xuyn thng vi gc m 45o khng ph ln cc cc
107
1
2
c
o
c
Hnh 3.21. Bin y thp xuyn thng vi gc m 45o ph ln mt phn cc cc

b. Kim tra xuyn thng gia cc v i
iu kin i khng b xuyn thng:
Pxt Pcx
Pxt - lc gy xuyn thng, bng lc ng ln nht tc dng ln cc, Pxt Pmax

Pcx - lc chng xuyn thng.
Khi bin y ln thp xuyn thng xut pht t cc vi gc m 45o khng

ph ln ct (tr):
Pcx 0,75.R k . h 0 2d a l a b .h 0
Khi bin y ln thp xuyn thng xut pht t cc vi gc m 45o ph ln

mt phn ct (tr):
c c
Pcx 0,75.R k . 1 2 2d a l a b .h 0
2 2
108
o
d
Hnh 3.22. Bin y ln thp xuyn thng xut pht t cc vi gc m 45o khng
ph ln ct (tr)
o
d
Hnh 3.23. Bin y ln thp xuyn thng xut pht t cc vi gc m 45o ph ln

mt phn ct (tr)
109
c. Tnh ton chu un v b tr ct thp cho i
i cc c xem nh dm consol c ngm ti mp chn ct (tr) chu tc dng

ca cc phn lc u cc. Moment ti mt ngm chn ct theo 2 phng ca cnh y
i xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M Pili
Din tch ct thp cn thit cho mi phng xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M
M
R a h 0 0,9.R a h 0
Mb
Fa
Pi
i
Pi
Ml
o
d
Hnh 3.24. S tnh ton chu un cho i cc.

Ngoi cc bc tnh ton c bn theo trnh t trn, i vi mng cc s dng cc
ch to sn, trong qu trnh thit k mng cc cn phi:
Tnh ton chu un cho cc khi vn chuyn, cu cc v dng cc.
Tnh ton cc khi h cc vo t nn.
Chng hn, khi s dng cc b tng ct thp ch to sn, cc s c tnh ton chu
un khi vn chuyn, cu cc v dng cc theo cc s sau:
110
0,586L
0,207L
0,207L
0,293L
Mmax = 0,0214 qL2

L
Mmax = 0,043 qL2
Hnh 3.24. S vn chuyn, cu cc (2 mc cu) v dng cc (1 mc cu).

V d 3.3:
tt
Cho mt ct a cht nh hnh v, thit k mng

cc i thp di chn chn ct c kch thc lc x bc =
0,6m x 0,4m. Bit ti trng tc dng ti chn ct l:
tt
Moy
tt
H ox
N 0tt 2400kN, M 0ttx 80kN.m, M 0tty 120kN.m,
No
tt
Mox
x
tt
H oy
H 0ttx 100kN, H 0tty 70kN
MNN
2m
Lp 1: Ct san lp, = 18 kN/m3

Lp 2: Bn st, IL = 1,
8m
c = 10 kN/m2, = 70,
sat = 16 kN/m3
Lp 3: St do mm, IL = 0,7,
5m
c = 20 kN/m2, = 140,
sat = 18 kN/m3
40m
Lp 4: Ct cht va,
c = 7 kN/m2, = 300,
sat = 20 kN/m3
Vi Ks = Ko = 1 sin, a = , ca = c .
111
Li gii
Chn chiu cao i cc l h = 0,65m
Chiu su t i cc k t mt t l h = 2,8m.
S dng cc b tng ct thp tit din vung, cnh 0,3m, b tng cc c cp bn
B20 (Rn = 1,15kN/cm2), ct thp dc trong cc gm 418 loi CII (Ra = 28kN/cm2).
Cc di 20m gm 2 on 10m ni li, on p u cc v chn vo i l 0,8m.
su mi cc tnh t mt t z = 22m
1. Xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc
a. Sc chu ti ca cc theo vt liu
Q vl R n A b R a A a
.182
Din tch ct thp dc trong cc: A a 4.
1018(mm 2 ) 10,18(cm 2 )
4
Din tch tit din ngang ca b tng trong cc: A b 302 10,18 889,82(cm 2 )
Xc nh h s un dc :
H s un dc c xc nh theo cc giai on lm vic ca cc (giai on bt
u h cc vo t nn v giai on khai thc cng trnh). Cc thng d b gy do
nh hng ca un dc khi bt u h cc vo t nn, do ta xc nh trong giai
on ny.
Chiu di tnh ton ca cc: l0 v.l 1.10 10(m)
Vi
v = 1 (tng ng vi s 2 u khp khi bt u h cc vo nn t)
l = 10m : chiu di mt on cc.

mnh ca cc: l0 / d 10 / 0,3 33,33
(d - cnh cc)
T = 33,33, tra bng v ni suy ta c = 0,937

Q vl R n A b R a A a 0,937. 1,15.889,82 28.10,18 1225,9(kN)
b. Sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn
C nhiu phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn, trong phn ny
ta s xc nh sc chu ti ny theo cc ch tiu c hc.
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo t nn:
Qa
Q
Qs
p
FSs FSp
112
Xc nh sc khng bn Qs (c nhiu phng php, y tnh theo Coulomb):

Qs u f sili
u = 4d = 4.0,3 = 1,2(m)
f si cai 'hi t gai cai K si 'vi t gai
K si K 0i (1 sin i )
'vi - ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su gia on li
Lp bng tnh ton nh sau:
su
'vi
Lp su
c
li
Ksi
on
fsi
fsi li
gia
o
2
t
(m)
(m) (kN/m )
(kN/m2)
on
(m)
1
2
2,8-10 6,4 7,2
10
7
62,4
0,878 16,728 120,44
2
3
10-15 12,5
5
20
14
104
0,758 39,657 198,29
3
4
15-22 18,5
7
7
30
159
0,5 52,899 370,3
Tng
689,02
Qs u f sili 1, 2.689,02 826, 83(kN )
Xc nh sc khng mi Qp (c nhiu phng php):

Qp Apq p
Theo Terzaghi:
q p 1,3cN c v N q 0, 4dN
Vi
4 sat 4 w 20 10 10(kN / m 3 )
t nn di mi cc c = 30o, tra bng theo Terzaghi ta c:

N q 22, 456; N c 37,162; N 19,7
ng sut thng ng hu hiu ca t ti su mi cc:
v 1.2 2 .8 3 .5 4 .7 18.2 6.8 8.5 10.7 194(kN / m 2 )
q p 1,3cN c v N q 0, 4 dN
1,3.7.37,162 194.22, 456 0, 4.10.0,3.19,7 4718,3(kN / m 2 )
Theo Vesic:
q p cN c v N q dN
t nn di mi cc c = 30o, tra bng theo Vesic ta c:
113
N q 30,14; N c 18, 4;
N 22, 4
q p cN c v N q dN
7.18, 4 194.30,14 10.0,3.22, 4 6043,16(kN / m 2 )
Nu tnh theo Vesic, ta c:

Q p A p q p 0,32.6043,16 543, 88(kN)
Vy sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo t nn:
Qa
Q
Qs
826,83 543,88
p
594,7(kN)
FSs FSp
2
3
Vi FSs = 2, FSp = 3
Vy sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc (sc chu ti thit k): Qa = 594,7 (kN)
2. Xc nh s lng cc v b tr cc trong i
S b chn kch thc i cc nh sau: l x b = 2,4m x 1,8m
S lng cc trong i:
N tt
N 0tt tb .h.F
2400 22.2,8.(2, 4.1,8)
n
1,3.
5,83
Qa
Qa
594,7
Vi tb 22(kN / m3 ) l dung trng trung bnh ca b tng i v t trn i.

Chn s lng cc: n = 6
B tr cc trong i nh sau:
Khong cch gia cc cc theo phng x l 3d = 0,9m
Khong cch gia cc cc theo phng y l 4d = 1,2m
Khong cch gia mp cc ngoi cng n mp i l d/2 = 0,15m
y
4
6
x
114
3. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc theo phng ng
Chuyn cc ngoi lc tc dng v trng tm ca nhm cc ti y i (trong trng
hp ny trng tm ca nhm cc ti y i trng vi trng tm ca i).
N tt N 0tt tb .h.F 2400 22.2,8.(2, 4.1,8) 2666(kN)
tt
H 0tty .h d 80 70.0,65 125,5(kN.m)
M ttx M 0x
tt
M tty M 0tty H 0x
.h d 120 100.0,65 185(kN.m)
tt
100(kN)
H ttx H 0x
H tty H 0tty 70(kN)
Ti trng thng ng tc dng ln cc:
Pi
tt
N tt M y x
M xtt y
n
x i2 yi2
Lu : Cc i lng th 2 v th 3 trong cng thc trn ly du (+) khi cc thnh

phn moment tng ng gy ra lc nn ln cc ang xt v ly du () trong trng
hp ngc li. y, khi lp bng tnh ton, ta xt du v a vo x v y ca cc ang
xt lun cho thun tin.
Cc
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi (m)
-0,9
0
0,9
-0,9
0
0,9
yi (m)
-0,6
-0,6
-0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
xi2
0,81
0
0,81
0,81
0
0,81
yi2
0,36
0,36
0,36
0,36
0,36
0,36
xi2
yi2
3,24
2,16
Pi (kN)
358,08
409,47
460,86
427,81
479,19
530,58
Pi > 0 Tt c cc cc u chu nn.

Ti trng thng ng tc dng ln cc cc u tha iu kin: Pi Qa 594,7(kN)
Gi tr ti trng thng ng ln nht v nh nht tc dng ln cc:
Pmax P6 530,58(kN)
Pmin P1 358,08(kN)
Kim tra s lm vic ca nhm cc theo iu kin:
Pnh .n.Qa N tt
115
(n 1) n 2 (n 2 1) n1
(2 1).3 (3 1).2
1 1
1 18, 4
0,761
90 n1 n 2
90.2.3
d
1
0 arctg arctg 18, 40
s
3
n1 : s hng cc (n1 = 2).

n2 : s cc trong 1 hng (n2 = 3).
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc.
s : khong cch gia cc cc tnh t tim cc, thin v an ton ly:
s = min (3d, 4d).
Pnh .n.Q a 0,761.6.594,7 2715, 4 N tt 2666(kN)
Vy sc chu ti nn tnh ton ca nhm cc tha iu kin kim tra.

4. Kim tra cng ca nn t di mi cc
Xc nh mng khi quy c:
Do a cht di mng cc c lp t yu (lp bn st) nn khi xc nh kch
thc mng khi quy c ta xut pht t mt lp t tt bn di (lp st do mm).
Chiu di cc cm trong t tt l L = l2 + l3 = 5 + 7 = 12m.
Gc ma st trong trung bnh trong on L:
tb
ili 2l2 3l3 14.5 30.7
23,30
li
L
12
tb 4 23,3 4 5,8250
Chiu di y mng khi quy c theo phng x:

L q A1 2Ltg 2,1 2.12.tg5,8250 4,55(m)
Chiu rng y mng khi quy c theo phng y:

Bq B1 2Ltg 1,5 2.12.tg5,8250 3,95(m)
Din tch y mng khi quy c: Fq L q Bq 4,55.3,95 18(m 2 )

Moment chng un ca tit din y mng khi quy c:
Wxq
Wyq
L q Bq2
6
Bq L2q
6
4,55.3,952
11,83(m3 )
6
3,95.4,552
13,63(m3 )
6
116
Trng lng t tng ng vi kch thc mng khi quy c:
Qd Fq i h i Fq ( 1.2 2 .8 3 .5 4 .7) 18.194 3492(kN)
h i - b dy ca lp t th i trong phm vi mng khi quy c.
i - dung trng ca lp t th i (xt n y ni nu t nm di MNN).
Lu : Trong trng hp ny i h i cng bng ng sut thng ng hu hiu

ca t ti su mi cc v m ta tnh trn khi xc nh q p .
Trng lng t b cc v i chim ch:
Qdc nA p i h i Vdai 6.0,09.194 6.(2, 4.1,8.0,65) 121,6(kN)
2 6(kN / m3 ) (dung trng ca t b i cc chim ch, xt n y ni
nu t nm di MNN). Trng hp t b i cc chim ch bao gm nhiu

lp th dung trng ny ly theo tng lp tng ng, hoc c th ly trung bnh.
Trng lng cc v i:
Qc n. bt A p Lc bt Vdai 6.25.0,09.19, 2 25.(2, 4.1,8.0,65) 329, 4(kN)
Tng trng lng ca mng khi quy c:
Qq Qd Qc Qdc 3699,8(kN)
Ti trng quy v y mng khi quy c:
N qtc N 0tc Qq
M tcxq M xtc
M M
tc
yq
tc
y
N 0tt
2400
Qq
3699,8 5786,8(kN)
1,15
1,15
M ttx 125,5
109,13(kN.m)
1,15 1,15
M tty
1,15
185
160,9(kN.m)
1,15
ng sut di y mng khi quy c:

p
tc
tb
tc
max
N qtc
tc
p min
Fq
N qtc
Fq
N qtc
Fq
5786,8
321,5(kN / m 2 )
18
tc
M xq
Wxq
tc
M xq
Wxq
M tcyq
Wyq
M tcyq
Wyq
5786,8 109,13 160,9
342,5(kN / m 2 )
18
11,83 13,63
5786,8 109,13 160,9
300,5(kN / m 2 )
18
11,83 13,63
Sc chu ti tiu chun ca t nn di mi cc:
117
R tc R II
Xem nh
m1m 2
(ABq II BDf *II Dc II )
k tc
m1m 2
1 (khi tnh ton thit k phi xc nh theo bng tra).
k tc
Df *II cng bng ng sut thng ng hu hiu ca t ti su mi cc v
m ta tnh trn khi xc nh q p , Df *II v 194(kN / m 2 )

II 4 sat 4 w 20 10 10(kN / m3 ) (dung trng ca t di y mng
khi quy c, xt n y ni nu t nm di MNN).

c II 7(kN / m 2 ) (lc dnh ca t di y mng khi quy c).
t di mi cc c = 300 A=1,1468, B=5,5872, D=7,9453
R tc R II
m1m 2
(ABq II BDf *II Dc II )
k tc
1,1468.3,95.10 5,5872.194 7,9453.7 1184,8(kN / m 2 )
Kim tra cng ca t nn di mi cc theo iu kin sau:

p tctb R tc
tc
tc
p max 1, 2R
tc
p min 0
Tha iu kin.
5. Kim tra d ln ca mng cc

Gi s kt qu th nghim nn c kt ca lp ct cht va cho trong bng sau:
p lc (kN/m2)
H s rng e
100
200
400
800
0,558
0,525
0,512
0,500
0,487
Tnh ln n nh cho mng khi quy c (theo phng php tng phn t):
Xc nh p lc gy ln:
p gl p tctb i h i 321,5 194 127,5(kN / m 2 )
Chia nn t di y mng khi quy c thnh cc lp phn t c chiu dy hi:

h i (0, 4 0,6)Bq (1,58 2,37)m
118
Chiu
Lp dy lp
im zi
phn phn t
tnh (m)
hi
t
(m)
0
1
zi/Bq
koi
0.000
1.000
p1i
p2i
zgli
zbti
2
2
(kN/m2)(kN/m ) (kN/m2)(kN/m )
194
0.253
0.938
204
0.506
0.727
214
0.759
0.514
224
1.013
0.363
234
3
4
323
0.512
0.504
0.006
315
0.512
0.504
0.005
298
0.512
0.504
0.005
285
0.511
0.505
0.004
93
219
Si
(m)
120
209
e2i
128
199
e1i
66
229
46
Tng ln S = Si
0.021
Trong bng trn:

hi
- chiu dy ca lp phn t th i.
zi
- su ca im th i (tnh t y mng khi quy c).
koi
- h s tra bng ph thuc vo t s Lq/Bq v zi/Bq.
zbti
- ng sut do trng lng bn thn ca ct t bn trn im th i.
zgli
- ng sut gy ln ti im th i.
p1i
zbt (i 1) zbt (i)
p 2i p1i
2
zgl(i 1) zgl(i)
2
e1i - h s rng tng ng vi p lc p1i (xc nh da vo th nghim nn c kt).

e 2i - h s rng tng ng vi p lc p 2i (xc nh da vo th nghim nn c kt).
S Si
e1i e 2i
hi
1 e1i
T kt qu tnh ln n nh trn, so snh vi ln cho php [S] Kt lun.

6. Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
Moment ti y i chuyn thnh lc dc trong cc cc, do ti trng ngang
tc dng ln nh cc cc ch bao gm lc ngang t y i truyn sang.
Ta phi tnh ton cc chu lc ngang theo 2 phng x v y, tuy nhin v cc c tit
din vung nn ch cn tnh ton theo phng c lc ngang ln nht H ttx 100(kN)
119
Lc ngang tc dng ln nh mi cc theo phng x:
H H ttx n 100 6 16,7(kN)
Moment qun tnh tit din ngang ca cc (tnh gn ng):
I d 4 / 12 6,75.104 (m 4 )
M un n hi tit din ngang ca cc (tnh gn ng):
E E b 27.103 (MPa) 27.106 (kN / m 2 ) (b tng cc c cp bn B20)
Chiu rng quy c ca cc:

d < 0,8 m bc = 1,5d + 0,5m = 0,95m
H s nn K = 500 (T/m4) = 5000 (kN/m4) (tra bng).
H s bin dng:
bd
Kb c
5000.0,95
5
0,764(m 1 )
EI
27.106.6,75.104
Chiu di cc trong t tnh i:

le bd L c 0,764.19, 2 14,7(m)
Tra bng, ta c: A0 = 2,441, B0 = 1,621, C0 = 1,751.

Xc nh cc chuyn v n v:
HH
1
1
A0
.2, 441 3.104 (m / kN)
4
3
6
0,764 .27.10 .6,75.10
EI
3
bd
MH HM
MM
1
1
B0
.1,621 1,52.104 (kN 1 )
2
0,764 .27.106.6,75.104
EI
2
bd
1
1
C0
.1,751 1, 26.104 (kN 1.m 1 )
6
4
0,764 .27.10 .6,75.10
bd E I
Lc ngang H0 v moment M0 ti mi u cc trong t:

H0 = H = 16,7 (kN)
M0 = M + H lo = 0
Vi
M = 0 v ti mi u cc ch c lc ngang H tc dng.
lo = 0 v cc nm hon ton trong t.
Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti mi u cc trong t:

y0 = H0 HH + M0 HM = 16,7.3.104 = 5,01.103 (m)
0 = H0 MH + M0 MM = 16,7.1,52.104 = 2,54.103 (rad)
120
p lc tnh ton z (hay yz) ti mt bn cc, moment un Mz , lc ct Qz ti cc
tit din dc theo trc z ca cc xc nh theo cng thc sau:
z
M
H
K
z e y 0 A1 0 B1 2 0 C1 3 0 D1
bd
bd
bd E I
bd E I
M z 2bd E Iy0 A 3 bd E I 0 B3 M 0 C3
H0
D3
bd
Q z 3bd E Iy 0 A 4 2bd E I 0 B4 bd M 0C 4 H 0 D 4
ze : chiu su tnh i, ze = bd z = 0,764.z
Vi
Lp bng tnh ton ta c:

Moment dc thn cc Mz
z
ze
A3
B3
C3
D3
Mz (kN.m)
0.00
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.26
0.2
-0.001
0.000
1.000
0.200
4.306
0.52
0.4
-0.011
-0.002
1.000
0.400
8.251
0.79
0.6
-0.036
-0.011
0.998
0.600
11.579
1.05
0.8
-0.085
-0.034
0.992
0.799
14.130
1.31
-0.167
-0.083
0.975
0.994
15.839
1.57
1.2
-0.287
-0.173
0.938
1.183
16.712
1.83
1.4
-0.455
-0.319
0.866
1.358
16.816
2.09
1.6
-0.676
-0.543
0.739
1.507
16.258
2.36
1.8
-0.956
-0.867
0.530
1.612
15.170
2.62
-1.295
-1.314
0.207
1.646
13.696
2.88
2.2
-1.693
-1.906
-0.271
1.575
11.977
3.14
2.4
-2.141
-2.663
-0.949
1.352
10.144
3.40
2.6
-2.621
-3.600
-1.877
0.917
8.308
3.66
2.8
-3.103
-4.717
-3.108
0.197
6.564
3.93
-3.541
-6.000
-4.688
-0.891
4.981
4.58
3.5
-3.919
-9.544
-10.340
-5.854
1.976
5.24
-1.614
-11.731
-17.919
-15.076
0.415
5.89
4.5
6.640
-7.610
-24.084
-28.484
-0.042
121
-5
Gi tr moment Mz (kN.m)
5
10
15
20
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
su t y i z (m)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Lc ct dc thn cc Qz
z
ze
A4
B4
C4
D4
Qz (kN)
0.00
0.26
0.52
0.79
1.05
1.31
1.57
1.83
2.09
2.36
2.62
2.88
3.14
3.40
3.66
3.93
4.58
5.24
5.89
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.000
-0.020
-0.080
-0.180
-0.320
-0.499
-0.716
-0.967
-1.248
-1.547
-1.848
-2.125
-2.339
-2.437
-2.346
-1.969
1.074
9.244
25.232
0.000
-0.003
-0.021
-0.072
-0.171
-0.333
-0.575
-0.910
-1.350
-1.906
-2.578
-3.360
-4.228
-5.140
-6.023
-6.765
-6.789
-0.358
19.892
0.000
0.000
-0.003
-0.016
-0.051
-0.125
-0.259
-0.479
-0.815
-1.299
-1.966
-2.849
-3.973
-5.355
-6.990
-8.840
-13.692
-15.611
-6.092
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.997
0.989
0.967
0.917
0.821
0.652
0.374
-0.057
-0.692
-1.592
-2.821
-4.449
-6.520
-13.826
-23.140
-29.105
16.700
15.959
14.024
11.298
8.154
4.905
1.809
-0.945
-3.240
-4.985
-6.186
-6.862
-7.070
-6.883
-6.460
-5.679
-3.462
-1.421
-0.134
122
-10
Gi tr lc ct Qz (kN)
0
5
10
-5
15
0.0
0.5
1.0
su t y i z (m)
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
p lc ngang ti mt bn cc, dc thn cc z

z
ze
A1
B1
C1
D1
z (kN/m2)
0.00
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.26
0.2
1.000
0.200
0.020
0.001
5.671
0.52
0.4
1.000
0.400
0.080
0.011
9.647
0.79
0.6
0.999
0.600
0.180
0.036
12.048
1.05
0.8
0.997
0.799
0.320
0.085
13.062
1.31
0.992
0.997
0.499
0.167
12.921
1.57
1.2
0.979
1.192
0.718
0.288
11.884
1.83
1.4
0.955
1.379
0.974
0.456
10.212
2.09
1.6
0.913
1.553
1.264
0.678
8.157
2.36
1.8
0.843
1.706
1.584
0.961
5.941
2.62
0.735
1.823
1.924
1.308
3.752
2.88
2.2
0.575
1.887
2.272
1.720
1.734
3.14
2.4
0.347
1.874
2.609
2.195
-0.013
3.40
2.6
0.033
1.755
2.907
2.724
-1.429
3.66
2.8
-0.385
1.490
3.128
3.288
-2.488
3.93
-0.928
1.037
3.225
3.858
-3.198
4.58
3.5
-2.928
-1.272
2.463
4.980
-3.652
5.24
-5.854
-5.941
-0.927
4.548
-2.825
5.89
4.5
-9.064
-13.419
-8.774
0.255
-1.694
20
123
2
-5
Gi tr p lc ngang z (kN/m )
5
10
15
0.0
0.5
1.0
su t y i z (m)
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Kim tra n nh nn t quanh cc theo iu kin sau:

zy z [z ]=12
4
,v tgI c I
cos I
Gi s 12 0,7 (khi thit k phi xc nh theo l thuyt tnh ton).

0,3 (v cc s dng l cc ng).
V le = 14,7m > 5m cc di hay cc chu un, n nh nn theo phng ngang
c kim tra ti su z = 0,85/bd = 0,85/0,764 = 1,11m
Hoc t bng (biu z), ta thy ti su z = 1,05m 1,11m so vi y i (hay
3,85m so vi mt t, tc l thuc lp th 2 bn st) z = zmax = 13,062 (kN/m2)
Kim tra n nh nn t quanh cc ti su ny.
Ti su z = 1,05m so vi y i:
v 1.2 2 .1,85 18.2 6.1,85 47,1(kN / m 2 )
Cc tham s chng ct TTGH 1:

I 70 ,c I 10(kN / m 2 ) (tng ng vi cc tham s chng ct ca lp 2).
[ z ]=12
4
4
,v tgI c I 0,7.
47,1.tg7 0 0,3.10 24,78(kN / m 2 )
0
cos I
cos7
zmax =13,062(kN / m 2 ) [z ] 24,78(kN / m 2 )
124
tha iu kin n nh nn t quanh cc.
7. Tnh ton i cc
Kim tra gia k
Cho 1 mng cc ng BTCT gm 12 cc , Ntt = 6000 kN, Mytt = 100 kNm, Hxtt =
100 kN. Mc nc ngm (MNN) nm ngay ti y i. B tng i cc mc 300 c Rn
= 13 MPa, Rk = 1 MPa. Thp dng Ra = 270 MPa, lp b tng bo v a = 10cm. Ct bc
x lc = 40 cm x 60 cm. Ly n = 1,15, tb = 22 kN/m3. btng = 25 kN/m3, w = 10 kN/m3.
Cc 30x30 cm (b tng c Rn = 13 MPa, Rk = 1 Mpa, ct thp 420, Ra = 270 MPa),
khong cch gia cc cc l 3d, khong cch gia mp cc bin v mp i l d/3, cc
nm trong 2 lp t nh hnh v (di 19,5 m, 2 on 10m ni li):
- Lp 1: St pha ct dy 16 m, c=20kN/m2, = 150, = 17 kN/m3, sat=18 kN/m3.
- Lp 2: Ct pha st xem nh dy v tn, c=5kN/m2, = 250, sat = 19 kN/m3.
1. Kim tra iu kin mng cc lm vic dng i thp.
2. Xc nh sc chu ti tnh ton
ca cc.
Ntt=6000kN
3. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln

cc theo phng ng.
Hxtt=100kN
Mytt=100kN
4. Kim tra cng ca t nn
2m
1m
di mi cc.
5. Tnh ton i cc.
Lp 1
MNN
14m
5,5m
y
9
10
11
12
lc
5
bc
6
Lp 2
125
3.4. Thit k mng cc i cao
3.4.1. Khi nim
Cc cc trong mng cc i cao lm vic chu un rt r rt, lng ct thp trong

cc khng phi do tnh ton vi ti trng trong qu trnh vn chuyn v treo cc quyt
nh nh i vi cc s dng trong mng cc i thp, m phn ln do tnh ton vi
h ti trng trong qu trnh s dng cng trnh quyt nh.
Vic tnh ton mng cc i cao phc tp hn tnh ton mng cc i thp. Sau khi
xc nh c ti trng tc dng ln cc nh cc th vic tnh ton tip theo ging nh
i vi mng cc i thp. Do , trong phn ny ch trnh by phng php tnh ton
xc nh ti trng tc dng ln nh cc. Phn ny cng ch trnh by phng php
da vo gi thit i cc tuyt i cng. Vi gi thit nh th vic tnh ton s n
gin hn rt nhiu. Khi khong cch gia hai trc cc cnh nhau (ti y i) khng
qu 6 ln ng knh hay cnh cc th gi thit ny khng a n sai s ng k.
Trong phn ny, vic tnh ton c trnh by cho s bi ton phng. i vi
bi ton khng gian, c th tnh ton bng cch tch ra hai bi ton phng thng gc
vi nhau.
3.4.2. Tnh ton mng cc i cao tuyt i cng theo s bi ton phng
Cc gi thit tnh ton:

Cc lin kt ngm cng vi i.
Cc lin kt ngm n hi vi t, ngm n hi ny c c trng bng cc
chuyn v n v ca cc ti v tr mt ngm.
i cc xem nh tuyt i cng.
Mi tit din ca cc xem nh i xng so vi trc bt k i qua trng tm cc.
Mi tit din ca cc u phng sau khi chu un.
Mc ch ca vic tnh ton l xc nh cc lc tc dng ln nh mi cc gm lc
dc trc Pn, lc thng gc vi trc Hn v moment Mn. xc nh cc ni lc ny, ta
dng phng php chuyn v.
Gi s ta c mt s mng cc i cao nh hnh 3.25a, do tc dng ca ti trng,
i cc s c cc chuyn v bao gm: chuyn v ng, chuyn v ngang v chuyn v
xoay. Chng hn im O ca y i c cc chuyn v tng ng l v, u, w. i cc
126
chuyn v th nh cc lin kt cng vi i cng c cc chuyn v theo cc phng
tng ng. nh cc chuyn v s gy ra cc ni lc trong cc (hnh 3.25b).
N
a)
b)
My
Hx
z
Hnh 3.25. S mng cc i cao v ni lc ti cc nh cc
u
c)
b)
a)
O
xn
n
Hnh 3.26. Ni lc sinh ra ti nh cc khi nh cc chuyn v
a. Ni lc trong cc do chuyn v ng v ca i gy ra.
b. Ni lc trong cc do chuyn v ngang u ca i gy ra.
c. Ni lc trong cc do chuyn v xoay w ca i gy ra.
Xt ring mt cc th n th cc ni lc trong cc do tng chuyn v ring r c
trnh by hnh 3.26
Nu ta k hiu:
P - chuyn v dc trc ca nh cc th n.
H - chuyn v thng gc vi trc cc ca nh cc th n.
127
M - chuyn v xoay ca nh cc th n.
iK - phn lc n v ti nh cc (phn lc do chuyn v n v gy ra), gm cc
i lng sau y:
PP - phn lc theo phng dc trc do P 1 gy ra;
HH - phn lc theo phng thng gc vi trc do H 1 gy ra;

HM - phn lc theo phng thng gc vi trc do M 1 gy ra;
MH - phn lc moment do H 1 gy ra;
MM - phn lc moment do M 1 gy ra;
iK - chuyn v n v ca nh cc (chuyn v do lc bng n v gy ra), gm cc

i lng sau y:
PP - chuyn v theo phng dc trc do Pn 1 gy ra;
HH - chuyn v ngang theo phng thng gc vi trc do H n 1 gy ra;
HM - chuyn v ngang theo phng thng gc vi trc do M n 1 gy ra;

MH - chuyn v xoay do H n 1 gy ra;
MM - chuyn v xoay do M n 1 gy ra;
0
iK
- chuyn v n v ca cc ti cao trnh mt t, bao gm: 0PP , 0HH , 0HM , 0MH , 0MM
Nu dng quy c du dng ca chuyn v v ni lc (t cc tc dng ln i)

nh hnh 3.27 th ni lc ti nh cc c biu din theo cc cng thc sau:
Pn PP P
H n HH H HM M
P, Pn
M n MM M MH H
Nh vy, mun xc nh Pn, Hn v Mn th phi bit cc

chuyn v i ( P , H v M ) v cc phn lc n v iK
H, Hn
M, Mn
Hnh 3.27. Chiu dng
( PP , HH , HM , MH v MM ) ti cc nh cc. gii c ca chuyn v v ni lc

bi ton th phi thc hin cc nhim v sau y:
1. Xc nh cc chuyn v u, v, w ca i cc.
0
2. Xc nh cc chuyn v n v iK
ca cc ti cao trnh mt t.
3. Thit lp quan h gia phn lc n v v chuyn v n v ti nh cc:

iK f1 iK
128
4. Thit lp quan h gia chuyn v n v ca cc ti nh v ti cao trnh mt
t:
0
iK f 2 iK
5. Thit lp quan h gia cc chuyn v i ti nh cc vi cc chuyn v v, u, w

ca i:
i f 3 v, u, w
0
ca
Trong phn trc trnh by phng php xc nh cc chuyn v n v iK
cc ti cao trnh mt t. Trong phn ny s trnh by cch thit lp ba quan h ni trn

v cch xc nh v, u, w ca i cc.
0
a. Xc nh quan h gia iK v iK
0
Khi bit iK
th cc chuyn v n v iK ti nh cc c xc nh theo cc
cng thc sau:

L0
0PP
EF
L30
HH
0MM L20 20HM L 0 0HH
3EI
L2
HM MH 0 0MM L 0 0HM
2EI
L
MM 0 0MM
EI
PP
Trong :
Lo - chiu di t do ca cc (t y i ti mt t).
EF - cng chu nn ca tit din cc.
EI - cng chu un ca tit din cc.
0HM L0 0MM L20
0HH 0MH L0
HH
1.L30
3EI
H=1
H=1
=
H0 = 1
0
MH
M0=L0.1
Hnh 3.28. S xc nh HH
0
MM
L0
129
Hnh 3.28 th hin cch chng minh cng thc xc nh HH . Cc cng thc khc
c chng minh tng t.
b. Xc nh quan h gia iK v iK
Cc chuyn v ti nh cc c th biu din theo cc cng thc sau:

P PP Pn
H HH H n HM M n
H M
MH
n
MM
n
M
Cc cng thc trn ng cho trng hp i c tr s bt k, v vy cng phi ng

cho trng hp cc i c tr s bng n v. Nh nhn xt ny m ta c th xc nh
c quan h gia iK v iK , bi v khi i 1 th Pn, Hn v Mn trong cc cng thc
trn chnh l cc phn lc n v iK tng ng. C th nh sau:
b.1. Trng hp ch c chuyn v P 1( H M 0)
i vi trng hp ny, Pn trong cc cng thc trn chnh l PP , cn Hn=0 v

Mn=0. Cc phng trnh chuyn v ti nh cc c vit li nh sau:
1 PPPP
0 0
0 0
PP
1
PP
Theo K. X. Zavriev th PP c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:

PP
L0 h k d
EF
FCh
Trong :
L0 - chiu di t do ca cc.
h - cm su ca cc trong t.
E - m un n hi ca vt liu cc.
F - din tch tit din ngang cc.
kd - h s k n nh hng ca phn lc t ti mi cc, kd = d/5.
d - ng knh cc.
Ch - h s nn ca t ti mi cc.
b.2. Trng hp ch c chuyn v H 1( P M 0)
130
i vi trng hp ny, trong cc cng thc trn Pn = 0, cn Hn chnh l HH v
Mn chnh l MH . Cc phng trnh chuyn v ti nh cc c vit li nh sau:
0 0
1 HHHH HM MH
0
MH HH
MM MH
MM
HH 2
HH MM
HM
HM

MH
2
HH MM HM
b.3. Trng hp ch c chuyn v M 1( P H 0)
i vi trng hp ny, trong cc cng thc trn Pn = 0, cn Hn chnh l HM v

Mn chnh l MM . Cc phng trnh chuyn v ti nh cc c vit li nh sau:
0 0
0 HH HM HM MM
1 MHHM MM MM
HH
MM 2
HH MM
HM
HM

HM
2
HH MM HM
c. Xc nh quan h gia i v v, u, w
xc nh cc quan h ny, ta xt cc trng hp ring r, khi ch c mt thnh

phn chuyn v ca i, ri sau p dng nguyn l cng tc dng. Vic xc lp cc
quan h ny c th thc hin t iu kin hnh hc trnh by hnh 3.29
u
b)
a)
v
c)
P
P
H
Hnh 3.29. Quan h gia chuyn v nh cc v chuyn v i cc

Khi i ch c chuyn v ng v (hnh 3.29a):
P v.cos n
H v.sin n
0
M
Trong : n - gc gia trc cc v trc thng ng.

Khi ch c chuyn v ngang u (hnh 3.29b):
131
P u.sin n
H u.cos n
0
M
Khi ch c chuyn v xoay w (hnh 3.29c):

P x n .w.cos n
H x n .w.sin n
w
M
Trong : x n - ta ca nh cc.
Vy khi c c 3 thnh phn chuyn v v, u, w th:
P u.sin n (v x n w)cos n
H u.cos n (v x n w)sin n
w
M
d. Xc nh cc chuyn v v, u, w ca i cc
xc nh cc chuyn v ca i, ta dng phng php chuyn v i vi khung

siu tnh trong gio trnh c hc kt cu. H c bn ca phng php ny c trnh
by hnh 3.30
xn
Theo phng php ny, h phng trnh

chnh tc c dng:
w
rvv v rvu u rvw w N 0
ruv v ruu u ruw w H x 0

r v r u r w M 0
wu
ww
y
wv
v
u
x
Trong :
riK - phn lc n v ti cc lin kt ca h
c bn, ch s i ch phng ca phn
n < 0
n > 0
lc, cn ch s K ch phng ca
chuyn v n v gy ra phn lc. V d
rvw l phn lc n v ti lin kt cn
tr chuyn v ng (c th gi tt l
z
Hnh 3.30. H c bn
lin kt v) do chuyn v n v ca lin kt cn tr chuyn v xoay gy ra.

N, Hx, My - lc ng, lc ngang v moment tc dng ti trng tm y i.
132
Mun gii h phng trnh chnh tc trn tm v, u, w th phi bit cc h s ca
n, tc l cc phn lc n v riK ti cc lin kt ca h c bn. C nhiu phng php
xc nh riK. y ta dng phng php cn bng tnh. Nu ct tt c cc cc v
mi cc thay bng cc phn lc (hnh 3.31), ri dng phng php cn bng tnh ta c
cc riK nh sau.
u=1
b)
a)
v = 1 n
n
HH sin n
xn
c)
HH cos n
w=1
n
HM HH x n w sin n
MM sin n
MM cos n
MH x n sin n MM
PP cos n
PP sin n
PP x n w cos n
Hnh 3.31. S ni lc xc nh riK

T hnh 3.31a,
n
n
2
r
cos
HH sin 2 n
PP
n
vv
1
1
n
n
cos
sin
uv PP
1 HH sin n cos n
n
n
1
n
n
n
2
2
r
cos
sin
wv PP
1 HH
1 MH sin n
n n
n n
1
T hnh 3.31b,
r r
vu uv
n
n
2
2
ruu PP sin n HH cos n
1
1
n
n
n
r
r
sin
cos
x
cos
sin
x
wu uw PP
1 MH n n n 1 HH cos n
n
n n
T hnh 3.32c,
rvw rwv
r r
uw wu
n
rww (HM HH x n sin n ) sin n x n

1
n
n
(PP x n cos n )cos n x n (MM MH x n sin n )
1
1
Nu k hiu: 0 PP HH th cc cng thc trn s c dng n gin nh sau:
133
n
n
2
rvv 0 cos n HH
1
1
n
n
2
ruu 0 sin n HH
1
1
n
n
n
n
2
2
2
r
x
cos
x
2
x
sin
1 HH n 1 HM n n 1 MM
n
ww 0 n
n
r r sin cos
0
n
n
vu uv
1
n
n
r r x sin cos cos
1 MH
0 n
n
n
n
uw wu
1
n
n
n
r r x cos 2 x sin
wv
vw
0 n
n
HH n
MH
n
1
1
1
Trng hp mng cc c dng i xng th:

rvu ruv rwv rvw 0
V vy, khi mng cc c dng i xng th h phng trnh chnh tc c dng sau:
rvv v N
0
ruu u ruw w H x 0
r u r w M 0
ww
y
wu
Trng hp mng cc i xng v cc cc trong mng thng ng th cc h s riK

s c dng n gin hn nhiu:
n
vv PP
1
ruu HH
n
n
r x 2
ww
PP n
MM
1
1
n
r r cos
1 MH n
uw wu
Tm li vic tnh ton mng cc i cao c tin hnh theo trnh t sau y:
0
1. Xc nh iK
ca cc theo phng php trnh by nh khi tnh ton cc chu
ti trng ngang trong mng cc i thp.

2. Xc nh iK
3. Xc nh iK
4. Xc nh riK
5. Lp v gii h phng trnh chnh tc tm chuyn v v, u, w ca i
134
6. Xc nh cc chuyn v i ca nh cc
7. Xc nh ni lc trong cc
Ch :
0
1) Khi xc nh iK
th chiu rng quy c (chiu rng tnh ton) bc c th tnh
ton nh i vi trng hp mng cc i thp v phi nhn vi h s k n nh

hng ln nhau gia cc cc. C th bc c th xc nh nh sau:
b c k 1k 2 k 3 d
Trong :
d - ng knh cc.
k1 - h s kinh nghim, xt ti nh hng ca mt ct ngang ca mng (trong
trng hp ny l cc) i vi s chng ca t. Ly theo bng sau:
a/2
Mt ct ngang
ca mng
k1
0,9
1 0,1.a/d
k2 - h s k n s lm vic khc nhau gia bi ton khng gian v bi ton

phng, xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
k2 11 / d
k3 - h s k n nh hng gia cc cc, xc nh nh sau:
Khi Lp 0,6.htt th: k3 = 1
Lp - khong cch gia 2 mp trong ca 2 cc nm ngoi cng trong mt
phng tc dng lc.
htt = 3.(d+1)
Khi Lp < 0,6.htt th: k 3 k 4
1 k 4 Lp
0,6 h tt
k4 - h s ph thuc s lng cc n trong mng, xc nh theo bng sau:

n
k4
0,6
0,5
0,45
135
2) C th b qua bc th 6 v xc nh ni lc ti nh cc theo cc cng thc sau
Pn PP u sin n v x n w cos n
H n HH u cos n v x n w sin n HM w
M n MH u cos n v x n w sin n MM w
V d 3.4:
136
CHNG 4: CU TO TR CU DM
4.1. Cu to cc b phn ca tr cu
Tr cu gm 3 b phn chnh: m tr, thn tr, mng tr. Ngoi ra, c th c thm b
phn chng x va bo v cho tr.
4.1.1. M tr
M tr chu ti trng trc tip t kt cu nhp v phn b vo thn tr. Kt cu nhp

ta ln m tr thng qua gi cu.
Nu kt cu nhp k trc tip ln tr m khng cn gi (chng hn nh tr do),
cng cn cu to nhng ch k dm bng phng, cao hn mt x m v phi b tr cc
li ct thp chu lc cc b.
Hnh 4.1. Cc dng m tr.

1-M tr BTCT;
2-Bc li ca m tr;
3- k gi; 4-Gi con ln;
5-Khi BTCT k gi c nh
Mt trn ca m tr phi to dc thot nc bng b tng vi dc ti thiu v

cc pha l 1:10, mi dc nn thi cng cng lc vi m tr v lng va xi mng nhn.
Trn mt bng, kch thc m tr thng ln hn thn tr mi bn 10cm to g
cho nc t m tr chy xung, khng thm vo phn tip gip gia m v thn tr,
mt di ca g c th to dc ngc 1:10 hoc rnh nh git.
Nu thn tr c kt cu c th m tr ch chu p cc b, khi chiu dy m tr
khng nh hn 0,4m v phi b tr cc li ct thp chu lc cc b. Li ct thp
bng cc thanh c ng knh 8-12 mm, mt li 5-12 cm, khong cch cc li 8-10
cm. M tr t ct thp theo cu to c ng knh 10-14 mm, cch nhau 15-20 cm
(hnh 4.2)
137
Hnh 4.2. B tr ct thp m tr. a. M tr thn c
b. M tr thn hp
Nu thn tr hp hoc cu to bi mt hoc nhiu ct th m tr s c dng dm

mt tha hoc dm lin tc chu un di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn m tr,
p lc gi t kt cu nhp. Nu t gi cu ng tm nh ct th m tr chu un di
tc dng ca ti trng nm ngang theo phng ngang cu (hnh 4.3).
Hnh 4.3.
a. M tr thn hp
b, c. M tr thn ct
138
4.1.2. Thn tr
Thn tr lm nhim v truyn p lc t m

tr xung mng v chu cc lc ngang theo
phng dc v phng ngang cu.
Mt ct ngang thn tr trong phm vi lng
sng phi c dng r nc tt, trnh to thnh
cc dng chy xoy gn tr, gim mc xi l
y sng.
Thn tr phi chu c va chm do vt tri,
cc nhp thng thuyn cn phi chu c lc
va ca tu thuyn.
Hnh dng mt ct ngang thn tr ph thuc
vo iu kin dng chy di cu.
Tit din thn tr c th c hoc rng. Thn
tr c dng thn rng, thn hp hoc thn ct.
Hnh 4.4. Cc dng

mt ct ngang thn tr.
4.1.3. Mng tr
Mng tr cng nh mng m l phn kt cu bn di ca tr (m), c nhim v

truyn ti trng t thn tr (m) xung nn t bn di v xung quanh. B tr (m)
c th xem nh thuc mng tr (m). su t mng phi m bo cho tr (m)
khng b mt n nh, nghing lch hoc b ph hoi do xi l gy ra.
Mng tr (m) c th l mng nng, mng su hoc na su.
Trn mt bng kch thc b tr thng ln hn kch thc thn tr mi bn 0,30,5 m thi cng c thun li. i vi mng ging chm, khi h ging v tr ging
thng b dch chuyn so vi thit k nn kch thc b tr thng ly ln hn kch
thc thn tr n 1m mi bn. i vi mng cc, kch thc b tr cn ph thuc
vo s lng cc v cch b tr cc.
4.1.4. Lt mt m tr cu
Lt mt m tr cu nhm mc ch chng m, bo mn, tc ng va chm ca tu

b, vt tri, V tr lt mt ch yu l phm vi mc nc dao ng t MNTN n
MNCN cng thm 1m.
139
Lt mt m tr cu cn l hnh thc trang tr cho cu. Khi dng lt mt m
tr cu, c th thc hin theo hai phng php sau:
Phng php lt trc khi b tng: cc vin c sp xp vi vn khun
trc khi b tng. Chiu cao mi t lt ph thuc chiu cao mi t b
tng. Phng php ny cn gi l lt mt ton khi.
Phng php lt sau khi b tng: cc vin p mt ngoi c lin kt vi
m tr nh cc thanh neo bng ct thp chn sn trong b tng.
Hnh 4.5. Cc phng php lt mt thn m tr cu.
4.2. Cu to tr cu ton khi
Tr cu ton khi c cc b phn gn lin vi nhau thnh mt kt cu lin khi ti

v tr xy dng cng trnh.
Mt ct ngang thn tr c th c hoc rng. Hnh dng c th l thn rng, thn
hp, thn ct hoc nhiu tng.
Cc tr c th lm bng xy, b tng, b tng hc, b tng ct thp.
Tr cu ton khi thng c kch thc ln, bn chc, cht lng ng u, thi
cng n gin. Nhc im ca loi tr ny l thi gian thi cng thng ko di do
phi xy dng tun t, ph thuc thi tit, tn gio v vn khun.
Tr ton khi c dng tr nng, tr thn ct, tr thn hp.
4.2.1. Tr nng
Tr nng thng c dng tng dy, b rng thn tr thng ly nh hn m tr

mi bn 10-15 cm hoc cng c th ly bng m tr. V thn tr c nn m tr chu
p mt, ct thp m tr c b tr theo cu to v theo chu p mt cc b (hnh 4.6)
140
Hnh 4.6. Tr nng ton khi (c m tr phn bit vi thn tr).

Vi tr c chiu cao ln, thn tr c th c tit din ngang thay i, nghing ca
mt bn thn tr 20:1 n 40:1.
Tr nng thng c thi cng ti ch bng b tng hoc b tng hc. Nu
v tr cu gn ni khai thc , c th lm tr xy.
i vi cc cu thi cng kt cu nhp theo phng php hng, kch thc tr theo
cc phng phi c tnh ton m bo n nh trong qu trnh thi cng. Ty theo
chiu di nhp hng, chiu rng thn tr c th t 2,5-3 m. Thn tr bng BTCT, c
ti ch c th c hoc rng.
Tr c ton khi c th c m tr khng c hnh dng phn bit vi thn tr, khi
m tr l mt phn ca thn tr ko di nhng vn phi c cu to, chc nng v
nguyn tc b tr ct thp theo quy nh chung ca m tr.
141
Hnh 4.7. Tr nng ton khi kt cu nhp lin tc c hng.
4.2.2. Tr thn ct
Trong cc cu nhp nh v trung L = 15-40 m, gim bt khi lng vt liu,

tng nhanh tc thi cng, c th s dng tr ton khi dng thn ct bng BTCT.
142
Hnh 4.8. Tr ton khi thn ct

Trong cc cu dn, nn b tr cc ct tr trng vi cc mt phng dn.
i vi cc cu c kh ln, trng hp a cht tt v tng i ng u, c th
b tr cc ct tr trn cc mng ring gim khi lng vt liu.
Khi tr c chiu cao ln, c th cu to phn thn tr trn MNCN di dng ct b
tng ct thp c hoc rng, phn thn tr bn di c dng tr nng bng b tng, b
tng hc, xy chng x va.
Hnh 4.9. Tr c phn trn dng thn ct, phn di dng tr nng tit din c.
143
Nu chiu cao tr rt ln (tr ca cc cu qua thung lng) c th lm tr rng bng
BTCT tit din hnh hp (hnh 4.10)
Hnh 4.10. Tr cu tit din hp
144
4.2.3. Tr thn hp
gim khi lng vt liu thn tr v gim trng lng bn thn tc dng xung
mng, c th thu hp kch thc thn tr so vi m tr.
Hnh 4.11. Cu to tr thn hp tit din c.

Chiu di ca tr thn hp ch khong 45-75% so vi tr nng thn rng. Chiu di
on hng ca m tr c th 1,5-3 m hoc hn na.
Vi tr c chiu cao ln, thn tr c th c tit din ngang thay i, nghing ca
mt bn thn tr 20:1 n 30:1.
So vi tr nng, tr thn hp c th tit kim c 40-50% vt liu cho c thn tr
v mng.
Cc tr thn hp hin nay ang c p dng rng ri cho cc cu ng t nhp
t 15-40 m.
145
CHNG 5: CU TO M CU DM
5.1. ngha, nhim v ca m trong cng trnh cu
M thuc kt cu phn di, c chn trong t, nm trong vng m t, chu

xm thc, xi l.
M c cc chc nng c bn: kt cu nhp, chu ti trng thng ng v nm
ngang t kt cu nhp truyn xung.
M l b phn chuyn tip v m bo xe chy m thun t ng vo cu.
M cn lm nhim v ca mt tng chn, chu p lc ngang ca t p, bo m
n nh nn ng u cu.
Ngoi ra m cn l cng trnh iu chnh dng chy, m bo chng xi l b
sng.
4
2
3
6
5
Hnh 5.1. Hnh dng chung v cc b phn ca m cu.
Cc b phn c bn ca m cu gm:
1. Tng nh: l b phn chn t sau dm ch, c chiu cao tnh t mt m m
n mt ng xe chy.
2. M m: l b phn k gi cu, chu p lc trc tip t kt cu nhp truyn
xung.
3. Tng thn (hay tng trc): l b phn tng nh v m m.
4. Tng cnh: l cc tng chn t chng st l nn ng theo phng ngang
cu.
5. Mng: l b phn tng thn v tng cnh.
6. t p nn m: l cng trnh chng xi l, ln st ta luy nn ng ti v tr
u cu ng thi c tc dng dn dng chy. Nn m c th l t p gia c
c, gia c hc hoc lm di dng tng chn.
146
Ngoi cc b phn c bn k trn, trong qu trnh pht trin, m cu cn c nhng
b phn khc. Cc b phn c th c xem xt theo qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin ca m cu nh sau.
Dng m cu n gin nht dng cho cc cng trnh vt knh, sui nh l m ch
nht c lm bng gch, xy, M ch gm 2 b phn: (1) thn m, (2) mng
m u c dng hnh ch nht. Ton b thn v mng c chn trong ta luy ca knh
(hnh 5.2).
Ti v tr c cc tng gc n nh nm l thin, ta c th s dng cc m k.
M k cng l mt m ch nht, c chiu cao thp, thn v m khng phn bit, k
trc tip ln mng nng. trnh hin tng t ph dm v gi cu, m c cu to
tng nh v tng che. gi t p u cu v tng cng n nh ca t p
sau lng m, c th cu to cc tng cnh ngc (hnh 5.3).
Hnh 5.3. Cu to m k
1-Tng nh;
2-Thn m;
3-Mng;
4-Tng cnh
5-Tng che
Hnh 5.2. M ch nht nguyn thy
i vi cc cu trung v ln, chiu cao ca
cc m thng gp khong 5-8 m. Nu chiu
rng cu khng ln lm, c th s dng cc m
ch nht. Khi m c dng mt khi c c
chiu rng bng chiu rng cu v chiu di
chn vo nn ng. Cu to m nh vy
thng m bo chu lc v n nh nhng khi
lng rt ln. M ch nht ch nn dng cho
cc cu kh hp (nh cu ng st kh n).
Hnh 5.4. M ch nht
147
gim khi lng m ch nht c th s dng cc bin php sau:
Gim chiu di m bng cch ko di nn m ra pha sng v thn m hon ton
chn trong t p nn m.
Thay vt liu trong lng m bng t p. Nu khot hon ton lng m, m ch
nht s tr thnh m ch U (hnh 5.5a). So vi m ch nht, m ch U gim khi
lng vt liu rt ln, kt cu chu lc hp l, n nh chng lt, chng trt cao
nn c p dng rng ri.
S dng m ch T thay v ch nht cho cc cu kh hp v cao nh cu ng st
n (hnh 5.5c). M ch T ch c mt tng dc, tng cng v n nh chng
lt, chng trt chung cho ton m. Nu chiu cao m ch T ln, tng n nh
chng lt ra pha sng, c th cu to thm mt tng chng pha trc v m ch T
tr thnh m ch thp (hnh 5.6b).
Hnh 5.5. Cc loi m cu.

a-M ch U; b-M ch nht;
c-M ch T; d-M rng vm ngang cu ng st.
Hnh 5.6. Cu to m ch T v ch thp.
148
M ch thp c dng rng ri trong cc cu ng st kh hp, cao.
C th gim khi lng ca m ch nht bng cch to cc vm dc hoc vm
ngang. Lc ny m tr thnh m rng vm dc hoc m rng vm ngang (hnh 3.7)
a)
b)
Hnh 5.7. M rng.
a-Vm dc
b-Vm ngang
Cc loi m k trn thng gm 2 loi tng: tng thn kt cu nhp, chn t

sau m v tng cnh dc chn t dc theo nn ng. Cc tng cnh dc chim
mt khi lng vt liu kh ln trong m. gim khi lng vt liu tng cnh dc
c th p dng cc bin php sau:
Thay cc tng cnh dc bng cc tng cnh ngang (hnh 5.8)
a)
b)
Hnh 5.8. B tr tng cnh trong m

a-Tng cnh dc trong m ch U
b-Tng cnh ngang
Tng cnh ngang ch chim khong 50-60% din tch ca tng cnh dc. Tng
cnh dc trong m ch U chu p lc ngang ca t do tnh ti v hot ti, cn tng
cnh ngang ch chu p lc tnh ca t (hnh 5.9).
149
Hnh 5.9. p lc t ln tng cnh m

a-Tng cnh dc
b-Tng cnh ngang
to kh nng iu chnh dng chy trnh xi nc, ph hoi nn ng, tng

cnh ngang c b tr thnh tng cnh xin (hnh 5.10).
Hnh 5.10. M tng cnh xin.

Cc tng cnh ngang v tng cnh xin thng c b tr trn nhng mng c
lp vi mng ca tng thn (tng trc) trnh hin tng ln khng u.
Cc m tng cnh ngang v tng cnh xin c n nh chng lt v trt km
hn nhiu so vi m ch U. Cc m tng cnh ngang v tng cnh xin thng
c p dng trong cc cu vt ng hoc cu nh 4 khp, khi n nh chng
trt c m bo nh cc thanh chng vo mng t ngm di y sng hoc
ng, cn dm ni cht vi m m bo chng lt.
gim hn na khi lng tng cnh dc, c th s dng cc tng cnh ngn
bng BTCT, khi tng trc hon ton chn trong t m vi (hnh 5.11).
150
Hnh 5.11. M vi
Trong m vi, 2 tng cnh ngn t ci thin c iu kin chng lt, tng
n nh chng lt c th b tr chn m choi ra pha sng a trng tm ca ton
m ra pha sau mng.
Khi chiu cao t mt t t nhin n nh m thp m tng gc nm su th p
dng m vi hon ton hp l do gim c khi lng tng cnh v m c vi
trong t m khng cn ko di cu (hnh 5.12).
Hnh 5.12. M vi khi tng gc nm su.

Khi thn m hon ton nm trong t th c th thay tng thn (tng trc) bng
cc tng mng theo phng dc cu m vi tng (hnh 5.13).
Hnh 5.13. M vi tng.
151
Khong cch gia 2 tng ca m vi tng c th ly bng khong cch gia 2
tim dm ch hoc 2-4 m.
gim khi lng vt liu hn
na, m vi tng c pht trin
thnh m chn d (hnh 5.14)
gim chiu di chu un ca
tng trong m vi tng v m
chn d, c th thm cc thanh ni
cc tng on gia hoc gn
Hnh 5.14. M chn d.
gia chiu cao tng.
Loi m thng s dng hin nay l m ch U bng BTCT. tng cng kh

nng chu un ca tng thn, c th s dng cc sn phi hp vi tng thn (hnh
5.15).
a)
b)
Hnh 5.15. M ch U bng BTCT

a-Khng sn.
b-C sn
Mt bin php khc gim p lc ngang ca t ln tng thn l s dng cc

bn gim ti (hnh 5.16).
Hnh 5.16. M c bn gim ti lin tip.
a-S tng chn c bn gim ti.
b-p lc t ln tng chn khi c v
khng c bn gim ti.
152
M c bn gim ti c th chia thnh cc loi sau:
1. M c bn gim ti khng ton phn (hnh 5.17a).
2. M c bn gim ti lin tip (hnh 5.16a).
3. M c bn gim ti lin kt khp (hnh 5.17b).
4. M vm rng (dc, ngang cu) v m dng khung BTCT (hnh 5.18) cng
thuc loi m c bn gim ti.
Hnh 5.17.
a-M c bn gim ti khng ton phn
Hnh 5.18. M rng kiu
b-M c bn gim ti lin kt khp
khung BTCT
Mt phng hng khc gim khi lng vt liu l thay i s chu lc ca

kt cu m. Chng hn nh s dng m cu 4 khp (hnh 5.19).
Hnh 5.19. S m cu 4 khp.

i vi cc cu ln, c th s dng loi m neo (hnh 5.20, 5.21, 5.22).
Hnh 5.20. a-M neo vo nn ng
b-M neo vo mng
153
Hnh 5.21. M c thanh neo cng vo nn ng.
Hnh 5.22. M neo vo cm cc

m bo tng dn cng t ng vo cu, thng s dng mt bn chuyn
tip gi l bn qu . Bn qu thng c chiu di 2-4 m c chn vi trong t
vi dc v pha nn ng 10-15% tng dn cng ca nn (hnh 5.23).
Hnh 5.23.
a-Chuyn tip cng trong m ch U bng xy hoc b tng

b-Bn qu trong m cu
Bn qu khng nhng m bo m thun t ng vo cu m cn gim

c p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln m do hot ti. Khi tnh ton bn qu , phn
154
t di bn do ln v yu nn xem nh khng y bn, bn c xem nh mt
dm k ln 2 gi l tng nh v thanh k (hnh 5.24).
Hnh 5.24. Tc dng gim ti ca bn qu

Trong m ch U, bn qu c th c b tr va c chc nng gim ti ton
phn va p ng y chc nng ca mt bn qu (hnh 5.25).
Hnh 5.25. Bn qu c chc nng gim ti ton phn
5.2. Cu to m ton khi

5.2.1. Cu to m ch U
M ch U thuc loi m nng, c th c xy bng , b tng, BTCT. M ch U

thng c p dng vi chiu cao t p 4-6 m, i khi 8-10 m.
a. M ch U bng b tng hoc xy
Tng thn (tng trc) ca m thng c chiu dy thay i, chiu dy chn

tng khong (0,35-0,4)H (vi H - chiu cao t p). Nu H > 6m, mt trc tng
c th nghing 10:1.
Tng cnh dc c chiu di thay i, chiu dy chn tng khong (0,35-0,4)H.
ui tng cnh n su vo nn ng mt on s ni tip cu v ng c chc
155
chn v nh khi nn khi b tt xung. Chiu di l ca tng cnh c th xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
l = nH + s
Vi
n - dc ta luy nn m;
H - chiu cao t p;
s - chiu di phn ui tng cnh n su vo nn ng.
Theo 22TCN18-79:
s 0,65 m
khi
H < 6m
s1m
khi
H > 6m
Hnh 5.26. Cu to m ch U ton khi bng b tng

1-Tng nh;
2-M m;
3-Tng thn;
5-Tng cnh dc; 6-Tm k gi;
7-Nn m;
4-Mng m;
8- dm v t thot nc
Chiu rng ca m c th ly bng chiu rng ca cu, hoc ly bng chiu rng
phn xe chy.
Mng m c th l hnh ch nht hoc ch U nh tit din phn trn.
Trong phn t p sau m phi b tr rnh thot nc.
Phn tip xc gia thn m vi t p phi c lp phng nc.
Nn m c p bng t thot nc, m ln cht, m bo dc quy nh
(khng vt qu 1:1 i vi phn t p cao trn 6m v khng vt qu 1:1,25 cho
phn t p cao 6m cn li) v phi c gia c sut chiu cao bng xy hoc bn
b tng. Trng hp mi dc nn m cu t trong phm vi khng b ngp nc c
dc khng qu 1:1,5 v chiu cao khng qu 6m th c th gia c bng lt c.
b. M ch U c tng cnh BTCT v thanh ging
Cc tng cnh BTCT c lin kt pha trn bi thanh ging BTCT.
156
Thanh ging c tc dng gi 2 tng cnh, chu p lc ngang ca t, tng cng
ca tng cnh ln cht t v to thnh mt gi ph lm gim ln ni lc xut
hin trong tng cnh.
Hnh 5.27 cho mt dng m ch U c s dng thanh ging trong thc t.
Hnh 5.27. M ch U c thanh ging tng cnh dc

1-Thn m; 2-M m; 3-Tng cnh; 4-Thanh ging; 5-Hp y; 6-Nn m.
c. M ch U c bn gim ti
gim ni lc v do gim khi lng vt liu tng thn, tng cnh, c th

dng cc b hoc bn gim ti (hnh 5.28).
Hnh 5.28. M ch U c b hoc bn gim ti

1-Tng thn; 2-B gim ti; 3-Tng cnh; 4-Bn gim ti.
B gim ti c th b tr c tng thn v tng cnh dc.
M c b gim ti p dng hiu qu cho cc cu rng, nhp ln v chiu cao 10-12
m. Chiu dy thn m v tng cnh (0,2-0,3)H.
157
Bn gim ti c th lin kt ngm vi tng hoc k t do ln cc vai k ca tng.
d. M ch U bng BTCT
gim khi lng vt liu, c th xy dng m ch U bng BTCT.
Hnh 5.29. M ch U bng BTCT
5.2.2. Cu to m vi
Khi chiu cao t p ln H = 5-20 m, m vi c s dng thch hp hn c, khi

lng vt liu ch khong 1/2 1/3 m ch U.
Trong cu to m vi, theo 22TCN18-79 cn ch nhng quy nh sau:
158
Khong cch t gc tng nh v m m n mi dc nn m phi 0,3m
trnh t v nc lm nh hng n gi cu. Hoc c th lm tng che 2 bn m
m bo v gi cu.
Ch tip gip ca nn m vi mt trc ca tng thn phi cao hn MNCN ti
thiu 0,5m.
dc ta luy m trong phn khng b ngp nc l 1:1,25, trong phn ngp nc
l 1:1,5.
Phi b tr bn qu bng BTCT, t nghing v pha nn ng 10-15%.
Hnh 5.30. M vi nng

bng b tng hoc xy
1-Tng nh; 2-M m;
3-Tng thn; 4-Mng m;
5-Tng cnh; 6-Tm k gi.
a. M vi bng b tng hoc xy
Chiu dy thn m c b tr theo xu hng lm gim bt lch tm ca hp

lc thng ng i vi trng tm tit din y mng. Mt trc ca tng thn c
nghing 3:1 n 2:1, mt sau c nghing 12:1 n 5:1
Chiu dy tng nh ti thiu l 0,5m v thng thng bng 0,4-0,5 chiu cao
tng nh.
Tng cnh chu un theo phng ng do trng lng bn thn v theo phng
ngang do p lc ngang ca t p.
Khi chiu cao t p H = 4-8 m, thn m thng c dng c. Vi chiu cao ln
hn, c th gim khi lng vt liu thn m bng cc bin php sau:
Thu hp chiu di thn m theo phng ngang cu.
Thn m c chia thnh cc tng dc (m vi tng) (hnh 5.31).
S lng tng dc ph thuc vo chiu rng cu B v chiu cao m H.
159
Khi B/H 1,25
nn chn 3 tng.
Khi B/H 1
nn chn 2 tng.
Hnh 5.31. M vi c hai tng dc

b. M vi ton khi bng BTCT
gim khi lng vt liu, c th lm m vi ton khi bng BTCT (hnh 5.32).
Hnh 5.32. M vi ton khi bng

BTCT.
160
c. M vi c bn chn t di m m (m c ym)
i vi cc m vi nm trong vng t p cao, y m m c th nm cao hn ta

luy nn m. chn t nn m, c th cu to cc bn chn t ko di t y m
m v chn su vo mi dc ta luy ti thiu 0,75m (hnh 5.33).
Hnh 5.33. M vi c bn chn t di m m (m c ym)
5.3. M cu 4 khp
Ton b cu gm kt cu nhp, hai m nh v thanh chng lm vic theo s 4

khp. So vi m nng kiu ch U, m cu 4 khp c th tit kim n 50% khi lng
vt liu.
i vi cu nhp nh v ngay c cu 2 nhp cng c th lm vic theo nguyn l
ny.
V mt hnh hc, tuy l mt h bin hnh nhng cng trnh vn s dng c an
ton do ton h c chn trong nn t b ng sau m khi tng i din chu tc
dng ca cc ti trng ch ng.
161
Kt cu nhp v thanh chng phi c cng dc khng b mt n nh khi
chu cc lc nm ngang.
V phng din thy lc, cu m nh 4 khp lm vic nh cc loi cng ch nht
khng p nhng c u im l gi thnh r hn so vi cc phng n cng trn v
cng ch nht cng khu .
Cc
Hnh 5.34. Cu m nh 4 khp (2 khp di quy c)
162
CHNG 6: TNH TON M TR CU DM

6.1. Khi nim chung
Khi thit k m tr cu cng nh cc cng trnh khc, phi tin hnh nhiu bc.
Trc ht chn loi m tr cu, s b xc nh kch thc cc tit din. Sau tin
hnh theo cc trnh t sau:
Chn s tnh ton.
Xc nh cc loi ti trng tc dng ln cc b phn ca m tr cu.
Lp cc t hp ti trng xc nh cc tr s ni lc bt li nht c th xut hin
trong qu trnh xy dng v khai thc.
Kim tra li cc tit din ca m tr cu theo cc trng thi gii hn.
M tr cu cng nh cc b phn khc ca cng trnh cu khi thit k theo tiu
chun 22TCN272-05 (AASHTO LRFD 1998) phi m bo sao cho khi chu ti
trng, cc ng x ca chng khng c vt qu cc gii hn m tiu chun ra.
Thit k theo tiu chun 22TCN272-05 (AASHTO LRFD 1998) l thit k theo
h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD).
6.1.1. Khi nim chung v thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD)
Trong thit k, m bo an ton cho mt cng trnh th:

Sc khng ca vt liu Hiu ng ca ti trng
Quan h ca bt ng thc ny phi c xt trn mi b phn v vt liu ca kt
cu.
Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05 tha mn tt c cc trng thi gii hn, c
tng th v cc b, khi bt ng thc trn c th hin di dng:
Rr = Rn i Qi
Trong :
Rr - sc khng tnh ton (sc khng c h s).
- h s sc khng.
Rn - sc khng danh nh.
- h s iu chnh ti trng.
i - h s ti trng.
Qi - hiu ng ti trng.
163
i vi mi trng thi gii hn (tr trng thi gii hn cng ) = 1.
H s iu chnh ti trng c xc nh nh sau:
= D R I 0,95
Vi
D - h s do.
R - h s d tha.
I - h s quan trng.
H s do D
i vi trng thi gii hn cng :

D 1,05 cho cu kin v lin kt khng do.
D = 1,00 cho cc thit k thng thng v cc chi tit theo ng Tiu chun
ny.
D 0,95 cho cc cu kin v lin kt c cc bin php tng thm tnh do quy
nh vt qu nhng yu cu ca Tiu chun ny.

i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc :
D = 1,00
H s d tha R

R 1,05 cho cc b phn khng d
R = 1,00 cho cc mc d thng thng
R 0,95 cho cc mc d c bit
i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc: R = 1,00
H s quan trng I
I 1,05 cho cc cu quan trng
I = 1,00 cho cc cu in hnh
I 0,95 cho cc cu tng i t quan trng
i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc: I = 1,00
Cc u v nhc im ca phng php LRFD c th k nh sau:

u im:
C xt ti s khc bit c v sc khng v ti trng.
164
t c mc an ton ng u cho cc trng thi gii hn khc nhau v cc loi
cu m khng cn phn tch xc sut v thng k phc tp.
Phng php thit k thch hp v n nh.
Nhc im:
Yu cu thay i t duy thit k (so vi tiu chun c).
Yu cu hiu bit c bn v l thuyt xc sut v thng k.
Yu cu c cc s liu y v thng k v thut ton tnh xc sut chnh l h
s sc khng trong trng hp c bit.
6.1.2. Cc ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh cu

Cc ti trng v lc thng xuyn v tc thi sau y phi c xem xt n:
Ti trng thng xuyn

DD
= ti trng ko xung (xt hin tng ma st m)
DC
= ti trng bn thn ca cc b phn kt cu v thit b ph phi kt cu
DW
= ti trng bn thn ca lp ph mt v cc tin ch cng cng
EH
= ti trng p lc t nm ngang
EL
= cc hiu ng b hm tch lu do phng php thi cng.
ES
= ti trng t cht thm
EV
= p lc thng ng do t trng t p.
Ti trng tc thi
BR
= lc hm xe
CE
= lc ly tm
CR
= t bin
CT
= lc va xe
CV
= lc va tu
EQ
= ng t
FR
= ma st
IM
= lc xung kch (lc ng ) ca xe
LL
= hot ti xe
LS
= hot ti cht thm
PL
= ti trng ngi i
SE
= ln
SH
= co ngt
TG
= gradien nhit
165
TU
= nhit u
WA
= ti trng nc v p lc dng chy
WL
= gi trn hot ti
WS
= ti trng gi trn kt cu
6.1.3. Cc trng thi gii hn, h s ti trng v t hp ti trng

a. Cc trng thi gii hn
Cc trng thi gii hn bao gm:

TRNG THI GII HN CNG I: T hp ti trng c bn lin quan
n vic s dng cho xe tiu chun ca cu khng xt n gi
TRNG THI GII HN CNG II: T hp ti trng lin quan n cu

chu gi vi vn tc vt qu 25m/s
TRNG THI GII HN CNG III: T hp ti trng lin quan n vic

s dng xe tiu chun ca cu vi gi c vn tc 25m/s
TRNG THI GII HN C BIT: T hp ti trng lin quan n ng t,

lc va ca tu thuyn v xe c, v n mt s hin tng thu lc vi hot ti
chit gim khc vi khi l mt phn ca ti trng xe va x, CT.
TRNG THI GII HN S DNG: T hp ti trng lin quan n khai thc

bnh thng ca cu vi gi c vn tc 25m/s vi tt c ti trng ly theo gi tr
danh nh. Dng kim tra vng, b rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct
thp v b tng ct thp d ng lc, s chy do ca kt cu thp v trt ca cc
lin kt c nguy c trt do tc dng ca hot ti xe. T hp trng ti ny cng
cn c dng kho st n nh mi dc.
TRNG THI GII HN MI: T hp ti trng gy mi v t gy lin quan

n hot ti xe c trng phc v xung kch di tc dng ca mt xe ti n chic
(xe ti thit k) c c ly gia 2 trc sau l 9m.
b. H s ti trng v t hp ti trng
b.1. H s ti trng v t hp ti trng
Cc h s ti trng cho cc t hp ti trng ng vi cc trng thi gii hn c

trnh by trong bng sau.
166
Cc t hp ti trng v h s ti trng
T hp ti
trng
DC
DD
DW
Trng thi
gii hn
EH
EV
ES
Cng mt lc ch
dng mt trong
cc ti trng
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
TU
WA
WS
WL
FR
CR
TG
SE
SH
LS
EQ
CT
CV
EL
Cng I
1,75
1,00
1,00 0,5/1.20
TG
SE
Cng II
1,00
1,40
1,00 0,5/1.20
TG
SE
Cng III
1,35
1,00
0.4
1,00
1,00 0,5/1.20
TG
SE
c bit
0,50
1,00
1,00
S dng
1.0
1,00
1,00
0,30
1,00
TG
SE
0,75
Mi ch c
LL, IM &
CE
1,00
1,00 1,0/1,20
-
1,00 1,00
Ghi ch:
1. Khi phi kim tra cu dng cho xe c bit do Ch u t quy nh hoc xe c
giy php thng qua cu th h s ti trng ca hot ti trong t hp cng I
c th gim xung cn 1,35.
2. Cc cu c t l tnh ti trn hot ti rt cao (tc l cu nhp ln) cn kim tra
t hp khng c hot ti, nhng vi h s ti trng bng 1,50 cho tt c cc
kin chu ti trng thng xuyn.
3. i vi cu vt sng cc trng thi gii hn cng v trng thi s dng
phi xt n hu qu ca nhng thay i v mng do l thit k xi cu.
4. i vi cc cu vt sng, khi kim tra cc hiu ng ti EQ, CT v CV trng
thi gii hn c bit th ti trng nc (WA) v chiu su xi c th da trn
l trung bnh hng nm. Tuy nhin kt cu phi c kim tra v v nhng hu
qu do cc thay i do l, phi kim tra xi nhng trng thi gii hn c bit
vi ti trng nc tng ng (WA) nhng khng c cc ti trng EQ, CT hoc
CV tc dng.
167
5. kim tra chiu rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp d ng lc
trng thi gii hn s dng, c th gim h s ti trng ca hot ti xung 0,8.
6. kim tra kt cu thp trng thi gii hn s dng th h s ti trng ca
hot ti phi tng ln 1,30.
7. Tr s ln hn ca hai tr s quy nh cho h s ti trng TU, CR, SH s c
dng tnh bin dng, cn tr s nh hn dng cho cc tc ng khc.
8. H s ti trng tnh cho gradien nhit TG v ln SE cn c xc nh trn c
s mt n c th ring. Nu khng c thng tin ring c th ly TG bng:
0,0 cc trng thi gii hn cng v c bit
1,0 trng thi gii hn s dng khi khng xt hot ti, v
0,50 trng thi gii hn s dng khi xt hot ti
i vi cu thi cng phn on, phi xem xt t hp sau y trng thi gii
hn s dng:
DC + DW + EH + EV + ES + WA + CR + SH + TG + EL
Trong bng trn p l h s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn, c xc

nh theo bng sau.
H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn, p
Loi ti trng
DC: Cu kin v cc thit b ph

DD: ko xung (xt ma st m)
DW: Lp ph mt cu v cc tin ch
EH: p lc ngang ca t
Ch ng
Ngh
EL: Cc ng sut lp rp b hm
EV: p lc t thng ng
n nh tng th
Kt cu tng chn
Kt cu vi cng
Khung cng
Kt cu vi mm khc vi cng hp thp
Cng hp thp mm
ES: Ti trng t cht thm
H s ti trng
Ln nht
1,25
1,80
1,50
Nh nht
0,90
0,45
0,65
1,50
1,35
1,00
0,90
0,90
1,00
1,35
1,35
1,30
1,35
1,95
1,50
1,50
N/A
1,00
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,75
168
b.2. H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thi cng
H s ti trng dng cho ti trng kt cu v cc ph kin khng c ly nh hn

1,25.
Tr khi c quy nh khc ca Ch u t, h s ti trng cho ti trng thi cng cho
cc thit b v cc tc ng xung kch khng c ly nh hn 1,5. H s ti trng gi
khng c ly nh hn 1,25. H s ca cc ti trng khc phi ly bng 1,0.
b.3. H s ti trng dng cho lc kch nng h kt cu nhp v lc ko sau i
vi cp d ng lc
1. Lc kch
Tr khi c quy nh khc ca Ch u t, lc kch thit k trong khai thc khng

c nh hn 1,3 ln phn lc gi lin k vi im kch do ti trng thng xuyn.
Khi kch dm m khng ngng giao thng th lc kch cn phi xt n phn lc
do hot ti ph hp vi k hoch duy tr giao thng nhn vi h s ti trng i vi
hot ti.
2. Lc i vi vng neo ko sau
Lc thit k i vi vng neo ko sau phi ly bng 1,2 ln lc kch ln nht.
6.2. Xc nh mt s ti trng tnh ton m tr cu

6.2.1. Ti trng thng xuyn
a. Tnh ti DC, DW v EV
Tnh ti bao gm trng lng ca tt c cu kin ca kt cu, ph kin v tin ch

cng cng km theo, trng lng t ph, trng lng mt cu, d phng ph b v
m rng.
Khi khng s liu chnh xc c th ly t trng theo bng sau tnh tnh ti.
Bng t trng
Vt liu
Hp kim nhm
Lp ph b tng at-phan
X than
Ct cht. ph sa hay t st
Nh
B tng
Ct nh
T trng (kg/m3)
2800
2250
960
1925
1775
1925
169
T trng (kg/m3)
2400
1600
1600
2250
7850
2725
1000
1025
Vt liu
Thng
Ct ri. ph sa. si
t st mn
Si. cui. macadam hoc balat
Thp
xy
Nc
Ngt
Mn
b. Ti trng t EH, ES v DD
p lc t, ti trng ph gia trn t , ti trng ko xung (ma st m) c xc

nh trong iu 3.11. ca tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05.
6.2.2. Ti trng tc thi
a. Hot ti xe t thit k (LL)
Hot ti xe t trn mt cu hay kt cu ph tr c t tn l HL-93 s gm mt t hp
ca:
Xe ti thit k kt hp vi ti trng ln thit k hoc
Xe 2 trc thit k kt hp vi ti trng ln thit k
So snh gia 2 t hp ny v ly gi tr bt li nht.
a.1. Xe ti thit k
35 kN
145 kN
145 kN
4300 mm
4300 mm ti 900mm
600 mm ni chung
300mm mt tha ca mt cu
Ln thit k 3600 mm
170
c trng ca xe ti thit k
a) Phng dc cu
b) Phng ngang cu
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, Ch u t c th xc

nh ti trng xe ba trc ni trn nhn vi h s 0,50 hoc 0,65.
a.2. Xe hai trc thit k
Xe hai trc gm mt cp trc 110.000N cch nhau 1200mm theo phng dc cu.
C ly chiu ngang ca cc bnh xe ly bng 1800mm
a) Phng dc cu
b) Phng ngang cu
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, Ch u t c th xc

nh ti trng xe hai trc ni trn nhn vi h s 0,50 hoc 0,65.
a.3. Ti trng ln thit k
Ti trng ln thit k gm ti trng 9,3N/mm phn b u theo chiu dc. Theo

chiu ngang cu c gi thit l phn b u trn chiu rng 3000mm. ng lc ca
ti trng ln thit k khng xt lc xung kch.
a) Phng dc cu
S ln xe thit k
b) Phng ngang cu
171
S ln xe thit k c xc nh bi phn s nguyn ca t s w/3500, y w l
b rng khong trng ca lng ng gia hai va hoc hai ro chn, n v l mm.
Lng ng rng t 6000mm n 7200mm phi c 2 ln xe thit k, mi ln bng
mt na b rng lng ng.
H s ln xe
Bng h s ln m
S ln cht ti
1
2
3
>3
H s ln (m)
1,20
1,00
0,85
0,65
b. Ti trng b hnh (ti trng ngi PL)
i vi tt c ng b hnh rng hn 600mm phi ly ti trng ngi i b bng

3x10-3 MPa v phi tnh ng thi cng hot ti xe thit k.
i vi cu ch dnh cho ngi i b v/hoc i xe p phi thit k vi hot ti l
4.1x10-3 MPa.
Khng tnh h s xung kch cho ti trng ngi i.
c. Lc xung kch (IM)
Tc ng tnh hc ca xe ti hay xe hai trc thit k khng k lc ly tm v lc
hm, phi c tng thm mt t l phn trm c quy nh trong bng sau
cho lc xung kch.
H s p dng cho ti trng tc dng tnh c ly bng: (1 + IM/100)
Lc xung kch khng p dng cho:

Ti trng b hnh hoc ti trng ln thit k
Tng chn khng chu phn lc thng ng t kt cu phn trn
Thnh phn mng nm hon ton di mt t
Bng lc xung kch IM
Cu kin
Mi ni bn mt cu
Tt c cc trng thi gii hn
Tt c cc cu kin khc
Trng thi gii hn mi v gin
Tt c cc trng thi gii hn khc
IM
75%
15%
25%
172
d. Lc ly tm (CE)
Khi xe chy trn cu cong s gy ra lc ly tm.

Lc ly tm c ly bng tch s ca cc trng lng trc ca xe ti hay xe hai trc
vi h s C ly nh sau:
C =
Trong :
4 v2
3 gR
tc thit k ng t (m/s);
gia tc trng lc 9,807 (m/s2)
bn knh cong ca ln xe (m)
Lc ly tm tc dng theo phng nm ngang cch pha trn mt ng 1800mm

Phi p dng h s ln quy nh trong iu 3.6.1.1.2 ca tiu chun 22TCN272-05
e. Lc hm (BR)
Lc hm c ly bng 25% ca trng lng cc trc xe ti hay xe hai trc thit k

t trn tt c cc ln xe chy cng mt hng.
Lc hm tc dng theo phng dc cu, cch pha trn mt ng 1.800mm.
Phi p dng h s ln quy nh trong iu 3.6.1.1.2 ca tiu chun 22TCN272-05
f. Lc va ca tu thuyn (CV)
Lc va m thng u tu vo tr phi c ly nh sau:

PS = 1.2 x 105 V DWT
Trong :
Ps
lc va tu tnh tng ng (N)
DWT =
tn trng ti ca tu (Mg)
vn tc va tu (m/s)
Bng tu thit k cho cc cp ng sng

Cp ng sng
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Tn trng ti ca tu thit k (DWT)

Tu t hnh
S lan ko
2000
500
1000
500
300
400
200
400
100
100
40
100
173
g. Ti trng gi (WL v WS)
Tc gi thit k V phi c xc nh theo cng thc:
V = VB S
Trong :
VB: tc gi git c bn trong 3 giy vi chu k xut hin 100 nm thch
hp vi vng tnh gi ti v tr cu ang nghin cu, nh quy nh trong
Bng 3.8.1.1-1 ca tiu chun 22TCN272-05
S: h s iu chnh i vi khu t chu gi v cao mt cu theo quy
nh trong bng 3.8.1.1-2 ca tiu chun 22TCN272-05
Bng cc gi tr ca VB cho cc vng tnh gi Vit Nam
VB(m/s)
Vng tnh gi theo

TCVN 2737 - 1995
I
38
II
45
III
53
IV
59
Ch : tnh gi trong qu trnh lp rp, c th nhn cc gi tr VB trong

bng trn vi h s 0,85.
Bng cc gi tr ca S
Khu vc c rng
cao ca mt
cu trn mt t
Khu vc l
hay c nh ca vi
Khu vc c nh
khu vc xung
thin hay mt
cy ci, nh cao ti
ca vi a s nh
quanh hay trn
nc thong
a khong 10m
cao trn 10m
10
1,09
1,00
0,81
20
1,14
1,06
0,89
30
1,17
1,10
0,94
40
1,20
1,13
0,98
50
1,21
1,16
1,01
mt nc (m)
g.1. Ti trng gi nm ngang

g.1.1. Ti trng gi nm ngang tc ng ln cng trnh WS
174
g.1.1.1. Ti trng gi nm ngang theo phng ngang cu
Ti trng gi nm ngang PD c ly theo phng tc dng nm ngang v t
ti trng tm ca cc phn din tch thch hp, v c tnh nh sau:
PD = 0,0006 V2 At Cd 1,8 At
(kN)
Trong :
V : tc gi thit k (m/s)
At : din tch ca kt cu hay cu kin phi tnh ti trng gi ngang (m2)
Cd : h s cn c quy nh trong Hnh 3.8.1.2.1-1
Din tch kt cu hay cu kin ang xt phi l din tch c chiu ln mt
trc vung gc, trong trng thi khng c hot ti tc dng, vi cc iu kin sau
y:
i vi kt cu phn trn (KCPT) c lan can c, din tch KCPT phi bao
gm din tch ca lan can c hng gi, khng cn xt nh hng ca lan
can khng hng gi.
i vi kt cu phn trn c lan can h, ti trng ton b phi ly bng tng
ti trng tc dng ln kt cu phn trn, khi phi xt lan can hng v
khng hng gi ring r tng loi. Nu c hn hai lan can, ch xt nh
hng nhng lan can no c nh hng ln nht v phng din khng che
chn.
i vi kt cu nhp kiu dn, lc gi s c tnh ton cho tng b phn
mt cch ring r c ni hng gi v ni khut gi, m khng xt phn bao
bc.
i vi cc tr, khng xt mt che chn.
H s cn Cd phi tnh theo cc phng php sau:
i vi KCPT c mt trc c, khi kt cu quy i c cc mp cnh dc
ng v khng c gc vut y ng k v kh ng phi ly Cd theo Hnh
3.8.1.2.-1, trong :
b = Chiu rng ton b ca cu gia cc b mt lan can (mm)
d = Chiu cao KCPT bao gm c lan can c nu c (mm)
i vi KCPT gin, lan can v kt cu phn di phi ly lc gi i vi
tng cu kin vi cc gi tr Cd theo Tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 1995 Bng 6
hoc theo ti liu khc c Ch u t duyt.
175
i vi mi KCPT khc, phi xc nh Cd trong hm th nghim gi.
H s cn Cd
h s ti thiu i vi
mt cu t trn dm I,
vi trn 4 dm, hoc
dm hp
T s b/d
H s cn Cd dng cho kt cu phn trn c mt hng gi c
Ghi ch dng cho hnh trn:

1. Cc gi tr cho trong hnh da trn gi thit l mt hng gi thng ng v gi tc
dng nm ngang.
2. Nu mt hng gi xin so vi mt thng ng, h s cn Cd c th c gim
0.5% c mi xin so vi mt ng v ti a c gim 30%.
3. Nu mt hng gi c c phn ng ln phn dc hoc 2 phn dc nghing vi
gc khc nhau, ti trng gi phi ly nh sau:
a) H s cn c bn Cd tnh vi chiu cao ton b kt cu
b) i vi tng mt ng h s cn c bn tnh trn c gim theo ghi ch 2.
c) Tnh ti trng gi tng cng bng cch dng h s cn thch hp cho cc
din tng ng.
4. Nu kt cu phn trn c nng cao, phi ly Cd tng ln 3% cho mi
nghing so vi ng nm ngang, nhng khng qu 25%.
5. Nu kt cu phn trn chu gi xin khng qu 50 so vi hng nm ngang,
phi tng Cd ln 15%. Nu gc xin vt 50 phi chia h s cn cho mt h s
theo th nghim.
6. Nu kt cu phn trn c nng cao ng thi chu gi xin, phi ly h s
cn theo kt qu kho st c bit.
g.1.1.2. Ti trng gi nm ngang theo phng dc cu
176
i vi m, tr, kt cu phn trn (KCPT) l gin hay cc dng kt cu khc c
mt b mt cn gi ln song song vi tim dc ca kt cu th phi xt ti trng gi
dc. Ti trng gi dc c tnh tng t theo cch ca ti trng gi ngang.
i vi KCPT c mt trc c, ti trng gi dc ly bng 0.25 ln ti trng
gi ngang.
Cc ti trng gi dc v ngang phi cho tc dng trong tng trng hp t ti
ring r.
g.1.2. Ti trng gi nm ngang tc ng ln xe c WL
Khi xt t hp ti trng cng III, ti trng ngang ca gi ln xe c bng ti
trng phn b 1.5 kN/m, tc dng theo hng nm ngang vung gc vi tim dc
kt cu v t cao 1800 mm so vi mt ng. Ti trng gi dc ln xe c
bng ti trng phn b 0.75 kN/m tc dng nm ngang, song song vi tim dc kt
cu v t cao 1800mm so vi mt ng.
Phi t ti trng gi ngang v dc ln xe c cho tng trng hp t ti ring r.

g.2. Ti trng gi thng ng
Phi ly ti trng gi thng ng Pv tc dng vo trng tm ca din tch thch
hp theo cng thc:
Pv = 0.00045 V2Av
(kN)
Trong :
V: tc gi thit k (m/s)
Av: din tch phng ca mt cu hay cu kin dng tnh ti trng gi
thng ng (m2).
Ch : Ch tnh ti trng ny cho cc trng thi gii hn khng lin quan n gi
ln hot ti, v ch tnh khi ly hng gi vung gc vi trc dc ca cu. Phi t
ti lc gi thng ng cng vi lc gi nm ngang.
h. Ti trng nc (WA)
h.1. p lc tnh
p lc tnh ca nc c gi thit l tc ng thng gc vi mt cn nc.
177
p lc c tnh ton bng tch ca chiu cao mt nc pha trn im ang
tnh nhn vi t trng ca nc v gia tc trng trng.
h.2. Lc y ni
Lc y ni ca nc l mt lc y hng ln trn c ly bng tng ca cc

thnh phn thng ng ca p lc tnh c xc nh trong iu 3.7.1, tc dng ln tt
c cc b phn nm di mc nc thit k.
h.3. p lc dng chy
h.3.1. Theo chiu dc
p lc nc chy tc dng theo chiu dc ca kt cu phn di phi c tnh

theo cng thc:
p = 5,14 x 10-4 CD V2
Trong :
p
p lc ca nc chy (MPa)
CD
h s cn ca tr ly theo Bng 3.7.3.1-1
vn tc nc thit k tnh theo l thit k cho xi trng thi gii hn

cng v s dng v theo l kim tra xi khi tnh theo trng thi gii
hn c bit (tr trng hp c ghi trong Ghi ch 4 Bng 3.4.1-1)
(m/s)
Bng 3.7.3.1-1- H s cn
Loi hnh
Tr u trn
Tr u vung
Tr c t rc
Tr u nhn vi gc nhn 900 hoc nh hn
Cd
0,7
1,4
1,4
0,8
Lc cn dc c tnh bng tch ca p lc dng chy dc nhn vi hnh chiu ca

din tch mt hng ca tr.
h.3.2. Theo chiu ngang
p lc ngang phn b u trn kt cu phn di do dng chy lch vi chiu dc

ca tr mt gc c ly bng :
p = 5,14 x 104 CL V2
178
Trong :
p
p lc theo chiu ngang (MPa)
CL
h s cn theo chiu ngang ly theo Bng 3.7.3.2-1
Trc dc ca tr
Mt bng tr th hin p lc dng chy

Bng 3.7.3.2-1- H s cn theo chiu ngang
Gc gia hng dng chy
CL
v trc dc ca tr
00
0,0
50
0,5
0
10
0,7
0
20
0,9
0
1,0
30
Lc cn ngang c tnh bng tch ca p lc dng chy theo chiu ngang nhn vi
din tch l ra ca kt cu.

BÀI GIẢNG NỀN MÓNG MỐ TRỤ CẦU

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BÀI GIẢNG NỀN MÓNG MỐ TRỤ CẦU

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC XY DNG MIN TRUNG

Chuyn ngnh : XY DNG CU NG

TP. TUY HA, thng 12 nm 2011

Khi nim chung v nn, mng ...........................................................................1

1.1.1. Khi nim c bn v nn, mng...........................................................................1

Mng cng trnh..................................................................................................2

1.1.2. Phn loi nn, mng.............................................................................................2

Phn loi nn .......................................................................................................2

Phn loi mng....................................................................................................6

Khi nim chung v m tr cu ...........................................................................9

1.2.1. Khi nim chung v m tr cu ...........................................................................9

Phn loi theo cng dc cu.........................................................................11

Phn loi theo h thng kt cu nhp ................................................................13

Phn loi theo vt liu xy dng .......................................................................15

Phn loi theo phng php xy dng..............................................................16

Phn loi theo hnh thc cu to ca m tr .....................................................16

Phn loi theo yu cu s dng.........................................................................18

1.2.3. Vt liu xy dng m tr cu.............................................................................18

Cao nh mng .............................................................................................19

Kch thc m m tr trn mt bng ................................................................21

Xc nh mt s cc kch thc khc ...............................................................23

CHNG 2: TNH TON THIT K MNG NNG..............................................24

Cc khi nim c bn v mng nng .................................................................24

2.1.1. Khi nim ...........................................................................................................24

Thit k mng nng trn nn thin nhin ..........................................................32

2.2.1. Trnh t thit k..................................................................................................32

Trng hp mng chu ti ng tm ................................................................36

Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm..................................................................39

2.2.3. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn (TTGH).................................................45

Xc nh chiu cao b mng .............................................................................46

Tnh ton ct thp cho b mng........................................................................49

CHNG 3: TNH TON THIT K MNG CC .................................................57

Khi nim, phn loi mng cc .........................................................................57

3.1.1. Khi nim mng cc ..........................................................................................57

Phn loi cc .....................................................................................................58

Phn loi mng cc ...........................................................................................59

3.2.1. Khi nim ...........................................................................................................68

3.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo vt liu..........................................69

Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu c hc ca t nn

(phng php tnh)........................................................................................................72

Xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc theo ch tiu trng thi (ch tiu vt

l) ca t nn (phng php thng k) .......................................................................83

Mt s phng php thng dng khc v tnh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc

Thit k mng cc i thp ................................................................................94

3.3.1. Kim tra iu kin mng cc lm vic dng i thp........................................94

Kim tra xuyn thng gia ct (tr) v i.....................................................106

Kim tra xuyn thng gia cc v i ............................................................107

Tnh ton chu un v b tr ct thp cho i..................................................109

Thit k mng cc i cao ...............................................................................125

3.4.1. Khi nim .........................................................................................................125

Xc nh quan h gia iK v iK ...................................................................129

Xc nh quan h gia i v v, u, w...............................................................130

Cu to tr cu ton khi .................................................................................139

4.2.1. Tr nng ...........................................................................................................139

ngha, nhim v ca m trong cng trnh cu..............................................145

Cu to m ton khi .......................................................................................154

CHNG 6: TNH TON M TR CU DM ....................................................162

Khi nim chung ..............................................................................................162

6.1.1. Khi nim chung v thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD).........162

Xc nh mt s ti trng tnh ton m tr cu...........................................168

6.2.1. Ti trng thng xuyn....................................................................................168

CHNG 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V NN MNG V M TR CU

Hnh 1.1. Nn v mng cng trnh.

z(bt ) 10 z( gl ) i vi nn t di y mng l nn t yu.