V danh88.

08

Ng Php Ting Anh

Phonetic Symbols

V danh88.08

Contents
Phonetic Symbols.......................................................................................................................................................4
Alphabet..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Personal pronouns as Subject.....................................................................................................................................8
Simple Present of To Be.......................................................................................................................................10
Plural Nouns.............................................................................................................................................................12
Articles..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Demonstrative Pronouns Adjectives: This / That / These / Those..........................................................................17
Possessive Adjectives...............................................................................................................................................19
Adjective of Quality.................................................................................................................................................20
There is / There are..................................................................................................................................................22
Possessive Case........................................................................................................................................................23
Countable & Uncountable Nouns.............................................................................................................................25
Quantitative Adjectives: Some / Any........................................................................................................................26
Would like................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Imperative forms......................................................................................................................................................28
Personal Pronouns as Object....................................................................................................................................30
Modal verb : Can......................................................................................................................................................32
Simple Present of To Have...................................................................................................................................34
Possessive Pronouns.................................................................................................................................................36
Indefinite Pronoun: One...........................................................................................................................................37
Two Object Verb....................................................................................................................................................38
What ... Like?...........................................................................................................................................................39
Present Continouns Tense.........................................................................................................................................40
Order of Adjectives..................................................................................................................................................43
Adverbs: too / so; either / neither.............................................................................................................................45
Near Future Tense....................................................................................................................................................47
Preposition of place..................................................................................................................................................49
Simple Present of Ordinary Verbs...........................................................................................................................51

V danh88.08
Frequency Adverbs...................................................................................................................................................55
Want......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Adverbs of Manner..................................................................................................................................................57
Simple Past Tense of To Be..................................................................................................................................58
There was / There were............................................................................................................................................60
Adverbs of Degree: Too / Enough............................................................................................................................61
Structures: Too ... To / Enough ... to.........................................................................................................................62
Simple Past Tense of To Have..............................................................................................................................64
Simple Past Tense of Ordinary Verbs.......................................................................................................................66
Quantitative Adjectives: many / much / a little / a few.............................................................................................71
Adjective - Adverb...................................................................................................................................................72
Past Continouns Tense..............................................................................................................................................74
Contrast Between Simple Past & Past Continouns...................................................................................................76
Modal Verb: Could...................................................................................................................................................77
Modal Verb: Must....................................................................................................................................................80
Modal Verb: Need....................................................................................................................................................82
Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers...................................................................................................................................84
Present Perfect Tense................................................................................................................................................85
Contrast between Simple Past & Present Perfect.....................................................................................................89
Comparative.............................................................................................................................................................90
Superlative............................................................................................................................................................... 93
Modal Verb: Have To...............................................................................................................................................96
Simple Future Tense...............................................................................................................................................100
Indefinite Pronouns: Someone / Someone / Somebody / Something / Somewhere................................................102
Indefinite Pronouns: Both / Neither / Either...........................................................................................................104
Conditional Sentences............................................................................................................................................106
Wish Sentences...................................................................................................................................................108
Structure with Used to............................................................................................................................................109
Struncture: So.... that..............................................................................................................................................110
Structure: So that....................................................................................................................................................112
Causative forms......................................................................................................................................................112

V danh88.08
Tag Question..........................................................................................................................................................114
It + to take.............................................................................................................................................................. 115
Preposition: For......................................................................................................................................................115
Relative Pronouns: Who / Which / That.................................................................................................................116
Relative Adverb: Where.........................................................................................................................................118
Interrogative Pronoun: Who...................................................................................................................................119
Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: What...............................................................................................................120
Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Which.............................................................................................................122
Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Whose.............................................................................................................124
Interrogative Adverb: How.....................................................................................................................................126
Interrogative Adverb: Where..................................................................................................................................128
Interrogative Adverb: When...................................................................................................................................129
Ch : Trong cu tr li trn, when l mt t ni..................................................................................................130
Interrogative Adverb: Why.....................................................................................................................................130

Phonetic Symbols

Phin m l mt trong nhng phn kh nht ca ngn ng Ting Anh. N rt a dng v phong ph
nhng hnh thc khc nhau. c c nhng k hiu phin m trong Ting Anh, bn cn nghin cu
mt cch k cng nhng biu tng phin m sau. Chng s gip cho bn c c bt c t no bn gp
trong mt cun t in.
* Vowels: nguyn m
Trong Ting Anh c 12 nguyn m n.
Mi k hiu nguyn n trong Ting Anh, chng ti ss a ra mt k hiu nguyn m Ting Vit
cho cc bn d dng luyn c.

Phin m

Tng ng

Quc t

Ting Vit

V d

i:

i: (c c ko di)

see, meet, meal

six, sit, hit

ten, led, bet

e (c c ko di)

hat, man, cat

V danh88.08

K:

a: (c c ko di)

arm, farm, car

J:

o: (c c ko di)

u:

u: (c c ko di)

Z:

(c c ko di)

learn, first, fur

ago, porter, w

got, hot, not

saw, nor, o
put, good, could
too, two, pool
cup, run, come

* Dipthongs: nguyn m i
Hai nguyn m n hp li to thnh mt nguyn m i.
Trong Ting Anh, c 8 nguyn m i.

Phin m

Tng ng

V d

Quc t

Ting Vit

el

page, cage, came

EF

nose, bone, home

al

ai

five, nice, kind

aF

au

cow, now, out

JI

oi

boy, toy, join

IE

hear, near, fear

eE

hair, where, fair

ju:

iu

tube, suit, new

Ring m /ju:/ va l nguyn m va l ph m (Bn nguyn m bn ph m.)

- Bn nguyn m /ju:/
V d:
tube

/tju:b/

new

/nju:/

V danh88.08

- Bn ph m /ju:/
V d:
university

/ju:nlvEsltl/

European

/ju:ErEpi:En/

Ch : Thng thng trong mt t c bao nhiu nguyn m th c by nhiu vn.

* Consonants: ph m
Phin m

Tng ng

V d

Quc t

Ting Vit

bad, boat, book

th

tea, table, teach

do, deep, dig

kh

cat, coat, cup

get, go, give

tG

ch

chair, teach, watch

pen, put, pub

dC

jack, June, judge

ph

fall, fat, four

very, voice

th

thin, thought, month

this, that, then

so, seven, sew

she, ship, shoot

zoo, zip, pens

vision, pleasure

house, hope

man, make, meet

no, name, none

ng

sing, sink, drink

leg, lip, look

red, room, foor

V danh88.08

yes, young, you

wet, way, why

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alphabet
A B C D E F G H I

K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Pht m:
a

El

Bl

Sl

Dl

i:

Ef

dCi:

eltG

Al

dCel

Kel

El

Em

En

EF

pi:

kju:

a:

Es

ti:

Ju

vi:

V danh88.08

dblju:

Eks

Wal

zed, zi:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal pronouns as Subject

Singular (s it)

Plural (s nhiu)

We

you

You

Third person

he

They

(Ngi th ba)

she

First person
(Ngi th nht)
Second person
(Ngi th hai)

it

* Ngi th nht (first person):

cp n ngi ni (the person speaking).
I

(ti, t, tao, mnh, b)

we

(chng ta, chng ti, chng mnh)

* Ngi th hai (second person):

cp n ngi nghe, ngi i din, ngi c ni vi (the person spoken to).
you

(bn, anh, ch, ng, b, my)

you

(cc bn, cc anh, cc ch, cc ng, cc b, chng my)

you va hnh thc s t va hnh thc s nhiu.

* Ngi th ba (third person):

V danh88.08

cp n ngi khc ngoi hai trng hp trn (the person spoken about).
he

(anh y, ng y, n, hn)

she

(ch y, b y, c y, hn, n)

it

(n, vic )

they

(h, chng n)

Ch : i t I (ti) lung c vit hoa d n ng bt k v tr no trong cu.

Trong Ting Anh, i t c xng h mang ngha khc nhau theo vn cnh. trong nhng vn
cnh khc nhau th cc bn phi hiu v dch ngha ca cc i t nhn xng mt cch linh ng.

V d: (xt tnh hung sau:)

Teacher: How are you?
Pupils: We are fine, thanks.

(Cc em c kho khng?)

(Chng em kho, cm n c.)

Trong trng hp trn, c gio ang cho hi cc hc sinh v th you khng mang ngha l cc
bn m phi l cc em, v We c ngha l chng em.
Tt c nhng i t nhn xng c cp trn ng vai tr l ch ng trong cu. Vy ch ng l
g?
Bn c th hiu ch ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:

Ai/ci g + ng t, hnh ng, s vic?

Trong cu khng nh, ch t thng ng trc ng t.

V d:
1.

He is a teacher.

(ng y l mt gio vin.)

Phn tch:
Ai l gio vin? --> ng y
Nh vy ng y l ch ng.
2.

The book is on the table.

(quyn sch nm trn bn.)

Phn tch:
Ci g trn bn? --> quyn sch
Nh vy, quyn sch l ch ng.

V danh88.08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simple Present of To Be

Trong phn ny, cc bn lm quen vi ng t To Be th hin ti n.

ng t TO BE th hin ti n gm ba dng: am, is, are c dng theo ch t.

* Affirmative: ( th khng nh)

- Nu ch t l ngi th nht, s t th ta dng am.
I am

vit tt:

Im

V d:
I am Nam
I am a teacher.

(Ti l Nam.)
(Ti l gio vin.)

- Nu ch t l ngi th ba, s t th ta dng is.

He is

vit tt:

Hes

She is

vit tt:

Shes

It is

vit tt:

Its

V d:
He is Tom.

(Anh y l Tom.)

She is Mai.

(C y l Mai.)

It is a book.

( l mt quyn sch.)

- Ngoi hai trng hp trn th ta dng are.

You are

vit tt:

Youre

We are

vit tt:

Were

They are

vit tt:

Theyre

V d:
You are a pupil.

(Cc bn l hc sinh.)

10

V danh88.08

You are pupils.

(Cc bn l nhng hc sinh.)

They are teachers.

(H l nhng gio vin.)

We are engineers.

(Chng ti l nhng k s.)

* Negative: ( th ph nh)
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t To Be, ta ch cn thm not sau ng t To Be.
V d:
I am not a teacher.

(Ti khng phi l gio vin.)

Ch : am not khng c hnh thc vit tt.

She is not Mai.
He is not a doctor.
It is not a book.

(Tn c y khng phi l Mai.)

(Anh y khng phi l bc s.)
(N khng phi l mt quyn sch.)

Ch : is not c vit tt l isnt

You are not a pupil.
You are not pupils.

(Bn khng phi l hc sinh.)

(Cc bn khng phi l nhng hc sinh.)

They are not teachers.

(H khng phi l nhng gio vin.)

We are not engineers.

(Chng ti khng phi l nhng k s.)

Ch : are not c vit tt l arent

* Interrogative (YES-NO Question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn. i vi ng t To Be, ta a To Be ra ng trc ch ng.
Cu nghi vn cn c gi l cu hi Yes No question v th khi tr li nhng cu hi ny,
chng ta thng dng: Yes hoc No.
Nu ng , chng ta c mu cu: Yes, Subject + Be.
Nu khng ng , chng ra s dng mu cu: No, Subject + Be + not
V d:
Interrogative:

11

V danh88.08

Are you a teacher?

(c phi bn l gio vin?)

Answer:
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Interrogative:
Is she Mai?

(C phi tn c y l Mai?)

Answer:
Yes, she is.
Or :

No, she isnt.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Plural Nouns

a. Hnh thc:
Danh t dng s nhiu c thnh lp bng cch thm s/es vo sau danh t s t v loi b a/an
trc danh t .

* Nguyn tc chung: thm S vo sau danh t.

V d:
a book

books

a pen

pens

a boy

Boys

( nhng quyn sch)

(nhng cy vit)
(nhng cu b)

* Nu danh t tn cng l cc ph m /s/ /Z/ /tG/

/G/ th ta thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:
a box

Boxes

a watch
a glass

watches
glasses

a dish

dishes

(nhng ci hp)
(nhng ci ng h)
(nhng ci ly)
(nhng ci a)

12

V danh88.08

* Nu danh t tn cng l f, fe th ta i f, fe thnh v ri thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:
a knife

knives

(nhng a b)

a leaf

leaves

(nhng chic l)

* Nu danh t tn cng l y v trc y l ph m th ta i y thnh i ri thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:
a baby

babies

a candy

candies

(nhng a b)
(nhng ci ko)

* Nu danh t tn cng l y v trc y l nguyn m th ta nguyn y, ri thm s vo sau danh

t.
V d:
a key

keys

a day

days

(nhng cha kho)

(nhng ngy)

* i vi mt s danh t bt quy tc, cc bn cn phi hc thuc lng.

a man

--> men

(mt ngi an ng --> nhng ngi n ng)

a woman

--> women

a foot

--> feet

a child

--> children

a tooth

--> teeth

(mt ci rng --> nhng ci rng)

a goose

--> geese

(mt con ngng --> nhng con ngng)

a louse

--> lice

(mt con rn --> nhng con rn)

a mouse

--> mice

(mt con chut --> nhng con chut)

ox

--> oxen

(mt ngi n b --> nhng ngi n b)

(mt bn chn --> nhng bn chn)
(mt a tr --> nhng a tr)

(mt con b --> nhng con b)

13

V danh88.08

b. Quy tc pht m ca cc danh t tn cng l s/es:

* es thng c c l /Iz/ khi n ng sau cc m gi (hissing sounds) hoc sau /s/, /z/,
/tG/, /dC/, /G/
V d:
glasses
boxes
watches
fishes

(nhng ci ly)
(nhng ci hp)
(nhng ci ng h)
(nhng con c)

* S thng c c l /s/ khi ng sau /p/, /t/, /k/, /H/, /f/.

V d:
cups

(nhng ci tch)

students

(nhng sinh vin)

desks

(nhng ci bn)

Ngoi cc trng hp trn, cc t tn s thng c c l /z/.

V d:
pupils
doctors
clowns

(nhng hc sinh)
(nhng bc s)
(nhng anh h)

pens

(nhng cy vit)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Articles

C hai loi mo t: mo t xc nh (Definite Article) v mo t khng xc nh (Indefinite

article)
a. Definite Article: the
- Hnh thc:
Mo t the tn ti cng chung mt hnh thc the cho d n i vi danh t s t hay s
nhiu.

14

V danh88.08

V d:
the girl

(mt c gi)

the girls

(nhng c gi)

- Cch dng:
* Ta dng mo t xc nh the trc mt danh t xc nh r hoc c cp n ln
th hai.
V d:
There are a boy and a girl. The boy is tall but the girl is short.
(C mt cu b v mt c gi. Cu b th cao nhng c b th thp.)

* Ta dng mo t xc nh the i vi nhng danh t c xem l duy nht.

V d:
the world

(th gii)

the earth

(tri t)

the ocean

(i dng)

the sun
the moon
the sky
the equator
the starts

(mt tri)
(mt trng)
(bu tri)
(ng xch o)
(nhng v sao)

* Ta dng mo t the trc nhng tnh t dng so snh nht hoc s th t.

V d:
the best student.

(sinh vin gii nht.)

the biggest house

(ngi nh ln nht)

the first person

(ngi th nht)

the second person

(ngi th nh)

b. Indefinite articles

15

V danh88.08

Mo t a/an:
- Hnh thc:
* Nu danh t bt u bng mt ph m (cosonant) th mo t ng trc n l a.
V d:
a man

(mt ngi)

a hat
a lamp

(mt ci m)
(mt cy n)

Tuy nhin trong trng hp, c nhng t bt u bng ph m cm (khng c pht m)

v sau n l nguyn m ta vn dng an.
V d:
an apple
an island
an uncle
an egg

(mt qu to)
(mt hn o)
(mt ng ch)
(mt qu trng)

Trong trng hp danh t bt u bng mt bn ph m /ju:/ th mo t ng trc n l

a.
V d:
a university

(mt trng i hc)

ju:
khng th ni: an university

* Cch s dng
A/An c s dng trc danh t s t, m c khi danh t ny c cp n ln
u tin v ch ngi hoc vt chung chung.
This is a passport.

(y l h chiu.)

That is an eraser.

(y l mt cc ty)

A/An c s dng trc danh t ch ngh nghip.

He is an actor.

(Anh y l mt din vin.)

16

V danh88.08

She is a teacher.

(C y l mt gio vin)

A/An c ng trc mt t nh lng.

A lot of food

(nhiu thc n)

A box of chalks.

(mt hp phn)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Demonstrative Pronouns Adjectives: This / That /

These / Those

* Demonstrative pronouns:
That, this, these, those l nhng i t ch nh.
That & this i vi danh t s t.
- That: , kia, ci , ci kia
Ta dng that khi ni v mt ngi hay mt vt xa.
- This: y, ny, ci ny
Ta dng this khi ni v mt ngi hay mt vt gn.
V d:
Affirmative:

This is Lan.

(y l lan)

-->

Negative:

This is not Lan.

-->

Interrogative:

Is this lan?

Affirmative:

That is your book.

(y khng phi l lan)

(y c phi l lan khng?)

( l quyn sch ca bn.)

-->

Negative:

That is not your book.

( khng phi l quyn sch ca bn)

-->

Interrogative:

Is that your book?

( c phi l quyn sch ca bn khng?)

17

V danh88.08

These & those i vi danh t s nhiu.

These: nhng ngi, vt ny, n c s dng ch nhng ngi hoc vt gn.
V d:
These are your pens.

(y l nhng cy bt ca bn.)

-->

Are these your pens?

(y c phi l nhng cy bt ca bn?)

-->

Yes, they are.

These are his pencils.

(y l nhng cy bt ch ca anh y.)

-->

Are these his pencils?

-->

No, they arent.

(y c phi l nhng cy bt ch ca anh

y?)

Those: Nhng ngi hoc vt kia, nhng ngi hoc vt , n c s dng

ch nhng ngi hoc vt xa.
V d:
Those are your books.

( l nhng quyn sch ca bn.)

-->

Are those your books?

-->

Yes they are.

( c phi lk nhng cy bt ca bn?)

Those are her notebooks.

-->

Are those her notebooks?

-->

No, they arent.

( l nhng quyn v ca c y.)

( c phi l nhng quyn v ca c

y?)

* Demonstrative Adjectives: That, this, these, those

Nhng tnh t ch nh this. that, these, those ng trc danh t v b ngha cho danh t
.
This, that: ng trc danh t s t.
V d:
This is good.

(Quyn sch ny hay.)

That book is good.

(Quyn sch hay.)

18

V danh88.08

These, those: ng trc danh t s nhiu.

V d:
These books are good.

(Nhng quyn sch ny hay.)

Those books are good.

(Nhng quyn sch hay.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Possessive Adjectives

Cc bn hc v personal Pronouns (i t nhn xng) ng vai tr ch t (Subject). By

gi, chng ta lm quen vi cc tnh t s hu (Possessive Adjectives.)

Cc tnh t s hu tng ng vi i t nhn xng:

Personal Pronoun

Possessive adjective

my

You

your

He

his

She

her

It

its

We

our

You

your

They

their

V d:
My book is red.

(Quyn sch ca ti mu .)

He is helping his sister.

Our sister is helping him.
My name is Ba.

(Anh y ang gip ch ca anh y)

(Ch ca chng ti ang gip anh y.)
(Tn ca ti l Ba.)

Ch :
- Tnh t s hu khng thay i d n i vi danh t s t hay danh t s nhiu.

19

V danh88.08

- Tnh t s hu lun ng trc danh t s t ln s nhiu v b ngha cho danh t

v tnh t s hu.
- Nu mt danh t c nhiu tnh t b ngha th tnh t s hu lun ng trc cc
tnh t kia.
V d:
It is my book.

(y l quyn sch ca ti.)

It is her red hat.

(y l ci m mu ca c y.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adjective of Quality
* Tnh t ch cht lng bao gm nhiu loi nh sau:
- Tnh t ch kch c (khng k tnh t tittle)
small # big

(nh # ln)

long # short

(di # ngn)

- Tnh t ch s m t chung: (bao gm tnh t ch tnh cht, tnh cch, tnh cm)
kind # mean
tame

(tt bng # hn)

# wild

(thun, thun ho # hoang d)

ugly # beatiful

(xu # p)

hot # cold

(nng # lnh)

old # new

(c # mi)

- Tnh t m t v tui tc: (bao gm c tnh t tittle)

old # young
little # adult

(gi # tr)
(nh # trng thnh)

- Tnh t m t v hnh dng:

fat # thin

(mp # m)

tall # short

(cao # ln)

20

V danh88.08

- Tnh t m t v mu sc:
black # white

(en # trng)

- Tnh t ch vt liu:
woolen

(bng len)

wooden

(bng g)

golden

(bng vng)

- Tnh t ch ngun gc:

(Quc tch ca mt ngi, a im ca vt c lm ra.)
Vietnam --> Vietnamese

(nc Vit Nam --> ngi Vit Nam)

Japan --> Japanese

(nc Nht --> ngi Nht)

China --> Chinese

(nc Trung Quc --> ngi Trung Quc)

- Tnh t ch mc ch:
walking

(i b, i do)

weeding

(giy c)

walking stick

(gy i b)

V d:

weeding hoe

(cuc giy c)

* Tnh t cht lng l t thng c t sau ng t TO BE hay trc danh t ni v

tnh trng hay tnh cht ca ngi, vt, s vt.

Cu trc cu:

S + BE + Adj
OR:

S + BE + a/an + Adj +Noun

V d:
She is young.

21

V danh88.08

-->

She is a young girl.

Chi is tall and thin

(Chi cao v gy.)

Tuan is fat and short.

-->

(Tun mp v ln.)

Tuan is a fat and short boy.

Hung is heavy and strong

-->

Hung is a heavy and strong boy.

Bas face is round.

-->

(Hng nng k v mnh)

(Khun mt ca Ba trn tra.)

Ba has a round face.

Mais hair is black and long.

(Mi tc ca Mai mu en v di)

Mai has long and black hair.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is / There are

khng nh s hin din ca vt hay ngi mt ni xc nh no , ta dng cu trc cu

nh sau:

There + BE + Noun
th hin ti, ng t To Be c chia l is hay are tu thuc vo danh t theo sau n l s t hay
s nhiu.
V d:
There is a book on the table.
(C mt quyn sch trn bn.)
Affirmative:
There is one book on the table.
(C mt quyn sch trn bn.)
Negative:
There are not two pencils in the box.
(Khng c hai cy bt ch trong hp.)
Interrogative (Yes No Question):
Are there many pictures in the box?

22

V danh88.08

(C nhiu bc nh trong hp phi khng?)

Answer:

No, there arent./ Yes, there are.

------------------------------------------------

Possessive Case

S hu cch ca danh t (Possessive case of noun)

L cch ni v cch vit ngn gn, ch quyn s hu trc tip ca mt ngi trn mt
ngi hay mt vt. S hu cch ca danh t c to thnh bng cch thm s vo sau danh t
.
Danh t dng s hu cch c gi l possessor.
Danh t ng sau possessor c gi l possession.
V d:
Toms

father

(cha ca Tom)

Minhs

wife

(v ca Minh)

Dicks

friends

Peters

book

(sch ca Peter)

Marys

books

(nhng quyn sch ca Mary)

Possessor

Possession

(nhng ngi bn ca Dick)

i vi danh t s t (singular noun), S hu cch ca danh t c thnh lp bng cch

thm s vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor) .
V d:
My mothers blouse.

(Chic o cnh ngn ca m ti.)

Johns car.

(Chic xe hi ca John.)

Her bosss car.

(Chic xe hi ca ng ch.)

i vi danh t s nhiu dng bt quy tc, s hu cch ca danh t c thnh lp bng

cch thm s vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor).
V d:
child (singular noun) --> children (plural noun)

23

V danh88.08

The childrens toys.

(Nhng chi ca tr em.)

man --> men

The mens shoes.

(Nhng i giy ca n ng.)

i vi danh t s nhiu dng quy tc (thm s hnh thc s nhiu), s hu cch ca

danh t c thnh lp bng cch thm vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor).
V d:
The students pens.

(Nhng cy bt mc ca sinh vin.)

The teachers books. (Nhng quyn sch ca gio vin.)

Ch : - ng t c chia theo possession ch khng chia theo possessor.

V d:
Jims book is on the table.

(Quyn sch ca Jim trn bn.)

Jims books are on the table.

(Nhng quyn sch ca Jim trn bn.)

- Khi cc bn ni n vt s hu mt vt no , chng ta khng dng s hu cch. Cc

bn s dng of ch s s hu .
V d:
The roof of the building.

(Mi ca to nh.)

Khng ni: The buildings roof.

The end of the street.

(Cui con ng.)

- Cc bn c th dng hai dng s hu cho ni chn, cc t chc.

V d:
Londons museums.
or

(Nhng vin bo tng ca London.)

The museums of London.

The companys future.

or

(Tng lai ca cng ty.)

The future of the company.

24

V danh88.08

* Cch pht m s
s c 3 cch pht m nh danh t s nhiu.
/z/: Johns
/s/: students
/iz/: bosss

--------------------------------------------------------

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

* Cc bn hy xt mt s trng hp khc nhau gia danh t m c v danh t khng
m c sau:
- Danh t m c (countable noun)
Xt v d:
I eat two bananas every day.

(Mi ngy, ti n hai qu chui.)

I like banana.

(Ti thch chui.)

==> Banana l mt danh t m c.

i vi danh t m c, khi chuyn danh t t s t sang danh t s nhiu, ta thm S
sau danh t .
Danh t m c ch nhng s vt hay s vic ta c th m hay tnh ton.
C th ni one banana, two bananas...

- Danh t khng m c (uncountable noun)

Xt v d:
I eat rice every day.

(Mi ngy, ti u n cm.)

I like rice.

(Ti thch n cm.)

==> Rice l mt danh t khng m c.

Cc danh t khng m c ch c mt dng.

Danh t khng m c ch nhng s vt hay s vic chng ta khng th m hay tnh
ton c. Ta khng th ni one rice two rice...

25

V danh88.08

Nhng danh t khng m c thng c cc n v o lng (ton, kilogram, meter...) i

km.

* Nhiu danh t c th dng nh l danh t m c hay khng m c, thng l vi

cc ngha khc nhau.
Xt v d:
I bought a paper.

(Ti mua mt t bo.)

Paper: danh t m c.
I need some paper.

(Ti cn mt t giy)

Paper: danh t khng m c.

There is a hair in my soup.
(C mt si tc trong chn sp ca ti.)
Hair: danh t m c
You have long hair.

(Bn c mi tc di.)

Hair: danh t khng m c.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Adjectives: Some / Any

Some & any l nhng tnh t ch s lng.

a. Some & any ng trc danh t s nhiu.
Mt s cch dng khc ca some v any nh sau:
* Some:
- Some c s dng trong cu khng nh.
- Some i vi danh t khng n c, c ngha cht t.
V d:
There is some wine in the bottle.
(C mt cht ru trong chai.)
Wine: danh t khng m c.

26

V danh88.08

- Some cng c th i vi danh t m c, s nhiu, c ngha l mt vi.

V d:
There are some students in the class.
( C mt vi sinh vin trong lp.)
Student: danh t c th m c.

* Any:
- Any c ngha l no, no c.
- Any c dng trong cu nghi vn v ph nh.
- Any i vi danh t khng m c.
V d:
Is there any wine in the bottle?
(C mt cht ru no trong chai khng?)
There isnt any wine in the bottle.
(Khng c mt cht ru no c.)
- Any cng c th i vi danh t m c, s nhiu.
V d:
Are there any students in the class?

(C sinh vin no trong lp khng?)

There arent any students in the class.

(Khng c sinh vin no trong lp c.)

b. i khi Some & any i vi danh t hnh thc s t, m c khi:

- Some: c ngha khng ch r, khng ni r.
V d:
Some man is in that house.

(Mt ngi n ng no trong ngi nh kia.)

- Any: c ngha mi (= every), khng c bit, khng mang tnh c th.

V du:
Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.

27

V danh88.08

(Bt c mt quyn t in no cng cho bn bit ngha ca nhng t ny.)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Would like

Would like: Mun, cn, thch.

Would like: c vit tt: d like
Sau would like c th l mt danh t (Noun) hay l mt to- infinitive.
th khng nh, would like c s dng by t mun ca mnh hoc a ra li
ngh, yu cu mt cch lch s.
V d:
I would like a menu.

(Ti cn mt thc n)

= Id like a menu.
I would like some cheese.
(Ti mun dng mt t pho mt.)
= Id like some cheese.
I would like to buy a dictionary, please.
(Ti mun mua mt quyn t in.)
= Id like to buy a dictionary, please.
th nghi vn hay cu hi, would like c s dng nh l mt li mi lch s v t nh.
V d:
Would you like some soup?

(Bn mun dng mt t sp khng?)

Which soup would you like?

(Bn mun dng loi sp g?)

Trong cu hi, would s c t trc ch ng.

----------------------------------------------

Imperative forms
a. Hnh thc:
Dng khng nh:

Vo (bare infinitive)

28

V danh88.08

Dng ph nh:

Dont + Vo

V d:
Open the door, please.
Dont look at your books.
Dont be late.
Bn c th thm please vo u cu hoc cui cu khi a ra mt cu mnh lnh lch s
v t nh.

b. Cch s dng:
- Cu mnh lnh dng ra lnh cho ngi khc thng ch dng trong hon cnh ngi
ln tui ra lnh cho ngi nh tui.
Sit down.

(Hy ngi xung.)

- Cu mnh lnh dng nh mt li mi.

Have some tea please.

(Dng mt t nc tr nh?)

- Cu mnh lnh c s dng nh l mt li ch dn.

Take the second turning the lest.

(Hy r tri ti ng t th hai.)

- Cu mnh lnh c dng nh mt li cnh co.

Look! A bus is coming.

(Nhn ka! xe bt ang n.)

- Cu mnh lnh c dng nh mt li cm on.

Keep off the grass.

(Cm i trn c.)

* i vi cc ng t i vi mt gii (two-word verb)

- Vi loi ng t c th tch ra (separable), cc bn c th t mt tn ng gia ng t
v gii t.
put on

mc (qun o), bt (n), ln cn.

take off

ci (qun o), ly i, ct cnh.

put away

dnh, dnh dm, em i ni khc.

V d:

29

V danh88.08

1. Put on your shoes.

(Hy mang giy vo.)

2. Put them on.

3. Take off your hat.

(Hy m m ra.)

4. Take it off.
5. Put away these dishes.

(Hy em nhng ci a ny i ni khc.)

6. Put them away

- i vi cc ng t khng th tch ra (inseparable), cc bn khng th t mt tn ng

gia ng t v gii t.
listen to

(nghe, lng nge)

wait for

(ch, i)

look at

(nhn, xem)

V d:
1. Listen to the music.

(Hy nghe nhc.)

Khng th ni: Listen the music to.

2. Wait for me.

(Hy i ti nh.)

Khng th ni: Wait me for.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal Pronouns as Object

Cc bn bit v i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) ng vai tr ch ng (subject).
By gi cc bn s hc thm v i t nhn xng lm tn ng (object) trong cu.
Cc i t nhn xng lm tn ng tmg ng vi cc i t nhn xng lm ch ng:

Subject

Object

me

we

us

Second person

you

you

Third person

He

him

First person

30

V danh88.08

She

her

It

it

They

them

Tn ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:

ng t + ai / ci g?

- i t nhn xng lm tn ng ng sau ng t thng.

V d:
Road signs hepl us
(Nhng k hiu giao thng ng ph gip chng ta.)
Gip ai ? --> gip chng ta (us).
V th, us lm tn ng trong cu.

- i t nhn xng lm tn ng i khi ng sau gii t.

V d:
He often goes to the zoo with me.

(Anh y thng i n s th vi ti.)

i n s th vi ai? --> vi ti.

V th, me lm tn ng trong cu.
My father give it to me on my birthday.
(Cha ti tng n cho ti nhn ngy sinh nht ca ti.)
Trong cu ny c hai tn ng trong cu:
Cho ci g? --> cho n (it). V th it lm tn ng trong cu.
Cho ai? --> cho ti (me). V th me lm tn ng trong cu.

----------------------------------------------------------------

Modal verb : Can

31

V danh88.08

a. Can l mt ng t khim khuyt

- Sau can l mt ng t nguyn mu khng to:

Can + B.I

Affirmative:
th khng inh, can ng dng cho tt c mi ngi.
I can swim.
He can swim.
They can swim.

Negative:
Khi mun i sang th ph nh, ta thm not vo sau ng t can.
I cannot swim. / I cant swim
He cannot swim. / He cant swim
They cannot swim. / He cant swim
Cannot c vit tt l cant

Interrogative (hoc Yes-No Question):

Khi t cu hi, ta o ng t can ra trc ch t.
Can I swim?
Can he swim?
Can they swim?
Answer:
Yes, you can.
No, you cant.
Wh Question:
Khi t cu hi Wh, cc bn c cc cu trc cu sau:

WH... + CAN + S + B.I?

V d:
What can I do to make you happy?
Where can I stay?

32

V danh88.08

WH...+ CAN + B.I?

V d:
Who can answer this question?

WH... + NOUN + CAN + S + B.I?

V d:
Which thing can I do?

b. Cch dng
- ng t can c dng trong cu khng nh din t mt kh nng c th lm mt
iu g trong hin ti hoc tng lai.
V d:
You can ski on the hills.

(Bn c th trt tuyt trn i.)

- Can c s dng din t mt s cho php lm iu g trong hin ti v tng lai.

V d:
Why dont you ring him? You can use my phone.
(Ti sao bn khng gi in cho anh y?
Bn c th s my in thoi ca ti.)

- Can th ghi vn c s dng nh l mt li ngh, li xin php.

V d:
Can you help me?
Can I help you?

(Bn c th gip ti c khng?)

(Ti c th gip g bn khng nh?)

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Simple Present of To Have

33

V danh88.08

ng t thng Have l mt ng t bt quy tc v th cc bn cn hc thuc cc chia ca

n. Have mang ngha l s hu hay c

Affirmative:
I have

(got)

You have

(got)

He has

(got)

She has

(got)

It has

(got)

We have

(got)

You have

(got)

They

(got)

Ch : Have c vit tt l ve

Negative:
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t c bit Have, ta c hai cch i:
- Thm not sau ng t Have hoc Has.
- Hoc mn tr ng t do / does, ri thm not sau tr ng t .

I have not

(got)

You have not

(got)

He has not

(got)

He doesnt have

She has not

(got)

She doesnt have

It has not

(got)

It doesnt have

We have not

(got)

We dont have

You have not

(got)

You dont have

They have not

(got)

They dont have

Ch : have not c vit tt l havent

has not c vit tt l hasnt

34

I dont have
You dont have

V danh88.08

Interrogative:
Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, ta cng c hai cch i:
- Ta a ng t Have hoc Has ra ng trc ch ng.
- Mn tr ng t do / does, sau a chng ra ng trc ch ng.
Thm du hi cui cu.
Have I

(got)?

Do I have?

Have you

(got)?

Do you have?

Has he

(got)?

Does he have?

Has she

(got)?

Does she have?

Has it

(got)?

Does it have?

Have we

(got)?

Do we have?

Have you

(got)?

Do you have?

Have they

(got)?

Do they have?

Got c th c i theo sau ng t have. N khng lm thau i g v ngha. Have got

vn c ngha l c hoc s hu. Tuy nhin got khng c them vo trong nhng cu tr
li ngn.
V d:
Have you got any children?

(Bn c con cha?)

Yes, I have.
Has he got a bicycle?

(Anh y c xe p ch?)

No, he hasnt.
Ch : im khc nhau gia have/has v there are / there is nh sau:
- There is / are: cp n ngi hay vt hin c mt a im no .
V d:
There is a telephone on the table.
There are some books in the drawer.
- Have / Has (got): khi xc nh r quyn s hu.
V d:
Ive got a camera.

35

V danh88.08

Shes got a sister.

----------------------------------------------------

Possessive Pronouns

Cc bn lm quen vi tnh t s hu, by gi cc bn s lm quen vi i t s hu. C

mt s c im khc nhau gia i t s hu v tnh t s hu nh sau:
a. Hnh thc:

Tnh t s hu

i t s hu

my

mine

your

yours

his

his

her

hers

its

its

uor

ours

your

yours

their

theirs

b. Cch dng:
Tnh t s hu ng trc danh t, b ngha cho danh t v mt s hu.
i t s hu c dng thay th cho mt tnh t s hu v mt danh t c
cp n, nhm trnh s lp li.
V d:
This is our room. That is theirs.
Poss. Adj + Noun

Poss. Pron

i t s hu c th lm ch ng hoc tn ng trong cu.

V d:
This is my book. Its mine.
Poss. Adj

Poss Pron (O)

36

V danh88.08

My dress is blue. Here is yellow. o

Poss Adj

Poss Pron (S)

Ch : Cng nh tnh t s hu, cc i t s hu vn gi nguyn hnh thc ca chng cho

du chng c thay th cho tnh t s hu vi danh t hnh thc s nhiu hay s t.
V d:
These are my books. Those are mine.

--------------------------------------------------------

Indefinite Pronoun: One

Xt tnh hung sau:

Alice went to the dentists to test her teeth. Conversation between the dentist and Alice as
following:
Alice:

My teeth hurt. I can not chew.

Dentist:
Alice:

(Rng ca ti au. Ti khng th nhai.)

Which one is it?

The one is in the upper jaw.

(Ci rng no au?)

(Ci rng hm trn.)

Trong on i thoi trn, chng ta c th on one thay th cho danh t c cp trong

cu trc?
One l i t thay th cho danh t tooth. ng l nha s phi ni Which tooth is it? v
Alice p: the tooth is in the upper jaw.
* Chng ta s dng i t one hoc ones thay th cho danh t c cp n trong cu hay mnh
trc.

Ones thay th cho danh t s nhiu v one thay th cho danh t s t.

V d:
Mary wants a red skirt but Mrs Green bought her a blue one.
(Ma ry mun mt vy ngn mu nhng b Green mua cho c y mt vy ngn mu xanh.)
i t one cu trn thay cho danh t skirt.

37

V danh88.08

We dont like these magazines. We like those ones.

(Chng ti khng thch nhng tp ch ny. Chng ti thch nhng tp ch kia.)
i t ones cu trn thay cho danh t magazines.

Chng ta c th s dng mo t the vi one hoc ones khi danh t c xc nh.

V d:
Whichs coat is yours?

(Ci o khoc no ca bn?)

The one on the chair is mine.

(o khoc trn gh ca ti.)

---------------------------------------------------------

Two Object Verb

Two-object verb: l loi ng t i vi hai tn ng trong mt cu.

Two-object verb + O (someone) + O (something)

Tn ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:

ng t + ai/ci g?
V d1:
Give me the book.

(Hy a cho ti quyn sch.)

Phn tch:
Cho ai? --> cho ti
-->

Nh th me (ti) l tn ng.

Cho ci g? --> cho quyn sch

-->

Nh th the book (quyn sch) l tn ng.

V d2:
Can you show me the book?
(Bn c th cho ti xem quyn sch?)
Phn tch:

38

V danh88.08

Ch cho ai? --> ch cho ti

-->

Nh th me (ti) l tn ng.

Ch ci g? --> Ch quyn sch

-->

Nh th the book (quyn sch) l tn ng.

Trong mt s trng hp, i vi Two-object verb c gii t theo sau ta c th t gii t gia hai
tn ng: tn ng ch ngi v tn ng ch vt khi v tr ca hai tn ng ny c th o ngc li.

Two-object verb + O (something) + preposition + O (someone)

V d:
Give the book to me.

(Hy a cho ti quyn sch.)

Can you show the book to me?

(Bn c th cho ti xem quyn sch?)

Ch : Mt ng t c gii t theo sau nh:

bring something to someone.
send something to someone.

(Mang ci g n cho ai.)

(Gi ci g n cho ai.)

buy something for someone.

(Mua ci g cho ai.)

Take someone to somewhere.

(a ai n ni no.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

What ... Like?

Khi mun hi v c im, tnh cht, ca mt ngi, mt vt hay mt s vic no , cc bn c

th s dng What ..Like trong cu trc sau:

WHAT + TO BE + S + LIKE?
Ngha: ... nh th no?

V d:
What is the weather like in the summer?

39

V danh88.08

(Thi tit nh th no vo ma h?)

-->

It is very hot.

(Tri rt nng.)

What is the weather like in your country?

(Thi tit nh th no nc bn?)
-->

It is very sunny in dry season and rainy in rainy season.

(Tri rt nng vo ma kh v ma nhiu vo ma ma.)
What is she like?

-->

(C y nh th no nh?)

She is very nice.

(C y d thng.)

What is that book like?

-->

(Quyn sch nh th no?)

It is very good.

(N hay lm.)

---------------------------------------------------------------

Present Continouns Tense

Th hin ti tip din: (Present continouns tense)

a. Cch thnh lp:

S + BE + V ing
V d:
Im reading.

(Ti ang c.)

He is reading.

(Anh y ang hc.)

They are reading.

(H ang c.)

Negative:
Mun chuyn mt cu khng nh th hin ti tip din sang cu ph nh th ta thm not vo
ngay sau ng t TO BE.

S + BE + Not + V ing

V d:
Im not reading.

40

V danh88.08

He isnt reading.
They arent reading.
Negative:
Mun chuyn mt cu khng nh th hin ti tip din sang cu nghi vn th ta o ng t TO
BE ra trc ch t.
V d:
Are you reading?
Is he reading?
Are they reading?

Wh Question:
Khi t cu hi vi Wh Question, ta c cc cu trc cu sau:

Wh... + BE + S + V - ing?

V d:
What are you doing?
-->

(Bn ang lm ci g vy?)

Im eating.

(Ti ang n.)

What is he doing?
-->

(Anh y ang lm ci g vy?)

Hes reading.

(Anh y ang hc.)

WH... + BE + V ing?
V d:
Who is reading in the living room?
-->

My father is reading in the living room.

b. Cch dng:
- Th hin ti tip din c dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra trong khi ni, thng i
km vi cc trng t nh: now, at the moment, at present.
V d:
The farmers are working in the fields now.

41

V danh88.08

(By gi, nhng bc nng dn ang lm vic trn cnh ng.)

They are playing football at rhe moment.
(Lc ny, h ang chi bng .)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra cha chm dt, thng i km
vi trng t still.
V d:
He is still talking to his girlfriend on the phone.
(Anh ta vn cn ang ni chuyn vi bn gi qua in thoi.)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng nht thi sm mun ri cng chm dt,
thng dng vi today, this morning, this week.
V d:
Mary usually gets up at 5 oclock everyday but today she is getting up at 6 oclock.
(Mary thng thc gic vo lc 5 gi mi ngy nhng hm nay c y thc dy vo lc 6 gi)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din ta mt bc mnh ca ngi ni, thng i km vi trng t
always.
V d:
Tom, Why are you always quarrelling with your brother?
(Tom, ti sao con lun tranh ci vi anh trai vy?)
- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng d nh lm trong tng lai c s sp xp.
V d:
Tom is arriving tomorrow on the 5.30 train.
(Ngy mai Tom s n trn chuyn tu lc 5.30.)

*Mt s quy tc thm ing vo mt ng t:

- Hu ht cc ng t thm ing u khng thay i dng gc.
V d:
wait + ing

-->

waiting

42

V danh88.08

- ng t tn cng nguyn m e, b e trc khi thm ing.

V d:
drive --> driving

- ng t c mt nguyn m ng trc ph m cui, gp i ph m trc khi thm ing.

V d:
swim --> Swimming.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Order of Adjectives

Cc bn lm quen vi cc tnh t ch cht lng (adjectives of quality) nh: Tnh t ch kch

c, tnh t ch s m t chung (bao gm tnh t ch tnh cch, tnh cm), tnh t m t v tui tc, tnh t
m t v hnh dng, tnh t m t v mu sc, tnh t ch vt liu, tnh t ch ngun gc, tnh t ch mc
ch.
By gi cc bn s lm quen vi trt t ca cc tnh t ny nu nh mt danh t c nhiu loi tnh
t i trc b ngha cho n.

Trt t ca cc loi tnh t s c sp xp theo th t nh sau:

10

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Tnh

Danh

Danh

t ch

t m

t m

t m

t ch

ch

s m

t v

t v

t v

ch

ngun

ch

ph

chnh

kch

tui

hnh

mu

vt

gc

mc

chung

tc

dng

sc

liu

ch

V d:
Chi has long black hair.
(1)

(Chi c mi tc en di)

(5)

43

V danh88.08

Mai has oval brown eyes.

(4)

(Mai c cp mt mu , hnh tri xoan.)

(5)

Its a long white Vietnamese dress.

(1)

(5)

(7)

( l mt chic o di trng ca ngi Vit Nam.)

Its an elegant French clock.
(2)

(7)

( l mt chic ng h xinh xn ca Php.)

Its an old plastic bucket.

(3)

( l chic thng nha c k.)

(6)

Its a new riding boot.

(3)

( l chic giy ng mi ci xe.)

(8)

Ch :
Nu trong cu c tnh t s hu, th tnh t s hu s ng v tr u tin.
V d:
He loves his kind old mother very much.
(Anh y yu ngi m gi hin t ca anh y nhiu.)

Nu trong cu c danh t ph lm chc nng b ngha cho danh t chnh th danh t ph s

ng sau cc tnh t, gn danh t chnh.
V d1:
Its a dark blue nylon skirt.
( l mt ci vy ngn bng ni lng mu xanh en.)
nylon: danh t ph
Skirt: danh t chnh
V d2:
Its a short light brown cotton dress.
( l mt chic o m ngn bng c tng mu nht.)
cotton: danh t ph
dress: danh t chnh

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

44

V danh88.08

Adverbs: too / so; either / neither

a. TOO / SO
din t s ng tnh, ng ta dng cc trng t SO hoc TOO.
- SO / TOO: cng vy, cng th
- TOO c t cui cu khng o ng.
- SO c t u cu v phi o ng.
- Cu cp trc phi th khng nh.

* i vi ng t To Be:
V d:
Hes a student. Shes a student, too.
(Anh y l mt sinh vin. C y cng l mt sinh vin)
Hes a student. So is she.
(Anh y l mt sinh vin. C y cng l mt sinh vin.)
I was hungry. She was, too.

(Ti i. C ta cng i.)

I was hungry. So was she.

(Ti i. C ta cng i.)

* i vi ng t thng:
- th hin ti, bn phi mn tr ng t do / does thay cho ng t c s dng trong cu
trc trnh s lp li.
V d:
I like potatoes. She does, too.
(Ti thch khoai ty. C y cng thch khoai ty.)
I like potatoes. So does she.
(Ti thch khoai ty. C y cng thch khoai ty.)

- th qu kh, bn phi mn tr ng t did thay cho ng t c cp trc trnh s

lp li.
V d:

45

V danh88.08

I watched television last night. He did, too.

(Ti xem ti vi ti qua. Anh y cng vy.)
I watched television last night. So did he.
(Ti xem ti vi ti qua. Anh y cng vy.)

b. EITHER / NEITHER
din t s ng , ng tnh nhng li l ph nh ta dng cc trng t either hoc neither.
Either / Neither: cng khng.
- either: c t cui cu, khng o ng, lun c not ng trc either.
- neither: c t u cu, phi o ng.
- Cu c cp trc phi th ph nh.

* i vi ng t to be:
V d:
She wasnt hungry. I was not either.

(C y khng i. Ti cng khng i.)

She wasnt hungry. Neither was I.

(C y khng i. Ti cng khng i.)

They arent thirsty. We are not either.

(H khng kht. Chng ti cngkhng

kht.)
They arent thirsty. Neither are we.

(H khng kht. Chng ti cng khng kht.)

* i vi ng t thng:
- th hin ti:
V d:
My father doesnt drink tea. My brother doesnt either.
(B ti khng ung tr. Anh trai ti cng khng.)
My father doesnt drink tea. Neither does my brother.
(B ti khng ung tr. Anh trai ti cng khng.)

- th qu kh:

46

V danh88.08

Lan didnt like milk. I didnt either.

(Lan khng thch sa. Ti cng

khng.)
Lan didnt like mikl. Neither did I.

(Lan khng thch sa. Ti cng khng.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Near Future Tense

a. Cch thnh lp:
Affirmative:

S + IS / AM /ARE + GOING TO + B.I

V d:
They are going to visit their grandmother in one month.
(Mt thng na, h s i thm b ngoi.)

Negative:

S + IS / AM / ARE + NOT + GOING + B.I.

V d:
They arent going to visit their grandmother in one month.

Interrogative (Yes-No question):

IS / AM / ARE + S + GOING TO + B.I?

V d:
Are they going to visit their grandmother in one month?
Answer:

Yes, they are. / No, they arent.

Wh Question:

47

V danh88.08

WH.... + IS / AM /ARE + S + GOING TO + B.I?

V d:
What are they going to do in one month?
(H s lm g trong mt thng na?)

WH... + IS / AM /ARE + GOING TO + B.I?

V d:
Who is going to visit the president HoChiMinhs mausoleum in one month?
(Ai s thm lng ch tch H Ch Minh trong mt thng na?)

b. Cch s dng:
- Th tng li gn dng din t mt hnh ng sp xy ra hay mt d nh s c thc hin
trong tng li.
- Cc trng t thng xut hin trong cu th tng lai gn nh: tonight, tomorrow, next, in three
days....
V d:
Im going to visit my uncle tomorrow.

Ch : Hai ng t go / come him khi chia th ny, thng hai ng t ny c chia th hin ti
tip din.
He is going to school in fifteen minutes.
(Anh y s i n trng trong mi lm pht na.)
They are coming to the party tonight.
(Ti nay, h s i n ba tic.)

WH... + NOUN + TO BE + S + GOING TO + B.I?

V d:

48

V danh88.08

Which book are you going to borrow from library?

(Bn s mn quyn sch no th vin?)
-->

I am going to borrow picture books.

(Ti s mn nhng quyn truyn tranh.)

-----------------------------------------------------------

Preposition of place
Trong Ting Anh, khi cc bn mun m t v tr ca mt vt hay mt ngi, ta thng s dng
cc gii t ch ni chn.
on: trn
V d:

The cat is on the chair.

(Con mo trn gh.)

under: di
V d:

The mouse is under the chair.

(Con chut di gh.)

in: trong, ti
V d:

Gatwick Airport is in England.

(Phi trng Gatwick nc Anh.)

into: vo trong
V d:

The small car is going into the car park.

(Chic xe hi nh sp sa i vo bi u xe hi.)

out of: ra khi

V d:

The big car is coming out of the car park.

(Chic xe hi ln sp sa i ra khi bi u xe hi.)

up: ln
V d:

The first lift is coming up.

49

V danh88.08

(Cu thang my th nht sp i ln.)

down: xung
V d:

The second lift is coming down.

(Cu thang my th hai sp i xung.)

along: dc theo
V d:

The car is coming along the street.

(Chic xe hi ang i dc theo con ng.)

across: bng qua, ngang qua

V d:

The dog is running across the road.

(Ch ch ang chy ngang qua ng.)

round: vng quanh

V d:

The lorry is coming round the bend.

(Chic xe ti ang i vng quanh ng r.)
inside: bn trong

V d:

A lot of people are inside the stadium.

(Nhiu ngi ang trong sn vn ng.)

outside: bn ngoi
V d:

John is standing outside the stadium.

(John ang ng bn ngoi sn vn ng.)

between: gia
V d:

Gatwick Airport is between London and Brighton.

(Phi trng Gatwick gia London v Brighton.)

in front of: pha trc

50

V danh88.08

V d:

The man is in front of the tree.

(Ngi an ng pha trc ci cy.)

behind: pha sau

V d:

The lion is behind the tree.

(Con s t ng sau ci cy.)

through: xuyn qua

V d:

They walked home through the park.

(H i b xuyn qua cng vin v nh.)

opposite: i din
V d:

The car is parked oppsite the phone box.

(Chic xe hi u i din vi phng in thoi cng cng.)

over: khp, bn trn

V d:

The bridge is over the river.

(Chic cu bc ngang qua dng sng.)

Simple Present of Ordinary Verbs

a. Cch thnh lp:

S + V_(s/es)
Affirmative:
th khng nh, ng t chnh trong cu c chia nh sau:
- Nu ch ng trong cu l ngi th ba s t, thm s vo ng t.
- Nu ch ng l ngi th ba s t m cc ng t tn cng l o, ch, s, x, sh, z, thn es vo ng
t.

51

V danh88.08

V d:
do --> does
miss --> misses
mix --> mixes
catch --> catches
watch --> watches
wash --> washes
buzz --> buzzes
- Nu ch ng l cc ngi cn li, ta gi nguyn ng t dng nguyn mu.
Negative:
Khi mun chuyn mt cu t th khng nh sang th ph nh, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:
- Mn tr ng t does i vi ch ng l ngi th ba s t. Mn do i vi ch ng l cc
ngi cn li.
- Thm not sau ng t.
V d:
Affirmative:
My father gets up at 4 oclock every morning.
(B ti thc dy vo lc 4 gi ng mi bui sng.)
Negative:

--> My father doesnt get up at 4 oclock every morning.

Interrogative:
Khi mun chuyn mt cu t th khng nh sang th nghi vn, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:
- Mn tr ng t does i vi ch ng l ngi th ba s it. Mn do i vi ch ng l cc
ngi cn li.
- t tr ng t ng trc ch ng.

V d:
Affirmative:
The Engllish eat turkey on Christmas day.
(Ngi Anh n mn ga ty vo ngy l Ging Sinh.)

52

V danh88.08

Interrogative:
Do the English eat turkey on Christmas day?
Ch : Khi mn tr ng t thi ta a ng t chnh tr v dng nguyn mu.

Wh Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t, tnh t nghi vn, cc bn c cc cu trc sau:

WH... + DO / DOES + S + B.I?

V d:
What does your father do every morning?
(B ca bn lm g vo mi bui sng?)

WH... + V_(s/es) + O?
V d:
who often washes the dishes after the meals?
(Ai thng ra bt a sau nhng ba n?)

WH... + NOUN + DO / DOES + S + B.I?

V d:
Which book do the children often borrow from the library?
(Bn tr thng mn loi sch g th vin?)
What book do the children often borrow from the library?

b. Cch dng:
- Th hin ti n dng din t mt thi quen, mt tp qun (thng i vi cc trng t ch s
thng xuyn.)
V d:
My father usually gets up at 4 oclock every morning.
(B ti thng thc dy vo lc 4 gi ng mi bui sng.)

53

V danh88.08

- Th hin ti n dng ni v mt s kin khoa hc, mt chn l.

V d:
The earth moves round the sun.

(Tri t quay quanh mt tri)

- Th hin ti n dng din t mt s vic c n nh trong thi kho biu.

V d:
On Monday, I have English.

(Vo ngy th hai, ti c tit hc ting Anh.)

Does Lan have math on Friday?

(Lan c tit hc ton vo ngy th Su c phi khng?)

- Th hin ti n dng ni v mt phong tc, tp qun.

V d:
The Vietnamese often wear Ao Dai dress when they go to church.
(Ngi Vit Nam thng mc o di khi h i nh th.)
The English eat turkey on Christmas day.
(Ngi Anh n mn g ty vo ngy l Ging Sinh.)

c. Cch pht m s, es
Cch pht m s, es nh danh t s nhiu.
- c /s/ sau cc m

/f/

- c /iz/ sau cc m /z/

/p/

/k/

/t/

/d/

/s/

//

/t/

- c l /z/ sau tt c cc m khc.

----------------------------------------------------

Frequency Adverbs
Cc trng t nh: always, occasionally, often,
c s dng din t mt mc thng xuyn.

54

once,

twice, sometimes,

never, usually

V danh88.08

Chng ta c trng t ch mc thng xuyn cao nht l always, ri n usually, often,

frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never.

* V tr ca cc trng t ch s thng xyn:

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng sau ng t to be.
V d:
There is always a crowd in front of the box-office.
(Lun c mt m ng ng trc phng in thoi.)
They were never late for class last year.
(Nm ngoi, h cha bao gi i hc tr.)

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng trc cc ng t thng.

V d:
She frequently goes to the pictures on Saturdays.
(C y thng xuyn i n rp chiu phim vo nhng ngy Th By.)
We often went swimming when we were young.
(Chng ri thng i bi khi chng ti cn tr.)

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng gia cc tr ng t v ng t chnh.

V d:
You should always ride a bicycle carefully.
(Bn nn lun lun li xe cn thn.)

- i khi trng t sometimes c th ng u cu.

V d:
Sometimes I get up at 9 oclock.
(Thnh thong, ti thc gic vo lc 9 gi.)

- Khi trng t often i vi very hoc so th n thng ng sau so v very.

V d:

55

V danh88.08

What a pity! I cant go so often as you can.

(Tht ng tic! Ti khng th i thng xuyn nh bn c.)
Why dont you go so often?
(Ti sao bn khng i thng xuyn nh th?)

* Chng ta cng lu n mt s cm trng t ch s thng xuyn khc nh: once a week, twice a
month, three times a year, hoc every + s m + danh t ch thi gian nh: every two hours, every two
months.
V d:
I go to the pictures once or twice a week.
(Ti i n rp chiu phim mt hoc hai ln mt tun.)

Chng ta t cu hi v s thng xuyn bt u vi: How often....?

V d:
How often do you go to the pictures?

(Bn thng i xem phim bao nhiu ln?)

Want
Khi cc bn ni mun iu g, ci g? hay mun lm mt iu g th cc bn c th s dng
ng t Want din t.
- Sau want c th l mt danh t.

WANT + NOUN

V d:
I am thirsty, I want a drink.

(Ti kht, Ti mun ung nc.)

He is hung ry, he wants some food.

(Anh y i, anh y mun mt t thc n.)

She is tired, she wants a rest.

(C y mt mi, c y mun ngh ngi.)

56

V danh88.08

- Sau want c th s dng mt ng t nguyn mu c to.

WANT + TO INFINITIVE

V d:
I am thirsty, I want to drink.

(Ti kht, Ti mun ung.)

He is hungry, he wants to eat.

(Anh y i, anh y mun n.)

She is tired, she wants to rest.

(C y mt mi, c y mun ngh ngi.)

-------------------------------------------------------------

Adverbs of Manner
Trng t ch th cch c s dng m t mt hnh ng, ng tc din ra nh th no.
V d:
They are talking noisily.
He drives carefully.

(H ang ni chuyn m vi nhau.)

(Anh y li xe rt cn thn.)

Cch thnh lp trng t ch th cch.

ADJECTIVE + LY --> ADVERB OF MANNER

Mt s quy tc thnh lp trng t ch th cch nh:

- Nu tnh t tn cng l mt y, ta chuyn y thnh i, ri thm ly.
V d:

noisy ==> noisily

(n o, m )

- Nu tinh t tn cng l mt nguyn m e, ta vn gi nguyn m e ri thm ly

V d:
extreme ==> extremely

(v cng, tt bc)

Mt s trng hp loi tr, ta b nguyn m e khi thm ly nh:

true ==> truly

(tht s, ng)

57

V danh88.08

due ==> duly

whole ==> wholly

(n k, n hn)
(ton b, y , nguyn vn)

- Nhng tnh t tn cng l cc hu t able, ible, ta b e v thm y.

V d:
capable ==> capably

(c kh nng, c nng lc)

sensible ==> sensibly

(nhy cm, c c xt on)

- Nhng tnh t tn cng l mt nguyn m i vi ph m l th ta gi nguyn v thm ly.

V d:
beautyful ==> beautyfully

(p, hay)

final ==> finally

(cui cng)

* i khi mt s trng t ch th cch khng c hnh thnh t mt tnh t thm ly m n i cc

trng hp ngoi l nh:
good ==> well

(tt, p)

hard ==> hard

fast ==> fast

(kh, cc)
(nhanh)

Simple Past Tense of To Be

Trong phn ny, cc bn lm quen vi ng t To Be th qu kh n.
ng t To Be th qu kh n gm hai dng: were, was c dng theo ch t.

Affirmative: th khng nh
- Nu ch t l s t th ta dng was.
V d:
I was in Manchester.
He was in Manchester.

(Ti sng thnh ph Manchester.)

(Anh y sng thnh ph Manchester.)

She was in Manchester.

It was in Manchester.

(C y sng thnh ph Manchester.)

(N sng thnh ph Manchester.)

58

V danh88.08

- Nu ch t l s nhiu th ta dng were.

V d:
We were in Manchester.

(Chng ti sng thnh ph Manchester.)

You were in Manchester.

They were in Manchester.

(Cc bn sng thnh ph Manchester.)

(H sng thnh ph Manchester.)

Negative: th ph nh
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t To Be, ta ch cn thm not sau ng t To Be.
I was not in Manchester.
He was not in Manchester.
She was not in Manchester.
It was not in Manchester.
We were not in Manchester.
You were not in Manchester.
They were not in Manchester.

Ch :
Was not c vit tt l wasnt
were not c vit tt l werent

Interrogative (YES-NO Question):

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, i vi ng t To Be, ta a To Be ra ng trc ch ng.
Was I in Manchester?
Was he in Manchester?
Was she in Manchester?
Was it in Manchester?
Were we in Manchester?
Were you in Manchester?

59

V danh88.08

Were they in Manchester?

Answer:
Yes, you was. / No, you werent.

* i vi cu hi bt u bi WH, bn theo cu trc cu sau:

WH... + TO BE + S ?

V d:
Where were you yesterday?

(Ngy hm qua bn u?)

Where were they last night?

(m qua h u?)

* Cc trng t, tnh t thng xut hin th qu kh nh:

Yesterday
Last (year, month, week, day....)
Ago

There was / There were

khng nh s hin din ca vt hay ngi mt ni xc nh no , ta dng cu trc nh

sau:

There + Be + Noun

Trong th qu kh, ng t To Be c chia l was hay were tu thuc vo danh t theo sau n l
s t hay s nhiu.
V d:
There was a bookshop her last year.
(C mt hiu sch y nm ngoi.)
Affirmative:

60

V danh88.08

There were two men at the door 5 minutes ago.

(C hai ngi n ng ca ra vo cch y 5 pht.)
Negative:
There wasnt a tennis court in this city then.
(Lc , thnh ph ny khng c sn qun vt.)
Yes No question (interrogative):
Was there an interesting film on television last night?
(Ti qua, c mt b phim hay trn ti vi ?)
Answer: Yes, there was. / No, there wasnt.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adverbs of Degree: Too / Enough

* TOO
- Too: l mt trng t ch mc .
- Trng t too: c ngha l qu, ch mt mc cao hn mc c cho php, mong mun.
- Too: ng trc cc tnh t, trng t ch th cch v b ngha cho cc tnh t, trng t ch th cch :

Too + Adjective / Adverb of manner.

V d:
There is too much pollution in the city.
(C qu nhiu khng kh nhim thnh ph.)
There are too many people in Ho Chi Minh city.
(C qu nhiu ngi thnh ph H Ch Minh.)
He drives too fast.

(Anh ta li xe qu nhanh.)

He sings too badly.

(Anh ta ht qu d.)

* ENOUGH

61

V danh88.08

- Enough: l mt trng t ch mc .
- Trng t enough:c ngha l , ch mt mc va , kha kh.
- Enough: ng trc cc tnh t, danh t b ngha cho tnh t, danh t :

Enough + Noun
V d:
There arent enough books for all the students.
There is enough fresh air in the countryside.

(Khng c sch cho tt c sinh vin)

(C khng kh trong lnh min qu.)

Adjective + Enough
V d:
She is old enough to travel by herself.

(C y ln i du lch mt mnh.)

The suitcase is light enough to carry.

(Chic va li nh mang.)

Structures: Too ... To / Enough ... to

Xt on i thoi sau:
- Tom: Mary, Bring me the hoe please!
(Mary, hy mang ci cuc n y cho anh!)
- Mary: Er.. er.. Its too heavy to bring.
(Er..er.. N qu nng n ni em khng th mang c.)
Trong on i thoi trn Mary t chi mang ci cuc n cho anh trai v cho rng iu qu
sc i vi c b. Its too heavy to bring. Ngc li Tom cho rng Mary sc lm vic . Its light
enough for you to bring.

a. Cc bn s c cu trc din t mt iu g qu kh nng lm.

S + BE + TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO INFINITIVE

62

V danh88.08

V d:
The hoe is too heavy to bring.
The cieling is too high to touch.

(Ci cuc qu nng khng th mng li.)

(Tng nh qu cao khng th chm n c.)

- Nu trong cu cp n i tng khng c kh nng lm c cng vic th cc bn c

cu trc cu sau:

S + TO BE + TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR + SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVE

V d:
That house is too expensive for us to buy.
(Cn nh qu t chng ti khng th mua ni.)
- i khi trong cu cc bn cng c th b to infinitive m ngi c vn hiu c bn mun
ni.
V d:
That T-shirt is too big for me.

(Chic o s mi qu ln i vi ti.)

b. Ngc li vi cu trc cu too... to, chng ta c cu trc vi Enough ...to biu l kh nng ca ai
c th lm c iu g .
Cu trc:

S + BE + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO + INFINITIVE

V d:

Jim is old enough to work in the workshop.

- Nu chng ta mun cp n i tng thc hin c hnh ng th ta c cu trc cu:

S + BE + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + FOR + SOMEONE + TO - INFINITIVE

V d:
Its light eough for you to bring.

--------------------------------------------------------63

V danh88.08

Simple Past Tense of To Have

ng t thng Have l mt ng t bt quy tc v th cc bn cn hc thuc cc chia ca n.

Have mang ngha l s hu hay c.
th qu kh, n c mt dng l Had i vi tt c mi ngi.
Affirmative: (Th khng nh)
I had

(got)

You had

(got)

He had

(got)

She had

(got)

It had

(got)

We had

(got)

You had

(got)

They had

(got)

Ch : Had c vit tt l d.
Negative: (Th ph nh)
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t c bit Have, ta c hai cch i
- Thm not sau ng t Had.
- Hoc mn tr ng t did, thm not sau tr ng t ri a ng t Had v dng nguyn
mu Have.
I had not

(got)

I didnt have

You had not

(got)

You didnt have

He had not

(got)

He didnt have

She had not

(got)

She didnt have

It had not

(got)

We had not

(got)

We didnt have

You had not

(got)

You didnt have

They had not

(got)

They didnt have

It didnt have

Ch : had not c vit tt l hadnt

64

V danh88.08

Interrogative: (Th nghi vn)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, ta cng c hai cch i.
- Ta a ng t Had ng trc ch ng.
- Mn tr ng t did, sau a chng ra ng trc ch ng. Thm du hi cui cu.
Had I

(got)?

Did I have?

Had you

(got)?

Did you have?

Had he

(got)?

Had she

(got)?

Did she have?

Had it

(got)?

Did it have?

Had we

(got)?

Did we have?

Had you

(got)?

Did you have?

Had they

(got)?

Did they have?

Did he have?

Got c th c i theo sau ng t had. N khng lm thay i g v ngha. Had got vn c

ngha l c hoc s hu. Tuy nhin got khng c thm vo trong nhng cu tr li ngn.
V d:
- Had you got any children?

(Bn c con cha?)

+ Yes, I had.
- Had he got a bicycle?

(Anh ta c xe p khng?)

+ No, he hadnt.
Ch : im khc nhau gia had v there were / there was nh sau:
- There were / there was: cp n ngi hay vt hin c mt a im no .
V d:
There was a telephone on the table.

(Ci my in thoi trn bn.)

There were some books in the the drawer.

(C mt vi quyn sch trong hc bn.)
- Had (got): Khi xc nh r quyn s hu.
V d:
I had got a camera.

(Ti c mt ci my nh.)

65

V danh88.08

She had got a sister.

(C y c mt ch gi.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Simple Past Tense of Ordinary Verbs

a. Cch thnh lp th qu kh:
Affirmative:
Regular verbs
th khng inh, i vi ng t quy tc, th qu kh c thnh lp theo cng thc:

S + V_ed

Hnh thc qu kh ca ng t quy tc c thnh lp bng cch thm ed sau cc ng t nguyn

mu.
V d:
work + ed

--> work

watch + ed

--> watched

(lm vic)
(Xem)

Quy tc thm ed:

- ng t tn cng bng e, ta thm d.
live

--> lived

(sng)

tybe

--> tybed

(nh my)

- ng t tn cng bng y, trc y l mt ph m th y c i thnh i ri thm ed.

study --> studied
try

--> tried

stay

--> stayed

(hc, nghin cu)

(c gng, th)

Nhng:
( li)

Khng i y thnh i v trc y l mt nguyn m

66

V danh88.08

- ng t ch c mt vn tn cng bng mt ph m, trc ph m l mt nguyn m, ta gp i

ph m tn cng ri thm ed.
stop

--> stopped

(dng li)

beg

--> begged

(xin, n xin, van xin)

- ng t c hai vn, c trng m nm vn hai th bn gp i ph m cui nu ng t tn

cng bng mt nguyn m ng gia hai ph m.
control

--> controlled (t ch, iu khin)

occur

--> occurred

happen

--> happened

(xy ra)

Nhng:
(xy ra)

khng gp i ph m v trng m ri vo vn u
listen

--> listened

(lng nghe)

Cch pht m ed
- i vi cc ng t c m cui l: /f/

/k/

/p/

/s/

/t/

//, ed c c

l /t/
V d:
laughed /lft/
worked /w:kt/

(ci)
(lm vic)

stopped /stpt/

(dng)

passed /p:st/

(bng qua, vt qua)

washed /wt/

ra, git)

watched /wtt/

(xem)

- i vi cc ng t c m cui l: /t/ /d/, ED c c l /Id/

V d:
wanted /wntId/

(mun cn)

67

V danh88.08

needed

(c n)

/ni:dId/

- i vi cc m cn li (ngoi tr tt c cc m trong hai trng hp tr n), ed c c l /d/

closed /klzd/

(ng)

V d:
He enjoyed the film.

(Anh y thch b phim .)

His secret ary typed and signed the letters for him.
(Th k ca ng y nh my v k nhng l th cho ng y.)

Inrregular verbs:
i vi ng t bt quy tc, th qu kh c thnh lp theo cng thc:

S + V_2nd column

C khong 300 ng t bt quy tc. Cc bn s c cc ng ng t ny ct th th hai ca

bng ng t bt quy tc. i vi nhng ng t nh th ny, cc bn phi hc thuc lng.

Infinitive form

Past tense

go

went

(i)

get

got

buy

bought

(mua)

sing

sang

(ht)

(n, nhn)

V d:
Last Saturday, Mr Brown went to town.
He drank four or five drinks.

(Th By va qua, ng Brown i ra tnh.)

(ng ung khong bn hoc nm ly ru.)

He got the food for his wife.

(ng mua thc n cho v.)

Negative:
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh th qu kh n, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:
- Mn tr ng t did.

68

V danh88.08

- Thm not sau tr ng t.

- a ng t chnh v dng nguyn mu.
V d:
He did not enjoy the film.
Last Saturday, Mr Brown did not go to twon.
Ch : did not = didnt

Interrogative (Yes-No Question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn th qu kh n, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:
- Mn tr ng t did v t did ng trc ch ng.
- a ng t chnh tr v dng nguyn mu.
- t du chm hi cui cu.
V d:
Did he enjoy the film?
Answer:

Yes, he did / No, he didnt.

Last Saturday, did Mr Brown go to town?

Answer:

Yes, he did / No, he didnt.

WH Question:
Khi mun t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, cc bn c cng thc sau:

WH... + DID + S + B.I ?

V d:
When did they leave?

(H ri khi no vy?)

When did they come to?

(H i n u vy?)

WH ... + V (in the past) + O?

V d:
Who visited you last summer?

69

V danh88.08

(Ma h va qua ai n thm bn?)

WH... + NOUN + DID + S + B.I?

V d:
Which game did you like when you were a little boy?
(Tr chi no bn thch khi bn cn l mt cu b?)

b. Cch dng th qu kh n:
- Th qu kh n c s dng din t mt s vic, hnh ng hon thnh trong qu kh
ti mt thi gian xc nh r.
V d:
I met him yesterday.

(Ngy hm qua, ti gp ng y.)

- Th qu kh n c s dng din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.

V d:
He always carried an umbrella when he was young.
(Cu y lun mang theo d khi cu cn nh.)
- Th qu kh n dng din t mt s vic, hnh ng xy ra trong sut mt khong thi gian
di trong qu kh nhng chm dt trong hin ti.
V d:
He worked in that bank for four years.
(ng y lm vic trong ngn hng c bn nm.)
By gi anh ta khng cn lm vic na.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Adjectives: many / much / a little / a few

Much, Many, A little, A few l nhng tnh t ch s lng, chng ng trc danh t v b ngha
cho danh t v mt s lng.

70

V danh88.08

* A little
- A little ch mt s lng (khng m c) t i.
- ng trc danh t khng m c.
V d:
He has a little Brandy everyday.

(Anh ta ung mt t ru Brandy mi ngy.)

Brandy: l danh t khng m c

* A few:
- A few ch mt s lng (m c) nh, t.
- ng trc danh t m c hnh thc s nhiu.
V d:
He eats a few bananas everyday.

(Anh ta n mt vi qu chui mi ngy.)

Bananas: danh t m c

Ch :
- Khi tnh t few, little khng i km vi mo t a, biu hin mt s lng hy nh l khng c,
khan him, thiu thn.
V d:
There was little time for consultation.
(Khng thi gian lm cng vic t vn.)
Hu nh l khng c thi gian.
Few towns have such splendid trees.
(Him c thnh ph no c nhng cy p n th.)
Hu nh l khng c thnh ph no.

* Much:
- Tnh t Much ch mt s lng (khng m c) nhiu.
- Much i vi danh t khng m c.
V d:
He hasnt got much money.

(Anh y khng c nhiu tin.)

Money: danh t khng m c

71

V danh88.08

* Many:
- Tnh t Many ch mt s lng (m c) nhiu.
- Many i vi danh t m c, hnh thc s nhiu.
V d:
She hasnt got many Dollars.

(C y khng c nhiu ng M.)

Dollar: danh t m c.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adjective - Adverb
Trong phn trc, cc bn lm quen vi tnh t ch cht lng v cc trng t ch th cch. By
gi cc bn s tham kho mt s c im khc nhau gia tnh t v trng t .
* Adverb:
- V tr:
Trng t (hay cn gi l ph t) ng sau ng t thng.
V d:
She danced beautifuly.

(C y nhy p tht.)

Trng t ng sau tn ng.

V d:
He gave her the money reluctantly.
They speak Enghlish well.

(Anh y cho c ta tin mt cch lng l.)

(H ni ting Anh tht thng tho.)

Ch : khng t trng t ng gia ng t v tn ng.

Khi chng ta c ng t i vi gii t v theo sau l mt tn ng (verb + preposition + object)

th trng t c th ng hai v tr: ng trc gii t hoc ng sau tn ng.
V d:
He looked at me suspiciously.
(Anh ta nhn chm chm vo ti y v nghi ng)
Or:

He looked suspiciously at me.

72

V danh88.08

Trong trng hp tn ng c gii thch bng mt cm t th trng t bt buc phi ng trc

gii t.
V d:
He looked suspiciously at everyone getting off the plane.
(Anh y nhn chm chm vo mi ngi ang i xung my bay y v nghi ng.)
Getting off the plane b ngha cho everyone v th cc bn khng th t trng t sau everyone.

- Chc nng:
Mc d trng t th cch ng mt s v tr khc nhau nhng n vn b ngha cho ng t thng v
cch thc hnh ng din ra nh th no.
He sings well.

SV Adv

* Adjective
- V tr:
Tnh t ng trc danh t (Noun).
He is a good student.

(Anh ta l mt sinh vin gii.)

Tnh t ng sau ng t ni (Linking verbs)

This soup smells delicious.

(Mn xp ny mi v tht thm ngon.)

- Chc nng:
Tnh t: b ngha cho danh t ng sau n.
V d:
He is a good student.

Adj

(Anh y l mt sinh vin gii.)

N.

Tnh t lm b ng (complements) cho ng t ni.

V d:
He feels thirsty.

(Anh ta cm thy kht.)

link-V C
73

V danh88.08

----------------------------------------------------

Past Continouns Tense

a. Cch thnh lp th qu kh tip din
Affirmative:
th khng inh, th qu kh tip din c thnh lp nh sau:

S + WAS / WERE + V_ING

V d:
I was reading.

(Ti ang c.)

They were reading.

(H ang c.)

Negative:
Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, ta thm not sau ng t to be.
V d:
I was not reading.
They were not reading.
Ch :
was not c vit tt : wasnt
were not

werent

Interrogative (yes-No question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, bn a ng t to be ra ng trc ch ng.

WAS /WERE + S + V_ING

V d:
Was you reading?

74

V danh88.08

Answer:

Yes, I was / I wasnt

Were they reading?

Answer:

Yes, they were / No they werent

Wh Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, bn c cu trc sau:

WH... + WAS / WERE + S + V_ING?

V d:
What was he doing when you came?
(Anh ta ang lm g khi bn n?)
What was she doing at eight oclock this morning?
(C ta ang lm g vo lc 8 gi sng nay?)

WH... + WAS / WERE + V_ING?

V d:
Who was cleaning the kitchen at this time last night?
(Ti qua, vo lc ny, ai ang lau chi nh bp vy?)

b. Cch s dng th qu kh tip din:

- Th qu kh tip din ng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti mt thi im xc nh
trng qu kh. Thng c gi c th theo km.
V d:
At 8 oclock last night, I was reading book.
(Vo lc 8 gi ng ti qua, ti ang c sch.)

- Hai hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh, mt hnh ng ng din ra th mt hnh ng khc xy

n, ct ngang hnh ng kia. Ta dng th qu kh tip din din t hnh ng ang xy ra v th qu
kh din t hnh ng ct ngang.
Ta thng dng hai t ni when v while ni hai hnh ng trn.

75

V danh88.08

V d:
They were working in their office when the fire bell rang.
(H ang lm vic trong vn phng ca h th chung cu ho reng.)
He was walking to his car when the robber attacked him from behind.
(ng y ang i b n xe hi ca mnh th mt tn cp tn cng ng y t pha sau.)

- Hai hnh ng hay s vic cng xy ra trong qu kh v c ni vi nhau bng mt lin t

while.
V d:
I was reading a newspaper while John was playing the piano.
(Ti ang c mt t bo trong lc John ang chi piano.)
While my mother was mending some clothers, my father was cleaning his motorcycle.
(Trong lc m ti ang may v mt s qun o th cha ti ang lau chic xe m t ca ng y.)
Ch :
Mnh i vi lin t when hoc while c th ng u hoc ng cui
Nu mnh i vi lin t when hoc while ng u, gia hai mnh phi c du phy.

Contrast Between Simple Past & Past Continouns

Hy c on vn sau:
It was a lovely day, and the sun was shining. I was walking along the field when I saw a plane. It
was flying very low. It was making a strange noise. I knew there was a problem. I came down in the next
field, and I heard a crash. I ran to the village and phoned for help.
Cc bn tht rng, trong on vn trn, ngi vit k li mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh.
Trong vn k chuyn, ngi ta thng dng th qu kh v th qu kh tip din din t mt s vic
v ang xy ra. Gia hai th ny c nhng c im khc nhau:

Past continouns:
- Dng th qu kh tip din ch ra rng chng ta ang gia hnh ng.
V d:
I was walking across the field.
(Ti ang i b bng qua cnh ng.)

76

V danh88.08

- t bi cnh m u cu chuyn.
The sun was shinging.

(Mt tri ang to nng.)

Simple past:
- Dng m t cc hnh ng ln lt xy ra trong qu kh. Din t hnh ng ny chm dt th
hnh ng khc xy ra tip sau.
V d:
I knew there was a ploblem.

(Ti ngh c mt trc trc g .)

I came down in the next field.

(Ti i b xung cnh ng k tip.)

I heard a crash.

(Ti nghe thy mt ting sm.)

I ran to the village and phoned for help.

(Ti chy v lng v gi in thoi cp cu.)
Ch : Ngi ta thng khng chia cc ng t ch gic quan (think, feel, knew) th tip din:

- Th qu kh n c dng din t mt hnh ng ct ngang hnh ng ang din ra.

V d:
I was walking along the field when I saw a plane.
(Ti ang i b dc theo cnh ng th ti thy mt chic my bay.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modal Verb: Could

a. Could l qu kh ca can.
Sau could l mt ng t nguyn mu khng to: Could

+ B.I

Affirmative:
th khng nh, Could c dng cho tt c mi ngi.
V d:
I could swim.

(Ti c th bi.)

He could swim.

(Anh y c th bi.)

77

V danh88.08

They could swim.

(H c th bi.)

Negative:
Khi mun i sang th ph nh, ta thm not vo sau ng t Could.
V d:
I could not swim

I couldnt swim.

He could not swim.

He couldnt swim.

They could not swim.

They couldnt swim.

Could not c vit tt l couldnt

Interrogative (hoc Yes-No Question):

Cng nh ng t hnh thi can, khi t cu hi, ta o could ra trc ch t.
V d:
Could I swim?
Could he swim?
Could they swim?
Answer:
Yes, you could.
No, you couldnt.
Wh...Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t, tnh t nghi vn, cc bn s c cu trc cu sau:

WH... + COULD + S + B.I?

V d:
What could I do?

(Ti c th lm g y?)

Where could I stay?

(Ti c th li u?)

WH... + COULD + B.I?

V d:
Who could go to Moscow?

(Ai c th i n Maxcva?)

78

V danh88.08

WH... + NOUN + COULD + S + B.I?

V d:
Which passport could I use?

(Ti c th s dng h chiu no?)

b. Cch dng
- ng t hnh thi could c dng trong cu khng nh din t mt kh nng c th lm
iu g trong qa kh.
V d:
I could swim when I was five.

(Ti c th bi khi ti ln nm.)

- Could th khng nh din t mt s cho php lm mt iu g trong qu kh.

V d:
On Sundays we could stay up late.
(Vo nhng ngy ch Nht, chng ti c th thc khuya.)
=

On Sundays we were allowed to stay up late.

- Could th nghi vn c s dng nh l mt li ngh hay l mt li xin php trong qu kh.

V d:
Could students choose what they wanted to study?
(Nhng sinh vin c th chn nhng g h mun hc khng?)
Could Tom use the car when he was under eighteen?
(Tom c c php s dng xe hi khi anh ta di mi tm tui khng?)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modal Verb: Must

a. Must l ng t hnh thi. N c s dng th hin ti v tng lai.
- Sau Must l mt ng t nguyn mu:

Must + B.I
79

V danh88.08

Affirmative:
th khng inh, Must c dng cho tt c mi ngi.
I must study.

(Ti phi hc.)

You must study.

He must study.

(Bn phi hc.)

(Anh y phi hc.)

She must study.

(C y phi hc.)

It must study.

(N phi hc.)

We must study.

(Chng ti phi hc.)

You must study.

(Cc bn phi hc.)

They must study.

(H phi hc.)

Negative:
th ph inh, ta thm not sau must.

I must not study.

You must not study.
He must not study.
She must not study.
It must not study.
We must not study.
You must not study.
They must not study.
Must not c vit tt l mustnt.

Interrogative:
th nghi vn, ta chuyn Must ng trc ch ng.
Must I study?
Must you study?
Must she study?

80

V danh88.08

Must he study?
Must it study?
Must we study?
Must they study?
Answer:
Yes, you must / No, you mustnt

Wh... Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u bi trng t hoc tnh t nghi vn Wh..., cc bn p dng cc cu trc cu
sau:

WH... + MUST + S + B.I?

V d:
What must I do?

(Ti phi lm g by gi?)

Where must I stay?

(Ti phi li u?)

WH... + MUST + B.I?

V d:
Who must go to Moscow on the tonights plane?
(Ai phi i n Maxcva trn chuyn bay ti nay?)

WH... + NOUN + MUST + S + B.I?

V d:
Which passport must I use?

(Ti phi s dng h chiu no?)

b. Cch dng:
- Must c s dng din t mt s bt buc, cn thit i vi ngi trong cuc.
V d:
Mother: You must wipe your feet when you go to bed.

81

V danh88.08

(M: Con phi ra sch chn khi con i ng.)

- Must c s dng din t mt trch nhim v bn phn ca ngi ni, do s tc ng ch

quan.
V d:
I must finish my work on time.
(Ti phi hon thnh cng vic ca ti ng thi hn.)
Gii thch: Ti ngh ti phi hon thnh. l bn phn ca ti.

I must go home now, my parents are waiting for me.

(Ti phi v nh by gi, b m ti ang i ti.)
Gii thch: Ti phi v khi phi b b m la mng.

- Must th ph nh c dng din t mt s cm on.

V d:
You mustnt carry your gun into the theatre.
(ng khng c mang theo sng khi i vo rp ht.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modal Verb: Need

Need: C ngha l cn, mun
Khi Need l ng t hnh thi, sau Need l mt ng t nguyn mu:

Need + B.I
Affirmative:
th khng nh, Need c dng cho tt c mi ngi.
V d:
I need reserve a room.

(Ti cn t phng.)

82

V danh88.08

Negative:
th ph nh, ta thm not sau Need.
V d:
I need not reserve a room.
Ch : Need not c vit tt l neednt.

Interrogative (Yes-No question)

th nghi vn, ta a Need ng trc ch ng.
V d:
Need I reverve a room?
Answer:
Yes, you need. / No, neednt.

Wh Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, ta c cu trc cu sau:

WH... + NEED + S + B.I?

V d:
What need I do?

(Ti cn ci g?)

Where need I stay?

(Ti cn u)

WH... + NEEDS + B.I?

V d:
Who needs go to Moscow on the tonights plane?
(Ai cn i n Maxcva vo chuyn bay ti nay khng?)
Which book need I read?

(Ti cn c loi sch g?)

--------------------------------------------------------------------83

V danh88.08

Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers

CARDINAL NUMBERS

ORDINAL NUMBERS

- Cc s m t 1 n 10:
one

first

1st

two

second

2nd

three

third

3nd

four

fourth

4th

five

fifth

5th

six

sixth

6th

seven

seventh

7th

eight

eighth

8th

nine

ninth

9th

ten

10

tenth

10th

eleven

11

eleventh

11th

twelve

12

twelfth

12th

thirteen

13

thirteenth

13th

fourteen

14

fourteenth

14th

fifteen

15

fifteenth

15th

sixteen

16

sixteenth

16th

seventeen

17

seventeenth

17th

eighteen

18

eighteenth

18th

nineteen

19

nineteenth

19th

- Cc s m t 11 n 19:

- Cc s sau y u tn cng l ty.

twenty

20

twentieth

20th

thirty

30

thirtieth

30th

forty

40

fortieth

40th

fifty

50

fiftieth

50th

84

V danh88.08

sixty

60

sixtieth

60th

seventy

70

seventieth

70th

eighty

80

eightieth

80th

ninety

90

ninetieth

90th

twenty-one

21

twenty-first

21st

twenty-two

22

twenty-second

22nd

twenty-three

23

twenty-third

23rd

twenty-four

24

twenty-fourth

24th

twenty-five

25

twenty-fifth

25th

- Cc s khc:

Mt s ch :
- Khi c s in thoi, ngi ta c theo tng con s m.
V d:
821416: eight-two-one-four-one-six
- Nu s in thoi c hai s trng, ng cnh nhau th bn c double trc khi c con s .
V d:
822416: eight- double two-four-one-six
- Khi c nhng con s thp phn, phn t, cc bn c theo s m. Phn mu c theo s th t.
6/8 : six-eighth.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Present Perfect Tense

a. Cch thnh lp:
Affirmative:
th khng nh, th hin ti hon thnh c hnh thnh vi th hin ti ca Have kt hp vi
ng t dng qu kh phn t.

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE.

85

V danh88.08

Have / Has trong cu trc trn l tr ng t.

Past participle: c hai dng

- Qu kh phn t ca cc ng t quy tc:

V-ed

worked

(lm vic)

opened

(m)

V d:
I have worked for 5 years.
(Ti lm vic c nm nm nay ri.)

- Qu kh phn t ca ng t bt quy tc: Cc bn c chng ct th ba ca bng ng t bt

quy tc.
be was / were been

(l, tn ti)

go went - gone

(i)

see saw seen

(thy)

V d:
She has seen that film already.

(C y xem b phim ri.)

Ch :
Have c vit tt l: ve
Has c vit tt l: s

Negative:
th ph nh, bn thm not sau tr ng t have hoc has.

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE.

V d:
I have not worked for 5 years.
She has not seen that film already.
Ch :
Have not c vit tt l: havent

86

V danh88.08

Has not c vit tt l: hasnt

Interrogative:
th nghi vn, bn a Have / Has ra ng trc ch ng.

HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE?

V d:
Have you worked for 5 years?
Has she seen that film already?

WH Question:
Khi t cu hi bt u vi Wh Question, bn p dng cu trc sau:

WH... + HAVE / HAS + S + P.P?

V d:
Where has he gone ?

(Anh y va mi i u?)

WH.... + HAS + P.P?

V d:
Who has gone to Paris?
-->

Janet has gone to Paris.

(Ai tng i n Paris?)

(Janet tng i n Paris.)

b. Cch dng:
- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh m thi gian khng c
xc nh r hoc ngi ni khng mun cp n thi gian. Trng t thng i vi cch dng ny l:
already
V d:
Shes seen that film already.

87

V danh88.08

- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng va mi xy ra. Cc trng t thng i vi cch

dng ny l: just, recently, yet, still
V d:
Ive just painted the door.

- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh nhng vn ko di n hin ti.

Hoc mt hnh ng din ra trong qu kh m kt qu ca n vn cn lu li hin ti.
V d:
I have worked for four years.
Gi s by gi l nm 2001 vy ti bt u lm vic vo nm 1997 v n nm 2001 l lm
vic c 4 nm.
I have seen that film.
Ti xem b phim trong qu kh v by gi ti vn cn nh b phim .

Cc trng t thng i vi cch dng ny l: for, since

- For + a period of time
Sau for l mt khong thi gian
V d:
For 5 years
For 5 days

- Since + a point of time.

Sau Since, bn s dng mt im hay mt mc thi gian.
V d:
Since 1567
Since yesterday
V th nu sau Since l mt cu, ta thng chia cu ny th qu kh.
V d:
I have met him since he was a little boy.
(Ti tng gp anh y k t khi anh y cn l mt cu b con.)
Ch :

88

V danh88.08

ng t be v go i vi gii t to c dch ging nhau nhng ngha ca mi ng t s khc

nhau:
V d:
- I have been to DaLat.

(Ti i n Lt v by gi ti c mt nh.)

- I have gone to DaLat.

(Ti i Lt v vn cn ang trn ng i, cha tr v nh.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Contrast between Simple Past & Present Perfect

Trong phn ng php ny, chng ta s so snh nhng im khc nhau gia th hin ti hon thnh
v th qu kh n.
The present perfect tense

The simple past tense

Th hin ti hon thnh c dng ni n mt

s vic bt u trong qu kh, tip tc trong hin
ti v c th ko di n tng lai.

- Th qu kh n dng ni v s vic xy ra
trong qu kh v khng cn lin h n hin ti.

Now
Now

Have lived
lived

Past

87

Future

88

Past
- Th hin ti hon thnh cng c dng ni v
mt s vic ti mt thi im khng c th trong
qu

89 90
Future

- Th qu kh n c dng cp s vic
xy ra mt thi im c th trong qu kh thi

Thiu

----------------------------------------------------------

89

V danh88.08

Comparative
Khi chng mun nhn mnh vo s khc nhau gia hai th, cc bn s dng cu trc so snh hn.
C hai dng so snh hn: So snh hn i vi tnh t, trng t di & So snh hn i vi tnh t,
trng t ngn.
Cc tnh t, trng t ngn (short adjective / adverbs) c ln ch c mt vi vn, i khi l hai
vn. Tnh t, trng t di (long adjectives / adverbs) c hai hoc ba vn tr ln.

a. i vi cc tnh t, trng t ngn, ta c cu trc so snh hn nh sau:

Short Adjective / Adverb ER + Than

V d:
The new room looks bigger than the old room.
(Cn phng mi trng c v ln hn cn phng c.)

Chng ta s dng so snh tng i vi than khi chng ta cp n nhng th m chng ta

ang so snh.
Trong cu trn, chng ta so snh gia the new room v the old room.
Trong mt s trng hp, chng ta c th b than khi nhng th m chng ta cp n so
snh r rng trong vn cnh.
V d:
Jack is big, but Fred is bigger.
(Jack th to con nhng Fred th li to con hn.)
* Mt s hnh thc so snh quy tc ca cc tnh t, trng t khi thm er:
i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng bi mt ph m y, ta chuyn y thnh i v thm er.
V d:
pretty -->

prettier

busy -->

busier

Tuy nhin vn cn trng hp ngoi l:

shy -->

shyer

90

V danh88.08

i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng nguyn m e, ta ch thm r sau cc trng t, tnh t .

nice -->

nicer

Nu tnh t tn cng bng ph m-nguyn m-ph m, ta gp i ph m cui trc khi thm er

big --> bigger
Tuy nhin, ta khng gp i ph m cui trong cc t tn cng bng -w, -y.
slow -->

slower

coy -->

coyer

* Mt s hnh thc so snh bt quy tc ca cc tnh t v trng t cn phi hc thuc:

good -->

better

well -->

better

many -->

more

much -->

more

far -->

farther / further

bad -->

worse

badly -->

worse

tittle -->

less

V d:
I had a bad cold yesterday, but Im better now.
(Ngy hm qua, ti b cm nng nhng by gi ti kho hn.)

b. i vi cc tnh t, trng t di, khi so snh ta thm more, less trc cc tnh t, trng t .
Khi chng ta mun so snh nhiu hn, chng ta c cu trc:

More + long Adj / Adv + than

V d:
Peter speaks Spanish more fluently than Mary does.
(Peter ni ting Ty Ban Nha thng tho hn Mary.)
Ngi ni mun so snh gia vic ni ting Ty Ba Nha gia Peter v Mary.
A film is more interesting than a play.

91

V danh88.08

(Mt b phim hp dn hn mt v kch.)

Ngi ni mun so snh s hp dn gia mt b phim v mt v kch.

Khi chng ta mun so snh t hn, chng ta thm less trc cc trng t, tnh t di.

Less + long Adj / Adv + than

V d:
This armchair is less comfortable than the other.
(Chic gh bnh ny t tin nghi hn chic gh bnh kia.)
Ngi ni mun so snh s tin nghi gia hai ci gh bnh.

Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, chng ta c th b than khi m nhng s vic m chng ta
cp n so snh r rng trong ng cnh.
V d:
The restautant is more expensive under the new management.
(Di b phn qun l mi, nh hng ny t hn.)
Cu ny c vit tt t cu sau:
The restaurant is more expensive under the new management than under the old management.
(Di b phn qun l mi, nh hng ny t hn so vi b phn qun l c.)

* Trong mt s trng hp, chng ta s thy hin tng tnh t, trng t so snh hn ng trc mt
danh t v b ngha cho danh t .

More + long Adj / Adv + N.

V d:
You dont read that book. I will lend you the more interesting book.
(Bn khng c quyn sch . Ti s cho bn mn mt quyn sch th v hn.)
There are more events in a film than in a play.
(C nhiu s kin trong mt b phim hn trong mt v kch.)
Trong trng hp ny, more l so snh hn ca many lm tnh t b ngha cho events.

92

V danh88.08

* Chng ta lu mt s tnh t, trng t c hai hnh thc so snh hn nh sau:

common

-->

commoner

more common

or

less common

cruel

-->

crueler

more cruel

or

less cruel

deadly

-->

deadlier

more deadly

or

less deadly

friendly

-->

friendlier

more friendly

or

less friendly

handsome

-->

handsomer

more handsome

or

less handsome

happy

-->

happier

likely

-->

likelier

more likely

or

less likely

lovely

-->

loverier

more lovely

or

less lovely

narrow

-->

narrower

more narrow

or

less narrow

pleasant

-->

pleasanter

more pleasant

or

less pleasant

polite

-->

politer

more polite

or

less polite

quiet

-->

quieter

more quiet

or

less quiet

shallow

-->

shallower

more shallow

or

less shallow

sincere

-->

sincerer

more sincere

or

less sincere

stupid

-->

stupider

more stupid

or

less stupid

true

-->

truer

more true

or

less true

more happy

or

less happy

Superlative
So snh tuyt i c s dng nhm nhn mnh v lm ni bt mt hay hai th tr ln.
V d:
Mai is the tallest girl in my class.
(Mai l mt c gi cao nht lp ti.)
ni c nh th, chng ra phi s dng cu so snh nht vi nhng quy tc sau:
- i vi mt s tnh t, trng t ngn, khi so snh bc nht, chng ta phi thm est sau nhng
tnh t, trng t dng so snh. Thm mo t the trc cc trng t, tnh t ny.

the + Short Adjective / Adverb + est + Noum

93

V danh88.08

V d:
It is the smallest farm in the country.
( l nng tri nh nht min qu.)

- i vi mt s tnh t, trng t di, khi so snh nht, ta thm the most trc cc tnh t, trng t
di.
Cu trc:

The most + Long Adjective / Adverb + Noun

V d:
Tractor drivers are the most important workers on a tarm.
(Nhng ti x li xe ti l nhng cng nhn quan trng trn nng tri.)
Ch : So snh tuyt i thng c dng vi thnh ng bt u in the world, of all.
She does her homework most carefully in her class.
(C y lm bi tp nh cn thn nht trong lp ca c y.)
- Chng ta lu mt s tnh t, trng t c hai hnh thc so snh nht theo hai cch nh sau:

common

-->

commonest

most common

cruel

-->

cruelest

most cruel

deadly

-->

deadliest

most deadly

friendly

-->

friendliest

most friendly

handsome

-->

handsomest

most handsome

happy

-->

happiest

most happy

likely

-->

likeliest

most likely

lovely

-->

loveliest

most lovely

narrow

-->

narrowest

most narrow

pleasant

-->

pleasantest

most pleasant

polite

-->

politest

most polite

94

V danh88.08

quiet

-->

quietest

most quiet

shallow

-->

shallowest

most shallow

sincere

-->

sincerest

most sincere

stupid

-->

stupidest

most stupid

true

-->

truest

most true

- Mt s hnh thc so snh quy tc ca cc tnh t, trng t khi thm est:

i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng bi mt ph m y, ta chuyn y thnh i v thm est.
pretty

-->

prettiest

busy

-->

busiest

Tuy nhin vn cn trng hp ngoi l:

shy

-->

shyest

i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng nguyn m e, ta ch thm st sau cc trng t, tnh t .

nice

-->

nicest

Nu tnh t tn cng bng ph m-nguyn m-ph m, ta gp i ph m cui trc khi thm est
big

-->

biggest

Tuy nhin, ta khng gp i ph m cui trong cc t tn cng bng -w, -y.

slow

-->

slowest

coy

-->

coyest.

- Mt s hnh thc so snh bt quy tc ca cc tnh t, trng t m chng ta cn phi hc thuc:

good

-->

best

well

-->

best

many

-->

most

much

-->

most

far

-->

farthest / furthest

bad

-->

worst

badly

-->

worst

little

-->

least

----------------------------------------------------------------------------95

V danh88.08

Modal Verb: Have To

a. Have to l ng t hnh thi. N c s dng th hin ti v tng lai.
- th qu kh n c hnh thc l had to cho tt c mi ngi.
- Sau Have to l mt ng t nguyn mu:

Have to + B.I

* Affirmative:
th khng nh, Have to c chia theo cc ngi th nh sau:
- Th tng lai:
I will have to study.

(Ti s phi hc)

I shall have to study.

- Th hin ti:
I have to study.

(Ti phi hc)

You have to study.

(Bn phi hc)

He has to study.
We have to study.

(Anh y phi hc)

(Chng ta phi hc)

You have to study.

They have to study.

(Cc bn phi hc)

(H phi hc)

- Th qu kh:
I had to study.

(Ti phi hc)

Negative:
- th tng lai, khi chuyn sang th ph nh ta thm not sau will / shall.
I wont have to study.
I shant have to study.

- th hin ti, ta thm not sau have.

96

V danh88.08

I havent to study.

I dont have to study.

He hasnt to study.

He doesnt have to study.

We havent to study.

we dont have to study.

You havent to study.

You dont have to study.

They havent to study.

They dont have to study.

- th qu kh, ta thm not sau had.

I hadnt to study.

I didnt have to study.

* Interrogative:
- Th tng li, khi chuyn sang th nghi vn ta a will / shall ra ng trc ch ng.
Shall I have to study?
Will I have to study?
Answer:
Yes, you will / No, you wont.

- Th hin ti: ta mn tr ng t do / does v t trc ch ng.

Do I have to study?
Does he have to study?
Do we have to study?
Do you have to study?
Do they have to study?
Answer:
Yes, you do / No, you dont.

- Th qu kh: ta mn tr ng t did v t trc ch ng.

Did I have to study?
Did he have to study?
Did we have to study?

97

V danh88.08

Did you have to study?

Did they have to study?
Answer:
Yes, I did / No I didnt.

Wh... Question:
- Khi t cu hi bt u bi trng t hoc tnh t nghi vn Wh....., cc bn p dng cc cu trc
cu sau:

WH.. + AUXILIARY + S + HAVE TO + B.I?

V d:
What do I have to do?

(Ti phi lm ci g y?)

Where did I have to stay?

(Ti phi u?)

WH... + HAS TO + B.I?

V d:
Who has to go to Moscow on the tonights plane?
(Ai phi i n Maxcva vo chuyn bay ti nay?)

WH... + NOUN + AUXILIARY + S + HAVE TO + B.I?

V d:
Which Passport do I have to use?

(Ti phi s dng loi h chiu no?)

b. Cch dng:
Chng ta c Must v Have to u mang ngha l phi, cn phi. Tuy nhin gia hai ng t
hnh thi ny c nhng c im khc nhau nh sau:
- Have to c s dng din t mt s bt buc, cn thit do s tc ng khc quan.

98

V danh88.08

V d:
I have to finish my worl on time.
(Ti phi hon thnh cng vic ca ti ng thi hn.)
Gii thch: Di s tc ng ca ng ch, ti phi hon thnh ng thi hn.

I have to go home now, my parents are waiting for me.

(Ti phi v nh by gi, b m ti ang i ti.)
Gii thch: Ti phi v nh ngay by gi v khng mun b m phi i ti lu.)
- Must c s dng din t mt trch nhim v bn phn ca ngi ni, do s tc ng ch
quan.
V d:
I must finish my work on time.
(Ti phi hon thnh cng vic ca ti ng thi hn.)
Gii thch: Ti ngh ti phi hon thnh. l bn phn ca ti.

I must go home now, my parents are waiting for me.

(Ti phi v nh by gi, b m ti ang i ti.)
Gii thch: Ti phi v khi phi b ba m la mng ti.

- Hve to th ph nh c dng din t mt s khng bt buc, khng cn thit.

V d:
I didnt have to cut the grass. My brother did it.
(Ti khng phi ct c. Anh trai ti ct ri.)

- Must th ph nh c dng din t mt s cm on.

V d:
You mustnt carry your gun into the theatre.
(ng khng c mang sng vo nh ht.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99

V danh88.08

Simple Future Tense

a. Cu trc cu th tng lai n.
* Affirmative:

S + SHALL / WILL + B.I

- Shall: i vi ngi th nht (I, We)

- Will: i vi tt c mi ngi.
- Sau Will hoc Shall ng t hnh thc nguyn mu.
V d:
We shall have our test next month.
Or:

(Thng n, chng ta s lm bi kim tra.)

We will have our test next month.

* Negative:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + B.I.

V d:
We shall not have our test next month.
Ch : Will not

c vit tt l wont

Shall not

c vit tt l shant

* Interrogative (Yes-No Question)

SHALL / WILL + S + B.I?

V d:
Shall we have our test next month?
Answer:
Yes, we shall / No, we shant.

100

V danh88.08

* WH Question:

WH... + SHALL / WILL + S + B.I?

V d:
Where will we go next Sunday?
-->

(Ch Nht n, chng ta s i u?)

We will go to the beach next Sunday.

(Ch Nht n, chng ta s i bin.)

WH.... + SHALL / WILL + B.I?

V d:
Who will take care of our dog?
-->

We will take him with us.

(Ai s chm sc ch cn nh?)

(Chng ta s dn theo n.)

WH... + NOUN + SHALL / WILL + S + B.I?

V d:

-->

Which beach will we go?

(Chng ta s i n bi bin no?)

We will go to Bac My An beach.

(Chng ta s i bin Bc M An.)

b. Cch dng:
- Th tng lai n c s dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai.
V d:
The concert will be over at 10.00.
(Bui ho nhc s chm dt vo lc mi gi ng.)

- Khi th nghi vn, th tng lai n dng nh l mt li mi hay mt li yu cu lch s.

+ Will you...? c s dng nh l mt li mi

V d:
Will you go to the cinema with me now?

101

(Mi bn i xem phim vi ti by gi nh?)

V danh88.08

+ Shall I...? c s dng nh l mt li ngh, li yu cu lch s.

V d:
Shall I take your coat?

(Ti c th em theo o khoc c ch?)

- Trong trng hp bn dng shall cho ngi th ba hay th hai, n s mang ngha khc nh:
+ Din t mt li ha:
V d:
You shall have my naswer tomorrow.
(Bn s nhn c phc p ca ti vo ngy mai.)

+ Din t mt s quyt tm.

He shall help me.

(Anh ta quyt tm gip cho ti.)

+ Din t mt s hm do.
Brutus Cray shall knock out Joe Freezer.

(Brutus Cray do s h o vn Joe Freezer.)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Indefinite Pronouns: Someone / Someone /

Somebody / Something / Somewhere
Cc bn lm quen vi cch dng cc tnh t ch s lng: some / any. Ngoi chc nng l tnh
t, some / any cn l nhng i t ch s lng. Chng c s dng cp n mt s lng xc
nh hoc chng c th thay th cc danh t s nhiu, m c v danh t khng m c.
V d:
Can any of the staff speak Japanese?
(C gio vin no trong hi ng c th ni c ting Nht khng?)
Gii thch: Any i t nh lng.

-->

Some of them can speak Japanese.

(Mt vi ngi c th ni c ting Nht.)

102

V danh88.08

Gii thch: some i t nh lng.

V d:
Did you want to eat some fruit?

(Bn c mun n mt t tri cy khng?)

Gii thch: Some tnh t nh lng.

-->

Yes, give me some.

(Vng, ti mun.)

Gii thch: i t some thay th cho danh t khng m c fruit.

Ch : Cch dng ca cc i t some & any ging nh cch dng ca cc tnh t ch s lng
some, any

* Khi cc tnh t some & any & no c kt hp vi cc danh t ch ngi nh: body, one danh
t ch vt nh: thing v trng t nghi vn where th chng s tr thnh cc i t bt nh (Indefinite
pronouns): someone, somebody, something, somewhere, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, no one,
nobody, nothing, nowhere.
- Cc i t bt nh c cch dng ging vi tnh t ch s lng some & nay
Someone, somebody, something, somewhere: c dng trong cu khng inh.
Someone / somebody: mt ngi no
Something: mt ci (iu g)
Somewhere: mt ni no
V d:
Somebody is knocking at the door.

(Mt ngi no ang g ca.)

Someone gave me a ticket for the pop concert.

(Mt ngi no cho ti mt chic v ho nhc.)
There is something in my eye.

(C mt ci g trong mt ti.)

Your key is somewhere in this room.

(Cha kho ca bn nm ni no trong cn phng ny.)
Anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere: c dng trong cu ph nh v nghi vn.
Anyone, anybody: bt c ai
Anything: bt c iu g, vt g, ci g
Anywhere: bt c ni no

103

V danh88.08

V d:
Has anyone left their luggage on the train?
(Mt ngi no qun hnh l trn tu la.)
Is there anybody at home?
(C mt ngi no nh phi khng?)
Do you know anything a bout that?

(Bn c bit iu g v vic khng?)

I didnt go anywhere last summer.

(Ti khng i u vo ma h va qua.)

No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere: c dng trong cu mang ngha ph nh.

No = not ... any
No one / Nobody: khng ai.

Ch : No one c vit tch ri ra

No thing: khng g.
Nowhere: khng ni no.

V d:
I had no money

I didnt have any money.

(Ti khng c tin.)

There is nobody at home.

There isnt anybody at home.

(Khng c ai nh c.)

I know nothing about that.

I dont know anything about that.

(Ti khng bit g v iu c.)

I went nowhere last summer.

I didnt go anywhere last summer.

(Ma h va qua ti khng i u c.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Indefinite Pronouns: Both / Neither / Either

Bn dng Both / neither / either khi cp n hai ngi, hai vt hoc hai s vic....
* Distributive Adjective: Both / neither / either

104

V danh88.08

Both: c hai.
Both + plural noun
Neither: c hai u khng.
Neither + singular noun
Either: mt trong hai ci
Either + singular noun
V d:
Bn ang ni v vic i n tim chiu nay. C hai nh hng m bn c th n, bn ni:
- Both restaurants are very good.

(C hai nh hng u tuyt c.)

- Neither restaurants is expensive.

(C hai nh hng u khng t.)

- We can go to either restaurant. I dont mind.

(Chng ti c th n mt trang hai nh hng .)

* Distributive pronouns:
Ngoi chc nng l tnh t phn b, either, neither, both cn ng vai tr l i t phn b.
V d:
I tried both keys but neither worked.
Gii thch: Both tnh t phn b.
Neither i t phn b.

Khi i t phn b Both / either / neither i vi gii t of, th sau lun c mo t xc nh

(definite article), tnh t s hu (possessive adjective), s hu cch (possessive case) hay cc tnh t ch
nh (demonstrative adjective) i km.
V d:
Neither of the restaurants was expensive.
(C hai khch sn u khng t.)
Both of my close friends are very good.
(C hai ngi bn thn c ti u gii c.)
Both of Toms friends are naughty.
(C hai ngi bn ca Tom u nghch ngm.)

105

V danh88.08

I can choose either of these pupils.

(Ti c th chn mt trong nhng hc sinh ny.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conditional Sentences
C ba loi cu iu kin. Cu iu kin loi 1, 2 v 3. Mi cu iu kin bao gm hai mnh :
mnh chnh (Main clause) v mnh iu kin (Conditional clause hay cn gi l mnh if bi v
n c bt u bng ch if).
a. Cu iu kin loi 1:
Cu iu kin loi 1 c s dng khi chng ta mun din t mt s vic c th xy ra trong hin
ti.
i vi cu iu kin loi 1, ng t ca hai mnh c chia dng nh sau:
Conditional clause

Main clause

Simple Present

Simple Future

V d:
If you two can do a good job, well save much money .
(Nu nh c hai con c th lm cng vic tt, chng ta s tit kim rt nhiu tin.)

i khi, bn cng c th chia ng t trong c hai mnh th hin ti.

Conditional clause

Main clause

Simple Present

Simple Present

V d:
Its waste of time if one falls asleep during the performance.
(Tht lng ph thi gian nu nh mt ngi no ng gc sut bui trnh din.)

b. Cu iu kin loi 2:
Cu iu kin loi 2 c s dng ni n mt s vic khng c tht trong hin ti.
i vi cu iu kin loi 2, ng t ca hai mnh c chia dng nh sau:
Main Clause

If-Clause

Would / could / should / might + Bare infinitive

106

Past subjunctive

V danh88.08

Past subjunctive: dng hnh thc qu kh ca ng t, i vi ng t to be dng were cho

tt c cc ngi.
V d:
If I had much money, I would give you.

(Nu nh ti c nhiu tin, ti s cho

bn.)
If I were a bird, I would fly over the would.
(Nu l chim ti s bay i khp mi min.)
If today were New Years Day, I would say Happy New Year.
(Nu hm nay l ngy u nm, ti s ni Chc mng nm mi.)

c. Cu iu kin loi 3:
Cu iu kin loi 3 din t mt hnh ng, s vic khng c tht trong qu kh.
i vi cu iu kin loi 3, ng t ca hai mnh c chia dng nh sau:
If Clause

Had + P.P

Main Clause

Would / could / might + have + P.P

V d:
If you had studied hard, you could have passed your exam.
(Nu bn hc hnh chm ch th bn vt qua k thi ca bn ri.)

Ch : Chng ta c th t mnh ph ng trc hay ng sau mnh ph u c.

V d:
Well save much money if you two can do a good job.
(Chng ta s tit kim c nhiu tin nu c hai con u c th lm cng vic gii.)
Its waste of time if one falls asleep during the performance.
(Tht lng ph thi gian nu mt ngi ng gc sut bui trnh din.)

I would say Happy New Year if today were New Years Day.
(Ti s ni Chng mng nm mi nu nh hm nay l ngy u nm.)

107

V danh88.08

You could have passed your exam if you had studied hard.
(Bn c th vt qua k thi nu bn hc hnh chm ch.)

d. Unless = if ... not

i khi ngi ni c th s dng unless thay cho if... not.
V d:
Tom easily falls asleep unless the film is exciting.
(Tom s d dng ng gc nu b phim khng hay.)
=

If the film isnt exciting, Tom easily falls asleep.

Unless the weather is bad, we will have a picnic.

(Nu thi tit khng xu, chng ta s c mt cuc du ngon.)
=

If the weather is not bad, we will have a picnic.

Unless you beat your cat, it would love you.

(Nu bn khng nh con mo, n s yu bn.)
=

If you didnt beat your cat, it would love you.

Unless Mary had studied hard, she would have failed last examination.
(Nu nh Mary khng hc hnh chm ch, c y tht bi trong k thi va qua.)
=

If Mary hadnt studied hard, she would have failed last examination.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Wish Sentences
Khi chng ta t c mun thc hin mt iu g, chng ta s dng cu mong c.
Trong cu mong c bao gm hai mnh : Mnh chnh v mnh ph.
a. Future wish:

108

V danh88.08

Khi chng ta din t mt mong c kh c th xy ra trong tng lai, chng ta s dng cu mong
c tng lai.
ng t wish mnh chnh c chia th qu kh hay th hin ti tu thuc vo thi im
xut ngn. ng t mnh ph c chia dng would kt hp vi mt ng t nguyn mu.

Main Clause

Subordinate Clausr

Wish

Would + Bare Infinitive

V d:
My friend wishes she would have a motocycle.
(Bn ti mong c sao c y s c mt chic xe my.)

b. Present wish:
Khi chng ta din t c mun khng c tht trong hin ti, chng ta s dng cu mong c th
hin ti.
ng t wish mnh chnh c chia th hin ti hay qu kh tu thuc vo thi im xut
ngn. ng t mnh ph c chia th gi nh. Ring i vi ng t Be, chia were cho tt c
mi ngi.

Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

Wish

Past Subjunctive

V d:
I wish I were a tractor driver.
Mary wishes she sang well.

(Ti mong sao ti l mt ti x li my cy.)

(Mary mong sao c y ht hay.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Structure with Used to

a. Used to
Khi din t mt hnh ng xy ra thng xuyn nh mt thi quen trong qu kh, bn hy se
dng used to.
Used to: c ngha l tng....

109

V danh88.08

Sau used to l mt nguyn mu khng to _ Bare infinitive.

V d:
Mr Green used to take his children to the circus when the family lived in the city.
(ng Green thng a nhng a con ca ng i n rp xic khi gia nh ng sng thnh
ph.)

b. Be Used to
Khi din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thng xuyn nh mt thi qun hin ti, bn dng Be Used to
Be Used to: c ngha quen vi.....
Sau be used to l mt ng t thm ing (V-ing)
V d:
She is used to listening to the radio every night.
(C y quen vi vic lng nghe raio hng m.)
c. Get used to
Khi bn mun din t hnh ng dn dn quen vi mt cng vic hay mt s vic g trong hin
ti, bn hy se dng get used to
Get used to: quen dn vi vic.
Sau get used to l mt ng t thm ing (V-ing)
V d:
She gets used to eating some fruits in the evening.
(C y dn dn quen vi vic n tri cy vo bui ti.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Struncture: So.... that

By gi, chnh ta cp n mnh trng ng ch kt qu_ Adverbial clause of result.
Mnh trng ng ch kt qu cp n kt qu ca s vic c a ra trong mnh chnh.

* Nu ng t chnh trong cu l ng t Be th chng ta ng dng cu trc sau:

110

V danh88.08

S + Be + So + Adj + that + S + V
Ngha: ......qu n ni m......

V d:
Im tired. I can not go with her.

(Ti mt lm. Ti khng th i vi c y

c.)
Im so tired that I can not go with her.
(Ti qu mt n ni ti khng th i vi c y.)

* Nu ng t chnh trong cu l ng t thng, chng ta c cu trc sau:

S + V + So + Adv + that + S V

V d:
He acted well. The audience clapped for a long time.
(Anh ta ng kch hay. Khn gi v tay khng ngt.)
He acted so well that the audience clapped for a long time.
(Anh ta ng kch qu hay n ni m cc khn gi v tay khng ngt.)

* Ngoi cu trc trn mnh trng ng ch kt qu cn c cu trc: Such.... that....

i vi Such.... That ta c cu trc:

S + V + Such + a/an + Adj + Noun + That....

V d:
He had such a difficult execise that he couldnt do it.
(Anh y c bi tp qu kh n ni anh ta khng th lm n.)
They are such lazy boys that they are always punished.
(Nhng cu b qu nghch ngm n ni chng lun b pht.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

111

V danh88.08

Structure: So that
Bn lm quen vi mt loi mnh trng ng ch mc ch Adverbial clause of purpose
Mnh trng ng ch mc ch cp n mch ch ca s vic c a ra mnh chnh.
Mnh trng ng ch mc ch bt u vi nhng lin t sau: so that, in order that
V d:
They study hard so that they can pass next examination.
(H hc hnh chm ch m h c th vt qua k thi sp n.)
Trong cu trn, So that they can pass the examination l mnh trng ng ch mc ch c
bt u bi lin t so that.
Chng ta c cu trc cu sau:

S + V + Adj + so that + S + V

V d:
The plough was set so that the ploughshares ran into the ridges.

Trong cu trn, So that the ploughshares ran into the ridges mnh trng ng ch mc ch
bt u bi lin t so that.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Causative forms
Th cu khin c s dng nhm yu cu, nh hoc sai khin ai lm vic g cho mnh.
Cu trc:

S + Have + O (person) + Bare Infinitive + O (thing)

V d:
Well have Tom repair our electric cooker.

112

V danh88.08

(Ti s nh Tom sa bp in ca chng ta.)

Trong cu th cu khin, chng ta c hai tn ng, ch rng: Tn ng ng trc ch ngi v
tn ng ng sau ch vt.
V d:
He had his father fix the tyre.

(Anh ta nh b anh ta v lp xe.)

Chng ta ch n vic chia ng t Have theo th nh sau:

- th hin ti:
Have -->

has i vi ngi th ba s t

Have -->

have cho cc ngi cn li.

V d:
I have my brother explain this diffcult exercise.
(Ti nh anh trai ti ging bi tp kh ny gip ti.)
He often has his grandmother tell the fairy story.
(Cu ta thng i b ngoi k chuyn c tch cho cu ta nghe.)

- th qu kh:
Have -->

had.

V d:
He had his father fix the tyre

- th hin ti hon thnh:

Have -->

have had

Have -->

has had

V d:
My mother has just had my sister buy some food.
(M ti va mi bo ch gi ti i mua thc n.)

- th tng lai:
Have -->

will have.

113

V danh88.08

V d:
I will have my father mend my bicycle.

(Ti s nh b ti sa xe p.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tag Question
Khi mun hi li mt iu g cho chc chn hoc mun s ng ca ngi nghe, ta dng cu
hi ui (tag question)

Cch thnh lp:

- Cu hi ui bao gm hai phn: phn trn thut v phn ui c ngn cch bi du phy (,).
- Phn trn thut l mt cu khng nh hoc ph nh.
- Phn ui l cu hi loi Yes-No question.
- Nu phn trn thut th khng nh th phn ui th nghi vn ph nh. Nu phn trn thut
th ph nh th phn ui th nghi vn.
- Nu phn trn thut l ng t c bit (to be / can / could / will / shall...), th phn ui cng s
dng ng t c bit .
- Nu phn trn thut c ng t chnh l ng t thng th phn ui dng tr ng t do / does
/ did.
- phn ui, phi dng i t nhn xng ch khng dng danh t.

Cch tr li:
Dng Yes hoc No tr li cho cu hi loi ny.
V d:
You are reading a book, arent you?
Nam can swim, cant he?

(Bn ang c sch c phi khng?)

(Nam khng th bi phi khng?)

The boys will be late for class, wont they?

(Nhng cu b s tr hc c phi khng?)
She wants a new hat, doesnt she?
(C y cn mt chic m mi c phi khng?)

114

V danh88.08

I dont get up early, do I?

(Ti khng cn thc dy, sm phi khng?)

Ch :
- Nu mun hi li mt iu g cho chc chn th ta ln ging phn ui.
- Nu mun s ng ca ngi nghe th ta h ging phn ui.
- Nu phn trn thut l I am... th phn ui l: arent I
V d:
Im a pupil, arent I?

(Ti l mt hc sinh ?)

Im late, arent I?

(Ti b tr ?)

It + to take
Bn hy s dng it takes khi bn mun ni: ai phi mt bao nhiu thi gian lm vic g:

It takes + someone + time + to do something

V d:
It takes Mary 5 hours to go to Dalat.

(Mary mt nm ting ng h i n Lt.)

Cu trc ny tng ng vi cu trc:

S + spend + time + doing something

V d:
Mary spends 5 hours going to Dalat.

(Mary mt nm ting ng h i n lt.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Preposition: For
Trong phn trc, chng ta gp gii t for c s dng trong th hin ti hon thnh din
t mt hnh ng xy ra trong mt khong thi gian.

115

V danh88.08

V d:
I have learned English for three years.

(Ti hc ting Anh c ba nm ri.)

By gi, chng ta tm hiu thm mt s chc nng ca gii t for

- For: ng trc mt danh t c s dng nh l mt cm t ch mc ch.

V d:
He came for dinner.

(Anh y n dng ba n ti.)

for + Noun

The farmers often bring in their farm products for sale.

for + Noun

(Nhng bc nng dn thng mang theo nng sn by bn.)

Chng ta c th s dng gii t For tr li cho nhng cu hi bt u bi t hi Why
V d: Chng ta t cu hi cho nhng t c gch di:
He came here for meeting.
--> Why did he come here?

(Anh ta n y d bui bui mt tnh.)

(Ti sao anh ta n y?)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Relative Pronouns: Who / Which / That

- i t quan h Who / Which / That c s dng thay th danh t ng trc n, ng thi
ni mnh chnh v mnh ph (mnh lin h) li vi nhau.
- Who / Which / That thng ng sau danh t n thay th.
- Khi dng i t lin h thay th th ta phi b danh t, i t c thay th trong mnh
lin h.
- Who / which / that c th lm ch ng hoc tn ng ca mnh lin h. Tuy nhin trong bi
ny cc bn s tm hiu v Who / which / that ng vai tr l ch ng.
1. Who: dng thay th cho danh t ch ngi.
V d:
The library is open to the pupils. They have library cards.
(Th vin m ca cho tt c cc hc sinh. H c th th vin.)

116

V danh88.08

The library is open to the pupils who have library cards.

S

(Th vin m ca cho tt c cc hc sinh nhng ngi c th th vin.)

Gii thch: They l i t lm ch ng trong cu sau, thay th cho danh t ch ngi the
pupils trong cu trc. Chng ta s dng who thay th n v t sau the pupils.
V d:
The boy is intelligent. He can di these exercises.
(cu b rt thng minh. Cu c th lm nhng bi tp ny)
The boy who can do these exercises is intelligent
S

(Cu b ngi c th lm nhng bi tp ny rt thng minh.)

Gii thch: He l i t lm ch ng trong cu sau, thay th cho danh t ch ngi the boy
trong cu trc. Chng ta s dng who thay th v t sau the boy, do is intelligent phi
chuyn ra sau.

2. Which: dng thay th cho danh t ch vt.

V d:
She is talking a bout the pets. They look lovely.
(C y ang k chuyn v nhng con vt cng. Chng trng rt ng yu.)
-->

She is talking a bout the pets which look lovely.

S

Adj

(C y ang k chuyn v nhng con vt cng m nhng con vt cng ny trng rt ng yu.)
Gii thch: The pets l mt danh t ch loi vt, chng ta s dng which thay th The
pets v which ng ngay say The pets.

V d:
The tables is for reading. It is in the corner.
(Chic bn dnh c sch. N nm gc phng.)
-->

The table which is in the corner is for reading.

S

(Chic bn nm gc phng dnh c sch.)

117

V danh88.08

Gii thch: Which that th cho danh t ch vt the table nn phi ng sau the table do
. is for reading phi chuyn ra pha sau.

3. That: dng thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc vt.

V d:
They admired the pierrots.

(H khm phc nhng din vin kch cm.)

They watched the pierrots on TV last night.

(H xem nhng din vin kch cm trn ti vi ti qu.)
Hai cu trn c ni li nh sau:
They admired the pierrots that they watched on TV last night.
(H khm phc nhng din vin kch cm nhng ngi m h xem trn ti vi ti qua.)

Relative Adverb: Where

- Where c dng thay cho danh t ch ni chn ng trc n v ni mnh chnh v mnh
ph vi nhau.
V d:
Great Britain is a country. The first May Day meeting was held there.
(Nc Anh l mt quc gia. Cuc mt tinh ca ngy Quc T Lao ng u tin c t chc
.)
-->

Great Britain is the country where the first May Day meeting was held.

(Nc Anh l mt quc gia ni m cuc mt tinh ca ngy Quc T Lao ng u tin c t
chc .)
My grandfather is in the garben. He is there with my grandmother.
-->

(ng ni ti ang trong vn. ng vi b ni ti.)

My grandfather is in the garden where he is with my grandmother.
(nh ni ti ang trong vn ni m ng vi b ni ti.)
The hotel is expensive. They were staying there.
(Khch sn t . H ang li khc sn .)
The hotel where they were staying is expensive.
(Khc sn ni m h ang li l rt t.)

118

V danh88.08

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interrogative Pronoun: Who

Who l mt i t nghi vn c s dng hi v ngi.
a. Khi who ng vai tr ch ng trong cu, bn c cu trc cu sau:

WHO + V + [O/C] ?

V d:
Who pays the pill?

S
-->

(Ai tr ho n?)

My father pays the bill.

(Ba ti tr ho n?)

Who is playing the piano?

S
-->

(Ai ang chi n dng cm?)

Mary is playing the piano?

S
(Mary ang chi n dng cm.)
Who wanted Fiona?

S
-->

(Ai mun Fiona?)

Charles wanted Fiona?

S
-->

(Charles mun Fiana.)

Who has gone out?

My brother has gone out.

(Ai va mi i ra ngoi?)
(Anh trai ti va mi i ra ngoi.)

b. Khi who ng vai tr tn ng trong cu, bn c cu trc cu sau:

Who + To Be + S ?
V d:
Who is that?
O
-->

It is Fiona.
O

( l ai?)
( l Fiona.)

119

V danh88.08

Who is she phoning?

O
-->

(C y ang in thoi cho ai?)

She is phoing for her boyfriend.

O

(C y ang in thoi cho bn trai ca c y.)

Hoc cu trc:

Who + Auxiliary + S + B.I ?

V d:
Who did he go with?
O
-->

(Anh y i vi ai?)

He went with Fiona.

O

(Anh y i vi Fiona.)

i khi chng ta dng whom khi hi v ngi, ng vai tr lm tn ng trong cu.

V d:

-->

Whom does he go with?

O

(Anh y i vi ai?)

He goes with Fiona.

O

(Anh y i vi Fiona.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: What

1. What l mt i t nghi vn c s dng hi v ngi.
a. Khi what ng vai trog ch ng trong cu, bn c cu trc cu sau:

WHAT + To Be + [O] ?

V d:
What is on television?
S

(Phim g c trnh chiu trn tivi?)

120

V danh88.08

-->

Shakespeares plays are on television.

S

(Nhng v kch ca Shakespeare c trnh chiu trn ti vi.)

What happened?
(iu g xy ra?)

What went wrong?

(C iu g bt n vy?)

-->

We missed the train.

(Chng ti nh tu la.)

b. Khi what ng vai tr tn ng trong cu, bn c cu trc cu sau:

WHAT + To Be + S?
Hi vt:
What is it?
(Ci g vy?)

-->

It is a pen.
( l mt cy bt my.)

H tn:
What is your name?
-->

(Tn ca bn l g?)

My name is Fiona.
(Tn ti l Fiona.)

Hi ngh nghip:
What is his job?
(Anh ta lm ngh g?)

-->

He is a teacher.
(Anh ta l mt gio vin.)

Hoc cu trc:

What + Auxiliary + S + B.I ?

O

V d:
What do you do ?

121

V danh88.08

(Bn lm ngh g?)

-->

I am a teacher.
(Ti l mt gio vin.)

What do you usually do after dinner?

(Bn thng lm g sau ba n ti?)

-->

I usually clear the table after dinner.

(Ti thng dn bn gh sau ba n ti.)

2. Khi what ng vai tr l tnh t. N ng trc danh t v b ngha cho danh t .

WHAT + NOUN + To Be + S?

V d:
What time is it?
-->

(My gi ri?)

It is 7 cclock.

( by gi ng ri.)

What make are your pens?

-->

My pens are Parkers.

What colour is your pen?

(Bt mc ca bn hiu g?)

(Bt mc ca ti hiu Parkers.)
(Bt mc ca bn mu g?)

-->
My pen is blue.
(Bt mc ca ti mu xanh.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Which

- Khi Wich ng vai tr l tnh t, ta s dng Which i vi mt danh t hi v mt s la
chn gii hn.
* Which i vi mt danh t ng lm ch ng trong cu.

WHICH + NOUN + V?
V d:
Which horse won?
(Con nga no chin thng?)

-->

My horse won.
(Con nga ca ti chin thng.)

Which teams are playing?

122

V danh88.08

(Nhng i no ang chi?)

-->

Manchester and Liverpool are playing.

S
(i Manchester v Liverpool ang chi.)

* Which i vi mt danh t ng lm tn ng trong cu.

WHICH + NOUN + auxiliary + S + B.I?

V d:
Which vegetables would you like?
(Bn mun loi rau qu g?)

-->

I would like some potatoes, some peas and a salad.

O

(Ti mun mt t khoai ty, mt t u v mt a x lch.)

Ch : Tnh t Wich cng c th i vi danh t ch ngi.

V d:
Which poet (of all the poets) do you like best?
O
(Bn thch nh th no nht?)
-->

I like Xuan Dieu best.

O

(Ti thch nh th Xun Diu nht.)

- Khi which ng vai tr l i t, ta s dng Which hi v mt s la chn gii hn trong s

nhng vt c cp trong ng cnh.
Cu trc:

WHICH + Aux + S + B.I?

V d:
There is gin, whisky and sherry. Which will you have ?
O

(y l ru gin, ru Whisky v ru vng. Bn s dng loi no?)

Cu trc:

WHICH + Verb + O?
123

V danh88.08

V d:
Which (of them) knows the formula?
S
(Ai {trong s h} bit c cng thc?)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Whose

* Khi Whose ng vai tr l tnh t s hu. N ng trc danh t v b ngha cho danh t .
- Whose i vi mt danh t v ng lm ch ng (S) trong cu hi.
Cu trc:

WHOSE + NOUN + V + [O] ?

V d:
Whose horse won?
(Nga ca ai chin thng?)

--->

My horse won.
(Nga ca ti chin thng.)

- Whose i vi mt danh t v ng lm tn ng (O) trong cu hi.

WHOSE + NOUN + Aux + S + B.I?

V d:
Whose horse do you like?
(Bn thch con nga ca ai?)

I like Peters.
O

(Ti thch con nga ca Peter.)

* Khi Whose ng vai tr l i t s hu. N thay th cho mt tnh t s hu v mt danh t

c cp trong ng cnh trnh s lp li.

124

V danh88.08

- i t s hu Whose ng lm ch ng trong cu hi.

WHOSE + V + [O] ?

V d:
Whose (books) are these?
S
(Nhng quyn sch ny l nhng quyn sch ca ai?)
Trong cu trn these: l ch ng gi.
whose: l ch ng tht.

- i t s hu Whose ng lm tn ng trong cu hi.

WHOSE + To Be + S?

V d:
Whose is this book?
(Quyn sch ny ca ai?)

-->

This book is mine.

(Quyn sch ny ca ti.)

Or:

WHOSE + Aux + S + B.I?

V d xt tnh hung sau:

Mary: I have just borrowed a good book.
(Ti va mi mn c mt quyn sch hay.)
Peter:

Whose did you borrow?

(Bn mn ca ai vy?)

Mary: I borrowed from Peter.

(Ti mn Peter.)
Trong on i thoi trn, Whose c ngm hiu l Whose book.
Whose did you borrow?
O

125

V danh88.08

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interrogative Adverb: How

- How l mt trng t nghi vn.
How trong cu trc cu sau thng c s dng nh l mt cu hi v sc kho.

HOW + To Be + S?

V d:
How are you?
-->

(Bn c kho khng?)

I am fine.

(Ti kho.)

How is he?
-->

(Anh y c kho khng?)

He is fine.

(Anh y kho.)

How c s dng hi v phng tin i li, cch thc hin mt cng vic.

HOW + Auxiliary + S + B.I + [O] ?

V d:
How do you start the engine?
-->

I press this button.

How do you come?

-->

(Bn khi ng my nh th no?)

(Ti nhn ci nt ny.)

(Bn n y bng phng tin g?)

I come by plane

(Ti i bng my bay.)

Ch : Khi tr li cho cu hi v phng tin, chng ta thng dng gii t by i km.

V d:
By ari

(bng ng khng)

by plane

(bng my bay)

by train

(bng tu la)

by bus

(bng xe but)

126

V danh88.08

by car

(bng xe hi)

by ship

(bng tu thu)

by bicycle

(bng xe p)

(nhng) on foot

(i b)

How i vi cc tnh t dng hi v tnh cht, c im, kch c, trng lng ca mt ngi hay
mt s vic, s vt no .

HOW + ADJECTIVE + To Be + S?

V d:
How strong are you?

(Bn mnh c no?)

How important is that letter?

(L th quan trng ra sao?)

How tall are you?

(Bn cao bao nhiu?)

How heavy is the parcel?

(Kin hng ny cn nng bao nhiu?)

i khi ngi ta dng cu trc trn vi tnh t old hi v tui tc ca mt ngi no ..

V d:
How old are you?

(Bn bao nhiu tui?)

How c s dng vi cc tnh t ch s lng nh Many / Much hi v s lng.

HOW + Many/Much ( + NOUN) + Auxiliary + S + B.I?

Nh cc bn hc v hai tnh t ch s lng ny. Much c s dng vi danh t khng m

c v Many c dng vi danh t m c s nhiu.
V d:
How much (money) do you want?

(Bn mun bao nhiu?)

How many (pictures) have you bought?

127

(Bn mua bao nhiu (bc tranh)?)

V danh88.08

How c s dng vi cc trng t ch th cch dng hi mt hnh ng, ng tc din ra nh

th no.

HOW + ADVERB + Auxiliary + S + B.I?

V d:
How fast does he drive?

(Anh ta li xe nhanh nh th no?)

How often do you go abroad?

(Bn thng i ra nc ngoi bao nhiu ln?)
How soon can you come?
(Trong bao lu na th bn c th n?)

Interrogative Adverb: Where

Where l mt trng t nghi vn, dng hi v ni chn.
Khi hi v ni chn ca mt ngi hay mt vt ang ni no, cc bn dng trng t nghi vn
where vi cu trc cu sau:
* i vi ng t To Be:

WHERE + To Be + S?

V d:
Where is your pen?
-->

(Cy bt ca bn u ri?)

My pen is on the table.

(Cy bt ca ti trn bn.)

Where are your children?

-->

(Nhng a con u ri?)

They are playing in the garden.

(Chng n ang chi trong vn.)

Khi hi quc tch ca mt ngi ta cng dng cu trc cu hi trn:

V d:

-->

Where are you from?

(Bn t u n?)

I am from Vietnam.

(Ti t Vit Nam n.)

128

V danh88.08

Trong cu trc cu ny ng t To Be i vi gii t from c ngha l t mt ni no n.

* i vi ng t thng:

WHERE + Auxiliary + S + B.I?

V d:
Where does she live?
-->

(C y sng u?)

She lives in DA Nang.

(C y sng Nng.)

Where did you go?

-->

(Bn i u vy?)

I went to the cinema.

(Ti i xem phim.)

Interrogative Adverb: When

When l mt trng t nghi vn, dng hi v thi gian.
Khi hi v thi gian xy ra s vic, cc bn dng trng t nghi vn when vi cu trc cu sau:
* i vi ng t To Be:

WHEN + To Be + S?

V d:

-->

-->

When were you in England?

(Bn n Anh khi no vy?)

I was in England in 1986.

(Ti n Anh vo nm 1986.)

When was you born?

(Bn c sinh ra khi no?)

I was born in 1975.

(Ti c sinh ra vo nng 1975.)

* i vi ng t thng:

WHEN + Auxiliary + S + B.I?

V d:
When did you get here?

(Bn n y khi no?)

129

V danh88.08

-->

I got here on the 4th.

(Ti n y vo ngy 4.)

When does he go to school every day?

(Hng ngy anh y i n trng vo lc no?)
-->

He goes to school at 7 oclock every day.

(Anh y i n trng vo lc 7 gi ng mi ngy.)
When can I watch television, mum?
(M, lc no th con mi c xem tive h m?)

-->

You can watch television when you finish your homework.

(Con c th xem ti vi khi no con lm xong bi tp nh.)

Ch : Trong cu tr li trn, when l mt t ni

Interrogative Adverb: Why

Cc bn c th s dng why vi cu trc sau hi v nguyn nhn, l do xy ra mt s vic no
.
- i vi ng t To Be

WHY + To Be + S + [V-ing / Adj]?

V d:
Why is she looking at his watch?
(Ti sao c ta nhn chm vo ng h ca anh ta ?)
Why is she sad?

(Ti sao c y bun?)

- i vi ng t thng hay cc ng t khim khuyt:

WHY + Auxiliary + S + B.I + [O]?

V d:
Why does she leave him?

(Ti sao c y b anh y?)

i vi cu hi nguyn nhn c ngha ph nh, bn thm not sau cc tr ng t.

130

V danh88.08

V d:
Why doesnt she go with him?

(Ti sao c y khng i vi anh ta?)

Why dont you go to the bank?

(Ti sao bn khng i n ngn hng?)
Why cant he do that thing?

(Ti sao anh ta khng th lm iu ?)

131