Federation of European Heating, Ventilation

and Air Conditioning Associations

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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar Shading
by
Wouter Beck (ed.),
Dick Dolmans,
Gonzague Dutoo
Anders Hall
Olli Seppnen

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Task force Solar Shading

started 2008

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Table of Contents
Terminology

Solar radiation
Effect of windows on indoor environment
Window systems

Energy effects of solar shading

How to choose a shading solution
Automating and integrating solar shading

Existing buildings
Double-skin facades
Maintenance of solar shading systems
Cases
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Reviewers
Prof. Jan Hensen, Eindhoven University of
Technology, The Netherlands

Prof. Mat Santamouris, University of

Athens, Greece
Herv Lamy, SNFPSA, Paris, France
Prof. Michael G Hutchins, Sonnergy Ltd,
Abingdon, UK
Dr. Thanos Tzempelikos, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar radiation

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar radiation

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar paths

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar irradiance on a faade

(lat. 50 N, clear sky)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar irradiance on a faade

(lat. 50 N, clear sky)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar irradiance on a faade

(lat. 50 N, clear sky)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Solar irradiance on a faade

(lat. 50 N, clear sky)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Effect of windows on indoor environment

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Effect of windows on indoor

environment
Thermal comfort
Visual comfort
Acoustic comfort

Indoor air quality

Daylighting

Impact of productivity

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Thermal comfort
Air temperature
Radiant temperature

Operative temperature
Relation to office
worker productivity

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Visual comfort
Contact with the outdoors
Absolute brightness
Luminance ratios
Color rendition

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Effect of good visual comfort

3.75% median productivity increase [CMU]
20 to 25% less health complaints
[Hartkopf]
15% reduced absenteeism [Thayer]
10 to 25% better performance on test of
mental function
20 to 26% faster progress of students
[Heshong]

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Predicting visual comfort

Photo: Hunter Douglas

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Predicting visual comfort

Photo: Hunter Douglas

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

The economic impact of

productivity

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Window systems

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Glazing properties
Thermal transmittance

[W/m2K]

Light transmittance

Tv

[-]

g-value

[-]

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Energy flows

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Convection loads

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Cooling loads no shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Cooling load exterior

shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Surface temperature interior

window pane under peak load
conditions no shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Surface temperature interior

window pane under peak load
conditions exterior shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Influence of shading on
lighting needs

Daylight illuminance in a south oriented office

automatic Venetian blind @ 200 W/m2
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Energy effects

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Energy effects of solar

shading
Orientation dependent energy balance of an office for
Stockholm

Amsterdam
Madrid
Three glazing types
Standard double glazing

(U = 2.9 W/m2K)

Low-e

(U = 1.2 W/m2K)

Solar control glazing

(U = 1.1 W/m2K)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Standard office
dimension

3.6 x 5 x 3 m

ventilation

1.5 dm3/m2s

infiltration

0.1 ACH

daylight dependent lighting

500 lx

max. internal load art. lighting

12 W/m2

internal loads people

10 W/m2

internal loads equipment

15 W/m2

thermostat cooling

25/30 C (8-18/otherwise)

thermostat heating

21/15 C (8-18/otherwise)

shading set point

200 W/m2

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Conversion to primary energy

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Stockholm low-e glazing,

no shading

Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Stockholm low-e glazing,

with shading

Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Stockholm cooling load, lowe glazing, orientation: south

no shading

exterior shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Stockholm cooling load

reduction through shading
no shading
std. double
low-e
solar ctrl

dotted: exterior shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Reduction in primary energy

use for heating, cooling and
lighting through shading

std. double
low-e
solar ctrl

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Cost benefit analysis of solar

shading

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

The extra investment in solar

shading as a function of glazing
percentage

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Table of Contents
Terminology
Solar radiation
Effect of windows on indoor environment

Window systems
Energy effects of solar shading
How to choose a shading solution
Automating and integrating solar shading

Existing buildings
Double-skin facades
Maintenance of solar shading systems
Cases

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Cases

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Trafalgar House, Croydon

Photo: Hunter Douglas

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Trafalgar House, Croydon

Rain Screen
Cladding

Concrete Walls

Extract Duct

Anti-Glare Blinds Internally

Exposed Concrete Slab

Aerofoils

Automatic
opening
window

Automatic
opening vent
behind
louvres

Radiators

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Supply Duct

Central Plaza Brussels

Photo: Hunter Douglas

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Allianz, Frankfurt am Main

Photo: Warema

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Allianz, Frankfurt am Main

Photo: Warema

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Mediathque Marguerite
Yourcenar

Photo:Dickson Constant

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Appendices
EU standards concerning shutters
and blinds
Specification example
Matrix of responsibilities

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Acknowledgements
Ellen Kohl (Warema),
Maaike Berckmoes (Scheldebouw-Permasteelisa),
Risto Kosonen (Halton),
Bernard Gilmont (European Aluminium Association),
Maija Virta (Halton),
Prof. Dirk Saelens (Catholic University of Leuven,
Belgium
Prof. Zoltan Magyar (University of Pcs, Hungary)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

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for your
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations