Sr.

Name of Experiment

No.
1

Page
No.

Operate all controls of CRO front panel.

Measure voltage and frequency of a given
signals using Oscilloscope.
To

obtain

V-I

characteristics

of

PN

junction diode.
To obtain V-I characteristics of Zener
diode.
To observe waveform at the output of half

wave rectifier with capacitor. To measure

DC voltage, DC current.

To observe waveform at the output of full

wave rectifier with capacitor.
To observe waveform at the output of
bridge rectifier with capacitor.

Hartley Oscillator

Colpitts Oscillator

INDEX

Experimen
t
Date

Marks

Sign

Experiment No 1

Date :

/2015

AIM : Identify All Controls Of C.R.O. Front Panel.

Apparatus :

C.R.O.
C.R.O. Probes
Function generator
Dc regulated power supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Theory :
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is normally known as a C.R.O. or simply an
Oscilloscope. The oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device it draws a
graph of an electrical signal. In most applications the graph shows how signals
change over time: the vertical (Y) axis represents voltage and the horizontal (X)
axis represents time. The intensity or brightness of the display is sometimes
called the Z axis. (See Figure 1.) This simple graph can tell you many things
about a signal. Here are a few:

You
You
You
You
You

can determine the time and voltage values of a signal.

can calculate the frequency of an oscillating signal.
can see the "moving parts" of a circuit represented by the signal.
can tell if a malfunctioning component is distorting the signal.
can find out how much of a signal direct current (DC) or alternating

current (AC) is.

You can tell how much of the signal is noise and whether the noise is
changing with time.

Figure:

Display
A is the display. This can be a phosphor screen or an LCD, and is usually
about 100 mm corner to corner.
B shows the 'trace'. This is the line drawn by the scope to represent the signal.
On a CRO, this line is created by a bright dot moving across the screen at high
speed. On a digital scope, the line is drawn on the LCD like a graphical
calculator.
The screen is overlaid with a grid of horizontal (C) and vertical (D) lines, called
the 'graticule', which divides the screen into squares, called 'major divisions'.
The graticule is usually 10 major divisions wide and 8 tall.
The central horizontal and vertical lines (E) are usually thicker than the others
and are divided into 'minor divisions', usually five per major division. When we
talk about "divisions" in later sections, we will always mean the major divisions
the minor divisions are just to aid measuring.
There are also special horizontal lines labeled "0" (2.5 divisions below the
centre) and "100" (2.5 divisions above it). The "10" and "90" lines have tick
marks like the central axes. These four horizontal lines are guides for scaling
the signal for rise-time measurement. This will be discussed later.
Power, Calibration and Display Controls
1 is the Power On/Off Button. 2 is the Power Indicator which lights when the
oscilloscope is on. This may be an LED in newer scopes or a neon tube in older
scopes.
3 is the trace rotation (TR) control. This sets the inclination of a flat signal
relative to the graticule. This is usually a Trimpot and needs to be set using a

flat-bladed screwdriver. Once set, this control should retain its position and will
rarely need adjusting.
4 is the intensity of the trace. Turning this up increases the brightness of the
trace, and turning it down makes it dimmer. An overly bright trace can damage
the phosphor of the screen if the dot is moving too slowly.
The trace can get fuzzy if the electron beam is not focused correctly. The focus
control (5) sets this. Most scopes can focus the beam to form a trace about
1mm wide.
6 is the calibration point. This gives a steady square wave at a set frequency
and voltage, allowing the scaling of the trace to be set accurately. Sometimes,
more than one frequency and voltage is available to give a more representative
calibration. The standard calibration signal is between 0V and 2V at 1KHz.
Vertical Axis Controls
When plotting a signal against time (the standard use for a scope), the vertical
axis represents voltage. Most controls for the vertical axis are duplicated for
each channel to give independent control over each signal.
7 controls the position of the trace. It can be adjusted to set the voltage relative
to a ground, or it can be adjusted to separate the two signals - perhaps the first
channel in the top half of the screen and the second channel in the bottom.
8 inverts the relevant channel. That is, the negative voltage is displayed, and
the trace is upside-down.
9 is the vertical scale control, often called the volts/div. control. This sets the
height of the trace. It operates in discrete steps.
10 is a variable height control. It can adjust the height of the trace up to the
next set increment on the volts/div. control. When set to CAL, the height is as
stated on the volts/div. control.
11 is the AC/DC toggle. When set to AC, any DC component of the voltage is
filtered out by switching a capacitor in series with the input signal, leaving just
an AC voltage. This is useful when the DC component swamps the AC
component, making it either too small to see or driving it off the top of the
screen. When set to DC, the signal is displayed as is.

12 is the GND toggle. By selecting this, the input signal is ignored, and the
trace shows 0V. This can be useful to measure a voltage or to eliminate one of
the traces from the display.
13 is the Channel 1 signal input and 14 is the Channel 2 input. This is where
the oscilloscope's probe is plugged in.
Each channel has a copy of most of these controls (except chop/alt, which
applies to all channels). The way the channels are combined is set using 15,
which is usually a sliding switch. When set to CH. 1, only the trace from
Channel 1 is displayed, and likewise for CH. 2. When DUAL is selected, the
traces are shown side by side. This is when the chop/alt control applies. ADD
shows the sum of the two traces as one trace. By inverting the traces, one can
be subtracted from the other. This can be seen in the illustration below. This
shows a square wave on one channel and a sinusoidal wave on the other. On
the left, the scope is set to "dual", and the two traces are shown side by side.
On the right, the scope is set to "add", and the trace is the sum of the two
signals.

Horizontal Axis Controls

When operating in the normal voltage vs. time mode, this axis represents time.
The primary control is the time base selector, 19. The time base is the length of
time displayed per major horizontal division on the screen. This ranges from
about 0.1 milliseconds to about 1 second (or more on digital scopes).

The position of the trace from side to side is controlled by 17. This is useful if
part of the trace is off the edge of the screen but you don't want to change the
time base.
The 10 MAG control, 16, is a very useful control if you want to quickly zoom
in on a feature without changing the time base and losing your settings. This
button magnifies the central area of the trace by a factor of 10 in the horizontal
direction (but leaves the voltage height unchanged).
18 toggle the mode between the usual voltage vs. time format and the XY mode.
This continuously plots the voltage on Channel 1 along the horizontal axis
against the voltage on Channel 2 (the vertical axis). This can be extremely
useful to analyze frequency or phase relationships. This is a complex topic, and
will be covered in its own section later in the module.
20 and 21 act in much the same way as 10 does on the vertical axis. This
diagram shows it to be slightly different from the vertical control. To select a
non-standard time base, press 20, and adjust 20 until the correct setting is
obtained. To return to a calibrated time base, press 20 again. Sometimes these
controls are the same style as 10, sometimes the vertical controls are like
these.
22 is the GND terminal of the scope. This is used to set a "datum" voltage
against which to measure the voltages on the input channels. Be careful when
using isolated mains voltage circuits, as the "ground" is sometimes floating at
mains voltage, and can short to the real ground, causing injury or death.

23 toggles between chop-mode and alt-mode. Chop-mode means that when the
scope is drawing two signals side by side it alternates rapidly between the two
over the course of passing across the screen. This action is called chopping.
Alt-mode alternates at the end of each pass, and can appear to flicker at slow
speeds.

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Questions:
[1] What is the use of C.R.O. ?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
[2] Why AC/DC input coupling push-button switch is given?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
[3] What do you mean by dual channel C.R.O.?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
[4] What is the function of X-Y mode switch?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
[5] How many divisions are on the CRO screen in Horizontal and Vertical
position?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 2

Date :

/2015

AIM : Measure voltage and frequency of a given signals using

Oscilloscope.
Apparatus:
C.R.O.
C.R.O. Probes
Function generator

Theory:
C.R.O. (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) is the instrument which is used to observe
signal waveforms. Signals are displayed in time domain i.e. variation in
amplitude of the signal with respect to time is plotted on the CRO screen. Xaxis represents time and Y-axis represents amplitude. It is used to measure
amplitude, frequency and phase of the waveforms. It is also used to observe
shape of the waveform. C.R.O. is useful for troubleshooting purpose. It helps us
to find out gain of amplifier, test oscillator circuits. We can measure amplitude
and frequency of the waveforms at the different test points in our circuit. Thus,
it helps us for fault finding procedure. In dual channel C.R.O. X-Y mode is
available which is used to create Lissajous patterns

Latest digital storage oscilloscope display voltage and frequency directly on the
LCD and does not require any calculations. It can also store waveform for
further analysis. More detailed study on C.R.O. will be covered in EMI
laboratory (SEM-V). In this practical, we will measure amplitude and frequency
of the different waveforms like sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and
ramp wave.

Procedure:
1. Connect function generator output at the input of C.R.O. at channel 1 or at
channel 2
2. Select proper channel i.e. if signal is connected to channel 1 select CH1 and
if signal is connected to channel 2 select CH2
3. Adjust Time /Div knob to get sufficient time period displacement of the wave
on the CRO screen.
4. With fine tuning of time/Div make the waveform steady on screen.
5. Use triggering controls if waveform is not stable
6. Keep volt/div knob such that waveform is visible on the screen without
clipping
7. Measure P-P reading along y-axis. This reading multiplied with volt/div
gives peak to peak amplitude of the ac i/p wave.
8. Measure horizontal division of one complete cycle. This division multiplied
by time/div gives time period of the i/p wave.
9. Calculate frequency using formula f = 1/T.
10.Note down your readings in the observation table.
11. Draw waveforms of sine, square, ramp and triangular in the given space.

Observation table:

Function

Sine
Wave

Vertical
Division
(a)

Volt/Div
(b)

Amplitude
(P-P)
V= a*b

Horizonta
l
Division
(c)

Time/Di
v
(d)

Time
T= c*d

Frequenc
y
F= 1/T

Function

Square
Wave

Vertical
Division
(a)

Volt/Div
(b)

Amplitude
(P-P)
V= a*b

Horizonta
l
Division
(c)

Time/Di
v
(d)

Time
T= c*d

Frequenc
y
F= 1/T

Function

Vertical
Division
(a)

Volt/Div
(b)

Amplitude
(P-P)
V= a*b

Horizonta
l
Division
(c)

Time/Di
v
(d)

Time
T= c*d

Frequenc
y
F= 1/T

Triangula
r Wave

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign Of Faculty

Experiment No 3

Date :

/2015

AIM : To obtain V-I characteristics of PN junction diode

Apparatus :

PN Diode, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

Theory :
A PN junction is formed by diffusing P-type material to one half side and N-type
material other half side. The plane dividing the two zones is known as a
junction.
Forward Bias:
When the positive terminal of the external battery is connected to the P-region
and negative terminal is connected to the N-region. Then it is called as forward
biased PN junction.
Reverse Bias:
When the negative terminal of the external battery is connected to the P-region
and positive terminal is connected to the N-region.

Then it is called as reverse

biased PN junction.
Precaution:
Before connect the diode in the circuit check the resistance in forward and
reverse bias condition. Voltmeter should be connected in parallel at any time.
Ammeter should be connected in series at any time.

Figure:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply, voltmeter, current meter with the diode as
shown in the figure for forward bias diode. You can use two
2. Multimeter (one to measure current through diode and other to measure
voltage across diode)
3. Increase voltage from the power supply from 0V to 20V in step as shown
in the observation table
4. Measure voltage across diode and current through diode. Note down
readings in the observation table.
5. Reverse DC power supply polarity for reverse bias
6. Repeat the above procedure for the different values of supply voltage for
reverse bias
7. Draw VI characteristics for forward bias and reverse bias in one graph

Observation table: (Forward bias)

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Supply Voltage

Diode Voltage

Diode Current

(Volts)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
2
4
6
8
10
15
20

(Volts)

(Id) A

Observation table: (Reverse bias)

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Supply Voltage

Diode Voltage

Diode Current

(Volts)
0
2
5
10
15
20
25
30

(Volts)

(Id) A

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 4

Date :

AIM : To obtain V-I characteristics of Zener diode

Apparatus :

Zener Diode, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

/2015

Theory :
The Zener diode is designed to operate in reverse breakdown region. Zener
diode is used for voltage regulation purpose. Zener diodes are designed for
specific reverse breakdown voltage called Zener breakdown voltage (V Z). The
value of VZ depends on amount of doping. Breakdown current is limited by
power dissipation capacity of the zener diode. If power capacity of the Zener is
1 W and Zener voltage is 10V, highest reverse current is 0.1A or 100 mA. If
current increases more than this limit, diode will be damaged. A forward
characteristic of the Zener diode is similar to normal PN junction diode.

Observation table: (Forward bias)

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Supply Voltage

Diode Voltage

Diode Current

(Volts)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
5
10
15
20
25

(Volts)

(Id) A

Observation table: (Reverse bias)

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Conclusion:

Supply Voltage

Diode Voltage

Diode Current

(Volts)
0
1
2
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
22
25
30

(Volts)

(Id) A

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 5

Date :

/2015

AIM : To obtain V-I characteristics of Zener diode To observe

waveform at the output of half wave rectifier. To measure DC
voltage, DC current.
Apparatus :

Diode, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

Theory :
One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a
rectifier to convert AC into DC. DC Power supply is the important element of
any electronic equipment. This is because it provides power to energize all
electronic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers and so on. In electronic
equipments, D.C. power supply is must. For example, we cant think of
television,

computer,

radio,

telephone,

mobile

as

well

as

measuring

instruments like CRO, multi-meter etc. without DC power supply. The

reliability and performance of the electronic system proper design of power
supply is necessary. The first block of DC power supply is rectifier. Rectifier
may be defined as an electronic device used to convert ac voltage or current
into unidirectional voltage or current. Essentially rectifier needs unidirectional
device. Diode has unidirectional property hence suitable for rectifier. Rectifier
broadly divided into two categories: Half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. In
this experiment, you will construct half wave rectifier.

Working principle of half wave rectifier:

In half wave rectifier only half cycle of applied AC voltage is used. Another half
cycle of AC voltage (negative cycle) is not used. Only one diode is used which
conducts during positive cycle. The circuit diagram of half wave rectifier
without capacitor is shown in the following figure. During positive half cycle of
the input voltage anode of the diode is positive compared with the cathode.
Diode is in forward bias and current passes through the diode and positive
cycle develops across the load resistance RL.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, anode is negative with respected to
cathode and diode is in reverse bias. No current passes through the diode
hence output voltage is zero.

Half wave rectifier without filter capacitor convert AC voltage into pulsating DC
voltage. Filter capacitor is used to obtain smooth DC voltage. Construct
following circuit to perform this practical.
Practical Circuit diagram:

Waveform:
[1] Input Wave:

[2] Output Wave:

Observations:

[1] DC output voltage VDC = ___________

[2] DC current: IDC =______________

Questions:
[1] Define ripple factor
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

[2] What is the effect of load resistance on ripple voltage in presence of filter
capacitor?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

[3] What is the effect of value of filter capacitor on ripple voltage?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 6

Date :

/2015

AIM : To obtain V-I characteristics of Zener diode To observe

waveform at the output of full wave rectifier. To measure DC
voltage, DC current.
Apparatus :

Diode, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

Theory :
Full wave rectifier utilizes both the cycle of input AC voltage. Two or four diodes
are used in full wave rectifier. If full wave rectifier is designed using four diodes
it is known as full wave bridge rectifier. Full wave rectifier using two diodes
without capacitor is shown in the following figure. Center tapped transformer is
used in this full wave rectifier. During the positive cycle diode D1 conducts and
it is available at the output. During negative cycle diode D1 remains OFF but
diode D2 is in forward bias hence it conducts and negative cycle is available as
a positive cycle at the output as shown in the following figure.

Note that direction of current in the load resistance is same during both the
cycles hence output is only positive cycles.
Advantages of full wave rectifier over half wave rectifier:

The rectification efficiency is double than half wave rectifier

Ripple factor is less and ripple frequency is double hence easy to filter

out.
DC output voltage and current is higher hence output power is higher.
Better transformer utilization factor

There is no DC saturation of core in transformer because the DC

currents in two halves of secondary flow in opposite directions.

Disadvantages:

Requires center tap transformer

Requires two diodes compared to one diode in half wave rectifier.

Practical Circuit diagram:

Waveform:
[1] Input Wave:

[2] Output Wave:

Observations:

[1] DC output voltage VDC = ___________

[2] DC current: IDC =______________

Questions:
[1] What is the frequency of AC component at the output of full wave
rectifier? Give reason.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

[2] What is the difference in DC output voltage in half wave and full wave
rectifier for the same AC input?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

[3] What is the PIV necessary for the diode if transformer of 24-0-24 V is
used ?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 7

Date :

/2015

AIM : To obtain V-I characteristics of Zener diode To observe

waveform at the output of bridge rectifier. To measure DC
voltage, DC current.
Apparatus :

Diode, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

Theory :
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using
both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in
the following figure.

The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is
applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is
connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle
of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4
remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative
half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and
D2 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D3 and D4 will be in series with the
load resistance RL and hence the current flows through R L in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted
into a unidirectional wave.
The circuit diagram of the bridge rectifier with filter capacitor is shown in the
following figure. When capacitor charges during the first cycle, surge current

flows because initially capacitor acts like a short circuit. Thus, surge current is
very large. If surge current exceeds rated current capacity of the diode it can
damage the diode. To limit surge current surge resistance is used in series as
shown in the figure. Similar surge resistance can be used in half wave as well
as center-tapped full wave rectifier also.

Bridge rectifier package (combination of four diodes in form of bridge) is easily

available in the market for various current capacities ranging from 500 mA to
30A. For laboratory purpose you can use 1A package.

Advantages of bridge rectifier over half wave rectifier:

No center tap is required in the transformer secondary hence

transformer design is simple. If stepping up and stepping down not
required than transformer can be eliminated. (In SMPS used in TV and

computer, 230V is directly applied to the input of bridge rectifier).

The PIV of the diode is half than in center tap full wave rectifier
Transformer utilization factor is higher than in center tapped full wave

rectifier
Smaller size transformer required for given capacity because transformer
is utilized effectively during both AC cycles.

Disadvantages:

Requires Four diodes (But package is low cost)

Forward voltage drop across two diodes. This will reduce efficiency

particularly when low voltage (less than 5V ) is required.

Load resistance and supply source have no common point which may be
earthed.

Practical Circuit diagram:

Waveform:
[1] Input Wave:

[2] Output Wave:

Observations:

[1] DC output voltage VDC = ___________

[2] DC current: IDC =______________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 8

Date :

AIM : To understand working of transistor as a switch.

Apparatus :

/2015

Transistor, Resistor , Power supply

Voltmeter
Breadboard
Connecting wire

Theory :
In transistor, the base junction is forward biased and the collector base
junction is reverse biased. Working of NPN and PNP type transistor is explained
below. In figure-1 NPN transistor is shown. Emitter junction is given some bias
VEE. Collector junction is reversed biased by VCC battery. Potential Barrier is
reduced as the emitter junction is forward biased. Electronics from emitter
cross the junction and go to the base. Holes from the base cross the junction
and go to the emitter. So current IE flows due to the flow of majority charge
carriers. It is called the emitter current. In this current due to the hole
movement is very less as the base is thin and lightly doped. Current due to the
flow of electrons is much more.
Now electrons injected from emitter come to the base but as the base is thin
and lightly doped, very small numbers of electrons combine with the holes in
base. Most of the electrons are collected by the collector.

Working of PNP Transistor :

PNP transistor is shown in figure, Emitter base junction is forward biased and
the collector base junction is reverse biased. As the emitter junction is forward
biased. The barrier potential is reduced. Majority charge carriers (holes) in
emitter go towards the base and minority charge carriers of the base (electrons)
go towards the emitter. Very small number of holes injected from emitter to the
base and most of the holes are collected by the collector. The emitter current IE
is available due to the flow of the majority charge carriers. Since collector
junction is reversed biased, Majority charge carriers (electrons) in collector go
to the base and minority charge carriers in base (holes) got o the collector.
Thus this leakage current flows from base to collector and is denoted by I CB.
This current is less than the movement of holes in emitter and electrons in
base. Difference between these two currents is known as the base current IB.

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 8

Date :

/2015

AIM : To Study Hartley Oscillator

Apparatus :

Trainer Kit
CRO, Probe
Frequency Counter, Power Supply
Connecting wire

Theory :
Hartley oscillator when LC tank is resonant, the circulating current flows
through L1 in series with L2. Thus, equivalent inductance is L = L1 + L2.

In the oscillator, the feedback voltage can be developed by the inductive voltage
divider, L1 & L2. Since output voltage appears across L1 and feedback voltage
across L2, the feedback fraction can be given by

 = V / Vout = XL2 / XL1 = L2 / L1

As usual, loading effect of the base is ignored. For the oscillations to begin, the
voltage gain should be greater than 1/ . The frequency of oscillation can be
given by

PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the trainer kit of HARTLEY OSCILLATOR to the mains 230V ac
supply switch it ON.
2. Connect C1 in the circuit with a patch cord.
3. Connect CRO at the output with 1s/div time base set on CRO. measure
the output frequency by noting the reading of time period T of 1 cycle
and f = 1 /T.
4. Now replace C1 with C2 in the circuit and verify a slight deviation in the
frequency with the help of a frequency counter or on a CRO.
5. Analyse with the help of a frequency counter or on a CRO.
6. Analysis the circuit operation and conclude your results.

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty

Experiment No 9

Date :

/2015

AIM : To Study Colpitts Oscillator

Apparatus :

Trainer Kit
CRO, Probe
Frequency Counter, Power Supply
Connecting wire

Theory :
Circuit of the Colpitts oscillator is similar to that of the Hartley Oscillator but
there is some change in the tank circuit. One type of resonant circuit oscillator
is the Colpitts, named after it's inventor. As shown in the figure, this type of
oscillator uses an LC circuit in the feedback type loop to provide the necessary
phase shift and to act as a resonant filter that passes only the desired
frequency of oscillation.
The approximate frequency is established by the values of C1,C2 and L,
according to the familiar formula, which also applies to the clapp and Hartley
oscillators i.e.

PROCEDURE :
7. Connect the trainer kit of HARTLEY OSCILLATOR to the mains 230V ac
supply switch it ON.
8. Connect C1 in the circuit with a patch cord.
9. Connect CRO at the output with 1s/div time base set on CRO. measure
the output frequency by noting the reading of time period T of 1 cycle
and f = 1 /T.
10.
Now replace C1 with C2 in the circuit and verify a slight deviation
in the frequency with the help of a frequency counter or on a CRO.
11.
Analyse with the help of a frequency counter or on a CRO.
12.
Analysis the circuit operation and conclude your results.

Conclusion:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Faculty