Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Appendix 2
Practical 3 - N (d)(m)Urine Analysis Evaluating and reporting on observations
This practical focuses on Recording data, drawing conclusions and evaluation.
You will also be developing other assessed skills throughout the practical
Intended learning outcomes
By the end of this practical and its write-up you should be able to:
Safety information
You should wear eye protection throughout this practical.
Background information
The urine can be used to find out about a persons health because of the role of
the kidney in homeostasis.
Typical tests that would be performed on a urine sample include odour, clarity,
colour, pH and presence or absence of protein or glucose.
A table of reference values for healthy urine has been provided for comparison.
The terms used in the table those appropriate in describing a urine sample.
You will carry out an analysis of 3 urine samples in order to diagnose medical
conditions.
50
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006
The urine samples have been obtained from patients who may be suffering from
either protein urea, diabetes or renal disease. The urine samples are artificial as
actual samples may contain pathogens.
Table of reference values
Colour
Appearance
Odour
pH
Specific gravity
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Microscopic
examination
RBC
WBC
casts
Newborn
Clear
5.0 7.0
1.001 1.020
Rare
0-4
Rare
3-4
Occasional
Method
Use the following procedure to test each of the urine samples.
Initial examination of urine
1
Examine the urine visually for odour and clarity, describe what you see and
record this in your results table.
Comment on the odour of the urine sample by wafting vapours toward you nose
with your hand DO NOT put your nose directly over the sample and inhale.
Testing for pH
1
Remove the paper and compare its colour against a universal indicator chart.
51
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006
Observe any colour change and comment on whether protein is present in your
results table.
Observe any colour change and comment on whether glucose is present in your
results table.
Diagnosis
1
Using the reference table of normal values, identify any abnormalities of the
urine sample.
Using the clinical information table, make a diagnosis based on your findings.
Write-up
52
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006
Resources required
White board or flipchart and suitable pens or blackboard and chalks
Practical materials specified on the Technical Information sheet
Some spare copies of the student worksheet
Planned activities (timings can be altered to suit shorter or longer lessons)
Timings/
minutes
End of
previous
lesson
0-4
Introduction to the aims, intended outcomes and shape of the lesson teacher led oral presentation
4-8
8-12
12-20
50-60
Useful information
Students should construct a table that shows the tests carried out, the results
obtained and any conclusions based on the results of the tests.
Explanations of the results should be related to metabolic reactions and the role of
the kidney, giving reasons why sample 1 is more likely to be from a diabetic than
sample 3, why sample 2 is more likely to be from a person with protein urea and why
sample 3 is more likely to be from a person with renal failure.
Students should make reference to;
the role of the liver in converting glucose to glycogen and the role of the
pancreas in monitoring and responding to glucose concentration in the blood,
the role of the kidney is reabsorption of glucose and the effect of high blood
glucose on reabsorption,
the structure of the Bowmans capsule and capillary wall in relation to pore size
and the normal filtration of these layers,
The following is a brief guide to the clinical problems indicated by abnormal urine
results, in relation to this investigation:
Colour
colourless or pale
Appearance
hazy or cloudy
Odour
ammonia
foul or putrid
bacterial infection
sweet or fruity
<4.5
>8.0
Protein
present
Glucose
present
pH
54
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006
All samples can be coloured to appear more realistic by adding tea, yellow ink,
food colouring or dye.
Albumen powder may be substituted by other proteins, for example 1cm3 egg
white.
The apparatus and materials required for this are listed below.
The amount of apparatus listed is for one student or one group of students if they
are to work in groups.
For some of the chemicals, it is convenient to make up more than is required in order
to give sufficient quantities for accurate measurement.
The urine samples may be prepared up to a week in advance but may require
either gently shaking or inverting prior to use as particulate matter will settle.
Benedicts reagent
Test tube
Boiling tube1
55
10 Bunsen burner, tripod and gauze or access to a water bath set at >60C)
11 6 x 10 cm3 graduated pipettes / syringes / measuring cylinders
Safety Precautions/Risks.
Sodium chloride = H (Irritant only)
Ammonia = C, N
Benedicts = H, N
A risk assessment should be carried out as a matter of course.
56
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006