You are on page 1of 17

OBJECTIVES

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Can explain how each one of the major lathes machine work.
To study how to use the drill set on the work piece.
Can list the factor that must be considered before use the lathe machine.
To know how to do the taping after do the boring.
Can use material base on the procedure.

EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

Tools

Function

VERNIER CALIPER

User for measuring


external as well as internal
diameter
Single point cutting tool bit

To cut the work pieces.

L-spanner
To open or adjust toolbit
holde

CENTRE DRILL

To drill a hole at the center


of workpiece before
drilling

Parting tool
To making process of cut
off on the workpiece

Tap

Normally supply the


rotating power for hand
taps

DRILL CHUCK

To make center point


before drilling work pieces

Center
To make center point and
drilling work piece

Twist drill bit

To drill a hole on the


workpiece

SAFETY PRECAUTION
1. GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTION
Wearing the suitable clothes like jacket before you enter the workshop. Make sure you
are not allowed to use slippers for safety first.
Punctually with your time and do not be late to attend your workshop.
Make sure all facilities in the workshop still in good condition to avoid any accident.
The windows must be closed before leave the workshop.
Make sure all the switch is turn off.
Make sure you clean up the machine and its component after used.
Return the tools to your lecturers after finish do your work.
Wash your hand after handling the machine and tools.
Shape the largest surface first.
Keep hands, brushes and rags away from the revolving shaping cutter.
Use a vacuum, brush or rake to remove cuttings only after the cutters have stopped
moving.
Change cutting compounds periodically. Shaping machines can be dangerous if not
used properly.
Make sure you understand instructions and are properly trained before operating a
milling machine.
Wear appropriate safety glasses.
Ensure that the shaping machine has a start/stop button within easy reach of the
operator.
Ensure that the work piece and cutter are mounted securely before taking a cut.
Check that work is mounted squarely.
Mount work in a vise that is bolted or held magnetically to the table. Use proper hand
tools to make adjustments. Refer to Hand Tools for more information.
Hold shipping cutters with a cloth to avoid being cut when handling them.
Move table as far as possible from cutter
Keep cutters sharpened correctly and in good condition.
Keep working surface clear of scraps, tools and materials.
Keep floor around the shaping machine free of oil and grease.

2. TURNING MACHINE SAFETY

Always wear approved safety glass, it is important to protect your eyes from chips fly.
Roll up your sleeves, remove your tie, and tuck in loose clothing.
Never wear a ring or watch, this may be caught in revolving work.
Do not operate the lathe machine until you fully understand its control.
Never operate the machine if safety is guard are removed or not closed properly.
Stop the lathe before you measure work, clean or adjust the machine.
Never attempt to stop a lathe chuck or drive plate by hand.
Be sure that the chuck or face plate is mounted securely before starting the lathe.
Always removes the chuck wrench after use to avoid the wrench could fly out and
injured someone.
Always removes the chips with brush and never with your hand.
Whenever we are polishing, filing, cleaning or adjusting to thework piece or machine,
always removes the sharp tool bit from the tool holder to vent serious cuts to your
arms or hand.

3. OPERATING SAFETY PRECAUTION


Rotating chucks and work are the major dangers in lathe work. Chips and the tool bit are also
potential dangers if the operator does not pay attention to what is happening.

Always roll up loose sleeves and remove ties, ring, watch and so on before
operating the machine.
Always wear specified eye protection.
Wear the suitable cloth.
Make all adjustments with the machine off.
Always keep your hands away from moving part.
Do not measure work with the lathe running. It is poor practice.
Do not adjust the cutting tool with the machine running.
Do not change gears while the lathe is running.
Never walk away from a lathe when it is operating.
When the work is complete, shut of power and clean the machine.

THEORYS
Though the fundamental principle of operation of all lathes is same and perform the same
function, yet they are classified according to the design, types of drive, arrangement of gears,
and purpose. The following are important types of lathes.
Speed lathe.
It is one of the simplest types of all lathes. It is driven by power and consists of a bed, a
headstock, a tail stock and an adjustable slide for supporting the tool. Since the tool is fed into
the work by hand and cuts are very small, therefore the type of lathes is driven at high speeds
usually from 1200 to 3600 r.p.m. The work may be held between centers or attached to a face
plate on the headstock. The speed lathe is used mainly for wood working, centering, metal
spinning, polishing etc.

Engine or centre
lathe.
It
is
a

general
purpose

lathe

and is

widely used in workshops. It differs from a speed


lathe that
it has additional mechanism for controlling the
spindle speed
and for supporting and controlling the feed of the fixed cutting tool. The cutting tool may be
fed both in cross and longitudinal direction with reference to the lathe axis with the help of a
carriage. The engine lathe, depending upon the design of headstock for receiving power, may
be classified as belt driven lathe, motor driven lathe and geared head lathe.
Beach lathe.
The beach lathe is so small that it can be mounted on a beach. All the types of operation can
be performed on this lathe that may be done on an ordinary speed or engine lathe. This is used

for small work usually requiring considerable accuracy such as in the production of gauges,
punches and beds for press tools.
Tool room lathe.
The tool room lathe is similar to an engine lathe and is equipped with all the accessories
needed for accurate tool work. It has an individually driven geared headstock with a wide
range of spindle speeds. Since this lathe is used for precision work on tools, gauges, dies, jigs
and other small parts, therefore greater skill is needed to operate the lathe.
Capstan and turret lathe.
The capstan and turret lathes are the modification of engine lathes and is particularly used for
mass production of identical parts in the minimum time. These lathes are semi-automatic and
are fitted with multi tool holding devices, called capstan and turret heads. The advantage of
capstan and turret lathe is that several different types of operations can be performed on a
workpiece without resetting of work or tools.

Automatic lathes.
The automatic lathes are so designed that the tools are automatically fed to the work and
withdrawn after all the operations are complete to finish the work. Since the entire operation
is automatic, these lathes require little attention of the operator. These lathes are used for mass
production of identical parts.

PROCEDURE
By using saw cut a work piece that needed. The length of the work piece is 40mm.
58mm
32mm

1. Hold the work piece in the chuck than straight turning the work piece along 23mm
to get 22mm.
23mm

22mm

2. Turn over work piece to another side. Then, straight turning the work piece along
32mm to get 30mm.
32mm
30mm

3. Using the smallest drill shanks mark the center point of the work piece before
drilling.

4. Using the 14mm drill shank, drill the work piece until it get the through to the other
surface.

5. At the work piece in length 28mm, drill the surface using the 22.5mm drill shank.

6. After drilling 23mm hole, make a finishing at the end of 23mm, hole using
cutting tool.

7. The 10.5mm tap drill is used for tapping.

8. Lastly cleaning the work piece and polishing it to prevent it rusty.

RESULT

Table
No Portions

R1
(mm)

R2
(mm)

R3
(mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

32.0
14.5
8
21.5
31
26.5
22.5
28.5

32.2
14.5
8
21.5
31
26.3
22.5
28.4

32.0
14.5
8
21.4
31
26.5
22.4
28.5

Facing 32mm
Facing 15mm
Cut off length 8mm
Cut off 22mm
Turning 30mm
Turning 26mm
Drilling 23mm
Boring depth
28mm

Average =
(R1+R2+R3)/
3
32.07
14.5
8
21.46
31
26.43
22.46
28.46

% of error =

0.18
0
0
2.27
0
1.65
2.17
1.64

DISCUSSIONS
a) There are seven type of machining operation used in lathe machining such as
facing,boring and so on.With a suitable diagram,describe all type of machining
operation that need to machine the project.
Ans: Facing

Drilling

boring

turning

Chamfering

milling

Cut off

b) Body is one of the parts available on spiral drill.it is situated between tip and rod.Give
six component available on the body with brief explanation.
Ans:
c) State two types of drill bit used in drilling the project (Figure 2.1) and give one
function of each drill bit.
Ans:Twist Drill and Center Drill.Twist drill is one of commonly used in drilling.
d) Give the differences between straight rod(straight shank) and taper rod(taper shank)of
drill bit.State the suitable holding device for those drill bit.
Ans:
Difference
Holding device

Straight shank
Used straight collect chuck

Taper shank
Drill socket

e) What does M16 2.0 stamped on the shank of a tap mean?


Ans: M is mean to Malaysian Standard where is the thread angle is 60 degree, 16 is the
major diameter of the shank of tap and 2.0 is the pitch diameter of the shank of a tap.
f) Why choosing appropriate cutting speed is very important during drilling a hole?

Ans: Cutting speed is depends on the size of drill bit and the hardness of workpiece.As the
size of drill bit increase,the cutting speed must be decrease.This is because when high
cutting speed(1000rpm) is used on the bigger size of drill bit(22mm) to drill the
workpiece,in the middle or beginning of the drilling process the drill bit will break
because of the vibration of the drill bit and the heat produced when turning is too high
causing the drill bit easily to break.
g) Cutting speed for mild steel is 25m/min.Calculate rotation per minute(rpm) for a drill
bit with diameter 15mm.Given: V=
Ans:

D = 15 mm
V=
25 =
25 = 0.047N
25/0.047=N
N = 530.52 rpm

V =25m/min

N = ? rpm

CONCLUSION

You might also like