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I.INTRODUCTION
Approximately 80-90% of the tonnages of minerals are
processed using water. It has more efficient, higher recovery
and lower costs per unit of a valuable product and no air
pollution (Antonio, et al., 2009; Jaroslaw, 2012). In most
cases, the concentration of suspended solids is high and
hindered settling occurs. Thickeners are continuous or semicontinuous units with relatively shallow reservoirs in which
the transparent fluid is taken up and the concentrated product
is collected at the bottom. The difference between thickener
and other types of sedimentary basins such as classifiers is
that suspended solids in the feed pulp in some kinds of
floculant stick together. The first forces in the separation
process are gravity, buoyancy and friction. Some of the
factors that influence these forces are the liquid density, solid
density, particle size and shape, floculation of particles and
concentration of solids. Settling of solids and separation
velocity may be related to these factors (Muralidhara, 1986;
Roberts, 1949; Svarovsky, 2001).
Continuous thickener dimensions can be determined from
previous experiments, pilot-scale continuous tests or batch
settling tests. But often due to time constraints, stirring
restriction and lack of access to sampling materials, batch
experiments are the only method based on reality for
determining the size of the thickener.
Before 1916, concentrated operations were considered an art,
but in 1916, with the publication of Coe and Clevenger
article, concentrated operations were changed to an
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Folcculant
30 g/t
4% Solids
Bypass
Clear water
reservoir for
feed dilution
0.1% Solids
26.5% Solids
2.2
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Conclusion
The results of this study show that in the thickener choice
and wastewater refinery, particles size distribution should
follow the Rosin- Rammler formula.If solids below 200 Mesh
include 8% or more of the feed weight, we should use
flocculant to increase the sedimentation rate and the water
clarity.Increases in the concentration of solids in the feed (up
to 25 Wt %) reduce the size and cost of the equipments
required for the separation. However, when a high
concentration of solids in the feed is used with flocculant, we
can use thickener overflow to dilute feed and increase
sedimentation rate and water clarity. As the degree of mixing
or stirring the pulp is higher, the deposition rate decreases
due to breaking the chains.Regarding depth of the container,
the following results are obtained:There should be enough
depth for feed to avoid surface turbulence.There should be
enough depth for the clear fluid avoiding the feed amount
chsnges and the pulp properties of continues thickeners
variation.There should be enough depth to have maximum
capacity to avoid high cost and frequent over-discharge of
continues thickeners.
The required depth of thickener is obtained by calculating the
capacity of concentrated zone, so that the stored solids is
equal to the total capacity of the reservoir during the
necessary time for pulp concentration that reaches the proper
density in the underflow. We should add extra depth to the
thickner due to the space lost by the turbulence of the fluid
resistance force in the thickener. Furthermore, a depth
between 1 1 ft and 2 1 ft should be considered for the feed
2
2
and another depth for material storage capacity when the
underflow is close.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank University of Sistan and
Baluchestan for supporting this work. She is grateful to the
reviewers for their useful comments.
REFERENCES
1. Antonio E. C., Joaquim D., Mauro R., Rogerio C., Water
in Mineral Processing: BRAZILIAN Case Studies. 23: 27-35
(2009).
2. Banisi S., mineral processing booklet. Third Edition,
dewatering Chapter, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
(2007).
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