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International Journal For Research & Development in Technology

Volume: 2, Issue: 3, Sept-2014

ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585

Large Scale Grid Amalgamation of Renewable


Energy Sources in Indian Power System
Er. Sagar1, Dr. Rajesh Goel2
12

Samalkha Group of Institutions, Samalkha


12
Panipat,India

Abstract Renewable energy sources integrated to utility


grid always depends on the rate of power generation. Large
scale power generations are connected to transmission
systems where as small scale distributed power generation is
connected to distribution systems. There are certain
challenges and issues in the integration of both types of
systems directly.
The plans for the development of electricity from renewable
energy sources cause three major challenges. Firstly,
renewable change the geographical distribution of
generation centres compared to the load centres. Secondly,
a share of the renewable will be connected to distribution
grids and will thus change the vertical distribution of
generation. Thirdly, wind and solar energy are two
dominant technologies which depend directly on the natural
supply of renewable energy and thus are variable and
intermittent energy sources. This report addresses the most
relevant measures which can be taken in order to deal with
these challenges. This paper presents a review in the issues,
challenges, causes, impacts and utilization of renewable
energy sources Grid Integration.
Index TermsGrid Integration,
renewable energy sources.

distributed

power,

I.INTRODUCTION
Generation from renewable energy sources largely depends
on the nature like wind velocity and sunshine. The variability
of RES power can be addressed through improved
forecasting techniques, which are still evolving. When the
percentage of RES becomes significant, special attention
needs to be paid to accurately forecast their output. India is a
country of continental size and this is helpful in balancing the
variable output of renewable energy sources located in few
states by integrating them into all India grids. The interstate
and inter regional transmission infrastructure is already being
developed and it is expected that all the five electrical regions
of India would be synchronously connected in 2014.
However, new transmission corridors would be required for
evacuating green energy from states such as Tamil Nadu,
Gujarat, Rajasthan and J & K (Ladakh). It has now been
recognised by the transmission planners that in view of the
short gestation period of RE plants, the transmission has to
lead generation and would require upfront investment. Such
transmission corridors required in the next five year time
span have already been firmed up through the established
process of coordinated transmission planning and their
implementation is being taken up progressively.

DECENTRALIZE GENERATION INTEGRATION


The trend for additional energy supply systems (especially by
using renewable sources) in the medium and low voltage
level is highly visible. But to solve all mentioned barriers and
to afford integration of renewable energy sources, many
changes are necessary, including the configuration of an
intelligent distributed electricity system as the most important
alteration.However, there is no clear definition of this
concept. In Europe it is called decentralized generation.
Decentralized energy supply aims at generating the energy
where it is required, or respectively consuming the energy
where it is generated.It is necessary to supply the available
energy in particular supply-dependent renewable energy
to that load which at the moment of occurrence has the most
urgent demand or is beingused for the optimum purpose.
Additionally, supply of an areahas to be economically and
ecologically optimized according to criteria which yet have to
be specified. The character of a distribution grid will move
from the pure allocation of electricity to the consumer to an
orientation of the generation measured on the demand of the
complete system due to the accession of distributed
generation.
The main difference is the generation and integration of
distributed producers in the medium and low voltage level
and possible input of electricity in higher sections if the
demand falls below the supply.
The RES capacity is concentrated in five states of country,
i.e. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. The break-up of RES capacity vis--vis the
conventional generation capacity is as given

GROWTH OF TOTAL RES CAPACITY


S.N

State

1
2
3
4
5

Gujarat
Rajasthan
Maharastra
Karnatka
Tamil Nadu
Total

Copyright 2014- IJRDT

Total RES
MW

RES Capacity

4058
3366
4669
4110
8062
24265

26%
18%
14.7%
28.6%
40.2%
23.86%

www.ijrdt.org

International Journal For Research & Development in Technology


ISSN(O):- 2349-3585

Paper Title:- Large scale grid Amalgamation of Renewable Energy


Source in Indian Power System (Vol.2, Issue-3)
GROWTH OF TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE SECTOR
Transmissio
n
System
Type
AC
Transmission
lines
HVDC
Total
(AC+HVDC)

Voltag
e level
765
400
220
Total
800

ckm
As on the
end of 2013
7910
120693
142536
271139
9432

ckm
Target At the
end of 2017
32250
144819
170980
348049
16872

280571

364921

GROWTH OF SUBSTATION TRANSFORMATION CAPACITY


Substation
Type
AC
Substations
Transformati
on
Capacity
HVDC
Total
(AC+HVDC)

Voltag
e level
765
400
220

MVA
As on the
end of 2013
56500
170397
247194

MVA
Target At the
end of 2017
174000
196027
299774

Total

474091

669801

13500

22500

487591

692301

SCENARIO OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA


Most scenarios considered in this paper show only a limited
or no further increase in total renewable capacity all over
india til the end of 2013
SCENARIO OF RES IN INDIA
Wind
power

Small
Hydro
Power

Biomass
Power

Cogeneration

5394

560

578

300

201

1334

Assam

53

239

212

Bihar

213

619

300

Chhattisgarh

23

993

236

Goa

26

Gujarat

10609

197

1221

350

Haryana

110

1333

350

20

2268

142

5311

1418

43

Jharkhand

209

90

Karnataka

8591

748

1131

450

Kerala

790

704

1044

State
Andhra
Pradesh
Arunachal
Pradesh

Himachal
Pradesh
Jammu &
Kashmir

Madhya
Pradesh

920

State

Wind
power

Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar
Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
Andaman &
Nicobar
Chandigarh
Dadar &
Nagar Have
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Pondicherry
All India
Total

804

1364

Biomass
Power

Cogeneration

1887
13
11
1
10
246
3172
1039
2
1070
3

1250
0
0
0
0
0
300
0
0
450
0

5439
7
44
0
3
910
0
5005
98
5374
0

Small
Hydro
Power
733
109
230
167
197
295
393
57
266
660
47

137

461

1617

1250

161
22

1577
396

24
396

0
0

0
0
16
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

49130

15399

17538

5000

FLEXIBILITY OF RENEWABLE PLANTS AND


DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Renewable and small-scale CHP plants have generally not
been operated according to system requirements up to now,
but rather under support mechanisms with priority dispatch
and geared towards local heat demand in the case of CHP.
However, these plants can also contribute to fulfilling the
demand for flexibility that increases due to variable and
intermittent renewable energy production. Exploiting this
potential may also become attractive for the plant operators if
it allows them to sell an additional.
Distributed Generation
For the purpose of this report, power plants with an installed
electrical capacity of up to 10 MW are regarded as distributed
generation. Besides small- and medium-scale hydro plants,
small wind power plants and solar photovoltaic installations,
there are also several thermal conversion technologies which
can be regarded as distributed generation, such as micro gas

Copyright 2014- IJRDT

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International Journal For Research & Development in Technology


Paper Title:- Large scale grid Amalgamation of Renewable Energy
Source in Indian Power System (Vol.2, Issue-3)
turbines, internal combustion engines, micro steam turbines
and Stirling engines.
There is high potential for generation of renewable energy
from various sources- wind, solar, biomass, small hydro and
cogeneration.
The total potential for renewable power generation in the
country as on March 12 is estimated at 89774 MW. This
includes wind power potential of 49130 MW (54.73%), SHP
(small-hydro power) potential of 15399 MW (17.15%),
Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW(19.54%) and 5000
MW (5.57%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar
mills.
The geographic distribution of the estimated potential reveals
that Gujarat has the highest share of about 13.91% (12,489
MW ), followed by Karnataka with 12.3% share (11,071
MW) and Maharashtra with 10.69% share (9,596 MW),
mainly on
account of wind power potential.

Fig.1 Renewable Power Scenario in India


World Electric Power Plants Database 2009 there are 28 000
small-scale units operated by companies listed within the
EEA member countries. Their total electrical capacity is
about 60 GW (7 % of total installed capacity). The main fuel
types used in small-scale power plants under operation and
installed before 1990 are hydro, light oil and natural gas.
Since 1990 the installed capacity of small-scale power plants
increased significantly, especially for natural gas as well as
biomass, wind and solar power as renewable energy sources
(figure 1). Small-scale CHP and solar photovoltaic
installations from private households are not included.

ISSUES & CHALLENGES IN LARGE SCALE GRID


INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature hence; it
is therefore a challenging task to integrate renewable energy
resources into the power grid. Challenges and issues
associated with the grid integration of various renewable
energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic and wind
energy conversion systems. further these challenges are
broadly classified into technical and non-technical and
described below.

ISSN(O):- 2349-3585

A. Technical Issues: The following are the technical issues


are described as
1. Power quality
a. Harmonics
b. Frequency and voltage fluctuation
2. Power fluctuation
a. Small time power fluctuations
b. Long time or seasonal power fluctuations
3. Storage 4. Protection issues 5. Optimal placement of RES
6. Islanding.
B. Non- Technical Issues:
1. Due to scarcity of technical skilled workers.
2. Less availability of transmission line to accommodate
RES.
3. RES technologies are excluded from the competition
which discourages the installation of new power plant for
reserve purpose.

SOLUTIONS OF RES UTILIZATION


The increasing number of renewable energy sources and
distributed generators requires new strategies for the
operation and management of the electricity grid in order to
maintain or even to improve the power-supply reliability and
quality. The renewable energy sources such as solar, wind
etc. has accelerated the transition towards greener energy
sources. keeping in view of the aforesaid some of the key
solutions for RES utilizations are: 1. The power balance
using RES can be carried out by integrating RES with energy
storage unit. The benefits of battery energy storage system
(BESS) are classified based on end users as: Transmission
level uses, System level uses, ISO Market uses. 2. The
power-electronic technology plays an important role in
distributed generation and in integration of renewable energy
sources into the electrical grid, and rapidly expanding as
these applications become more integrated with the gridbased systems. During the last few years, power electronics
has undergone a fast evolution, due to two factors, the
development of fast semiconductor switches that are capable
of switching quickly and handling high powers and
introduction of real- time computer controllers that can
implement advanced and complex control algorithms. These
factors have led to the development of cost- effective and
grid-friendly converters. The performance of power
electronic systems, especially in terms of efficiency and
power density, has been continuously improved by the
intensive research and advancements in circuit topologies,
control schemes, semiconductors, passive components,
digital signal processors, and system integration technologies.
3. Intermittence of power generation from the RES can be
controlled by generating the power from distributing RES to
larger geographical area in small units instead of large unit
concentrating in one area. 4. In case of irrigation load, the
load is fed during the night time or off peak load time and
this is fed by conventional grid. On other hand power
generated by RES like solar PV is generated during day time
so we can use this power for irrigation purposes instead of
storing the energy for later time which increases the cost of
the overall system. Using the solar water pumping for
irrigation gives very high efficiency approx 80% to 90% and
the cost of solar water pumping is much lesser than the
induction motor pumping type.

Copyright 2014- IJRDT

www.ijrdt.org

International Journal For Research & Development in Technology


ISSN(O):- 2349-3585

Paper Title:- Large scale grid Amalgamation of Renewable Energy


Source in Indian Power System (Vol.2, Issue-3)
5. In large solar PV plant output power is fluctuating during
the whole day and this power is fed to the grid, continuously
fluctuating power gives rise to the security concern to the
grid for making stable grid.
Solar PV plant owner have to install the different type of
storage system which gives additional cost to the plant
owner. Once the storage system is fully charged then this
storage elements gives no profit to the system owner.
Therefore solar based water pumping system may be installed
instead of storage system.

GRID INTERACTIVE RENEWABLE POWER


The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable
power, which was 19,971.03MW as on 31.03.2011 had gone
up to 24,914.24 MW as on 31.03.2012 indicating growth of
24.75% during the period. Out of the total installed
generation capacity of renewable power as on 31-03-2012,
wind power accounted for about 69.65%, followed by small
hydro power (13.63%) and Biomass power (12.58%).

improved ability to exchange large volumes of electricity


between different regions in India. Finally, the electricity
systems must become more flexible in order to deal with
variations in the renewable energy supply. The most
important measures for improving the ability to integrate
large volumes of renewable electricity into the electricity
system are large-scale investments in the expansion of the
transmission networks and the expansion of storage facilities.
Expanding the grid not only concerns the connection of new
generation centres, e.g. offshore wind, to major nodes of the
current grid, but also reinforcements of the existing grid in
order to manage the new patterns of load flows. Moreover,
the capacities of existing lines can be expanded by new
technologies. It is worth mentioning that some of the onshore
grid reinforcements under discussion today are needed first of
all in order to improve security of supply and to support the
internal market for electricity; thus they would have been
required even without a future RES expansion.
New grid infrastructures are needed in the short term for the
connection of offshore wind to the neighbouring countries.
Some of these might be using new technologies such as
HVDC lines. Whether substantial reinforcements of the
existing onshore grids are sufficient or whether it is sensible
in the longer term to develop a large new supergrid
structure across ndia requires further analysis.

REFERENCES

Fig2, Tenewable Power in India in 2011 and 2012

Tamil Nadu had the highest installed capacity of grid


connected renewable power (7,664.03 MW) followed by
Maharashtra (3,644.05 MW) and Gujarat (3,607.27 MW),
mainly on account of wind power. As on 31.03.2012 out of
total Biogas plants installed (45.45 lakh) maximum number
of such plants installed were in Maharashtra (8.24lakh)
followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and
Gujarat each with more than 4 lakhbiogas plants. Out of
1,221.26 MW Solar Cookers installed as on 31.03.2012,
824.09 MW were installed in Gujarat and 222.9 MW in
Rajasthan. As on 31.03.2012 there were 1,352 water pumping
Wind mills systems installed and 7,286 remote villages and
1,874 hamlets were electrified.

CONCLUSION
The Taking into account the ambitious plans for the
development of electricity from RES in India it is obvious
that significant changes are needed in Indian electricity
systems. This is due to the fact that notably wind and solar
energy can be harvested best at locations which are neither
close to the centres of demand nor close to current major
transmission lines. Furthermore, the variability and
intermittency of wind and solar generation requires an

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