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I . nh ngha .
Bnh hc Cng trnh l mn nghin cu nhng quy lut hnh
thnh v pht trin ca Cng trnh b bnh trong nhng trng hp bnh l
c th ri rt ra nhng quy lut vn ng ca s h hng cng trnh ,
h hng kt cu qua cc bnh l in hnh v cui cng tm hiu cc quy
lut dn n h hng cng trnh ni chung .
Mt cng trnh chu ti , chu mi yu t thin nhin tc ng
xy ra nhng din bin ni ti th khi cng trnh b h hng trong ni ti
cng trnh cng c nhng din bin , nhng thay i theo nhng quy
lut nht nh . Nhng quy lut ny khng xy ra nhng chuyn bin nh
cng trnh bnh thng , m nh trong sinh l bnh ca ngi , xy ra
nhng din bin ca cng trnh b bnh .
Cng trnh l mt tng th nn khi mt b phn b bnh ( h hng
hoc khng lm vic c nh chc phn nh sn khi thit k ) s tc
ng n cc b phn khc . Trong cng trnh c s sp xp l i tnh
trng chu lc , s phn phi li ni lc tn ti cng trnh ( d nhin
l khng c nh lc bnh thng , khng b bnh ).
Nghin cu Bnh hc Cng trnh l nghin cu tng hp , nghin cu
cc tc ng qua li gia nhng dng h hng v nh hng ln nhau nhm
cha tr ng cn nguyn , ng mc , ngn chn tng th nhng tc
ng lm gim km cht lng cng trnh , nng tui th cng trnh .
C nhiu hnh thi h hng b ngoi th khc nhau v th hin
nhng li tm thy nhng quy lut pht trin v nguyn nhn ging nhau .
Li c nhng dng h hng xt v hnh thi th ging nhau nhng quy lut
pht trin v nguyn nhn th rt khc nhau . Ly th d nh hin tng l
vt nt . Nt c th do nhng nguyn nhn rt khc nhau gy ra nh ln
chnh qu mc , do bin dng nhit , do khng sc chu mt dng tc
ng no , nh un , nh nn lch tm , nh xon , c khi l i do rung
ng , do cc tc ng qu ti ... Hnh thi th hin ch l nhng vt
nt nhng nguyn nhn th li l mt m phc tp .
Nghin cu quy lut tc ng gy h hng ca tng lo i nguyn
nhn , tm cc tc ng chun xc , tm cc quy lut h hng in
hnh , tm ra yu t gy bnh , tm cc quy lut pht sinh bnh , theo
di v tm hiu qu trnh tin trin ca h hng cng trnh th gii php
tr liu cho cng trnh mi mong chun xc . Ly th d mt mi nh b
dt , nguyn nhn l nc t ng trn mi , thy ng nguyn nhn ,vic
cha tr c khi ch cn thng ng thot nc , qut rc mng nc
l ht dt .
Bnh hc Cng trnh mang tnh tng hp , ch hnh thnh khi khoa
hc cng ngh xy dng pht trin n mc cn thit . Phng php
phn tch cho thy nhng thng tin v chiu su ca bnh , ca h hng
th phng php tng hp gip ta khi qut tm nhng quy lut chung .
loi , phn dng bnh l,t ng v tr theo hnh thi trong ton b h
thng chc nng ca kt cu gip ta cch nhn khch quan v bnh ca
kt cu gip ta cch nhn khch quan v bnh ca kt cu v nhn nh
chung v tng th cng trnh .
T bnh hc ca kt cu n nhn nh chung cho ton cng
trnh ,t tng th cng trnh m nh gi bnh cho kt cu . S xm
nhp ca l thuyt cc h thng nng tm l lun ca Bnh hc Cng trnh
.
Sau khi quan trc kt cu v cng trnh c th , bnh hc cng trnh
phi d bo tnh hnh tin trin bnh v tm bnh cn . Mun vy phi
nm vng cc chuyn mn khc , vn dng tng hp mc d bo
cng st vi thc tin cng tt . S st vi thc tin c kim tra lc u
bng cc th nghim kim tra v sau y l qu trnh thc t din bin
kim nghim . Mi tri thc v khoa hc d bo c s dng trn c s cn
nhc theo tnh hnh thc tin . D bo theo phng php chuyn gia ,
theo phng php kt qu quan trc , theo phng php thng k
v nhng cng c ton hc. Bt k phng php no v d bo v h
hng , v bnh l ca cng trnh , tiu chun nh gi cao nht l thc
tin .
Vic s dng nhng cng c th nghim mi theo phng php ph
hy mu hoc khng ph hy mu i hi mt kin thc hin i . S cp
nht kin thc hin i nng tm Bnh hc Cng trnh thnh mt khoa hc
l lun ch khng n thun l mt khoa hc thc nghim nht thi , ngn
hn .
3.5 Bnh hc Cng trnh soi sng cho cng tc d bo , d phng v iu
tr .
Nghin cu triu chng bnh , bnh l , tm bnh cn , d bo bnh
sinh , ngoi mc ch cha tr , sa cha cng trnh cn d bo , d
phng nhng tai bin , nhng vic s n khi cha kp sa cha . C
mt s cng trnh xut hin vt nt . Khi nghin cu bnh sinh thy
khng ng nguy him , bnh cn c th khng nh gin n . Nh th
vic nghin cu Bnh hc gip ta khng nh bnh l , d bo v ho ch
nh k hoch sa cha kp thi , tha ng v ng lc .
Nh c nghin cu Bnh hc Cng trnh m vic sa cha ng
bnh , cn sa cha mc no th sa cha mc y . Lm nh th , va
p ng tnh kinh t , va c hiu qu thit thc . Vic iu tr m t
tng bnh cn , nm vng bnh sinh , khi iu tr xong , hon ton yn
tm v tin tng .
IV. Phng php trong Bnh hc Cng trnh .
Phng php l iu rt quan trng . Claude Bernard ni :" Ch c
phng php tt mi cho php chng ta pht trin v s dng tt hn
nhng kh nng thin nhin m tri ph cho chng ta , cn nh phng
php xu th c th ngn khng cho chng ta thu c ci li m chng ta
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gy nn mt bnh
Yu t ha hc :
2.3.1.4 Cc yu t sinh hc :
Nhiu khi chng ta khng ng ru bm mt ngoi cng trnh hay to
sinh si trong khe k nt ca kt cu li gy tc hi cho cng trnh . Cc vi
khun , r ru , to qu trnh ht nc nh ra cc axit lm cho hng vt liu
xy dng , n mn kt cu . n gin ch l ru to gi nc trn mt kt
cu cng thc y s g nhanh cho kt cu .
2.3.1.5 Cc yu t s dng :
Qu trnh s dng cng trnh , s duy tu , bo dng nh k
khng thc hin cng trnh c nguy c h hng nng mi ngh n
sa cha l mt nguyn nhn lm ngn tui th cng trnh .
Vic s dng ty tin , s c o v ti v , va p mnh thng
xuyn l nguyn nhn gy nhiu th bnh cho cng trnh .
2.3.2 Cc yu t bnh cn bn trong :
Cc yu t cha ng trong ni ti cng trnh cng c th
l nguyn nhn v iu kin gy bnh . Ta nu nhng yu t bn trong
ch yu :
2.3.2.1 Yu t s dng vt liu :
Vic s dng vt liu ng quy chun l yu t quan trng nhm bo
m tui th cng trnh . S dng vt liu khng ng quy chun dn
n tnh trng cng trnh h hng trc tui th quy nh . Nhng ni
s dng vt liu khng t quy chun l mm mng bnh .
Trong b tng th ct liu , xi mng v nc l vt liu thnh phn ch
yu . C ba loi vt liu ny phi m bo cht lng ng b . Xi mng
khng bo m tnh c l ha dn n cht lng km . S dng xi mng
km phm cht l nguy c hng u n n bnh ho n cho cng trnh .
Ct liu th l si , si dm , dm , nu khng bo m cht lng lm
sao m to c b xng cng cho kt cu . Ct liu th ph thuc thnh
phn thch hc , to , kch thc ht , s lng cc ht khng t tiu chun
, nhm b mt , sch ca ht , s pha ln cht c hi ... Chng ta
mong mun cng b tng s dng nhng nm ti ph bin s l C
30 , C40 , C50 . Mun vy , cht lng vt liu , nht l cht lng ct liu
phi c nghin cu v trin khai khai thc c h thng .
Cn nhanh chng c chin lc cho ct liu ca b tng mi mong
pht trin tt c cng ngh b tng trong nhng nm ti . Th d nh
khng nh ct liu chin lc bn cnh dm t nhin l si xp
cramic chng hn .
Ly th d khc v gch . Quy nh t khng c ln cc ht
vi . t nung gch ln vi , khi nung chn , nhng vin gch ln ht vi
s bin thnh gch ln vi sng . Khi gp m hay gp nc cc ht vi ht
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vic bnh thng cho cng trnh . Nu khng c s can thip ca con
ngi , cng trnh s xp , xp .
Tm hiu bnh sinh ca tng loi bnh qua tng giai on gip ta ch
ng i ph vi din bin tnh hnh . Tm hiu bnh sinh gip cho s
nh liu k hoch duy tu , sa cha kp thi , d bo kh nng nguy him
cho vic s dng cng trnh .
Bnh nguyn ( bnh cn ) ng vai tr khi pht , sau l qu
trnh bnh sinh . Qu trnh bnh sinh li c th c bnh cn mi . S tng
tc gia bnh cn v bnh sinh l s kt hp cht ch .
Sau y l nhng nt chnh trong qu trnh bnh sinh :
2.3.1 Vai tr yu t bnh cn trong qu trnh bnh sinh :
Yu t bnh cn ng vai tr quan trng trong din bin ca bnh .
Ty theo cng , thi gian tc ng v v tr tc ng m din bin
ca bnh khc nhau .
2.3.1.1 V cng :
Khi bnh cn c cng ln tc ng ln cng trnh lm cng
trnh lm bnh th cp . Mt kt cu chu xung lc va chm mnh , mt
cng trnh b bo cp ln , mt cng trnh chu tc ng ca mi
trng cha kh xm thc nng cao gy nguy him th cp . Phi c
nhng quyt nh tr liu sm , nu khng ni l khn cp .
Khi nhng tc nhn gy hi c cng yu hn , tuy s dn n
nguy him cho cng trnh nhng i thi gian lu hn . C nhng bnh
cn tng nh t tc ng n cng trnh , chng hn nh khi , nhng
nu khi c nng m c tc ng lu di cng lm nguy hi cho
cng trnh .
2.3.1.2 Thi gian tc ng :
C nhng tc ng nht thi khng hoc t nh hng n cng
trnh . Nhng nu tc ng lu di li lm nguy him cho cng trnh .
Nhng ngi nh gn ng c xe c nng i thng xuyn vi mt
ln thng lm nh hng n cng trnh . Nu tn sut t th hu nh
khng nh hng bao nhiu .
Thi gian lm cho thp trong kt cu ng lc trc b chng do .
Thi gian di kt cu trong mi trng n mn lm cho hu qu nghim
trng .
ng cc bng ba cho nhiu cc su s nh hng n cc cng
trnh ln cn trong phm vi bn knh nh hng .
2.3.1.3 V tr tc ng :
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Trong tin trin , bnh l thng pht trin qua nhiu giai on gi
l khu . Nhng khu sp xp lin tc theo mt trnh t v lin quan
mt thit vi nhau . Bnh sinh hc nghin cu c ch pht trin ca bnh
cng nh nghin cu nhng quan h tng tc ln nhau gia cc khu
trong qu trnh pht trin . Trong nhiu qu trnh bnh l , nhng khu
xy ra sau c tc ng tr li khu trc lm cho cng trnh nng thm .
Qu trnh kt cu b n mn sau khi c nhng vt nt sinh ra do va ch m mnh c hc th tc ng c hc b nguy him thm do c tc ng
n mn tip theo .
Trong bnh hc ca ngi , coi hin tng ny l vng xon bnh l v
sau mi tc ng lm cho c s hnh thnh iu mi m v lng . Tng
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Prof.
Le Kieu
THAM KHAO
CHINH
1. Robert Morehead
1965
Human Pathology
Washinton,New-York
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NXB Y hc - H ni
7. L vn Kim
HXD
NXB KHKT - H ni
8. V.A. Durnatgi
dng -
T sch
1971
NXB Xy
NXB
ni
Prof. LE KIEU
The creation of a building has become so complicated that an
individual can not cover all knowledge on construction, leading to the
development of a great number of more and more narrow fields.
Such division of knowledge on construction has caused the
unilateral properly in compliance with its design ( a diseased building).
It is necessary and reasonable to generalize the study on the
symptom and disease of building for extending its durability.
It is subjective to decide the treatment of a diseased building
without conducting the overall survey of the building and its disease. It
will become costly and even risky to the building if done in this manner.
This Theme systematizes the views of the Building Pathology and
integrates various disconnected concepts on the treatment of a
diseased building into a theory./.
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