I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH

TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

KHOA K THUT MY TNH

NG VN HNG 10520070
NG THANH TUN 10520456

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

NHN DNG BIN S XE MY TRN KIT FRIENDLY

ARM TINY210 VI H IU HNH ANDROID

K S K THUT MY TNH

GING VIN HNG DN

THS. L HOI NGHA

TP. H CH MINH, 2015

I HC QUC GIA TP. H CH MINH

TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

KHOA K THUT MY TNH

NG VN HNG 10520070
NG THANH TUN - 10520456

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

NHN DNG BIN S XE MY TRN KIT FRIENDLY

ARM TINY210 VI H IU HNH ANDROID

K S K THUT MY TNH

GING VIN HNG DN

THS. L HOI NGHA

TP. H CH MINH, 2015

DANH SCH HI NG BO V KHA LUN

Hi ng chm kha lun tt nghip, thnh lp theo Quyt nh s

ngy .. ca Hiu trng Trng i hc Cng ngh Thng tin.
1. . Ch tch.
2. . Th k.
3. . y vin.
4. . y vin.

NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN

I HC QUC GIA TP. H CH MINH

TRNG I HC

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c Lp - T Do - Hnh Phc

CNG NGH THNG TIN

TP. HCM, ngy..thng..nm..

NHN XT KHA LUN TT NGHIP

Tn kha lun:
NHN DNG BIN S XE MY TRN KIT FRIENDLY ARM TINY210
VI H IU HNH ANDROID
Cn b hng dn/phn bin:

Nhm SV thc hin:

ng Vn Hng

10520070

Ng Thanh Tun

10520456

Ths. L Hoi Ngha

nh gi Kha lun
1. V cun bo co:
S trang

_______

S chng

_______

S bng s liu

_______

S hnh v

_______

S ti liu tham kho

_______

Sn phm

_______

Mt s nhn xt v hnh thc cun bo co:

2. V ni dung nghin cu:

1.
3. V chng trnh ng dng:
4. V thi lm vic ca sinh vin:

nh gi chung:

im tng sinh vin:

ng Vn Hng :../10
Ng Thanh Tun:../10

Ngi nhn xt

(K tn v ghi r h tn)

NHN XT CA CN B PHN BIN

I HC QUC GIA TP. H CH MINH

TRNG I HC

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c Lp - T Do - Hnh Phc

CNG NGH THNG TIN

TP. HCM, ngy..thng..nm..

NHN XT KHA LUN TT NGHIP

Tn kha lun:
NHN DNG BIN S XE MY TRN KIT FRIENDLY ARM TINY210
VI H IU HNH ANDROID
Cn b hng dn/phn bin:

Nhm SV thc hin:

ng Vn Hng

10520070

Ng Thanh Tun

10520456

Ths. L Hoi Ngha

nh gi Kha lun
1. V cun bo co:
S trang

_______

S chng

_______

S bng s liu

_______

S hnh v

_______

S ti liu tham kho

_______

Sn phm

_______

Mt s nhn xt v hnh thc cun bo co:

2. V ni dung nghin cu:

3. V chng trnh ng dng:

4.
5.
4. V thi lm vic ca sinh vin:

nh gi chung:

im tng sinh vin:

ng Vn Hng :../10
Ng Thanh Tun:../10

Ngi nhn xt

(K tn v ghi r h tn)

LI CM N
Sau mt thi gian di hc tp v nghin cu ti trng, chng em cng hon
thnh kha lun tt nghip ny.
Li u tin chng em xin c by t lng bit n su sc nht ti ThS. L Hoi
Ngha, khoa K Thut My Tnh trng i Hc Cng Ngh Thng Tin
HQGTPHCM, ngi tn tnh hng dn chng em trong sut thi gian lm
kha lun.
Chng em xin cm n khoa K Thut My Tnh trng i Hc Cng Ngh Thng
Tin HQGTPHCM, cm n cc thy c trong khoa tn tnh ging dy, truyn
t kin thc qu bu trong nhng nm hc va qua, gip chng em c mt nn
tng kin thc vng chc thc hin kha lun cng nh nghin cu hc tp sau
ny.
TP H Ch Minh, thng 12 nm 2014
ng Vn Hng
Ng Thanh Tun

Mc lc
CHNG 1 : M U .............................................................................................1
1.1

Tn kha lun ................................................................................................1

1.2

L Do V Mc ch Chn Ti .................................................................1

1.3

i Tng V Phm Vi Nghin Cu ............................................................2

CHNG 2:TNG QUAN V TI ...................................................................3

2.1

Lch S Pht Trin .........................................................................................3

2.2

Trn Th Gii ................................................................................................3

2.3

Trong nc. ...................................................................................................5

2.4

Tng kt chng ............................................................................................8

CHNG 3 : XY DNG H IU HNH ANDROID TRN KIT FRIENDLY

ARM ..........................................................................................................................10
3.1. Gii thiu KIT Friendly Arm Tiny 210 .......................................................10
3.2. H iu hnh nhng Linux ..........................................................................12
3.3. Ci t Android trn KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210 V2 .................................15
3.3.1

S lc h iu hnh Android ..............................................................15

3.3.2

Ti Superboot vo SD Card ..................................................................17

3.3.3

Restore TF Card ....................................................................................23

3.3.4

Cu hnh file FriendlyARM.ini .............................................................24

CHNG 4: H THNG NHN DIN BIN S V THNG TIN NGI

DNG TRN ANDROID ........................................................................................28
4.1

Pht Hin V nh V Vng Cha Bin S Xe...........................................28

4.1.1

c Trng Haar Like ............................................................................28

4.1.2

Thut ton AdaBoost ............................................................................31

4.1.3

M hnh phn tng Cascade ..................................................................32

4.1.4

H thng xc nh vng cha bin s xe ..............................................34

4.1.5

Hun luyn b phn loi .......................................................................35

4.2

Tch K T ..................................................................................................39

4.2.1

Tin X L Vng nh Cha Bin S ..................................................40

4.2.2

Xc nh Ngng, Nh phn ha nh .................................................41

4.2.3

Tch k t da trn c tnh hnh thi hc ............................................43

4.3

Nhn Dng K T .......................................................................................45

4.3.1

Lch s pht trin mng neural .............................................................45

4.3.2

S lc v neural sinh hc ....................................................................48

4.3.3

So snh mng neural vi my tnh truyn thng ..................................50

4.3.4

Mng Neural Nhn To ........................................................................50

4.3.5

Mng neural Kohonen ..........................................................................55

4.3.6

Hun Luyn Nhn Dng K T ............................................................60

CHNG 5 : HIN THC H THNG TRN KIT FRIENDLY ARM ..............64

5.1

Tnh nng ca ng dng ..............................................................................64

5.2

Cu trc ng dng .......................................................................................65

5.2.1

Phn Java .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.2

Phn th vin ........................................................................................66

5.2.3

Phn my ch - web service ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3

Cc lp trong ng dng ...............................................................................66

5.4

Chng trnh hun luyn mng Kohonen ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5

Hiu chnh kt qu da trn c php ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.6

Kt qu thc nghim....................................................................................71

5.7

Tng kt chng ..........................................................................................71

CHNG 6 : TNG KT V HNG PHT TRIN KHA LUN ................73

6.1

Tng kt .......................................................................................................73

6.2

Nhng kt qu t c...............................................................................73

6.3

Hng pht trin ..........................................................................................74

TI LIU THAM KHO .........................................................................................75

Danh mc hnh nh
Hnh 2.1 Cm Closed-circuit television cameras dng cho h thng nhn din bin
s c nh c ............................................................................................................4
Hnh 2.2 H thng nhn dng trn xe tun tra New South Wales Police Force
Highway Patrol ............................................................................................................4
Hnh 2.3 H Thng Nhn Din Bin S Xe c Trang B Cho Xe Cnh St Hoa
K ................................................................................................................................5
Hnh 2.4. ng dng nhn dng ca Bin Bc ANPR. ................................................6
Hnh 2.5. ng dng nhn dng trn my bn tc . .................................................7
Hnh 2.6. Giao din ca ng dng MT-BSX. .............................................................8
Hnh 3.1 : KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210 .....................................................................11
Hnh 3.2 : Qu trnh boot h thng linux trn PC ....................................................14
Hnh 3.3 : Qu trnh boot h thng Linux nhng ......................................................15
Hnh 3.4 : File SD-Flasher.exe ..................................................................................17
Hnh 3.5 : Hp thoi Select your Machine ............................................................18
Hnh 3.6 : Giao din ca SD-Flasher.exe ..................................................................18
Hnh 3.7 : ng dn file superboot.........................................................................19
Hnh 3.8 : Trng thi Available No .......................................................................20
Hnh 3.9 : Relayout ...................................................................................................20
Hnh 3.10 : Scan Card ...............................................................................................21
Hnh 3.11 : Fuse superboot .......................................................................................22
Hnh 3.12 : Restore TF Card .....................................................................................23
Hnh 3.13 : Restore hon thnh .................................................................................24
Hnh 3.14 : Chi tit file FriendlyARM.ini ................................................................25
Hnh 4.1 : c trng haar like c bn .......................................................................29
Hnh 4.2. c Trng haar like, c trng cnh .........................................................29
Hnh 4.3 c Trng Haar like, c trng ng ......................................................29
Hnh 4.4 c trng Haar like, c trng xung quanh tm ........................................29
Hnh 4.5 Tnh gi tr nh tch phn ti im c ta (x, y) ....................................30
Hnh 4.6. V d cch tnh nhanh cc gi tr mc xm ca vng D trn nh .............30
Hnh 4.7: M hnh phn tng kt hp cc b phn loi yu xc nh bin s .....33
Hnh 4.8 Kt hp cc b phn phn loi yu thnh b phn loi mnh ...................34
Hnh 4.9. H thng xc nh vng cha bin s xe ..................................................34
Hnh 4.10: File miu t mu negative .......................................................................36
Hnh 4.11: File miu t mu positive ........................................................................37
Hnh 4.12: C php to file vector plate_vector.vec................................................37
Hnh 4.13:C php to file cascade.xml ...................................................................38

Hnh 4.10. Chuyn nh mu sang nh trng en ......................................................41

Hnh 4.11. Tng tnh tng phn bng phng php lc trung v ............................41
Hnh 4.12. Cch xc nh ngng ng....................................................................42
Hnh 4.13. Nh phn ha nh bng phng php tm ngng ..................................43
Hnh 4.14 Tm ng Vin Trong nh ...................................................................44
Hnh 4.15 cc k t c tch ring r ................................................................45
Hnh 4.16 D liu nh k t thu c ......................................................................45
Hnh 4.17 Cu trc ca mt neural sinh hc in hnh .............................................49
Hnh 4.18. Biu din mt neural nhn to. ...............................................................53
Hnh 4.19. Mt dng mng neural Kohonen. ............................................................57
Hnh 4.21. S khi biu din hun luyn mng neural Kohonen ........................63
Hnh 5.1 : Giao din Login ca ng dng .................................................................64
Hnh 5.2 : Pht hin vng cha bin s xe ................................................................65
Hnh 5.3 : Trch xut thng tin vng min v ngi dng .......................................65
Hnh 5.4 Kim tra trng thi kt ni ca thit b.......................................................67
Hnh 5.5: S lp loginActivity v cc lp lin quan............................................67
Hnh 5.6: S lp MainActivity v cc lp lin quan ...........................................69
Hnh 5.7: s cc lp ca mng kohonen ..............................................................70

DANH MC BNG
Bng 3.1: Thng s k thut ca KIT Friendly ARM Tiny210 ...............................12
Bng 3.3: Kin trc h iu hnh Linux ...................................................................13
Bng 3.4 : Gii thch cc i tng trong file ...........................................................27
Bng 4.1. Mu u vo ca mng Kohonen. ............................................................57
Bng 4.2. Trng s kt ni gia cc neuron trong mng. .........................................57
Bng 5.1: Kt qu th nghim 1 ..............................................................................71

CHNG 1 : M U
1.1 Tn kha lun
Nghin cu xy dng chng trnh nhn dng bin s xe trn KIT FRIENDLY
TINY210
1.2 L Do V Mc ch Chn Ti
Ngy nay trn th gii bn cnh vic tng trng kinh t l s pht trin ca cc
ngnh khoa hc k thut ni chung, m trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut cc
phng tin giao thng li l mt trong nhng ngnh c tc pht trin cc nhanh.
S pht trin y, c th hin r rng nht thng qua hnh nh cc phng tin
giao thng trn th gii ngy mt tng cao v a dng. Tuy nhin,iu li gy ra
mt p lc i vi nhng ngi v c quan cc cp qun l,lm cho cng tc qun
l v gim st s kh khn hn, V y cng l mt trong nhng vn nn Vit
Nam. Cng tc qun l phng tin giao thng ni chung v qun l t, xe my l
v cng phc tp cng nh cng tc pht hin, x pht cc hnh vi vi phm giao
thng, chng trm, s tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc hn. lm gim lng nhn
lc trong vic cng tc qun l, kim sot phng tin giao thng, trn th gii
nhanh chng xy dng h thng gim i vi cc phng tin giao thng. Mt yu
cu t ra cc h thng ny phi t ng gim st. Mt trong nhng h thng t
ng nh vy l h thng t ng nhn dng bin s xe, c trng ca n l c kh
nng thu nhn hnh nh cng nh c v hiu cc bin s xe mt cch t ng.
H thng nh vy c th c s dng trong rt nhiu ng dng nh. trm cn trm
kim tra an ninh ca c quan hay trm kim dch ca cc xe ch thc phm khi vo
trung tm thnh ph, cc bi gi xe t ng, cc h thng kim sot vi phm giao
thng hay trong cc ng dng v an ninh nh tm kim xe mt cp . . .
Hin nay vi vic bng n cc thit b di dng thng minh cng nh sc mnh phn
cng h tr trn n v s ph cp ca internet tc cao ti vit nam (wifi min ph
c mt trn 5 thnh ph ln ca c nc). Kit tiny friend arm l 1 kit nhng c

h tr cc c tnh tng t nh mt in thoi thng minh, kit c kh nng chy

c 3 h iu hnh WINCE, LINUX v android.
Qua nhng tm hiu trn nhm hng ti nghin cu v pht trin phn
mm nhn dng bin s xe trn KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210 vi h iu hnh
Android.
1.3 i Tng V Phm Vi Nghin Cu
Vic nhn dng k t trn thit b di ng khng phi mi, nhiu ng dng hot
ng rt tt,c chnh xc cao trong v ngoi nc. Nhiu m ngun m h tr
mnh m trong vic x l hnh nh cng nh nhn dng. Nhng vic nhn dng mi
thc hin trn vn bn, cha xut hin nhn dng trn bin s xe. c bit cc k t
trn bin s khc so vi cc k t trnvn bn, nn mun nhn dng c ta phi
lm cho ng dng hiu c cc k t ny.
Kha lun s dng s h tr kh mnh trong vic x l hnh nh ca m ngun
OpenCV nhn dng vng bin s cng nh thao tc trn n, trong giai on nhn
dng k t c s dng mng neural network c bn Kohonen nhn dng. Vic kt
hp ny bc u gip qu trnh pht trin ng dng linh hot hn, mang li hiu
qu kh cao.
Kha lun s lm nhng vic sau:
1. Tng hp d liu cho qu trnh hun luyn h thng.
2. Tin x l nh thu c t Camera ca thit b.
3. Hun luyn h thng nhm pht hin vng cha bin s.
4. Tch cc k t c trn bin s.
5. Nhn dng cc k t.
6. Xy dng database v webservice lu tr thng tin bin s

CHNG 2:TNG QUAN V TI

2.1 Lch S Pht Trin
K thut nhn dng bin s (Automatic number plate recognition) c nghin
cu t nm 1976 ti chi nhnh pht trin khoa hc Cnh st Anh. H thng kim
th ln u tin vo nm 1979. Ca pht hin trm xe u tin s dng h thng ny
l vo 1981.Cc h thng th nghim ban u c trin khai trn cc ng A1 v
Dartford Tunnel. H thng ny c p dng h tr kim sot lu lng,
thu thp thng tin, x l vi phm cho cnh st giao thng. H thng thu thp hnh
nh i hi phi c tm nhn rng, thu nhn nh nhanh v cho cht lng nh tt.
Tuy nhin do cn nhiu mt gii hn v cng ngh h thng ny cn cha c s
dng rng ri cho n nhng nm 1990.
K Thut ny pht trin trn kha cnh phn mm ca h thng my tnh. S dng
cc k thut s l nh s khai u tin nhn dng k t cc ch ci v bin s.
H thng c trin khai bng phng php tip cn c bn. Ton b qu trnh
c thc hin ti v tr nhn d liu nh hay truyn d liu v mt my tnh t xa
thc hin qu trnh nhn dng.
2.2 Trn Th Gii
Australia
Cnh St v s t php quc gia ny s dng c hai h thng ALPR(Automatic
License Plate Regconition) c nh v di ng. The New South Wales Police Force
Highway Patrol l c quan u t php u tin th nghim v s dng mt h
thng camera ALPR c nh c vo nm 2005 h thng s dng cc camera c
tn l Closed-circuit television c t trn cc trc ng chnh thu nhn hnh
nh cc xe vi phm v xe ti phm.

Hnh 2.1 Cm Closed-circuit television cameras dng cho h thng nhn din bin
s c nh c
n nm 2009 h c 1 bc tin trong cng ng nhn din bin s l s dng h
thng nhn din di ng c trang b 3 my nh hng ngoi h thng ny c chc
nng xc nh xe khng ng k, nh cp cng nh iu khin xe c nhn khi b
mt cp.

Hnh 2.2 H thng nhn dng trn xe tun tra New South Wales Police Force
Highway Patrol

United States

Ti hoa k h thng nhn din bin s xe di dng ph bin trong cc c quan thc
thi php lut ca nc ny theo bo co ca din n Police Executive khong xp
x 71% tt c cc s cnh st ca Hoa K s dng h thng ny. H thng nhn din
bin s xe ang tr thnh 1 phn quan trng ca chin lc bo an cc thnh ph
ln ca m. thu thp cc thng tin tnh bo. Pht hin ti phm, cc xe nhp lu
khng ng k, truy tm xe b mt cp, v pht hin cc li vi phm giao thng. V
c gim st 24/24 nn thc giao thng ca ngi dn ca cc quc gia s dng
cng ngh ny rt cao. V nu h vi phm th s c giy pht c gi ti h vo
hng thng. Theo di gim st cc nghi phm, pht hin khng b, ton b thng tin
v thi gian, tc , v tr (ta GPS) c lu tr li khng gii hn phc v cho
vic s dng lm bng chng sau ny.

Hnh 2.3 H Thng Nhn Din Bin S Xe c Trang B Cho Xe Cnh St Hoa
K
2.3 Trong nc.
Ngoi cc n nhn din k t bin s xe ca cc sinh vin trng i hc th
trong lnh vc ny cc sn phm ca cng ty mt thn ang l tin phong vit nam.
Nhiu nm lin t gii thng nhn ti t vit cc ng dng ca cng ty c mt
y trong cuc sng thng ngy : bi gi xe thng minh MA MT-BSX2.0 v
mi nht l MT-BSX3.5. Trong ngnh t php vit nam : Bin BcANPR hay MTATGT2012

ng dng ca Bin Bc ANPR da trn m ngun m OpenCV,thu nhn nh thng

qua cc Camera c cht lng cao, c t c nh. Qu trnh nhn dng c x
l trn my tnh.Nhn dng cc k t nhanh, cho kt qu trong thi gian ngn.

Hnh 2.4. ng dng nhn dng ca Bin Bc ANPR.

MT-ATGT2012. nhn dng bin s xe t nh chp ca my bn tc .

Trong h thng gim st trt t an ton giao thng, mt yu cu chc nng khng
th thiu l vic truy tm v chn bt mt phng tin vi phm lut giao thng.
Mi phng tin vi phm lut giao thng b pht hin bi cc thit b (my bn tc
, camera gim st li vi phm) s c thit lp thnh mt h s xe vi phm
di dng mt bn ghi c s d liu (CSDL) gi v my ch t ti trung tm ch
huy. T trung tm ch huy, bit cc xe vi phm hin ti ang lu thng ti a
im no, c th thit lp mt danh sch xe vi phm (gi l danh sch en) v gi
yu cu cho mt s camera lp t cc a im khc nhau nhm pht hin xe vi
phm c i qua im t camera hay khng. Mt khi camera no pht hin c
xe vi phm ang i qua th ngay lp tc s bo v trung tm v n trm kim sot
gn nht lc lng CSGT kp thi chn bt xe vi phm .
Cc loi my bn tc ca CSGT u c trang b chc nng ghi li hnh nh
ca phng tin b bn tc . Mi thng tin v ngy gi, a im, hng di

chuyn, vn tc,vn tc gii hn trn on ng ( so snh) v ln ng

chic xe ang chy u c hin th trn hnh nh my bn tc thu nhn c.
Vn nhn dng bin s c tch hp trn my gii quyt vn nhn dng bin
s xe vi phm, khoanh vng xc nh chnh xc xe b bn tc . Hnh nh xe vi
phm vt tc sau khi c nhn dng bin s v khoanh vng phng tin,
c thit lp thnh bn ghi c s d liu xe vi phm vt tc .Kho st chnh
xc ca phn mm vi cc nh bn tc kch thc 4008x3092 (pixels) tc
nhn dng bin s trung bnh ca Mt Thn l 1-2 giy (trn cu hnh my tnh
thng thng), hiu sut nhn dng bin s t n 98%.

Hnh 2.5. ng dng nhn dng trn my bn tc .

MT-BSX3.5 ng dng nhn dng bin s thng qua camera ghi hnh v x l nhn
dng trn my tnh ti cc im gi xe.

Phin bn mi nht ca ng dng ny c nhiu ci tin theo chiu hng tch cc,
chc nng nng cao cht lng hnh nh bin s, ct vng bin s nng cao v
chng hnh nh bin s ln hnh nh camera thu nhn c, cho php nhn vin
trng gi xe d dng quan st c cnh bin s v thao tc nhanh hn v tnh an
ninh hn. Hiu sut nhn dng bin s xe my c ci thin. Trong phin bn ny,
chnh xc nhn dng bin s c ci thin, cc tnh hung sng ca cc k t
trn bin s phn b khng u, cc k t hng trn b bn inh c, hng k t dnh
mp bin s . . . u c x l trit .

Hnh 2.6. Giao din ca ng dng MT-BSX.

2.4 Tng kt chng

Qua kho st trn v nhn din bin s xe, th cc quc gia trn th gii gn
nh l hon thin v tc nhn din, tnh c ng. Ring vit nam cc ng dng
ny cn dng li mc l camera ch t c nh. Tc l khng trang b cho xe
cnh st, c th l do c s vt cht trang b cho cnh st giao thng cn thua km,
ri vn v kinh ph khi lp t camera cho xe moto cnh st, bo tr, iu kin
kh hu. nhng vn v ti chnh l quan trng hn c.

Nhn thy iu ny, h thng chng ti pht trin cc thit b gi r, c s kt hp

gia OpenCV, h tr tt trong vic x l hnh nh, nhn din cc vng cha bin s
v tch k t. Nhn din k t p dng m hnh mng neural nhn to ci thin
kt qu nhn dng. ng dng pht trin trn KIT Friendly Arm s dng h iu
hnh Android qua module camera cho thy c tnh linh hot trong qu trnh nhn
dng.

CHNG 3 : XY DNG H IU HNH ANDROID TRN KIT

FRIENDLY ARM
3.1. Gii thiu KIT Friendly Arm Tiny 210
Friendly Arm Tiny 210 vi b vi x l 1GHz Samsung S5PV210 ARM Cortex-A8.

10

Hnh 3.1 : KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210

Khi chc nng
CPU

Thng s k thut
Samsung S5PV210, based CortexTM-A8 1GHz
512 SD RAM

SD RAM

32bit DataBus
SDRAM clock 200MHz

Flash

SLC NAND Flash: 512MB (standard) / 1GB (optional)

Mn hnh S70 7 inch

Mn hnh LCD

H tr xem phim 2D, 3D ln ti 1080p

1 khi 10/100M Ethernet RJ-45(DM9000)
4 Serial Port
1 USB Host
1 USB Slave Type B
1 giao tip SD Card
1 Stereo Audio out, 1Micro out
1 20-pin JTAG (kt ni vi mch np. debug)
4 n LED n xanh

Cc thit b ngoi vi

1 n ngun
9 nt bm
1 ci iu khin s dng PWM
1 bin tr s dng kim tra b chuyn i s/tng
t (A/D converter)
1 EEPROM giao tip chun I2C
1 giao tip vi cm bin nh (20-chn)
1 pin cho ng h thi gian thc
Ngun 5V

11

 .
Android 2.3 + Linux-2.6.35
Android 4.0 (based on Linux-3.0.8 kernel)
H iu hnh

Linux-3.0.8 + Qt2/4.8.5
WindowsCE 6.0

Bng 3.1: Thng s k thut ca KIT Friendly ARM Tiny210

3.2. H iu hnh nhng Linux
H iu hnh nhng (Embedded OS) l h iu hnh ci t cho cc h thng
nhng(embedded system)
c thit k: compact, efficient, reliable.

Bng 3.1 : S phn cp h thng

12

Bng 3.3: Kin trc h iu hnh Linux

c trng ca h iu hnh nhng:
o Tng tnh tin cy (reliability)
o Tng tnh kh chuyn (portability)
o Kh nng tng thch mm: d dng nng cp hay thu gn tng thch vi
nn tng h thng
o Thu gn, i hi t b nh hn. C th h tr khi ng t b nh ROM,
Flash (h thng khng c cng)
o Cung cp cc c ch lp lch (scheduler) h tr thi gian thc (Realtime OS RTOS)
o H thng thi gian thc (Realtime): cc phn mm, phn cng hot ng
tha mn cc rng buc v thi gian.
o Phn loi:
Hard Realtime: khng p ng deadline -> li h thng
Soft Realtime: khng p dng deadline -> gim cht lng dch v
(QoS)
Mt s th mc quan trng
o /home: th mc ngi dng

13

o /dev: cha cc file thit b

o /bin: cha cc file thc thi ca h thng
o /etc: cha cc file cu hnh
o /var: cha cc file log
o /opt: cha cc gi chng trnh ci t thm
o /proc: cha thng tin v cc tin trnh, cc thnh phn phn cng, phn
mm ang chy trong h thng
o /usr: cha cc file thc thi, ti liu lin quan ti ngi dng
H tr rt nhiu kin trc vi x l (c 32 bit v 64 bit)
o Intel X86, ARM, PowerPC, MIPS, AVR32, .
Khng h tr cc vi iu khin hiu nng thp
H tr c kin trc c v khng c khi qun l b nh (MMU)
Cc h thng c th dng chung toolchains, bootloader v kernel, cc
thnh phn khc phi ring bit v tng thch vi tng h thng.

Hnh 3.2 : Qu trnh boot h thng linux trn PC

14

Hnh 3.3 : Qu trnh boot h thng Linux nhng

Boot loader: chng trnh u tin thc hin kim tra phn cng h thng v
np nhn (kernel) ca h iu hnh
Kernel: nhn h iu hnh, cha cc thnh phn c bn nht
Root file system: h thng file, cha cc modules b sung v cc phn mm
ng dng.
3.3. Ci t Android trn KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210 V2
3.3.1 S lc h iu hnh Android
Android l h iu hnh in thoi di ng m ngun m min ph do Google
pht trin da trn nn tng ca Linux. N bao gm mt h iu hnh, midware v
mt s ng dng ch o. B cng c Android SDK bao gm cc cng c ring l
nh. debugger, cc th vin,trnh gi lp in thoi Android, cc ti liu h tr,
code mu, cc hm API cn thit pht trin ng dng cho nn tng Android s
dng ngn ng lp trnh java.

15

Hin Android cung cp b cng c ny trn nhiu nn tng h iu hnh khc

nhau (Win-dows, Linux, Mac,...), min c sn Java Development Kit, Apache Ant
v Python2.2 tr ln.
Nhng tnh nng m nn tng Android h tr.
Application framework: Cho php ti s dng v thay th cc thnh phn sn
c caAndroid.
Dalvik virtual macine: My o java c ti u ha cho thit b di ng.
Intergrated browser: Trnh duyt web tch hp c xy dng da trn
WebKit engine.
Optimized graphics: H tr b th vin 2D v 3D d vo c t OpenGL ES
1.0.
SQLite: DBMS dng lu tr d liu c cu trc.
H tr cc nh dng media ph bin nh. MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, ARM,
JPG, PNG, GIF.
H tr thoi trn nn tng GSM (Ph thuc vi phn cng thit b).
Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G v WiFi (Ph thuc vi phn cng thit b).
Camera, GPS, la bn v cm bin (Ph thuc vi phn cng thit b).
B cng c pht trin ng dng mnh m.
Ngn ng lp trnh chnh thc ca Android l Java. Da trn my o Java ca
Sun, Google tinh chnh v pht trin nn my o Dalvik bin dch m Java vi
tc bin dch nhanh hn v nh hn. Cc ng dng ca Android s dng SQLite
qun l c s d liu.
Bng cch s dng cc frameworks ca hng th ba (VD. PhoneGap,
Titanium,...), cc nh lp trnh web cng c th pht trin ng dng Android mt
cch d dng bng cc ngn ng web ph dng nh HTML, CSS, Javascript.
Do s dng m ngun m, Android ngy cng thu ht c nhiu nh pht
trin trn khp th gii, h c t do to ra v thng mi cc ng dng, cc hng

16

sn xut c th ty bin li nhng tri nghim Android cho khch hng ca ring
mnh.
V phn cng, Android hin l h iu hnh xut hin trn nhiu thit b nht,
ngi dng c thm nhiu la chn s hu mt chic in thoi hp vi ti tin
v nhu cu s dngca bn thn. Hu nh tt c nhng Smartphone s dng h iu
hnh android u rt d s dng, kh nng ty bin nhanh chng, ng dng h tr
phong ph, tng thch vi a cu hnh phn cng ca cc nh xn xut. . .
Qua tm hiu, nhn thy tnh linh hot v kh nng h tr cao t cng ng,
thit b a dng, chi ph hp l. . . Kha lun quyt nh pht trin ng dng
nhn dng bin s xe my trn KIT Friendly ARM s dng h iu hnh Android.
3.3.2 Ti Superboot vo SD Card
Trong phn ny, chng ta thc hin cc bc trn Windown 8.1. Lu , nu u
c th SD tch hp sn mt s Laptop khng th burn ra th hoc c th th cc
bn nn th mt u c th thng thng. SD-Flasher.exe nh dng 130M cho
bootloader v phn cn li l lu d liu ci t chng trnh. Khng nn s dng
th SD t hn 256M v nn s dng b nh t nht l 4Gb.
Bc 1: chy SD-Flasher.exe trong th mc Tool c cung cp km theo. Lu
, chng ta nn chy chng trnh di ch administrator

Hnh 3.4 : File SD-Flasher.exe

Khi chng trnh chy s hin ra mt hp thoi Select your Machine.., chng ta
chn Mini210/Tiny210:

17

Hnh 3.5 : Hp thoi Select your Machine

Bm Nextv s tip tc hin ra hp thoi pha di bt u. Lu , Nt
ReLayout enable v format SD card.

Hnh 3.6 : Giao din ca SD-Flasher.exe

18

Bc 2: Click vo

chn ng dn ti file Superboot.

Hnh 3.7 : ng dn file superboot

Bc 3: Cm th FAT32 vo my tnh, sao lu d liu trong th SD v click vo
Scan, tt c cc th SD tm thy s c hin ra trong danh sch bn cnh. Chng
ta ct Available ang trng thi l No (vng trn mu hnh di).

19

Hnh 3.8 : Trng thi Available No

Bc 4: Click vo ReLayout nh dng li th nh SD. Lu , tt c d liu s
b mt. Sau chng ta click vo Yes

Hnh 3.9 : Relayout

Sau khi Format xong s t ng chuyn hng v menu chnh. Click vo Scan,
chng ta s thy trong ct Label tn FriendlyARM v Avaiable l Yes.

20

Hnh 3.10 : Scan Card

Bc 5: Click vo Fuse, Superboot s c ti vo SD Card. Chng ta c th
hon ton lm iu ny trn nhng h iu hnh khc.

21

Hnh 3.11 : Fuse superboot

Superboot trong th nh th s khng th nhn thy c. kim tra Superboot
c chn vo th SD hay cha? Chng ta cm th SD vo khe th nh ca KIT
Friendly Arm, chuyn Switch S2 sang ch SDBOOT, khi ng KIT v nu
n Flash LED1 sng th c Supberboot trong SD Card ca mnh.
Nu bn khng thy LED1 sng hoc bt k u ra no t cng SD Card th c th
bn cha ti Superboot vo th nh thnh cng. Chng ta c th gii quyt trng
hp ny nh sau.
1. Nu bn ang s dng laptop v c th u c th nh ca laptop khng s
dng c. Bn hy th vi u c th USB.
2. Th nh ca bn khng c tt. Bn nn s dng th c dng lng ln
hn 4GB hoc SDHC

22

3. Bn c th s dng th microSD/TF v s dng chun th SD kt ni trc

tip ti u c th.
3.3.3 Restore TF Card
Nu trong mt thi gian di bn khng cn s dng TF Card ci h iu hnh th
bn s dng SD-Flasher.exe hon li 130MB b nh m mnh to cho
Superboot. Bn nhn chut phi vo SD-Flasher.exe chy di ch Run as
administrator sau s hin ra hnh nh bn di v click vo Scan v click vo
ReFormat.

Hnh 3.12 : Restore TF Card

Click vo Yes. Ch mt lc bn click li nt Scan, bn s thy trong ct
Avaiable l No. Khi SD-Card restore thnh cng.

23

Hnh 3.13 : Restore hon thnh

3.3.4 Cu hnh file FriendlyARM.ini
Khi ci t h iu hnh, chng ta s s dng file FriendlyARM.ini.

24

Hnh 3.14 : Chi tit file FriendlyARM.ini

Trong :
CheckOneButton

= Yes, users cn nhn bt k nt no khi ng

li h thng
= No, h thng s t khi ng li khi hon thnh
Mc nh l No

Action

Thit lp hnh ng: Install/Run/Null

Install Ci t t NAND Flash
Run Chy t TF Card
Null Khng lm g ht
Mc nh l Install

OS

H iu hnh c ti ln t

25

Linux/WindowsCE6/Ubuntu/Android/UserBin;
UserBin ngha l chng trnh c lp hoc file nh
n nh uCos2 v Rt-Thread.
Mc nh l Android
VerifyNandWrite

= Yes, h thng s kim tra li sau khi ci t hon

thnh.
= No, h thng s khng kim tra li sau khi ci t,
iu ny s lm tn t thi gian ci t hn.
Mc nh l No

LowFormat

Thc hin fomat trn NAND Flash vi level thp

StatusType

n bo LED, Beeper hoc c 2 s hot ng khi

ang ci h iu hnh.
Mc nh l LED|Beeper

Android-

Tp tin Bootloader

BootLoader

Mc nh ci t l Android-BootLoader = superboot210.bin

Android Images
Android-Kernel

Kernel image
Mc nh l Android-BootLoader=Android/zImage

AndroidCommandLine

Tham s Boot
-

Nu chng ta s dng h thng yaffs2 th dng lnh

l:
Android-CommandLine = root=/dev/mtdblock4
rootfstype=yaffs2 console=ttySAC0,115200
init=/linuxrc androidboot.console=ttySAC0
skipcali=yes ctp=2

Android-RootFs-

File system image s dng install hin ti ch c h

InstallImage

thng yaffs2.
Mc nh l Android/rootfs_android-mlc2.img

26

Linux images
Linux-

File Bootloader

BootLoader

Linux-BootLoader=Superboot210.bin(Mc nh)

Linux-Kernel

Kernel image:
Linux-BootLoader=Linux/zImage(Mc nh)

LinuxCommandLine

Tham s boot:
-

Nu chng ta s dng h thng yaffs2 th dng lnh

gi l:
/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=yaffs2
console=ttySAC0,115200 init=/linuxrc

Linux-RootFs-

File system image c s dng ci t, hin ti ch

InstallImage

h tr yaffs2
Mc nh l : inux/rootfs_qtopia_qt4.img

WinCE images
WindowsCE6-

Bootloader file:

Bootloader

WindowsCE6-BootLoader =Superboot210.bin (mc

nh)

WindowsCE6-

Boot logo, tp tin BMP v 24 bit mu.

BootLogo

WindowsCE6-BootLogo = WindowsCE6\bootlogo.bmp
(mc nh)

WindowsCE6-

Ci t CE6 image:

InstallImage

WindowsCE6-InstallImage = WindowsCE6\NK.bin

WindowsCE6-

CE running image:

RunImage

WindowsCE6-RunImage = WindowsCE6\NK.bin
Bng 3.4 : Gii thch cc i tng trong file

27

CHNG 4: H THNG NHN DIN BIN S V THNG TIN

NGI DNG TRN ANDROID
Kha lun s chia nh bi ton nhn dng bin s xe thnh 3 bi ton nh hn:
Pht hin vng cha bin s: d liu nh x l l d liu c truyn vo
lin tc t camera, nn cng on pht hin vng cha bin s s tng
chnh xc ca nhn dng v gim nhiu nh.
Tch k t: sau khi nh v c vng nh cha bin s, cng on ny s
tin x l tch tng k t ra 1 cch ring r, s thun tin v gim ti hn
cho vic nhn dng.
Nhn dng k t: s dng cc phng php tr tu nhn to hc v nhn
din k t.
4.1 Pht Hin V nh V Vng Cha Bin S Xe
y l bc u tin v i hi nhiu thi gian nht c nh hng rt ln n hiu
sut ca ton b h thng.Mc ch ca bc ny l trch ra c vng nh nht
cha bin s t nh thu c t camera ca KIT. Giai on ny v mt bn cht
chng em s dng tnh cht v hnh thi hc, d tm cnh bin, so snh khp mu
tm ra c trng ca vng nh cha bin s.
Qua tm hiu nhm quyt nh s s dng cc c trng haar like v b phn loi
adboost pht hin vng cha bin s. y l phng php c hiu sut rt cao ln
n 98% pht hin cc i tng trong 1 vng nh.
4.1.1 c Trng Haar Like
Do Viola v Jones cng b nm 2001,c trng Haar Like c to thnh bng vic
kt hp cc hnh ch nht en, trng vi nhau theo mt trt t, mt kch thc no
. gm 4 c trng c bn:

28

Hnh 4.1 : c trng haar like c bn

s dng cc t trng ny vo vic xc nh i tng, 4 t trng Haar-like c
bn c m rng ra, v c chia lm 3 tp c trng nh sau:
c trng cnh (edge features):

Hnh 4.2. c Trng haar like, c trng cnh

c trng ng (line features):

Hnh 4.3 c Trng Haar like, c trng ng

c trng xung quanh tm (center-surround features):

Hnh 4.4 c trng Haar like, c trng xung quanh tm

Gi tr ca c trng Haar Like l s chnh lch gia tng cc pixel ca cc vng
en v cc vng trng ca 1 vng i tng trong nh theo cng thc:
f(x) = Tng vng en(cc mc xm ca pixel) -Tng vng trng (cc mc xm ca pixel)
So snh cc gi tr ny vi cc gi tr ca pixel th, cc c trng haar like c th
lm tang hoc gim s thay i vng tip gip gia i tng nhn din v ton
vng nh, do s lm cho b phn loi n gin hn v hiu qu hn.
Nh vy ta c th thy rng, tnh cc gi tr ca c trng Haar-like, ta phi tnh
tng ca cc vng pixel trn nh. Nhng tnh ton cc gi tr ca cc c trng

29

Haar-like cho tt c cc v tr trn nh i hi chi ph tnh ton kh ln khng hiu

qu i vi cc b d liu ln. do Viola v Jones trnh by 1thut ton lm
gim bt cng vic tnh ton pixcel trn nh. l khi nim nh nh phn Intergral
Image l 1 mng 2 chiu kch thc bng kch thc ca nh cn tnh gi tr c
trng Haar Like. Di y l m t cch tnh nh tch phn
Gi tr ca nh tch phn ti im P c ta (x, y) c tnh nh sau:
P(x,y) =

Hnh 4.5 Tnh gi tr nh tch phn ti im c ta (x, y)

Sau khi tnh c nh tch phn, vic tnh tng cc gi tr mc xm ca mt vng
nh bt k no trn nh thc hin theo cch sau, v d tnh gi r ca vng D
trong hnh 5 nh sau:
D=A+B+C+D-(A+B)-(A+C)+A

Hnh 4.6. V d cch tnh nhanh cc gi tr mc xm ca vng D trn nh

30

Vi A + B + C + D chnh l gi tr ti im P4 trn Integral Image, tng t nh

vy A + B l gi tr ti im P2, A + C l gi tr ti im P3, v A l gi tr ti im
P1. Vy ta c th vit li biu thc tnh D trn nh sau.
D = (x4,y4) (x2,y2) (x3,y3) + (x1,y1)
A+B+C+D

A+B

A+C

Tip theo, s dng phng php my hc AdaBoost xy dng b phn loi mnh
vi chnh xc cao.
4.1.2 Thut ton AdaBoost
AdaBoost l mt b phn loi mnh phi tuyn phc da trn hng tip cn
boosting c Freund v Schapire a ra vo nm 1995. Adaboost cng hot ng
trn nguyn tc kt hp tuyn tnh cc weak classifiers hnh thnh mt strong
classifier.
L mt ci tin ca tip cn boosting, AdaBoost s dng thm khi nim trng s
(weight) nh du cc mu kh nhn dng. Trong qu trnh hun luyn, c mi
weak classifiers c xy dng, thut ton s tin hnh cp nht li trng s
chun b cho vic xy dng weakclassifier k tip. tng trng s ca cc mu b
nhn dng sai v gim trng s ca cc mu c nhn dng ng bi weak
classifier va xy dng. Bng cch ny weak classifer sau cth tp trung vo cc
mu m cc weak classifiers trc n lm cha tt. Sau cng, cc weakclassifers s
c kt hp ty theo mc tt ca chng to nn strong classifier.
B phn loi yu h(k) c biu din nh sau:
hk={

x: ca s con cn xt

31

k: ngng ( =theta)
fk: gi tr c trnng Haar- Like
pk : h s quyt nh chiu phng trnh

4.1.3 M hnh phn tng Cascade

Cascade of Boosted Classifiers l m hnh phn tng vi mi tng l mt m hnh
AdaBoost s dng b phn lp yu l cy quyt nh vi cc c trng Haar-Like.
M hnh Cascade of Classifiers c xy dng nhm rt ngn thi gian x l, gim
thiu nhn dng lm (false alarm) cho b phn loi. Cascade trees gm nhiu tng
(stage hay cn gi l layer), mi tng l mt m hnh AdaBoost vi b phn lp yu
l cc cy quyt nh. Mt mu c phn loi l i tng th n cn phi i
qua ht tt c cc tng. Cc tng sau c hun luyn bng nhng mu m negative
(khng phi i tng nhn din) m tng trc n nhn dng sai, tc l n s tp
trung hc t cc mu background kh hn, do s kt hp cc tng AdaBoost ny
li s gip b phn loi gim thiu nhn dng lm. Vi cu trc ny, nhng mu
background d nhn dng s b loi ngay t nhng tng u tin, gip p ng tt
nht thi gian x l v vn duy tr c hiu qu pht i tng.

32

Vng nh
con cn
xt

H1

H2

Khng l i tng

Khng l i tng

H3

Khng l i tng

Hn

Khng l i tng

Khng l
i tng

L i tng

Hnh 4.7: M hnh phn tng kt hp cc b phn loi yu xc nh bin s

AdaBoost s kt hp cc b phn loi yu thnh b phn loi mnh nh sau.
H(x) = sign(a1h1(x) + a2h2(x) +..+ anhn(x)) (a =alpha)
Vi. a>= 0 l h s chun ho cho cc b phn loi yu.

33

Hnh 4.8 Kt hp cc b phn phn loi yu thnh b phn loi mnh

4.1.4 H thng xc nh vng cha bin s xe

c lng cc
c trng
Tnh cc c trng
nhanh t nhiu t l
Hm haar c bn
nh gc

Integral Image

Hm haar c bn
Hm haar c bn

Cu trc phn tng

S lng ln
cc c trng
iu chnh
thng s
Adaboost

Mt tp nh
Cc c
trng

Chn c trng

Quyt nh kt
qu

Hnh 4.9. H thng xc nh vng cha bin s xe

Nh trong hnh 3.8, t nh gc ban u, tnh Integral Image, l mng 2 chiu vi
phn t (x; y) s c tnh bng tng ca cc phn t (x ; y) vi x < x v y < y,
mc ch l tnh nhanh tng ca cc gi tr mc xm ca mt vng hnh ch nht
bt k trn nh gc.Cc vng nh con ny s c a qua cc hm Haar c bn

34

c lng c trng, kt qu c lng s c a qua b iu chnh AdaBoost

loi b nhanh cc c trng khngc kh nng l c trng ca bin s xe. Ch
c mt tp nh cc c trng m b iu chnh AdaBoost cho l c kh nng l c
trng ca bin s xe mi c chuyn sang cho b quyt nh kt qu (l tp cc b
phn loi yu c cu trc nh trong hnh 3.6). B quyt nh s tng hp kt qu l
bin s xe nu kt qu ca cc b phn loi yu tr v l bin s xe.Mi b phn
loi yu s quyt nh kt qu cho mt c trng Haar-like, c xc nh ngng
nh sao cho c th vt c tt c cc b d liu mu trong tp d liu hun
luyn (s lng nh bin s xe trong tp hun luyn l rt ln). Trong qu trnh xc
nh vng cha bin s xe, mi vng nh con s c kim tra vi cc c trng
trong chui cc c trng Haar-like, nu c mt c trng Haar-like no cho ra kt
qu l bin s xe th cc c trng khc khng cn xt na. Th t xt cc c trng
trong chui cc c trng Haar-likes c da vo trng s (weight) ca c trng
do AdaBoost quyt nh da vo s ln v th t xut hin ca cc c trng
Haar-like.
4.1.5 Hun luyn b phn loi
c th nhn dng bin s xe theo phng php tip cn da trn din mo
trnh by ti phn trn, trc ht cn thc hin hun luyn b phn loi dng cho
qu trnh nhn dng. Nhim v hun luyn b phn loi thc s l mt th thch
bi nh cp ti phn trc qu trnh ny yu cu mt tp d liu mu rt ln,
nn tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc. C th chia qu trnh hun luyn b
phn loi lm 2 bc chnh:
Chun b mu
Hun luyn
Chun b mu

35

 phc v cho qu trnh hun luyn th yu cu hai tp d liu mu (sample) l:

positive v negative. Mu negative l tp nhng bc nh khng cha i tng cn
nhn dng v mu positive l tp nhng bc nh cha i tng cn nhn dng.
Mu negative: c ly t nhng bc nh ty m khng cha i tng cn
nhn dng. Tt c nhng bc nh ny c lit k trong mt file miu t di
dng plain-text, ng vi mi dng miu t ny s l mt bc nh. Trong ,
kha lun s dng 3000 file nh ti t nhiu ngun trn internet(min l trong
nh khng c bin s xe) lm tp mu Negative.

Hnh 4.10: File miu t mu negative

Mu positve: l tp hp nhng bc nh cha i tng cn nhn dng, mt bc
nh c th cha mt hoc nhiu i tng. File miu t ca tp mu positive

36

cng l mt file plain-text, mi dng s cha tng ng vi mt file nh, tip

sau l s lng i tng cn nhn dng c trong bc nh, v ta x,y
(left-top), chiu cao, chiu rng ca nh.

Hnh 4.11: File miu t mu positive

Sau khi c c file miu t positive, ta tip tc to file vector cho file positive. V
thc hin c iu ny th ta s dng tin ch opencv_createsamples c cung
cp sn trong th vin m ngun m OpenCV vi c php:

Hnh 4.12: C php to file vector plate_vector.vec

opencv_createsamples.exe -info positive/ positive.txt -vec data/plate_vector.vec num 2000 -w 55-h 40
-info positive/ positive.txt. ng dn file miu t ca tp mu positive
-vec data/plate_vector.vec. ng dn file output s c to ra sau qu trnh
to mu
-num 2000. s lng mu l 2000

37

 -w 55 -h 40. kch thc ca mi mu s c to ra, theo ng vi t l ca

bin s xe (140x190)
Sau khi to ra file mu di dng vector, mi th sn sng chuyn qua bc
k tip l hun luyn.
Hun luyn
Bc ny l bc cui cng trong qu trnh hun luyn v cng l bc mt nhiu
thi gian nht. Chng ta s dng opencv_traincascade training theo c php:

Hnh 4.13:C php to file cascade.xml

opencv_traincascade.exe -data data/cascade -vec data/plate_vector.vec -bg
negative/infofile.txt -numPos 2000 -numNeg 2999 -numStages 20 -mode ALL -w 55
-h 40
-data data/cascade. ng dn lu kt qu ca qu trnh hun luyn
-vec data/ plate_vector.vec. ng dn file vector c to ra trong bc
chun b mu t tp mu positive.
-bg negative/infofile.txt. ng dn file miu t ca tp mu negative
-numPos 2000. s lng file nh ca tp mu positive
-numNeg 2999. s lng file nh ca tp mu negative
-numStages 20. s stage mong mun
-mode ALL. ch ALL s s dng tt c cc dng (k c m rng) ca c
trng Haar-like
-w 55 -h 40. kch thc ca tp mu

38

Sau khi hon tt qu trnh hun luyn ny, ta s thu c b phn loi di dng
mt file xml dnh cho qu trnh nhn dng.
4.2 Tch K T
Sau khi pht hin c vng cha bin s, bi ton tip theo cn phi gii quyt
l phn tch c tng k t trn vng bin s thu c, bc ny l bc chun
b v cung cp y d liu nht cho bc nhn dng k t.
C rt nhiu phng php tch k t thc hin bi ton tch k t ny nh :
Tch tnh, lng t ha vector im nh(vector quantization), lc chiu ngang
v dc (verticaland horizontal projection), mng noron (neural network), tr tu
nhn to (AI), hnh thi hc(morphology)tuy nhin mc ch c bc ny l tch
k t v rt c d liu im nh cha k t phc vu cho bc 3. Nn nhm s
chn phng php n gin nht l Phng Php Hnh Thi hc. Phng php ny
n gin. hiu qu. t chim ti nghuyn ca h thng nht.
Mi mt k t trn bin s s l mt i tng c c im hnh thi hc c th nh
l chiucao, chiu rng, t l 2 chiu bin i tng i t (nu nh cha vng bin
s c av cng mt kch c) m da vo ta c th tch ra c c th
tng k t ring r. T ra c thut ton tch k t t nh cha vng bin s thu
c nh sau:
Chun ha kch thc nh cha vng bin s.
Chuyn i nh cha vng bin s mu v nh xm.
Tng cao tnh tng phn bng thudt ton cn bng lc xm.
Xc nh ngng, nh phn ha nh.
Tm bin, xc nh cc ng vin (contour) ca nh nh phn
Tch k t da trn c tnh v hnh thi hc.
Tip theo y, Kha lun s trnh by c bn cc bc nu trn.

39

4.2.1

Tin X L Vng nh Cha Bin S

4.2.1.1Chun Ha Kch Thc

y l khu u tin v cng l n gin nht ca thut ton, n thun ch gi hm
phng thc resize() t class improc trong openCV, chun ha kch thc nh
khin chnh lch gia k t trn cc bin s khc nhau gim xung lm cho vic
tch k t da trn c tnh hnh thi hc tr nn chnh xc hn. Kch thc chun
ha lun m bo ng t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ca bin s xe my chun
vit nam l 1,382.Kha lun s chn kch thc chung l 680x492.
4.2.1.2 Chuyn i V nh Xm
Do khu xc nh ngng v nh phn ha nh ch thc hin c i vi mt bc
nh n knh (single channel) nn bc ny ca thut ton, kha lun li thc
hin mt bc bin i n gin na l chuyn i nh vng cha bin s (sau
khi chun ha kch thc) t nh mu (3 channels) sang nh xm (grayscale cn gi l nh trng en, 1 channel).
i vi h mu RBG, vic chuyn i sang en trng c thc hin mt cchn
gin bng sng im nh (luminance) trn tng pixel ca nh qua cng thc
sau.
Y= Red * 0.1140 + Green * 0.5870 + Blue * 0.2989 (3.7)

40

Hnh 4.10. Chuyn nh mu sang nh trng en

4.2.1.3 Tng Tng Phn nh v lm min nh
Lc Trung v l mt k thut lc phi tuyn (non-linear), n kh hiu qu i vi hai
loi nhiu: nhiu m (speckle noise) v nhiu mui tiu (salt-pepper noise). K
thut ny l mt bc rt ph bin trong x l nh. i khi nhng ch th chnh cn
quan tm x l (cc k t) v phng nn (nn bin s) c tng phn khng cao
bi nhiu yu t nh ch b m,bng nng gy kh khn cho qu trnh x l tip
theo, nn kha lun p dng phng php ny ci thin tng phn v lm
mn cho bc nh.v hin thc th ta s s dng phng thc medianBlur trong class
improc ca openCV thc hin. phng thc ny s tin nh lc trung v nh
tng tng phn. v sau lm mn nh.

Hnh 4.11. Tng tnh tng phn bng phng php lc trung v
4.2.2

Xc nh Ngng, Nh phn ha nh

Nh phn ha l qu trnh bin mt nh xm thnh nh nh phn. nh nh phn ch

cha hai gi tr 0 hoc 1 (hoc 0 v 255 ty theo quy nh ca cu trc nh). Theo
, gi tr 0 s l gi tr ng vi nhng im en trn nh v gi tr 1 (hoc 255) s
l gi tr ng vi nhng im trng. Cng thc nh phn nh l t tt c cc gi
tr ca nh xm v 0 nu chng b hn mt ngng T cho trc v v 255 nu

41

chng ln hn ngng T . Vn y l vi ngng T nh th no th cho ta

c tm nh nh phn nh mun, ngha l nh lm ni cc vng i tng v nn.
Vic xc nh gi tr T l rt kh v chng ph thuc vo tng iu kin chiu sng
khc nhau ca mi trng. Vi mi trng ny T nhn mt gi tr, mi trng khc
li mt gi tr khc.
trch kh khn trong vic chn ngng T nh ni trn ta c thm mt s
la chn l dng ngng phng php ly ngng ng. Thut ton ly nh phn
ha vi ngng ng hay cn gi l nh phn ha vi ngng thch nghi l cch ta
nh phn mt nh xm vi nhng ngng khc nhau trn tng vng nh khc nhau
ca mt tm nh..

A11

A12

A13

A21

A22

A23

A31

A32

A33

Hnh 4.12. Cch xc nh ngng ng

Phng php ny s ly ngng nh phn trn mt vng cc b l mt ca s c
kchthc MxN. Ngng cn xc nh i vi tm ca ca s s l trung bnh
cng cc gi trca cc ln cn ca n. Gi s cn ly ngng ng cho im A22
v kch thc ca s l3x3. Khi gi tr T s l.
T = 1/8(A11 + A12 + A13 + A21 + A23 + A31 + A32 + A33)
Nu A22 > T, t A22 v 255, nu A22 < T, t A22 v 0. Qua y c th thy rng
nh phn ha c mt bc nh theo cch trn s tn rt nhiu thi gian, c bit
l i vi nhng ca s c kch thc ln. trnh hin tng ny, phi dng ti

42

cch tnh IntegralImage c nhc ti trong phn trnh by v c trng Haarlike.

Hnh 4.13. Nh phn ha nh bng phng php tm ngng

4.2.3

Tch k t da trn c tnh hnh thi hc

Sau khi ta thc hin xong cc bc tin x l nh v chuyn i nh v nh phn,

thi ta s tin hnh ct tng k t c trong vng nh m ta x l. thc hin
c iu ny th ta s tin hnh xc nh tt c cc vin v bin ca nh. Sau
dng c tnh hnh thi hc xc nh u l vin v bin ca k t trong nh.
im Bin: mt im nh c coi l im bin nu c s thay i nhanh hoc t
ngt v mc xm(hoc mu). Nh vy v mt ton hc th im bin l nhng im
m tai hm sng ca nh lin tc c bc nhy hoc bin thin nhanh, do
ta s ly o hm pht hin v tch bin nh. Do trong nh nh phn, in
hnh l bin s xe ca ta th im en s c xem l im bin nu ln cn n c t
nht mt im trng.
ng Vin (contours): tp hp cc im bin lin tip.
ng Vin thng c dng phn vng nh, v trong kha lun s da vo
bin nh xc nh cc k t trn vng cha bin s do trong bin s sau khi
nh phn ha cc k t l mu trng nm trn nn en rt r rng.

43

Phn ny ca kha lun s khng cp n cc phng php xc nh bin bi

y l mt ch rt rng ln v c rt nhiu phng php thc hin vic tm
bin ny nh s dng b tch bin Canny, Laplacian . . . vic tm bin nh hon
ton vo tnh nng c hin thc ha trong th vin OpenCV.

Hnh 4.14 Tm ng Vin Trong nh

Sau khi c c cc ng vin trong nh, ta s dng c tnh hnh thi hc ca 1

k t rt k t ny ra. C th:
1.5 <= Chiu cao / chiu rng ) <= 3.0
Din tch (Chiu cao*chiu rng) >= 5000
Ta c th d dng tm c vng cha cc k t ring r trn bin s.

44

Hnh 4.15 cc k t c tch ring r

4.3 Nhn Dng K T
y l bc cui cng ca bi ton. cc bc trc ta x l v rt trch c
d liu cn thit l nh ca tng k t ring r.
Vn t ra y l lm sao t d liu text t nh k t. t cc bc x l trn.
Mi d liu nh k t thu c s c cc c im chung nh sau:
Cng kiu mu sc l nh nh phn
Kch thc c th xem nh l gn tng ng nhau
Mi d liu nh k t thu c l 1 khung nh hnh ch nht va bao trn
ch.
Ta cn s dng 1 thut my hc, hc d liu nh a vo vo xut ra k t. qua
tm hiu th nhm em nhn thy Phng Php Mng Neural nhn to l phng
php my hc kh tng minh, nhanh hiu qu. Ph hp vi d liu cn hun luyn
nhm em. Nn nhm quyt nh chn Mng Neural nhn to lm phng php
chnh hc k t t nh.

Hnh 4.16 D liu nh k t thu c

4.3.1 Lch s pht trin mng neural
Cc nghin cu v b no con ngi c tin hnh t hng nghn nm
nay. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut c bit l nhng tin b trong
ngnh in t hin i, vic con ngi bt u nghin cu cc neural nhn to l

45

hon ton t nhin. S kin u tin nh du s ra i ca mng neural nhn to

din ra vo nm 1943 khi nh thn kinh hc Warren McCulloch v nh ton hc
Walter Pitts vit bi bo m t cch thc cc neural hot ng. H cng tin
hnh xy dng mt mng neural n gin bng cc mch in. Cc neural ca h
c xem nh l cc thit b nh phn vi ngng c nh. Kt qu ca cc m hnh
ny l cc hm logic n gin chng hn nh a OR b hay a AND b.
Tip bc cc nghin cu ny, nm 1949 Donald Hebb cho xut bn cun
sch Organization of Behavior. Cun sch ch ra rng cc neural nhn to s tr
ln hiu qu hn sau mi ln chng c s dng.
Nhng tin b ca my tnh u nhng nm 1950 gip cho vic m hnh ha
cc nguyn l ca nhng l thuyt lin quan ti cch thc con ngi suy ngh tr
thnh hin thc. Nathanial Rochester sau nhiu nm lm vic ti cc phng th
nghim nghin cu ca IBM c nhng n lc u tin m phng mt mng
neural. Trong thi k ny tnh ton truyn thng t c nhng thnh cng rc
r trong khi nhng nghin cu v neural cn giai on s khai. Mc d vy
nhng ngi ng h trit l thinking machines (cc my bit suy ngh) vn tip
tc bo v cho lp trng ca mnh.
Nm 1956 d n Dartmouth nghin cu v tr tu nhn to (Artificial
Intelligence) m ra thi k pht trin mi c trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to ln
mng neural. Tc ng tch cc ca n l thc y hn na s quan tm ca cc nh
khoa hc v tr tu nhn to v qu trnh x l mc n gin ca mng neural
trong b no con ngi.
Nhng nm tip theo ca d n Dartmouth, John von Neumann xut
vic m phng cc neural n gin bng cch s dng rle in p hoc n chn
khng. Nh sinh hc chuyn nghin cu v neural Frank Rosenblatt cng bt u
nghin cu v Perceptron. Sau thi gian nghin cu ny Perceptron c ci t
trong phn cng my tnh v c xem nh l mng neural lu i nht cn c
s dng n ngy nay. Perceptron mt tng rt hu ch trong vic phn loi mt tp
cc u vo c gi tr lin tc vo mt trong hai lp. Perceptron tnh tng c trng

46

s cc u vo, ri tr tng ny cho mt ngng v cho ra mt trong hai gi tr

mong mun c th. Tuy nhin Perceptron cn rt nhiu hn ch, nhng hn ch ny
c ch ra trong cun sch v Perceptron ca Marvin Minsky v Seymour
Papert vit nm 1969.
Nm 1959, Bernard Widrow v Marcian Hoff thuc trng i hc Stanford
xy dng m hnh ADALINE (ADAptive LINear Elements) v MADALINE.
(Multiple ADAptive LINear Elements). Cc m hnh ny s dng quy tc hc
Least-Mean-Squares (LMS: Ti thiu bnh phng trung bnh). MADALINE l
mng neural u tin c p dng gii quyt mt bi ton thc t. N l mt b
lc thch ng c kh nng loi b tn hiu di li trn ng dy in thoi. Ngy
nay mng neural ny vn c s dng trong cc ng dng thng mi.
Nm 1974 Paul Werbos pht trin v ng dng phng php hc lan
truyn ngc ( back-propagation). Tuy nhin phi mt mt vi nm th phng
php ny mi tr ln ph bin. Cc mng lan truyn ngc c bit n nhiu nht
v c p dng rng di nht nht cho n ngy nay.
Tht khng may, nhng thnh cng ban u ny khin cho con ngi ngh
qu ln v kh nng ca cc mng neural. Chnh s cng iu qu mc c
nhng tc ng khng tt n s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut thi by gi
khi ngi ta lo s rng n lc my mc c th lm mi vic ca con ngi.
Nhng lo lng ny khin ngi ta bt u phn i cc nghin cu v mng neuron.
Thi k tm lng ny ko di n nm 1981.
Nm 1982 trong bi bo gi ti vin khoa hc quc gia, John Hopfield bng
s phn tch ton hc r rng, mch lc, ng ch ra cch thc cc mng neural
lm vic v nhng cng vic chng c th thc hin c. Cng hin ca Hopfield
khng ch gi tr ca nhng nghin cu khoa hc m cn s thc y tr li cc
nghin cu v mng neuron.
Cng trong thi gian ny, mt hi ngh vi s tham gia ca Hoa K v Nht
Bn bn v vic hp tc/cnh tranh trong lnh vc mng neural c t chc ti

47

Kyoto, Nht Bn. Sau hi ngh, Nht Bn cng b nhng n lc ca h trong

vic to ra my tnh th h th 5. Tip nhn iu , cc tp ch nh k ca Hoa K
by t s lo lng rng nc nh c th b tt hu trong lnh vc ny. V th, ngay
sau , Hoa K nhanh chng huy ng qu ti tr cho cc nghin cu v ng dng
mng neuron.
Nm 1985, vin vt l Hoa K bt u t chc cc cuc hp hng nm v
mng neuron ng dng trong tin hc (Neural Networks for Computing).
Nm 1987, hi tho quc t u tin v mng neuron ca Vin cc k s
in v in t IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer) thu ht hn
1800 ngi tham gia.
Ngy nay, khng ch dng li mc nghin cu l thuyt, cc nghin cu ng dng
mng neural gii quyt cc bi ton thc t c din ra khp mi ni. Cc
ng dng mng neural ra i ngy cng nhiu v ngy cng hon thin hn. in
hnh l cc ng dng: x l ngn ng (Language Processing), nhn dng k t
(Character Recognition), nhn dng ting ni (Voice Recognition), nhn dng mu
(Pattern Recognition), x l tn hiu (Signal Processing), Lc d liu (Data
Filtering),..
4.3.2 S lc v neural sinh hc
Mng neural sinh hc c cu thnh bi cc neural l cc t bo no hay
cc t bo thn kinh.Qua qu trnh nghin cu v b no, ngi ta thy rng: b no
con ngi bao gm khong 1011 neural tham gia vo khong 1015 kt ni trn cc
ng truyn. Mi ng truyn ny di khong hn mt mt. Cc neural c nhiu
c im chung vi cc t bo khc trong c th, ngoi ra chng cn c nhng kh
nng m cc t bo khc khng c c, l kh nng nhn, x l v truyn cc
tn hiu in ha trn cc ng mn neural, cc con ng ny to nn h thng
giao tip ca b no.

48

Hnh 4.17 Cu trc ca mt neural sinh hc in hnh

Mi neural nh vy c ba thnh phn chnh:
Cc nhnh vo hnh cy ( dendrites)
Thn t bo (cell body)
Si trc ra (axon)
Cc nhnh hnh cy truyn tn hiu vo n thn t bo. Thn t bo tng hp v x
l cho tn hiu i ra. Si trc truyn tn hiu ra t thn t bo ny sang neural khc.
im lin kt gia si trc ca neural ny vi nhnh hnh cy ca neural khc gi l
synapse. Lin kt gia cc neural v nhy ca mi synapse c xc nh bi
qu trnh ha hc phc tp. Mt s cu trc ca neural c xc nh trc lc sinh
ra. Mt s cu trc c pht trin thng qua qu trnh hc. Trong cuc i c th,
mt s lin kt mi c hnh thnh, mt s khc b hy b.
Nh vy neural sinh hc hot ng theo cch thc sau: nhn tn hiu u vo, x l
cc tn hiu ny v cho ra mt tn hiu output. Tn hiu output ny sau c
truyn i lm tn hiu u vo cho cc neural khc.
Da trn nhng hiu bit v neural sinh hc, con ngi xy dng neural nhn to
vi hy vng to nn mt m hnh c sc mnh nh b no.

49

4.3.3 So snh mng neural vi my tnh truyn thng

Cc mng neural c cch tip cn khc trong gii quyt vn so vi my
tnh truyn thng. Cc my tnh truyn thng s dng cch tip cn theo hng gii
thut, tc l my tnh thc hin mt tp cc ch lnh gii quyt mt vn . Vn
c gii quyt phi c bit v pht biu di dng mt tp ch lnh khng
nhp nhng. Nhng ch lnh ny sau phi c chuyn sang mt chng trnh
ngn ng bc cao v chuyn sang m my my tnh c th hiu c.
Tr khi cc bc c th m my tnh cn tun theo c ch ra r rng, my
tnh s khng lm c g c. iu gii hn kh nng ca cc my tnh truyn
thng phm vi gii quyt cc vn m chng ta hiu v bit chnh xc cch
thc hin. Cc my tnh s tr ln hu ch hn nu chng c th thc hin c
nhng vic m bn thn con ngi khng bit chnh xc l phi lm nh th no.
Cc mng neural x l thng tin theo cch thc ging nh b no con ngi.
Mng c to nn t mt s lng ln cc phn t x l c kt ni vi nhau
lm vic song song gii quyt mt vn c th. Cc mng neural hc theo m
hnh, chng khng th c lp trnh thc hin mt nhim v c th. Cc mu
phi c chn la cn thn nu khng s rt mt thi gian, thm ch mng s hot
ng khng ng. iu hn ch ny l bi v mng t tm ra cch gii quyt vn ,
thao tc ca n khng th d on c.
Cc mng neural v cc my tnh truyn thng khng cnh tranh nhau m b sung
cho nhau. C nhng nhim v thch hp hn vi my tnh truyn thng, ngc li
c nhng nhim v li thch hp hn vi cc mng neural. Thm ch rt nhiu
nhim v i hi cc h thng s dng t hp c hai cch tip cn thc hin
c hiu qu cao nht. (thng thng mt my tnh truyn thng c s dng
gim st mng neural)
4.3.4 Mng Neural Nhn To
Mng neural nhn to, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) gi tt l mng neural,
neural network, l mt m hnh x l thng tin phng theo cch thc x l thng tin
ca cc h neural sinh hc. N c to ln t mt s lng ln cc phn t (gi l

50

phn t x l hay neural) kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc lin kt (gi l trng s

lin kt) lm vic nh mt th thng nht gii quyt mt vn c th no .
Mt mng neural nhn to c cu hnh cho mt ng dng c th (nhn dng mu,
phn loi d liu, ...) thng qua mt qu trnh hc t tp cc mu hun luyn. V
bn cht hc chnh l qu trnh hiu chnh trng s lin kt gia cc neural.
Mng neural nhn to l mt b x l phn tn song song c cu to bi cc n
v x ln gin, c chc nng lu tr nhng tri thc kinh nghim v cho php s
dng nhng trithc ny. Mng neural m phng b no ngi theo hai kha cnh
sau.
Tri thc c thu thp bi mng neural trong mi trng hot ng thng
qua mt qu trnh hc (hay cn gi l hun luyn).
Trng s ca lin kt gia cc n v x l c dng lu tr nhng tri
thc thuthp c.
Qu trnh hc c thc hin bi mt thut ton hc. Thut ton ny s lm thay
i trng s lin kt gia cc n v x l t c mc tiu thit k.
Mng neural nhn to c xy dng da trn cc m hnh ton hc m phng hot
ngca nhng yu t chnh trong mng neural sinh hc (dendrite, soma, axon).
Hot ng camng neural nhn to c nhng tnh cht sau.
Qu trnh x l thng tin xy ra ti mi n v ca mng, gi l neural.
Cc neural c lin kt vi nhau.
Mi lin kt ca cc neural u c mt trng s. Trng s ny c trng cho
bi ton c biu din bi mng. Khi nhn c thng tin u vo, cc u
vo s c nhnvi cc trng s tng ng, sau c cng li cho
mt gi tr gi l net.
Mi neural c mt hm kch hot (activation function), hm ny c chc
nng tnhton u ra cho neural da vo gi tr net nu trn.
c trng ca mt mng neural nhn to bao gm.

51

 M hnh kt ni gia cc neural trong mng vi nhau hay cn gi l kin trc

ca mng.
Cch thc xc nh trng s ca cc lin kt trong mng.
Hm kch hot ca cc neural.
Cc thnh phn ca mt neural trong mng bao gm.
Tp cc u vo (input). l cc tn hiu u vo ca neural, c th t mi
trng ngoi hoc l u ra ca cc neural khc trong mng. Tp cc u vo
thng c a voneural di dng mt vector v c k hiu l x.
Tp lin kt (weights). mi lin kt t mt neural khc n neural hin ti
c biudin bi mt trng s. Trng s lin kt t mt neurali n mt
neuralj c k hiu l Wij . Thng thng, cc trng s s c khi to mt
cch ngu nhin vo thi im khi to mng v c cp nhp lin tc
trong qu trnh hun luyn.
Tng (net). l tng cc tch ca cc trng s v cc u vo t neural tng
ng.
Ngng (hay cn gi l lch - bias). l mt gi tr gip thay i kh nng
biu dinca mt hm kch hot. Gi tr bias thng c xem xt l mt u
vo c nh cami neural.
Hm kch hot (activation function). tnh ton gi tr u ra cho mi neural.
Thng thng, min gi tr ca hm kch hot nm trong khong [0; 1] hoc
[ 1; 1]. Ta khiu hm kch hot l f.
u ra (outputs). kt qu ca neural sau qu trnh tnh ton, thng c k
hiu l y.

52

Hnh 4.18. Biu din mt neural nhn to.

V mt ton hc, cu trc ca mt neural i c m t bng cp biu thc sau.
yi=f(neti i) v neti =
Trong .
- x1, x2, . . . xm l cc tn hiu u vo.
- wk1, wk2, . . .wkN l cc trng s kt ni ca neural th i.
- neti l hm tng.
- f l hm truyn: cc hm nh Sigmoid, Saturating Linear, Linear
- i l mt ngng.
- yi l tn hiu u ra ca neural.
Nh vy, tng t nh neural sinh hc, neural nhn to cng nhn cc tn hiu u
vo, x l (nhn cc tn hiu ny vi trng s lin kt, tnh tng cc tch thu c
ri gi kt qu n hm kch hot), v cho mt tn hiu u ra (l kt qu ca hm
kch hot).
i vi cc n v u vo, nu ta xem chng nh nhng neural th hm kch hot
ca chng l hm f(x) = x do khng c bt k bc tnh ton no xy ra y. i
vi cc lp khc ca mng, ngi ta thng dng cng mt hm kch hot cho tt

53

c cc neural. Bn cnh ,v mt s l do, ta c th p dng cc hm kch hot

khc nhau cho cc lp khc nhau.
Mng neural mt lp thng s dng hm ngng chuyn i mt gi tr thc
lin tc sang mt gi tr phn (0 hoc 1) hoc lng cc (-1 hay 1), hm ngng
cn c gi l hm Heaviside. Khi gi tr u vo ca hm ln hn hoc bng mt
gi tr ngng th hm str v gi tr 1. Ngc li, nu gi tr u vo ca hm
nh hn ngng th hm s tr vgi tr 0 (hoc -1).
Y ={
Y ={

Cc hm sigmoid l nhng hm kch hot c s dng nhiu do tnh cht kh vi

ca n.Hm sigmoid nh phn (binary sigmod) v hm tanh (hyperbolic tangent) l
nhng hm mang ngha c bit quan trng trong mang lan truyn ngc
(backpropagation). S d nh th l v nhng hm ny c gi tr ton tr nn nh
nhng hn trong lc hun luyn mang, nh ci thin ng k nng sut ca qu
trnh ny.
Hm sigmoid nh phn tr v cc gi tr trong khong t 0 n 1. Nhng mng
neural s dng hm kch hot sigmoid nh phn c nhu cu thu c gi tr nh phn
hoc cc gi trnm gia 0 v 1. Hm ny cn c gi l hm vn chuyn (logistic
function). Gi tr trong cng thc di y quyt nh bin thin ca hm.

f(x)=
f(x)=f(x)[ 1 f(x)]

54

Hm sigmoid lng cc thc cht l mt bin th ca hm sigmoid nh phn, tr v

gi tr nm t -1 n 1.

g(x) = 2f(x) -1 =
g(x) =

4.3.5 Mng neural Kohonen

Trong cc kiu khc nhau ca mng neural, mng neural Kohonen ging vi mng
neural sinh hc hn c v cu to ln c ch hc. Mng neural nhn to ny ln u
tin c gii thiu bi Kohonen vo nm 1982, n c bit n nh l nh x c
trng t t chc SOM (Self-organizing map). nh x t t chc SOM ca Kohonen
cn c bit n l mt trong nhng m hnh kh n gin ca mng neural.Mng
neural Kohonen l mng c kh nng s dng nhng kinh nghim ca qu kh
thch ng vi nhng bin i ca mi trng (khngd bo trc). Loi mng ny
thuc nhm h hc, thch nghi khng cn c tn hiu ch o t bn ngoi.
Ta s xem vic hun luyn mng neural Kohonen nh th no nhn dng ng
cc mu m ta mong mun. Chng ta bt u bng cch xem xt cu trc ca mng
neural Kohonen
Cu trc ca mng neural Kohonen
Mng neural Kohonen ch bao gm mt lp d liu u vo v mt lp d liu u
ra ca cc neural v n khng cha lp n.

55

Lp d liu u vo i vi mng neural Kohonen l cc neural u vo. Cc neural

u vo ny to thnh mu d liu u vo ca mng. i vi mng neural
Kohonen, ta nn chn d liu u vo chun ha trong khong gia -1 v 1. Khi
thc thi mu d liu u vo, mng s to ra cc neural u ra.
Lp u ra ca mng neural Kohonen rt khc vi lp u ra ca mng neural
truyn thng. i vi mng truyn thng, nu chng ta c mt mng neural vi 5
neural u ra, chng s c th cho kt qu bao gm 5 gi tr. Cn trong mng neural
Kohonen ch c mt neural u ra cho ra mt gi tr. Gi tr duy nht ny c th l
ng hoc sai. D liu u ra t mng neural Kohonen thng l cc ch s ca
neural (V d neural s 5,). Cu trc c trng ca mng neural Kohonen c
ch ra trong hnh 3.19.
Actual Input
Normaliztion

L1

Input Normaliztion

L2

01

Input Layer

02
Output Layer

Winning
Neuron

56

Hnh 4.19. Mt dng mng neural Kohonen.

By gi, chng ta xem xt mng neural Kohonen x l thng tin nh th no.
kim tra qu trnh ny, chng ta xem xt mt v d sau:
V d:
Chng ta s xm xt mt mng neural Kohonen n gin. Mng ny s ch c 2
neural u vo, v 2 neural u ra. D liu u vo c cho l 2 neural c ch ra
trong bng 3.1 v cc trng s kt ni gia cc neural trong bng 3.2.
Input Neuron 1 (I1)

0.5

Input Neuron 2 (I2)

0.75

Bng 4.1. Mu u vo ca mng Kohonen.

I1 -> O1

0.1

I2 -> O1

0.2

I1 -> O2

0.3

I2 -> O2

0.4

Bng 4.2. Trng s kt ni gia cc neuron trong mng.

S dng cc gi tr ny, chng ta xem xt neural c th thng v cung cp d liu
u ra. Chng ta bt u bng cch chun ha d liu u vo.
Chun Ha D Liu Vo Normaliztion
Mng neural Kohonen i hi d liu u vo phi c chun ha. Yu cu
ca mng neural Kohonen l d liu u vo ca n phi c phn hoch trn
min xc nh gia -1 v 1. Mi d liu u vo nn s dng hon ton min xc

57

nh, v nu cc neural u vo ch s dng cc s gia 0 v 1, th thnh qu ca

mng neural s khng cao (b tn tht).
chun ha d liu u vo, chng ta s tnh ton di vector (vector
length) ca cc d liu u vo, hoc vector u vo. Trong trng hp ny di
vector s l: (0.5 * 0.5) + (0.75 * 0.75) = 0.8125.
Vy trng hp trn s c di vector l 0.8125. S dng di ny, chng ta c
th xc nh c h s chun ha. H s chun ha l s nghch o ca cn bc
hai di vector u vo. Trong trng hp trn th h s chun ha l:

Tnh ton gi tr trn cho kt qu h s chun ha l 1.1094. H s chun ha ny s

s dng cho bc tip theo, l tnh ton u ra cho neural.
Tnh ton d liu u ra ca neuron
tnh ton d liu u ra, vector d liu u vo v cc trng s k ni
neural u phi c xem xt. Th nht, tnh tch v hng ca hai vector vector
u vo v vector cc trng s lin kt. tnh ton tch v hng gia hai vector
ny, ta thc hin nh sau.
Ta bt u tnh ton cho neural thc nht. Thut ton Kohonen cho vic ly
tch v hng hai vector ca vector u vo v vector trng s c tnh nh sau:
[0.5 0.75] * [0.1 0.2] = (0.5 * 0.75)(0.1 * 0.2) = 0.395
Php tnh ton trn tch hai vector cho kt qu l 0.395. Tnh ton ny s c thc
hin cho neural u ra u tin, v n s c thc hin nh vy i vi mi neuron
u ra tip theo.

58

By gi, d liu u ra ny phi c chun ha bng nhn kt qu ca cng thc

vi h s chun ha l 1.1094, v cho kt qu l 0.438213. D liu u ra c
tnh ton v chun ha, n c nh x ti mt s lng cc?.
nh x lng cc
Khi to bn lng cc, s 0 s l -1, v cc s cn li l 1. Tc l to bn
lng cc t [-1,1] ti [0,1].
V d, bin i chui 0101 v s lng cc ta lm nh sau:
0=-1
1=1
0 = -1
1=1

Do d liu u vo c chun ha trong khong [-1,1] nn ta phi thc hin chun

ha tng t i vi neural u ra. lp c bn , ta cng thm 1 vo kt qu
ri ly kt qu . Theo kt qu trn c kt qu u ra l 0.438213, v kt qu
trong d liu u ra cui cng l :
(0.438213+1)/2 = 0.7191065.
Gi tr 0.7191065 l d liu u ra ca neural u tin. Gi tr ny s c so snh
vi cc d liu u ra ca neural khc. Bng cch so snh cc gi tr ny, chng ta
c th xc nh c neural thng (winning neural).
Chn neuron thng
Nu chng ta mun xc nh c mt neural u ra thng, chng ta phi tnh ton
gi tr cho neural u ra th hai. By gi, chng ta s xem nhanh qu trnh tnh ton
cho neural u ra th hai.

59

Neural d liu u ra th hai s s dng h s chun ha ging nh s dng

tnh ton cho neural u ra u tin. Theo trn ta c h s chun ha l 1.1094.
Chng ta p dng phng php tnh tch v hng cho trng s ca neural u ra
th hai v vector d liu u vo, chng ta s nhn c mt gi tr l :
|0.5 0.75|*|0.3 0.4| = (0.5*0.75)+(0.3*0.4) = 0.45.
Gi tr ny c nhn vi h s chun ha 1.1094, chng ta nhn c kt qu l
0.49923.
By gi chng ta c gi tr u ra cho mi neural. Neural u tin c gi tr u
ra l 0.7191065 v neural th hai c mt gi tr u ra l 0.49923. chn neural
thng, chng ta chn gi tr ca d liu u ra l ln nht. Trong trng hp ny th
neural thng l neural u ra u tin vi gi tr u ra l 0.7191065.
Nh vy ta xc nh c gi tr u ra ca mng neural Kohonen. Ta thy cc
trng s gia neural u vo v neural u ra xc nh d liu u ra. Trong phn
sau, chng ta s iu chnh cc trng s ny n cung cp d liu u ra ph hp
vi ci m ta mong mun.
4.3.6 Hun Luyn Nhn Dng K T
y l chng trnh chy trn nn desktop hun luyn mng Kohonen dng
trong qu trnh nhn dng k t ca ng dng.Sau qu trnh hun luyn vi tp cc
k t ti hnh 4.20, ta ch vic lu mng ny di dng mt file nh phn, sau file
nh phn s c np vo ng dng trn android dng trongqu trnh nhn dng k
t.ng dng hun luyn s dng m ngun i km ca cun Introduction to Neural
Networks for Java ca tc gi Jeff Heaton [4].

60

Hnh 4.20 Phn mm kohonen network training

V m ngun i km ca cun sch Introduction to Neural Networks for Java ca
tc gi Jeff Heaton [4]. Th ch thc hin nhn dng k t bng cch v k t cn
hc vo vng panel trn ng dng. nh vy i kha lun. cch lm ny khng m
bo tnh chnh xc. Nn nhm chnh sa li ma ngun thm 1 button a hnh
nh, nh y s l nh cha k t ct t cc gii thut trnh by trn. Nu
lm nh vy ta phi nh x nh ca k t vo mt ma trn nh phn hai chiu tng
ng. Mt vic rt quan trng y l vic quyt nh kch c ca ma trn. Nu cc
im nh ca k t c nh x vo ma trn qu nh, s khng biu din c c
trng ca cc k t, cn nu ma trn qu ln, c th dn n vicx l ma trn gp
kh khn. Qua thc nghim, cho cn bng hp l, kha lun chn kch c ca

61

ma trn l 20x50 vi 1000 phn t. y cng chnh l s neuron lp input ca mng

Kohonen s c s dng.
Ton b qu trnh hun luyn cho mt mng neural Kohonen cn phi lp li qua
vi cng on. Nu sai s tnh ton ca mng neural Kohonen mc thp hn
mc c th chp nhnc th s hon tt qu trnh hun luyn. Qu trnh hun
luyn cho mng neural Kohonen l hun luyn cnh tranh nn mi tp hun luyn
s c mt neuron thng. Neuron thng ny s c trng s c iu chnh sao cho
ngay lp tc n s tc ng tr li mnh m hn trongd liu u vo ln tip
theo. S khc nhau gia cc neuron thng s dn ti s khc nhaugia cc mu u
vo tip theo.
Ton b qu trnh lin quan n vic hun luyn mng neural Kohonen c tm
tt trong hnh 4.21 . T hnh 4.21 , mng neural Kohonen c hun luyn bi cc
cng on tun hon cho n khi mt trong hai vn sau xy ra.
Nu tnh ton cc sai s mc thp hn mc c th chp nhn c th nhim
v cachu k s hon thnh qu trnh hun luyn.
Nu tt c cc t l sai s ch thay i bi a s cn bin, th chu k ring l ny
s b loi b v cc trng s li c khi to li vi cc gi tr ngu nhin,
ng thi mt chu k hun luyn mi li bt u. Chu k hun luyn ny s tip
tc chu k hun luyn trc v n s phn tch cc cng on a ra kt qu;
hoc l chu k b loi b hoc to ra mt tp cc trng s m c mc sai s
c th chp nhn c.

62

Bt u
qu s chu
k xc nh?

N
o

Khi to ngu nhin ma trn trng

s
Tnh ton sai s

Kim tra sai s

xem c mc chp
nhn c khng?

Gn ma trn trng s ny thnh

ma trn trng s tt nht

Y
e
s
Nu c ma trn
trng s tt hn
ca ma trn trng
s tt nht?

Y
e
s

N
o

N
o

Thc hin hun luyn, iu

chnh trng s da vo nron
thng

Y
e
s

Tnh ton li t l sai s, ghi li

nhng gi tr c ci thin

N
o

Y
e
s
Ma trn trng s
ny tt nht
cha?

Y
e
s

Ci thin t l
sai s l tm
thng?

Dng
Hnh 4.21. S khi biu din hun luyn mng neural Kohonen

63

N
o

CHNG 5 : HIN THC H THNG TRN KIT FRIENDLY ARM

5.1 Tnh nng ca ng dng
ng dng c t tn l CEPR vi nhng tnh nng sau:
Ch nhng user c cp quyn mi c th s dng ng dng, ng nhp vo
h thng s dng database t my ch.

Hnh 5.1 : Giao din Login ca ng dng

Thc hin thu nhn hnh nh t camera ca KIT Friendly Arm Tiny210.
Pht hin vng cha bin s xe.

64

Hnh 5.2 : Pht hin vng cha bin s xe

X l, nhn dng bin s xe.
Trch xut thng tin vng min, ngi dng t bin s xe va nhn dng c.

Hnh 5.3 : Trch xut thng tin vng min v ngi dng
5.2 Cu trc ng dng
ng dng v ng dng s dng database t server nn cu trc ng dng s c 2
phn: phn server :web-service v client: cc class , th vin openCV v cc
activity tng tc vi ngi s dng.
5.2.1 Server web-service
Phn Java thc hin hu ht cc cng vic x l d liu gi ln database ca ng
dng. N x l nhng tc v tng tc vi database nh: ng nhp, nhn d liu
bin s xe t client gi ln. Sau xem xt yu cu v gi v d liu lin quan nh:
thng tin v tn, vng, chng minh nhn dn ca ch bin s xe . Bao gm cc
class sau:
Index.php : class ny c chc nng nhn lnh t di ln v gi d liu v sau khi
x l cng vic xong, sau gi cc hm t cc class tng ng x l cng vic.
Config.php: class ny cha thng tin kt ni vi database bao gm:

65

 DB_HOST: host s dng lu tr database y nhm s dng

hostinger.vn
DB_user: username ng nhp vo database tng ng
DB_password: mt khu ng nhp vo database
DB_DATABASE: tn ca database
DB_Connect.php: class thc thi kt ni vi database thng qua tin trong class
config.php
DB_Functions.php: class cha cc hm truy xut vo c s d liu, y l class
chnh phc v cho vic ly d liu xung client ca ng dng.
5.2.2 Phn client
Bao gm th vin openCV phc v cho qu trnh tin x l nh thu vo. V cc file
java l cc class thc hin tc v chnh ca chng trnh: thu nhn hnh nh t
camera, x l nh v xut ra bin s xe.
5.3 Cc lp trong ng dng
Trong phn ny, nhm em s trnh by tng quan v cc lp chnh trong ng dng:
LoginActivity: Activity u tin khi khi chy chng trnh, kim tra thit
b c kt ni internet hay khng, ri sau cho ngi dng ng nhp vo h
thng
UserFuntions: l class thc hin gi v nhn cc yu cu ln c s d liu.
JSON parser: class nh nga li i tng json, v d liu truyn v y
c dng <field name>:<value> . nn phi nh nga li i tng json. Ngoi
ra class ny cn thc hin kt ni i tng json vi URL cho trc.
Database Handler: to mt database o trong b nh thit b. database ny
ch c cc trng tn ng nhp v khng c bt c thng tin no khc. Mc
ch l kim tra s ng nhp v hin din ca ngi dng trong qu trnh s
dng. tng tc vi database t server.

66

 IternetStatus: kim tra trng thi kt ni internet ca thit b. v ng dng s

dng database t server nn yu cu khi s dng ng dng l thit b phi
c kt ni Internet. Nu khng kt ni internet, ng dng s t ng ng.

Hnh 5.4 Kim tra trng thi kt ni ca thit b

Hnh 5.5: S lp loginActivity v cc lp lin quan

67

 MainActivity: y l Activity hin thi tip theo sau khi ngi dng ng
nhp ti my ch thnh cng. MainActivity c dng khi to cc thnh
phn ca ng dng nh CameraPreview( hin th hnh nh t camera),
PlateView( hin th kt qu t qu trnh nhn dng). Ngoi ra, MainActivity
cn m nhn vic ly d liu t b nhn dng k t c hun luyn
trc v ly d liu t webservice v v hin th trn ng dng.
CameraPreview: Thc hin chc nng hin th hnh nh thu c t camera
ra mn hnh theo thi gian thc. ng thi truyn ti d liu hnh nh cho
PlateView x l vic nhn dng di dng mt mng byte.
PlateView: Np b phn loi di dng file xml thu c t qu trnh hun
luyn vo b nhn dng vng cha bin s ca ng dng. Sau khi nhn c
d liu hnh nh di dng mng byte t CameraPreview, PlateView x l
hnh nh, sau nhn dng vng cha bin s. Sau khi b nhn dng vng
cha bin s, PlateView nhn d liu ny (di dng ta ) v thc hin
cng vic chnh l v mt hnh ch nht bao quanh vng cha bin s hin
th trn mn hnh. Bn cnh , n thc hin lp OCRProc bt u qu
trnh nhn dng k t nu y l mt bin s mi!
OCRProc: y c th coi l lp x l chnh ca ton b ng dng. Sau khi
nhn c vng cha bin s t lp PlateView, OCRProc s tin hnh x l
li vng ny phn tch cc k t, sau chuyn i cc k t sau khi phn
tch thnh u vo ca mng Kohonen, qua thu c cc k t c
nhn dng, v truyn li kt qu nhn dng v li lp PlateView hin th
ra. Sau ly d liu ny truyn ln Server ly thng tin vng min, c
nhn ca ch nhn bin s nhn dng c.
Utilities: Lp ny thc hin mt s chc nng tin ch h tr cho ng dng
nh kim tra vng cha bin s mi pht hin c phi l bin s mi hay
khng. Sau nh dng li kt qu theo chun quy nh ca bin s Vit
Nam

68

 BitmapWithCentroid: Do qu trnh phn tch k t lun tr v cc vng k t

khng theo mt trt t nht nh, nn c kt qu ng ta cn thc hin sp
xp li cc k t ny da trn im trng tm ca vng cha n, lp
BitmapWithCentroid c xy dng h tr vic ny.

Hnh 5.6: S lp MainActivity v cc lp lin quan

Ngoi ra cn c cc lp ca mng kohonen v chng trnh hun luyn mng c
thc hin da trn m ngun i km ca cun Introduction to Neural Networks for
Java ca tc gi Jeff Heaton [4]. Kha lun s khng i su vo trnh by chi tit
phn m ngun v chng trnh hun luyn ny. C th tm c chng 11 v
chng 12, n bn th 2 ca cun sch ny.

69

Hnh 5.7: s cc lp ca mng kohonen

Hiu chnh kt qu da trn c php
Do mt vi nguyn nhn, qu trnh nhn dng k t c th a li kt qu
cha thc s chnh xc, v d nh s nhm ln c th xy ra vi nhng k t c hnh
dng tng i ging nhau nh B v 8, S v 5, G v 6 . . .Tht may l
ta c th da vo nhng quy nh ca ng k bin s xe Vit Nam sa li nhng
nhm ln kiu ny, c th.
- Hai k t u tin. ch c th l s.
- Hai k t tip theo. k t u tin ca nhm ny phi l k t ch.

70

- Bn hoc nm k t cui cng. phi l s.

S hiu chnh ny c th thc hin n gin bng cch thay th trc tip nhng
k t c hnhdng ging nhau ti nhng v tr ch c th l k t s hoc ch c th l
k t ch. Kt qumang li qua kim nghim, qu trnh hiu chnh n gin ny
mang li hiu qu kh ln,nng cao c chnh xc ca ton b qu trnh.
5.4 .Kt qu thc nghim
Sau khi hin thc thnh cng ng dng trn KIT Friendly Arm Tiny 210 theo cc
hng tip cn nu. Sau kha lun tin hnh thc nghim trn cc in thoi
SmartPhone c s dng h iu hnh Android cc iu kin khc nhau v kt qu
thu c nh sau.
1. Nh xe i Hc Cng Ngh Thng Tin : S mu l 100 bin s.

Qu Trnh

Thnh Cng %

Li %

Pht hin vng bin s

97

Tc k t

97

Nhn dng k t

95

Kt qu chung

89

11

Bng 5.1: Kt qu th nghim 1

5.5 Tng kt chng
Sau khi hin thc h thng trn KIT Friendly Arm th khi khi chy ng dng, vic
u tin l np b phn loi pht hin vng cha bin s xe v mng neural c
hun luyn. B nhn dng s dng b phn loi va c np pht hin vng cha
bin s. Ngay khi vng cha bin s c pht hin, nu y l bin s mi c
pht hin, vng cha ny s c a qua x l phn tch cc k t. Cc k t
ny sau li c chun ha lm u vo ca mng neural Kohonen, ti y mng
s quyt nh xem l k t no. Vic sp xp li cc k t c nhn dng s
tr v cho ng dng kt qu cui cng hin th ln mn hnh.

71

Sau khi ng dng c hin thc thnh cng, Kha lun thc hin thc nghim
trn mt vi iu kin nht nh, kt qu t c v chnh xc v tc tng
i cao, iu ny khng nh hng tip cn ca Kha lun l mt hng tip cn
hp l. Nhng bn cnh , nhng im yu l khng th trnh khi, iu ny s
c trnh by ti chng k tip cng vi hng pht trin ca kha lun.

72

CHNG 6 : TNG KT V HNG PHT TRIN KHA LUN

6.1 Tng kt
Sau khi hon thnh kha lun, v c bn nhm em nm bt c m hnh nhn
dng k t ni chung v m hnh nhn dng bin s xe ni ring. Vi nhng kin
thc v x l nh, mng neural v h thng x l trn android, kha lun vn
dng v xy dng thnh cng chng trnh nhn dng bin s trn KIT Friendly
ARM s dng h iu hnh android, kt qu bc u tng i kh quan. Chng
ny s khi qut li nhng g kha lun t c v ra hng pht trin tip
theo c th a h thng nhn dng bin s trn KIT Friendly ARM c ng
dng vo thc t.
6.2 Nhng kt qu t c
-

Nm c quy trnh chung trong xy dng mt h thng nhn dng bin s.

Hiu v vn dng qu trnh tin x l nh thu c t camera ca KIT.

Tm hiu v khai thc c mt phn sc mnh ca b th vin m ngun m

OpenCVtrong vic x l, pht hin vng cha bin s v tch k t.

Nm c kin thc c bn v m hnh mng neural v cch hin thc mt

m hnh mng neural trong thc t.

Nm c cc khi nim c bn v Android v cch thc xy dng mt ng

dng trn android vi b cng c pht trin Eclipse.

Nm c cch xy dng database, truyn v nhn d liu trong database

thng qua web-service.

V mt thc nghim:
-

Xy dng thnh cng mng neural n gin, ci t thut ton hun luyn
mng ngdng trong qu trnh nhn dng k t.

73

Xy dng thnh cng h thng nhn dng bin s xe trn KIT Friendly ARM
vi kt qu kh kh quan.

Tm li, Kha lun Tm hiu v pht trin ng dng nhn dng bin s xe trn
KIT Friendly ARM s dng b th vin ngun m OpenCV kt hp vi mng
neural nhn to c bn Kohonen t c nhng kt qu c bn ca mt h
thng nhn dng vi tc x l nhanh (thi gian p ng trung bnh l khong
400ms k t khi pht hin ra vng bin s) v hiu qu cao (trung bnh 90% di
mi iu kin), iu ny cho thy hng tip cn gii quyt bi ton l ph hp.
6.3 Hng pht trin
Bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, Kha lun cn c nhng mt hn ch cha c
gii quyt hay cp ti, cng chnh l mc tiu tip theo ca Kha lun ny.
Nhng tnh nng di y s tip tc c pht trin vi hy vng c th a h
thng ng dng trong thc tin.
-

Nng cao hn na tc v chnh xc nhn dng.

Lu tr a im, thi gian ca bin s c nhn dng.

Nng cp c s d liu trn my ch thu thp, lu tr v s dng cc kt

qu do chng trnh nhn dng mang li.

Xy dng h thng d tm v pht hin bin s cn tm kim, thng bo v

my ch cc thng tin v v tr mc tiu tm kim, phc v cho ngnh t php.

74

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Ed Burnette. Hello, Android. Introducing Googles Mobile Development
Platform. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2nd edition, 2009. 41
[2] G. Harman. A case study on data interoperability for license plate recognition.
In Technologies for Homeland Security, 2008 IEEE Conference on, pages 237 239,
may 2008.
[3] Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire. A decision-theoretic generalization of online learning and an application to boosting. In Proceedings of the Second European
Con-ference on Computational Learning Theory, EuroCOLT 95, pages 2337,
London, UK, UK, 1995. Springer-Verlag.
[4] J. Heaton. Introduction to Neural Networks for Java, Second Edition. Heaton
Research, 2008. 47
[5] J.S. Kang, M.H. Kang, C.H. Park, J.H. Kim, and Y.S. Choi. Implementation of
em- bedded system for vehicle tracking and license plates recognition using spatial
relative distance. In Information Technology Interfaces, 2004. 26th International
Conference on, pages 167 172 Vol.1, june 2004.
[6] Chen Yuan-yuan and Li Jing. A method of number-plate character recognition
algo- rithm based on boosting classification. In Communications and Mobile
Computing, 2009. CMC 09. WRI International Conference on, volume 3, pages
263 267, jan. 2009.
[7] Andres Llana. Wireless application protocol (wap) and mobile wireless access.
Infor- mation Systems Security, 11(3).1421, 2002.
[8] R.A. Lotufo, A.D. Morgan, and A.S. Johnson. Automatic number-plate
recognition. In Image Analysis for Transport Applications, IEE Colloquium on,
pages 6/1 6/6, feb 1990.

75

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