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Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective

evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure
components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of
the mixture.

simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. Consequently, the distillate
is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature
and pressure. That concentration follows Raoult's law.

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as
in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or
more fractions of the compound will vaporize. It is a special type of distillation. Generally the component
parts boil at less than 25 C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere.

azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its composition cannot be changed by
simple distillation. This occurs because, when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same
ratio of constituents as the original mixture.The word azeotrope is derived from the Greek words
(boil) and (change) combined with the prefix - (no) to give the overall meaning, no change on
boiling.

boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid[1][2] and the liquid changes into a vapor.

boiling stone, or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids
to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a
liquid becomes superheated, a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause flash boiling. This very rapid
boiling can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter, possibly causing severe burns, ruining an
experiment, and damaging equipment. Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils
smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping.

melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state
from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in
equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at standard
pressure.

freezing point The temperature at which a liquid of specified composition solidifies under a specified
pressure.
The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of
specified composition are in equilibrium at
atmospheric pressure.

Sublimation (phase transition), the change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous
phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance.

recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals. By dissolving both impurities and a


compound in an appropriate solvent, either the desired compound or impurities can be coaxed out of
solution, leaving the other behind. It is named for the crystals often formed when the compound
precipitates out.

Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl
functional group into a chemical compound. (Deacetylation is the removal of the acetyl group.)

Chromatography (/kromtrfi/; from Greek chroma "color" and graphein "to


write") is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures.

carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing
cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic
processes.

"like dissolves like"

polar substances dissolve other polar substances and will not dissolve nonpolar substances .
nonpolar substances dissolve other nonpolar substances and will not dissolve polar substances.

Sodium carbonate, NaCO, is a sodium salt


of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a
crystalline heptahydrate, which readily
effloresces to form a white powder, the
monohydrate.
Formula: Na2CO3
Molar mass: 105.9885 g/mol
Melting point: 1,564F (851C)
Density: 2.54 g/cm
Boiling point: 2,912F (1,600C)
Soluble in: Water

Dichloromethane is an organic compound


with the formula CHCl. This colorless, volatile
liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely
used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with
water, it is miscible with many organic solvents.
Formula: CH2Cl2
Density: 1.33 g/cm
Boiling point: 103.3F (39.6C)
Molar mass: 84.93 g/mol
Melting point: -142.1F (-96.7C)
IUPAC ID: Dichloromethane

Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is a


toxic organic compound with the formula
CHNH. Consisting of a phenyl group attached
to an amino group, aniline is the prototypical
aromatic amine.
Formula: C6H5NH2
Molar mass: 93.13 g/mol
Density: 1.02 g/cm
IUPAC ID: Phenylamine
Boiling point: 363.4F (184.1C)
Melting point: 20.66F (-6.3C)
Soluble in: Water

Hexane is an alkane of six carbon atoms, with


the chemical formula CH. The term may refer
to any of the five structural isomers with that
formula, or to a mixture of them.
Density: 654.80 kg/m
Boiling point: 154.4F (68C)

Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is

Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric

the chemical compound with the formula


(CHCO)O. Commonly abbreviated AcO, it is the
simplest isolatable acid anhydride and is a widely
used reagent in organic synthesis.
Density: 1.08 g/cm
Formula: C4H6O3
Molar mass: 102.09 g/mol
Melting point: -99.58F (-73.1C)
IUPAC ID: acetic anhydride
Boiling point: 283.6F (139.8C)
Soluble in: Water

Benzoic acid, CHO, is a colorless crystalline

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is

acid. When anhydrous, it is a white crystalline


solid of formula NaSO known as the mineral
thenardite; the decahydrate NaSO10HO is
found naturally as the mineral ... Wikipedia
Formula: Na2SO4
Molar mass: 142.04 g/mol
Melting point: 1,623F (884C)
Density: 2.66 g/cm
Boiling point: 2,604F (1,429C)
Soluble in: Water
solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. The
name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for
a long time its only known source.
Brand names: PanOxyl, BenzEFoam, Proactiv
India, MaxClarity, Elette, CaraDerma, Benprox,
Relovox, Delos
Density: 1.27 g/cm
Boiling point: 480.6F (249.2C)
Drug class: Nitrogen Binding Agent
Other drugs in same class: Salicylic acid,
Benzoyl peroxide, More

Acetanilide is an odourless solid chemical of


leaf or flake-like appearance. It is also known as
N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid, and
was formerly known by the trade name
Antifebrin.
Melting point: 237.7F (114.3C)
Formula: C6H5NH(COCH3)
Molar mass: 135.17 g/mol
Density: 1.22 g/cm
Boiling point: 579.2F (304C)
Soluble in: Water
IUPAC ID: N-phenylacetamide, Nphenylethanamide

the organic compound with the formula (CH)CO.


It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is
the simplest ketone.
Formula: C3H6O
Density: 791.00 kg/m
Boiling point: 132.8F (56C)
Molar mass: 58.08 g/mol
Melting point: -139F (-95C)
Classification: Ketone

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