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evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure
components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of
the mixture.
simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. Consequently, the distillate
is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature
and pressure. That concentration follows Raoult's law.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as
in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or
more fractions of the compound will vaporize. It is a special type of distillation. Generally the component
parts boil at less than 25 C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere.
azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its composition cannot be changed by
simple distillation. This occurs because, when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same
ratio of constituents as the original mixture.The word azeotrope is derived from the Greek words
(boil) and (change) combined with the prefix - (no) to give the overall meaning, no change on
boiling.
boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid[1][2] and the liquid changes into a vapor.
boiling stone, or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids
to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a
liquid becomes superheated, a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause flash boiling. This very rapid
boiling can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter, possibly causing severe burns, ruining an
experiment, and damaging equipment. Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils
smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping.
melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state
from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in
equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at standard
pressure.
freezing point The temperature at which a liquid of specified composition solidifies under a specified
pressure.
The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of
specified composition are in equilibrium at
atmospheric pressure.
Sublimation (phase transition), the change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous
phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance.
Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl
functional group into a chemical compound. (Deacetylation is the removal of the acetyl group.)
carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing
cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic
processes.
polar substances dissolve other polar substances and will not dissolve nonpolar substances .
nonpolar substances dissolve other nonpolar substances and will not dissolve polar substances.