Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Example:
Notes:
Input impedance acts like the load resistance for the preceding stage.
R C2 ' = R C2 || R L
Z o 2 = R C2
Z in2 = R 12 || R 22 || re 2
R C1 ' = R C1 || Z in2
Z o1 = R C1
Vin1 =
Z in1 = R 11 || R 21 || re 1
A V1
R C1 '
=
re1
A V2
R C2 '
=
re 2
Vo 2 = VC2 = (A V 2 )(Vin2 )
Transistor power dissipation
PD = VceqI cq
PL =
RL = 1 K
R12 = 15 K
R22 = 6.8 K
RC2 = 680
RE2 = 470
VCC = 10 V
Answers:
Zo2 = 680
Zo1 = 6.8 K
(Vceq1 )2
2(Z in2 )
(Vceq )2
2R L
Efficiency
P
= L (100 %)
Pin
RC2 = 404.7619048
Zin2 = 455.8955382
RC1 = 427.2511427
Zin1 = 1634.562199
PD1 = 3.00702 mW
peak value
AV1 = 13.24135929
AV2 = 80.13312085
AVT = 1061.071444
PD2 = 20.97262 mW
Stage 2
Pin = 58.942239 mW (whole circuit)
= 15.5800264 mW
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
Stage 1
Pin = 7.978134 mW
Po1 = PL =
R S + Z in1
A VT = (A V1 )(A V 2 )
Given:
R11 = 22 K
R21 = 3.9 K
RC1 = 6.8 K
RE1 = 1 K
1 = 2 = 100
Po = PL =
(Vceq2 )2
2R L
= 8.467332 mW
8.467332
x100% = 14.365 % ( of the whole ckt)
58.942239
1
Vceq
IcqRCac
MPP
Note: RCac is the ac collector resistance. Vceq and Icq are derived in the DC analysis.
If ICqRCac < Vceq, then MPP = 2 ICqRCac .
If ICqRCac > Vceq, then MPP = 2 Vceq .
In the given example, here are the results:
For Stage 1
For Stage 2
DC loadline:
Icsat = 1.282051 mA
Vce cu = 10 V
Qpt : Vceq = 3.769077564 V
Icq = 0.797813372 mA
DC loadline:
Icsat = 8.695652 mA
Vce cu = 10 V
Qpt : Vceq = 4.1151748 V
Icq = 5.09641048 mA
AC loadline
IcqRCac = 0.340866675 V
AC loadline
IcqRCac = 2.062832813 V
MPP = 0.68173335 V
MPP = 4.125665627 V
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
Figure 1
Figure 2
In Figure 1, Q2 and Q3 are complementary. They have the same characteristics but one is NPN and the
other PNP. The NPN has + on its collector and less positive on its emitter. The PNP Has + on its emitter
and zero on its collector. Therefore both have correct polarity voltages. The voltage at the output of Q2
and Q3 is half the supply voltage.
If R2 is replaced by a wire link, and R1 selected to give half the supply volts at Q1 and Q2 bases then
they would both be biased in class B, and both would be non conducting.
Look at the waveforms on the bases of the output pair. During the first half cycle the signal is going less
positive. This is reversing biasing the NPN transistor and increasing forward bias on the PNP transistor.
This means that the NPN remains cut off and the PNP conducts during this first half cycle.
In the next half cycle the signal on the bases is now increasing in a more positive direction. During this
half cycle the NPN conducts while the PNP is cutoff. So the NPN is off and the PNP is on during the first
half cycle, and current flows through the loudspeaker as C1 charges. The NPN is on and the PNP off
during the second half cycle, and current flows the other way through the loudspeaker, as C1 discharges.
R2 is added to give a small forward bias to both transistors thereby avoiding crossover distortion.
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
3. Class C Amplifier
- conducts only during a small portion of the input signal
- used in conjunction with tuned circuits to restore the rest of the signal. The flywheel
effect serves to out back the other part of the signal.
- It is designed so that the bias operating point is below cut-off
- Output is less than the half of one alternation
- Used primarily as an RF amplifier and for providing energy to oscillators or switching
circuits.
- Efficiency: 95% (It consumes energy for only a small portion of the applied signal.)
- In the Figure 3, CN is the neutralizing capacitor to prevent the amplifier from
becoming oscillators and creating frequencies independent of those being amplified.
It is adjusted to compensate for the internal capacitance of the transistor.
Figure 3
4. Class AB Amplifier
-often used in small portable transistorized radio to drive a speaker that is small and not too
discerning of the waveform shape.
Figure 4
5. Class D Amplifier
- uses two amplifiers as switches in push-pull operation
- the stage goes between saturation and cut-off
- Efficiency: 100%
6. Class E Amplifier
- uses a high impedance load which can be an RF choke. This allows the device to be
in saturation for 180 of the input signal & improves the efficiency
7. Class F Amplifier
- single-stage amplifier that acts mostly as a switch which means it has almost 100%
efficiency. The output resembles a square wave. Two sets of tuned circuits are used.
One tuned circuit removes the third harmonic and the other passes on the
fundamental frequency.
8. Class S Amplifier
- used in switching regulators.
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
Class B Amplifier
Input Power
Pin( dc ) = Vcc I dc
I dc = Ip
2
Pin( dc ) = Vcc Ip
Output Power
2
Po( ac ) =
VL
RL
Po( ac ) =
VL
2R L
Po( ac ) =
VL
8R L
(rms value)
(peak value)
(peak-to-peak value)
Efficiency
% =
Po
x100 %
Pin
VL(p )
2R L
[( ) ] x100%
Vcc 2 Ip
VL(p )
x100 %
4 Vcc
Maximum efficiency: when VL(p) = VCC
=
Max eff =
x100 %
4
= 78.5 %
Power Dissipated
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
P2Q
2
Sample Problems:
1. For a Class B amplifier providing a 20-V peak signal to a 16- load (speaker) and a power
supply of 30V, determine the input power, output power and circuit efficiency.
2. For a Class B amplifier using a supply of 30 V and driving a load of 16 , determine the
maximum input power, maximum output power and maximum transistor dissipation.
3. Calculate the input power, output power and power handled by each output transistor and the
circuit efficiency for an input of 12 Vrms. Use Vcc = 30V & load of 16 .
Answers:
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
R4
R6
TP3
TP1
C1
TP2
Source
TP7
Q1
TP5
C5
TP10
TP9
D2
TP4
R1
Q3
D1
C2
Rs
TP8
Q4
RL
Q2
TP6
R3
R5
C3
R7
R9
C4
Figure 5
Source: small signal source (e.g. microphone)
RS: internal resistance of the source
R1: 10k Potentiometer (Volume Control)
R2: 22k
R3: 3.9k
R4: 6.8k
R5: 1k
R6: 15k
R7: 6.8k
R8: 100
R9: 100
Tronic2
LJ Telebrico
C1=C2=C5=47F
C3=C4=100F
Q1=Q2=Q3=ED1402 (NPN)
Q4=ED1602 (PNP)
D1=D2= 1N4001
VCC=6V
RL: 8-speaker 3W