Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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pp. 57-62, "Sun the Silent", p. 246. Girls in village school from Harry Bond Restarick,
Sun Yatsen Liberator of China (New Haven: Yale, 1931), p. 5. Teacher a recently
demobilized Taiping from Harold Z. Schiffrin, Sun Yatsen: Reluctant Revolutionary
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 22. Hong Xiuquan nickname, able to speak Hakka in
Hawaii, from Leo J. Moser, The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples and Provinces of China,
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1985), p. 247. Sun's self-defence from a 1923 speech to Hong
Kong University students, quoted without further attribution in Alfred Schinz, Cities in
China (Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 1989), p. 369.
30. Tan Bian, "Sun Zhongshan jiashi yuanliu jiqi shangdai jingji zhuangkuang xin
zheng" ("New evidence on Sun Zhongshan's ancestry and his ancestors' economic
status"), Xueshu yanjiu (Literary Research), Vol. 3 (1963), pp. 32-38.
31. Linebarger, Sun Yat-sen, p. 81.
32. Ibid. pp. 25-31. Photograph faces p. 25. A lavish 1981 mainland photographic
biography of Sun reprints the portrait, but cuts the picture off at the knees.
33. G. William Skinner, "Cities and the hierarchy of local systems" and "Regional
urbanization in nineteenth century China," in G. William Skinner (ed.), The City in
Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), pp. 212, 216.
34. The South-east Coast Subsystem includes the Hakka homeland including northeast Guangdong and western Fujian. The Lingnan Mountain Subsystem has Hakkas
scattered throughout Guangdong. But they are especially concentrated in the northern
uplands of the Lingnan Mountains and the rockier coastal areas, including Hong Kong.
The Middle Yangze Subsystem includes Hakkas who live on the Fujian-Jiangxi border.
In the Upper Yangtze Subsystem, Hakka settlements are south-east of Chongqing. In
the North-west Subsystem, Hakka settlements ring Chengdu, and are scattered about
the mountains on the Shaanxi border.
GANSU
Shanghai
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Notes:
1. Hai-Lu-Feng Soviet (1927-28)
2. Central Soviet (southern Jiangxi, western Fujian; Min-Yue-Gan)
3. South-west Jiangxi Soviet (Gan-Xi-Nan)
4. Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet
5. East Sichuan Soviet (Chuan-Shaan, 1932-35)
6. North-east Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet (Gan-Min-Wan)
7. West Guangxi Soviet (Zuo-You Jiang)
8. Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet (E-Yu-Wan)
9. West Hunan-Hubei Soviet (Xiang-E-Xi)
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QJBI MEJCOJ-'
oncmi
HEUMI
^1
C'
SHftWXI C^.M
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M1HUI
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^2 *
Sichuan after famine, peasant rebellion and brutal Manchu reprisals
decimated the population.46
Poverty. Hakka migrants not only had bad land, but less time to
develop the local connections so essential for accumulating wealth. In
pure-Hakka western Fujian in the 1920s, 85 per cent of the population
were tenant farmers who paid between 60 and 80 per cent of their
crop in rent. Peasants ate rice for only three months of the year. More
than 90 per cent of the men were illiterate, and more than 25 per cent
were jobless wanderers (liumang wuchan), compared to 5 per cent
nation-wide.47 In the country as a whole Hakkas were much less likely
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\GANSO
vnnraaA / NEI
Shanghai
Hunan's Liling County, headed the Guomindang Peasant Department, then become a founding member of the Chinese Communist
Party. The Peasant Associations attracted many disenchanted soldiers
from Chen Jiongming's separatist army.80 The leader of the Meixian
Peasant Association, Gu Dacun, was a poor, semi-educated native of
Anliu Village in pure-Hakka Wuhua County. Gu led a land reform
which brought many landlords to trial, became military director of a
short-lived East River Soviet, then survived its annihilation to lead
5,000 guerrillas.81
Soviet bases in Hakka country. Six of the nine major Soviet bases
were in heavily Hakka areas (Map 2). The first successful base was the
Hai-Lu-Feng Soviet (1927-28, Number 1 on the map.) The Western
Fujian Revolutionary Soviet controlled ten counties at its founding in
1929. Five were pure Hakka (Changting, Shanghang, Wuping,
Yongding and Ninghua); the remainder had substantial Hakka
populations (Qingliu, Guihua, Liancheng, Longyan and Jianning). In
80. Galbiati, P'eng P'ai, pp. 123-24, 126, 180-83.
81. Ibid. p. 210; Harrison, Long March, p. 142.
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131. Barry Naughton, "The Third Front: Defence Industrialization in the Chinese
Interior," The China Quarterly, No. 115 (1989), pp. 351-386.
132. Vogel, One Step Ahead, pp. 36, 229-230.
133. Ken Ling, The Revenge of Heaven: Journal of a Young Chinese (New York: G.P.
Putnam's, 1972), pp. 297-304.
134. Vogel, One Step Ahead, pp. 231 -32.
135. Visit, personal communication, Manager Liu Guifa, 11 March 1989.
136. Vogel, One Step Ahead, pp. 242-47.
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