GATE EE Vol-2

GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Vol 2 of 4
Second Edition
GATE
Vol 2 of 4
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
NODIA & COMPANY
GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 2, 2e

RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

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SYLLABUS
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys
and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Amperes and
Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; autotransformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of overcurrent, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
AE
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
AE 1
Diode Circuits
AE 3
AE 2
BJT Biasing
AE 39
AE 3
BJT Amplifiers
AE 79
AE 4
FET Biasing
AE 109
AE 5
FET Amplifiers
AE 134
AE 6
Output Stages and Power Amplifiers
AE 155
AE 7
Op-Amp Characteristics and Basic Circuits
AE 177
AE 8
Op-Amp Application
AE 210
AE 9
Active Filters
AE 250
AE 10
Gate Solved Questions
AE 281
DE
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
DE 1
Number System and Codes
DE 3
DE 2
Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification
DE 28
DE 3
The K-Map
DE 75
DE 4
Combinational Circuits
DE 101
DE 5
Sequential Circuits
DE 140
DE 6
Digital Systems
DE 168
DE 7
Logic Families
DE 191
DE 8
Microprocessor
DE 223
DE 9
DE 249
PE
POWER ELECTRONICS
PE 1
Power Semiconductor Devices
PE 3
PE 2
Diode Circuits and Rectifiers
PE 16
PE 3
Thyristor
PE 29
PE 4
Phase Controlled Converters
PE 48
PE 5
Choppers
PE 76
PE 6
Inverters
PE 94
PE 7
AC and DC Drives
PE 114
PE 8
PE 125
***********
GATE EE vol-1
Electric circuit & Field, Electrical & electronic measurement
GATE EE vol-2
Analog electronics, Digital electronics, Power electronics
GATE EE vol-3
Control systems, Signals & systems
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
Electrical machines, Power systems
Engineering mathematics, General Aptitude
PE 99
EF
Phase Controlled
Controlled Converters
Converters
Phase
PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS
i. n
Common Data For Q. 1 to 3:
o
.c
a
i
d
A single phase 230 V, 50 Hz ac source is feeding a fully controlled bridge converter

shown in the figure. The firing angle is 30c.
o
n
.
w
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PE 1.1
The dc output voltage will be

(A) 126.8 V
(C) 179.3 V
(B) 96.6 V
(D) 63.4 V
PE 1.2
If a freewheeling diode is connected across the load, then what is the value of dc
output voltage ?
(A) 193.2 V
(B) 136.6 V
(C) 386.4 V
(D) 273.2 V
PE 1.3
When the thyristor Th 3 gets open circuited, the value of dc output current
flowing through a load of 10 W is ___ A.
PE 1.4
In single-phase to single-phase cyclo converter, if a 1 and a 2 are the trigger angles

of positive converter and negative converter, then
(A) a 1 + a 2 = p2
(B) a 1 + a 2 = p
3p
(C) a 1 + a 2 = 2
(D) a 1 + a 2 = 2p
PE 1.5
A three-phase, half-wave controlled converter is fed from a 380 V (line), 50 Hz

ac supply and is operating at a firing angle of 45c. The thyristors have a forward
voltage-drop of 1.2 V. What will be the approximate average load voltage ? ( in V)
PE 1.6
In the given circuit, the thyristor is fired at an angle p/4 in every positive halfcycle of the input ac voltage. The average power across the load will be ___ kW.
in
.
o
c
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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2
PE 1
GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

in 4 Volumes
by R. K. Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
PE 11
EF
PE 1.7
PE 1.8
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 10
10
EF
A line commutated ac to dc converter is shown in the figure. It operates from a

three phase, 50 Hz, 580 V (line to line) supply. The load current I 0 is ripple free
and constant at 3464 A. For an average output voltage of 648 V, the delay angle
a is ___ degree.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
In a 3-phase to 1-phase cyclo converter employing 6-pulse bridge circuit, if the

input voltage is 200 V per phase the fundamental rms value of output voltage
will be
(B) 300 3 V
(A) 600 V
p
(C) 300 3 V
p
(D) 300 V
p
PE 1.9
A single-phase half controlled bridge rectifier is operated from a source

Vs = 100 sin 314t . The average power drawn by a resistive load of 10 ohms at a
firing angle a = 45c is
(A) 295.5 W
(B) 500 W
(C) 267 W
(D) 454.5 W
PE 1.10
In a fully-controlled converter the load voltage is controlled by which of the

following quantity ?
(A) extension angle
(B) firing angle
(C) conduction angel
(D) none
PE 1.11
The fully controlled bridge converter shown in the figure is fed from a singlephase source. The peak value of input voltage is Vm , What will be the average
output dc voltage Vdc for a firing of 30c ?
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
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w
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(A) 0.6Vm
(C) 0.155Vm
(B) .077Vm
(D) 0.424Vm
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
When the firing angle a of a single phase fully controlled rectifier feeding constant
d.c. current into the load is 30c, what is the displacement factor of the rectifier ?
(A) 1
(B) 0.5
GATE EE vol-3
PE 11
11
EF
(C)
PE 1.13
PE 1.14
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
(D)
3
2
i. n
o
.c
A single-phase ac voltage regulator is fed from a 50 Hz supply system. If it supplies

a load comprising a resistance of 2 W connected in series with an inductance of
6.36 mH, then the range of firing angle a providing controlled voltage would be
(A) 0c < a < 180c
(B) 45c < a < 180c
(C) 90c < a < 180c
(D) 0c < a < 45c
a
i
d
o
n
In a single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifier, minimum output voltage
and maximum output voltage are obtained at which conduction angles ?
(A) 0c, 180c respectively
(B) 180c, 0c respectively
(C) 0c, 0c respectively
(D) 180c, 180c respectively
.
w
w
PE 1.15
PE 1.16
A half-controlled bridge converter is operating from an r.m.s input voltage of 120

V. Neglecting the voltage drops, what are the mean load voltage at a firing delay
angle of 0c and 180c, respectively ?
(A) 120 # 2 2 V and 0
p
(B)
0 and 120 # 2 2 V
p
(C) 120 2 V and 0

p
(D)
0 and 120 2 V
p
In the single phase voltage controller circuit shown in the figure, for what range
of triggering angle (a), the input voltage (V0) is not controllable ?
in
.
o
(A) 0c < a < 45c

(C) 90c < a < 180c
PE 1.17
n
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d
o
c
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(B) 45c < a < 135c

(D) 135c < a < 180c
A single-phase full-bridge converter with a free-wheeling diode feeds an inductive

load. The load resistance is 15.53 W and it has a large inductance providing
constant and ripple free d.c. current. Input to converter is from an ideal 230 V,
50 Hz single phase source. For a firing delay angle of 60c, the average value of
diode current is ___ A.
PE 1.18
A single phase fully controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive load. Assume
the load current to be constant and the firing angle is 45c, the input harmonic
factor is ___
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PE 1.12
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.19
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 12
12
EF
The most suitable solid state converter for controlling the speed of the threephase cage motor as 25 Hz is
(A) Cyclo converter
(B) Current source inverter
(C) Voltage source inverter
(D) load commutated inverter
i. n
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PE 1.20
The fully controlled thyristor converter in the figure is fed from a single-phase
source. When the firing angle is 0c, the dc output voltage of the converter is 300
V. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of 60c, assuming continuous
conduction? (in V)
PE 1.21
A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the figure feeding power to

highly inductive load. The converter is operating at a firing angle of 60c.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady state voltage (V0) waveform
of the converter will become
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 13
13
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
PE 1.22
A three pulse converter is feeding a purely resistive load. What is the value
of firing delay angle a, which dictates the boundary between continuous and
discontinuous mode of current conduction ?
(A) a = 0c
(B) a = 30c
(C) a = 60c
(D) a = 150c
PE 1.23
A single phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies a load drawing constant
and ripple free load current, if the triggering angle is 30c, the input power factor
will be ___
PE 1.24
A 3-phase cycloconverter is used to obtain a variable frequency single-phase a.c.

output. The single phase a.c. load is 220 V, 60 A at a power factor of 0.6 lagging.
The rms value of input voltage per phase required is ____ V.
PE 1.25
The total harmonic distortion (THD) of ac supply input current of rectifiers is

maximum for
(A) single-phase diode rectifier with dc inductive filter
(B) 3-phase diode rectifier with dc inductive filter
(C) 3-phase thyristor with inductive filter
(D) Single-phase diode rectifier with capacitive filter
in
.
o
c
.
ia
d
o
PE 1.26
n
.
w
w
A six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge is connected to a balanced 50 Hz three phase

ac source. Assuming that the dc output current of the rectifier is constant, the
lowest frequency harmonic component in the ac source line current is ___ Hz.
PE 1.27
A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used for electrical braking of a
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor load is represented by an equivalent
circuit as shown in the figure.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
i. n

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 14
14
EF
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to ensure continuous and ripple
free load current. The firing angle of the bridge for a load current of I0 = 10 A
will be ___ degree
PE 1.28
A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is feeding a load drawing a constant
and ripple free load current of 10 A at a firing angle of 30c. The approximate Total
harmonic Distortion (%THD) and the rms value of fundamental component of
input current will respectively be
(A) 31% and 6.8 A
(B) 31% and 7.8 A
(C) 66% and 6.8 A
(D) 66% and 7.8 A
PE 1.29
An AC voltage-regulator using back-to-back connected SCRs is feeding an RL

load. The SCR firing angle a < f (f is power factor angle of the load). If SCRs
are fired using short-duration gate pulses, the output load-voltage waveform will
be
(A) Full-wave rectified
(B) Sinusoidal
(C) Symmetrical chopped a.c. voltage
(D) half-wave rectified
PE 1.30
A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at a

firing angle of 25c and an overlap angle of 10c with constant dc output current of
20 A. The fundamental power factor (displacement factor) at input ac mains is
(A) 0.78
(B) 0.827
(C) 0.866
(D) 0.9
PE 1.31
A single phase full-wave half-controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive

load. The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common DC bus. The
converter has to have a freewheeling diode.
(A) because the converter inherently does not provide for free-wheeling
(B) because the converter does not provide for free-wheeling for high values of
triggering angles
(C) or else the free-wheeling action of the converter will cause shorting of the
AC supply
(D) or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it will subsequently
cause a high load current in the other SCR.
i. n
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a
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*Shipping Free*
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
In the circuit shown in Figure, L is large and the average value of I 0 is 100 A.
Then which of the following is true for the circuit ?
GATE EE vol-3
PE 15
15
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
in the positive half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a
(A) The thyristor is gated

equal to 167.9c.
(B) The thyristor is gated
equal to 122.25c.
(C) The thyristor is gated
equal to 122.25c.
(D) The thyristor is gated
equal to 167.9c.
o
n
.
w
w
in the negative half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a

in the positive half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a
in the negative half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a
PE 1.33
When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode

(A) it draws both real and reactive power from the A.C. supply.
(B) it delivers both real and reactive power to the A.C. supply
(C) it delivers real power to the A.C. supply
(D) it draws reactive power from the A.C. supply.
PE 1.34
In a 3-phase controlled bridge rectifier, with an increase of overlap angle, the

output dc voltage.
(A) decreases
(B) increases
(C) does not change
(D) depends upon load inductance
PE 1.35
For a single phase a.c. voltage controller feeding a resistive load, what is the
power factor?
(A) Unity for all values of firing angle
1/2
1
1
(B) : p &^p - ah + 2 sin 2a0D
in
.
o
c
.
ia
d
o
1/2
(C) ; 1 &^p + ah + 1 sin 2a0E
2
p
1/2
1
(D) ; 1 &^p - ah - 2 sin 2a0E
p
n
.
w
w
where a is firing angle measured from voltage zero.

PE 1.36
In a dual converter, the circulating current

(A) allows smooth reversal of load current, but increases the response time
(B) does not allow smooth reversal of load current, but reduces the response
time
(C) allows smooth reversal of load current with improved speed of response
(D) flows only if there is no interconnecting inductor.
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PE 1.32
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.37
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 16
16
EF
A PWM switching scheme is used with a three phase inverter to

(A) reduce the total harmonic distortion with modest filtering.
(B) minimize the load on the DC side
(C) increase the life of the batteries
(D) reduce low order harmonics and increase high order harmonics
i. n
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PE 1.38
A half controlled bridge converter feeds a resistive load of 10 W with ripple free
current. If the input voltage is 240 V, 50 Hz and the triggering angle is 60c then
the value of rms input current is ___ A.
PE 1.39
A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed from a 400 V (line to line)
ac source. A resistive load of 100 W draws 400 W of power form the converter,
the input power factor will be ___
PE 1.40
A single-phase half-wave controlled converter is fed from a sinusoidal source.

If the average output voltage is 25% of the maximum possible average output
voltage for a purely resistive load, then firing angle is
(A) p/4
(B) p/2
(C) p/3
(D) p/6
PE 1.41
What is the power factor of a single phase a.c. regulator feeding a resistive load?
(A) ^Per unit powerh2
(B) ^Per unit powerh1/2
^Per unit powerh2
^Per unit powerh1/2
(C)
(D)
2
2
PE 1.42
A single-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier is feeding a load drawing a constant

and ripple free load current at a firing angle a = p/6 . The harmonic factor(HF)
of input current and the input power factor respectively are
(A) 30.80%, 0.922
(B) 4.72%, 0.6
(C) 60%, 0.827
(D) 96.6%, 0.477
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PE 1.43
A full-wave controlled bridge rectifier is fed by an ac source of 230 V rms, 50

Hz . The value of load resistance is 15 ohm. For a delay angle of 30c the input
power factor is
(A) 0.840
(B) 0.70
(C) 0.985
(D) 0.492
PE 1.44
In the continuous conduction mode the output voltage waveform does not depend
on
(A) firing angle
(B) conduction angle
(C) supply
(D) load
PE 1.45
The rectification efficiency of a single phase half-wave controlled rectifier having

a resistive load and the delay angle of p/2 is
(A) 24.28%
(B) 45.04%
(C) 20.28%
(D) 26.30%
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
A single phase ac voltage controller is controlling current in a purely inductive
load. If the firing angle of the SCR is a , What will be the conduction angle of
the SCR?
(A) p
(B) ^p - ah
(C) ^2p - ah
(D) 2p
GATE EE vol-3
PE 17
17
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
i. n
o
.c
PE 1.47
For a single phase half-controlled bridge converter having highly inductive load,
the delay angle is p/2 . The harmonic factor will be _____ %
PE 1.48
In the circuit shown in the figure, the SCRs are triggered at 30c delay. The
current through 100 W resistor is ____A
a
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PE 1.49
A three phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. It
is operated from 3-f star connected, supply transformer with a line to line ac
supply voltage of 440 volts rms, at 50 Hz. The thyristor are triggered at a delay
angle of a = 30c. Assume continuous ripple free current.
in
.
o
c
.
ia
d
o
The average output current is _____A.

PE 1.50
n
.
w
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In the circuit shown in figure, a battery of 6 V is charged by a 1-f one pulse

thyristor controlled rectifier. A resistance R is to be inserted in series with the
battery to limit the charging current to 4 A. The value of R is ___ W .
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
PE 1.46
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 18
18
EF
PE 1.51
A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed step down transformer (4:1) is

supplying power to a half-wave uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for charging
a battery(12 V dc) with the series current limiting resistor being 19.04 W. The
charging current is ____ A.
PE 1.52
An integral cycle AC voltage controller is feeding a purely resistive circuit from

a single phase ac voltage source. The current waveform consists alternately burst
of N -complete cycle of conduction following by M -complete cycles of extinction.
The rms value of the load voltage equals the rms value of the supply voltage for:
(A) N = M
(B) N = 0
(C) N = M = 0
(D) M = 0
PE 1.53
A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter with free wheeling diode is fed from
400 V, 50 Hz AC source and is operating at a firing angle of 60c. The load current
is assumed constant at 10 A due to high load inductance. The input displacement
factor (IDF) and the input power factor (IPF) of the converter will be
(A) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.828
(B) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.552
(C) IDF = 0.955; IPF = 0.478
(D) IDF = 0.5; IPF = 0.318
PE 1.54
A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to an ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz through a

3-phase fully controlled bridge converter. A large inductance is connected in the
dc circuit to maintain the dc current at 20 A. If the solar cell resistance is 0.5 W
,then each thyristor will be reverse biased for a period of ___ degree.
PE 1.55
A single-phase bridge converter is used to charge a battery of 200 V having

an internal resistance of 0.2 W as shown in figure. The SCRs are triggered by
a constant dc signal. If SCR 2 gets open circuited, what will be the average
charging current ? (in A)
PE 1.56
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Consider a phase-controlled converter shown in the figure. The thyristor is fired

at an angle a in every positive half cycle of the input voltage. If the peak value
of the instantaneous output voltage equals 230 V, the firing angle a is close to
(A) 45c
(C) 90c
(B) 135c
(D) 83.6c
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
A single-phase ac regulator fed from 50 Hz supply feeds a load having 4 W
resistance and 12 : 73 mH inductance. The control range of firing angle will be
(A) 0 to 180
(B) 45 to 180
(C) 90 to 180
(D) 0 to 45
GATE EE vol-3
PE 19
19
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
i. n
PE 1.58
o
.c
In the single phase diode bridge rectifier shown in figure, the load resistor is
R = 50 W . The source voltage is V = 200 sin (wt), where w = 2p # 50 radians per
second. The power dissipated in the load resistor R is
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
(A) 3200 W
p
(B) 400 W
p
(C) 400 W
(D) 800 W
PE 1.59
A half-wave thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load as shown in

figure. If the triggering angle of the thyristor is 120c, the extinction angle will
be ___ degree.
PE 1.60
A single phase half wave rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The thyristor is
fired at 30c in each positive half cycle. The values of average load voltage and
the rms load voltage will respectively be
in
.
o
c
.
ia
d
o
n
.
w
w
(A) 475.2 V, 190.9 V

(B) 237.64 V, 194.2 V
(C) 118.8 V, 197.1 V
(D) 237.6 V, 197.1 V
PE 1.61
A dc battery of 50 V is charged through a 10 W resistor as shown in the figure.

Assume that the thyristor is continuously fired. The average value of charging
current is ___ A.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
PE 1.57
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.62
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 20
20
EF
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
A bridge converter is fed from a source Vs = Vm sin wt as shown in the following

figure. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of a ? Assume continuous
conduction.
(A) 2Vm cos a

p
(C) Vm ^3 + cos a h
2p
(B) Vm ^1 + cos a h
2p
(D) Vm cos a
p
************
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 21
21
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 1.1
i. n
Correct option is (C).

DC output voltage
o
.c
Vdc = 2Vm cos a

p
=
PE 1.2
o
n
Correct option is (A).

When free wheeling diode is present, Th1 and Th2 will conduct from a to p while
Th 3 and Th 4 will conduct for p + a to 2p.
.
w
w
w
PE 1.3
a
i
d
2 2 (230)
cos 30c = 179.3 V
p
p
Vdc = 1 #
2 (230) sin dq =
pa
2 (230)
(1 + cos a)
p
2 (230)
(1 + cos 30c) = 193.185 V
p
Correct answer is 9.7 A.

When Th 3 gets open circuited, the circuit will work as a half wave rectifier, the
output dc voltage
p
Vdc = 1 #
2 (230) sin qdq
2p a
(230)
=
(1 + cos a) = 230 (1 + cos 30c)
2p
2p
= 96.6 V
in
.
o
Average dc output current

Idc = 96.6 = 9.7 A
10
PE 1.4
c
.
ia
Correct option is (B).

In practice, the firing angle a p of positive group cannot be reduced to zero,
for this firing angle corresponding to a n = 180 - a p = 180c for negative group,
because of commutation overlap and thyristor turn off time problems. But
a p + a n = 180c.
d
o
PE 1.5
n
.
w
w
Correct answer is 180.2 V.

Vm = 380 2 = 310.3 V
3
Let the thyristor voltage drop is (Vt), then average dc voltage
Here
Vdc = 3 3 Vm cos a - Vt
2p
= 3 3 # 380 2 cos 45c - 1.2
2p 3
= 180.2 V
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
SOLUTIONS

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.6
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 22
22
EF
Correct answer is 1.1 kW.

RMS load voltage
1
= Vm : p - a + sin 2a D2
8p
4p
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Vdc (rms)
1
p - p sin p 2
4 +
2 G = 104.88 V
= 220 =
8p
4p
Average power across the load
V2
(104.88) 2
= 1.1 kW
Pac = dc (rms) =
10
R
PE 1.7
Correct answer is 34.18.

Here VLine = 580 V
Average output voltage
Vdc = 3 3 Vm cos a = 3 2 VLine cos a

p
p
648 = 3 #
or
PE 1.8
2 # 580 cos a
p
a = 34.18c

Given 3 phase 6 pulse bridge, thus m = 6 and Vph = 200 V
The fundamental r.m.s output voltage
m
p
Vor = 9Vph a p k sin a m kC
6
p
= :200 b p l sin a 6 kD = 600
p
PE 1.9
Correct option is (D).
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Vs = 100 sin 314t, R = 10 W , a = 45c

RMS load voltage
1/2
Vdc (rms) = Vm : p - a + sin 2a D
2p
4p
1/2
p - p sin p
4
2
G = 67.42 V
+
Vdc (rms) = 100 =
2p
4p
The average power delivered to the load is
V2
Pac = dc (rms)
R
=
(67.42) 2
= 454.5 W
10
PE 1.10

The average value of dc voltage i.e. load voltage can be varied by controlling the
phase angle(a) of firing pulses.
PE 1.11

The average output dc voltage
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 23
23
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
p+a
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
= 0.155132Vm
PE 1.12

For a 1-f full converter the displacement factor is
PE 1.13
DF = cos a = cos 30c =
3
2

We have RL = 2 W , L = 6.36 mH , f = 50 Hz ,
Tan-1 b 2p # 50 # 6.36 # 10 l = 44.97
2
-3
a min = f = 45c
PE 1.14
PE 1.15
PE 1.16

For a single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier, the average output voltage is
given by
V0 = Vm ^1 + cos a h
p
Output voltage is minimum for a = 180c and maximum for a = 0c.
in
.
o
c
.
ia

For half-controlled bridge rectifier, average output voltage
V0 = Vm 61 + cos a@
p
d
o
For a = 0c,
V0 = 120 2 61 + cos 0c@ = 120 # 2 2

p
p
For a = 180c,
V0 120 2 61 + cos 180c@ = 0

p
n
.
w
w
R + jXL = 50 + 50j
tan f = wL = 50 = 1 or f = 45c
50
R
so, firing angle a must be higher the 45c, Thus for 0 < a < 45c, V0 is
uncontrollable.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
Vdc = 1 # Vm sin wtd (wt)

pa
= Vm (- cos wt) ap + a
p
= Vm [cos a - cos (p + a)]
p
= 2Vm cos a
p
Given a = 30c, the average dc output voltage
Vdc = 2Vm cos a
p
= 2Vm cos (30c)
p

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.17
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 24
24
EF

Average output current
I 0 = Vm ^1 + cos a h
pR
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
230 2 1 + cos 60c

h
p # 15.53 ^
Average current through diode
p/3
IFW = 1 # Io d (wt) = 1 # 10
3
p0
= 3.33 A
PE 1.18
1/2
2
Input harmonic factor = : p - 1D = 0.482
8
PE 1.19

Speed can be controlled by changing the frequency. Cycloconverter directly
converts ac power at input frequency to a different frequency.
PE 1.20
Correct answer is 150 V.

Given fully-controlled thyristor converter, when firing angle a = 0 , dc output
voltage Vdc = 300 V
If a = 60c, then Vdc = ?
For fully-controlled converter
0
Vdc =
0
2 2 Vdc
cos a
p
1
Since a = 0 , Vdc = 300 V

0
2 2 Vdc
cos 0c
p
= 300p
2 2
= 2 2 # 300p cos 60c
p
2 2
= 300 # 1 = 150 V
2
300 =
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Vdc
At a = 60c,
PE 1.21
Vdc

Output of this
Here the inductor makes T1 and T3 in ON because current passing through T1

and T3 is more than the holding current.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 25
25
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 1.23
Correct option is 0.78.

Given a = 30c, in a 1-f fully bridge converter
we know that,
Power factor = Distortion factor # cos a
D.f. (Distortion factor) = Is(fundamental) /Is = 0.9
power factor = 0.9 # cos 30c = 0.78
i. n
o
.c
PE 1.24
a
i
d
Correct answer is 266 V.

We have Vor = 220 V
For 3-phase to single phase cyclo converter
m
p
Vor = r 9Vph a p k sin a m kC
where Vph = perphase input voltage m = 3 for 3-phase pulse drive.
r = cos a mm is voltage reduction factor
3
p
Thus
220 = 1 :Vph b p l sin a 3 kD
o
n
.
w
w
Vph = 266.02
PE 1.25

Single phase diode rectifier with capacitive filter has maximum THD.
PE 1.26
Correct answer is 250 Hz.

For six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge the lowest frequency component in AC
source line current is of 250 Hz.
PE 1.27
Correct answer is 129.

Here for continuous conduction mode, by Kirchoffs voltage law, average load
current
in
.
o
c
.
ia
d
o
n
.
w
w
V - 2Ia + 150 = 0
Ia = V + 150
2
` I1 = 10 A, So
2#
V =- 130 V
2Vm cos a =- 130

p
2 # 230 cos a =- 130c

p
a = 129c
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
PE 1.22

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.28
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 26
26
EF

Total rms current Ia =
2
10 = 8.16 A
3#
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Fundamental current Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 7.8 A

1 -1
THD =
DF2
where
DF = Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 0.955
0.816 # 10
Ia
`
THD =
1 2
b 0.955 l - 1 = 31%
PE 1.29

In the case of RL load, the output voltage can be controlled for a in the range of
f - p . If a < f and triggered with short duration pulse, then one of the thyristor
will not come in to conduction. The resultant circuit act as half wave rectifier.
PE 1.30

Firing angle
a = 25c
Overlap angle
m = 10c
so,
I 0 = Vm [cos a - cos (a + m)]
wLs
20 =
230 2 [cos 25c - cos (25c + 10c)]

2p # 50Ls
Ls = 0.0045 H
V0 = 2Vm cos a - wLsI 0
p
p
-3
= 2 # 230 2 cos 25c - 2 # 3.14 # 50 # 4.5 # 10 # 20
3.14
3.14
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
= 187.73 - 9 = 178.74c
Displacement factor = V0 I 0
Vs Is
= 178.25 # 20 = 0.78
230 # 20
PE 1.31

Single phase full wave half controlled bridge converter feeds an Inductive load.
The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common dc bus. The converter
has to have free wheeling diode because the converter does not provide for free
wheeling for high values of triggering angles.
PE 1.32

Assuming continuous conduction. We have
so
V0 = I 0 R + E = 100 # 0.01 + 20 = 21
For a single-phase half-wave converter, average output voltage is
V (1 + cos a)
V0 = 21 = m
2p
(1 + cos a) = 21 # 2p & a = 122.25c
2 # 200
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
From the output waveform given below, we observed that the thyristor is gated
in positive half cycle.
GATE EE vol-3
PE 27
27
EF
GATE EE vol-2
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
PE 1.33

In the inverting mode a line commutated converted operates for phase angles
90c to 180c. When the dc voltage is negative power flow is from dc to ac and the
converter functions as inverter. As dc power is fed back, it is real power.
PE 1.34

For a 3-phase fully-controlled converter, output dc voltage is given as
.
w
w
3 3 Vmph
cos (a + m) + 30wLs Id
p
p
Where m is the overlap angle. So when the overlap angle is increased, the cosine
term in the above expression decreases and the output dc voltage also decreases.
Vdc =
PE 1.35

P.F = Vor
VS
r.m.s value Vor = < 1
p
1/2
V m2 sin2 wtdwtF
1/2
= VS :^p - ah + 1 sin 2aD
2
p
PE 1.36
PE 1.37
in
.
o

The circulating current helps in maintaining continuous conduction of both the
converters irrespective of load and the time response to change the operation
from one quadrant to other is faster.
c
.
ia
d
o

In a three-phase inverter, the supply current consists of one pulse per half-cycle
and the lowest order harmonic is third. It is difficult to eliminate the lowest
order harmonic current. The lowest order harmonics can be reduced if the supply
current has more than one pulse per half-cycle. In PWM lowest order harmonic
can be eliminated and higher order harmonics can be increased.
n
.
w
w
PE 1.38

Vdc = Vm (1 + cos a)
p
=
2 (240)
(1 + cos 60c)
p
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
i. n

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 28
28
EF
= 162.03 V
I = Vdc = 162.03 = 16.203 A
10
RL
Load current
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
RMS input current
Is = I a1 - a k = 16.203 b1 - 60c l
p
p
0.5
0.5
= 13.23 A
PE 1.39

Load Current
0.5
IL = b 400 l = 2 A
100
In a three-phase fully controlled bridge converter input rms current Is or the
current in each supply phase exists for 120c in every 180c.
Therefore rms value of input current
0.5
Is = b 2 # 120 l = 1.15 A
180
Input apparent power = 3 # 400 # 1.15 = 796.72 VA

796.72 cos q = 400
Power factor
cos q = 0.5 lagging
PE 1.40

Average output voltage
Vdc = Vm (1 + cos a)
2p
The maximum output voltage is obtained when a = 0
Vdc = Vm
p
Given
Vdc = 25% bVm l = 0.25Vm
p
p
So
0.25Vm = Vm (1 + cos a)
2p
p
The Firing angle is
max
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
a = 60c
PE 1.41
In a AC voltage controller P.f = Vor

VS
2
Present power ^Vorh /R
=
Rated power
V S2 /R
p.f = Vor = Per unit power
VS
Per unit power =
Thus
PE 1.42

Supply rms current
Irms = Idc a1 - a k
p
1/2
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 29
29
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
Irms1 = 2 2 Idc cos a/2 = 2 2 Idc cos 15 = 0.869Idc

p
p
Harmonic factor (HF) on input current
1/2
1/2
2
2
HF = ;b Irms l - 1E = ;b 0.91 l - 1E = 30.80 %
0.869
Irms 1
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
Input power factor = Irms 1 cos a/2 = 0.922 (lagging)

Irms
PE 1.43
o
n

The rms load voltage,
1/2
Vrms = Vm : p - a + sin 2a D
2p
4p
1/2
p - p sin 2p
6 +
6 H
= 2 # 230 >
2p
4p
.
w
w
= 226.713 V
Input power factor = Vrms = 226.713

230
Vs
cos f = 0.985 lag
PE 1.44
PE 1.45

Average load voltage is given by
V0 (av) = Vm (1 + cos a)
2p
= Vm a1 + cos p k = 0.159Vm
2p
2
Average load current
in
.
o
c
.
ia
V
I 0 (av) = 0 (av) = 0.159Vm
R
R
RMS load voltage
d
o
V0(rms) = Vm : p - a + sin 2a D2
8p
4p
n
.
w
w
RMS load current
sin a2 # p k 2
/
2
p
p
2 H
= Vm >
+
= 0.353Vm
8p
4p
1
V0(rms) 0.353Vm
=
R
R
To obtain rectification efficiency
V I
h = Pdc = 0(av) 0(av)
Pac V0 (rms) I 0 (rms)
0.159Vm # 0.159Vm
R
=
= 0.2028 or 20.28%
0
.
353
Vm
0.353Vm #
R
I 0(rms) =
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
p/6 1/2
= 0.91Idc
p m
Now, the rms value of the supply fundamental component of input current.
= Idc c1 -

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.46
PE 1.47
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 30
30
EF

In AC voltage controller feeding purely inductive load, then each thyristor
conducts for 2a . The range of firing angle is 90 to 180. If a = 90c, then each
SCR conducts for 180.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

Let the average load current is Idc
Fundamental RMS current
1/2
Irms = Idc a1 - a k
p
The fundamental component of RMS current
Irms1 = 2 2 Idc cos a
2
p
The harmonic factor (HF) is given as,
2
I rms
-1
2
I rms1
Putting values in above equation,
2 p-a
I dc
a p k
-1
HF =
2
8I dc
2a
cos
2
p2
HF =
For a = p/2 ,
HF =
p (p - a)
-1
8 cos2 a
2
p (p - p/2)
- 1 = 1.23 - 1
8 cos2 p
4
= 0.4834
PE 1.48
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Correct is 184.4 V.
This is a fully controlled bridge. The average value of output voltage.
V0(av) = Vm (1 + cos a)
p
230
2 (1 + cos 30c) = 184.8 V
=
p
This voltage is applied to the load. The equivalent circuit is shown in the figure
Applying KVL to above circuit,

`
V0(av) = I 0(av) R + 50
184.8 = I 0(av) # 100 + 50
I 0(av) = 1.348 A
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
PE 11
EF
PE 31
31
EF

The average output voltage for continuous ripple free output current is,
V0 (av) = 3 3 Vm cos a
2p
Here Vm is peak value of supply phase voltage. We have
Vline (rms) = 440 V
Vph (rms) = Vline = 440 = 254 V
3
3
Vm = 2 Vph (rms)
`
`
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
2 # 254 = 359.26 V
`
V0 (av) = 3 3 # 359.26 cos 30c = 257.3 V
2p
Average output current I 0 (av)
V
I 0 (av) = 0 (av) = 257.3 = 12.86 A
20
R
PE 1.50
o
n
.
w
w
Correct answer is 2.544 W .
Let the supply is VS = Vm sin wt and battery emf is E . For the circuit voltage
equation is
Vm sin wt = E + I 0 R
or,
I 0 = Vm sin wt - E
R
Since the SCR is turn on when Vm sin q1 = E and is turned off when Vm sin q2 = E
, where q2 = p - q1 .
`
q1 = sin-1 b E l = sin-1 b 6 l = 11.53c
30
Vm
The battery charging requires only the average current I 0 given by:
in
.
o
p - q1
c
.
ia
d
o
I 0 = 1 > # (Vm sin wt - E) d (wt)H

2pR q
1
n
.
w
w
=
4 Amp =
4 Amp =
w
or
=
R =
1 [2V cos q - E (p - 2q )]
m
1
1
2pR
1 2
2 # 30 cos 11.53 - 6 b p - 2 # 11.53p lE
180
2pR ; #
1 [83.13 - 19.172]
2pR
1 [63.95]
2pR
1 [63.95] W
2p # 4
= 2.544 W
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
PE 1.49
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
PE 1.51
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 32
32
EF
Correct answer is 1.059 W/A .

Vs = 230 = 57.5
4
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Here charging current = I

Vm sin q = 12
q1 = 8.486 = 0.148 radian
Vm = 81.317 V
e = 12 V
There is no power consumption in battery due to ac current, so average value of
charging current.
1
Iav(charging) =
[2Vm cos q1 - e (p - 2q1)]
2p # 19.04
1
[2 V
cos q1 - 12 (p - 2q1)]
=
2p # 19.04 # m #
= 1.059 W/A
PE 1.52

For N -on cycles, M -off cycles
rms value of output voltage = c

If M = 0 , Vor = Vs
PE 1.53
PE 1.54
N mV
N+m s

Given that
400 V, 50 Hz AC source, a = 60c, IL = 10 A
so,
Input displacement factor = cos a = 0.5
and,
input power factor = D.F. # cos a
I
distortion factor = s(fundamental)
Is
4 # 10 sin 60c
= p# 2
10 # 2/3
= 0.955
so,
input power factor = 0.955 # 0.5
= 0.478
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

Let we have
R solar = 0.5 W , I 0 = 20 A
so
Vs = 350 - 20 # 0.5 = 340 V
`
340 = 3 # 440 #
p
2 cos a
cos a = 55c
So each thyristor will reverse biased for 180c - 55c = 125c.
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PE 11
EF
PE 33
33
EF

In this circuitry if SCR gets open circuited, than circuit behaves like a half wave
rectifier.
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
So
.
w
w
I avg = Average value of current

p-q
= 1 #
(Vm sin wt - E) dq
2pR q
I 0(avg) = 1 62Vm cos q - E (p - 2q1)@
2p R
1 [2 (230
=
# 2 ) cos q - 200 (p - 2q1)]
2p # 2 #
q1 = sin- 1 b E l
Vm
200
= sin- 1 c
= 38c = 0.66 Rad
230 # 2 m
1 [2 2
I 0 (avg) =
# 230 cos 38c - 200 (p - 2 # 0.66)]
2p # 2
1
in
.
o
= 11.9 A
PE 1.56
c
.
ia

We know that
Vrms = 230 V
so,
If whether
Then
Vm = 230 # 2 V
a 1 90c
Vpeak = Vm sin a = 230
d
o
n
.
w
w
PE 1.57
230 2 sin a = 230

sin a = 1
2
angle a = 135c

For controlling the load,
Minimum value of firing angle a = load phase angle f .
Thus
f = tan-1 wL
R
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PE 1.55
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 34
34
EF
-3
= tan-1 c 2p # 50 # 12.73 # 10 m
4
= tan-1 ^0.9993h
= 44.97c . 45c
The maximum possible value of a is 180.
Firing angle control range is 45 to 180.
PE 1.58
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

Given that,
V = 200 sin wt
f = 50 Hz
Power dispatched in the load resistor R = ?
First we have to calculate output of rectifier.
1/2
1/2
p
p
(V0) rms = : 1 # (200 sin wt) 2 dwtD = 200 ; # b 1 - cos 2wt l dwtE
p0
2
p 0
p 1/2
1/2
= 200 ;1 b wt - sin 2wt l E = 200 :1 # pD = 200
2
p 2
p 2
2
0
Power dissipated to resistor
^V0h2rms
PR =
R
2
200
2
o = 400 W
=e
50
PE 1.59

Given a half wave Thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load where
triggering angle is a = 120c
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
First we have to draw its output characteristics as shown below
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PE 11
EF
PE 35
35
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
i. n
o
.c
or sin (b - f) = sin (a - f)
or
b-f = a-f
or
b = a = 120c
PE 1.60
...(1)
a
i
d
o
n

Peak value of secondary voltage
Vm = 800 = 400 V
2
.
w
w
and
a = 30c
Average dc voltage is given by
Vdc = Vm (1 + cos a) = 400 (1 + cos 30c) = 118.8 V
2p
2p
RMS voltage
1/2
Vrms = Vm b p - a + sin 2a l
8p
4p
= 400 b p - 30c + sin 60c l

8p
4p
1/2
PE 1.61
= 197.1 V

SCR will conduct when the instantaneous value of ac voltage is more than 50 V
or
100 sin wt = 50
wt = p and 5p
6
6
i = 100 sin wt - 50 = 10 sin wt - 5
10
or
in
.
o
c
.
ia
5p/6
Average current = 1 # (10 sin wt - 5) d (wt)

2p p/6
d
o
= 1 - 10 cos wt - 5wt 5pp//66

2p
= 1 b- 10 cos 5p + 10 cos p - 5 # 5p + 5 # p l
2p
6
6
6
6
n
.
w
w
= 1.09 A
PE 1.62

In positive half cycle Th1 and D2 conduct from a to p. During negative half
cycle D 3 and D 4 are forward biased and conduct from p to 2p. From wt = 0 to
wt = a , Th1 is off but D2 is forward biased. D 4 continues to conduct during this
interval because it was conducting prior to wt = 0 i.e. during previous negative
half cycle. Therefore from 0 to a, D2 and D 4 conduct, the load is short circuited
and load voltage is zero.
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Output is given by
i 0 = Vm sin (wt - f) - Vm sin (a - f) exp b - R - a l
Z
wL
Z
We know at extinction angle i.e. wt = b , i 0 = 0
from equation (1), at (wt = b)
0 = Vm sin (b - f) - Vm sin (a - f) ec
Z
Z

in 4 Volumes
PE 11
EF
Phase Controlled
Converters
Phase
PE 36
36
EF
The input output voltage waveforms are shown as below
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Output voltage
2p
V0 = 1 > # Vm sin wtd (wt) + # Vm sin wtd (wtH

2p a
a
= Vm (3 + cos a)
2p
************
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
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NODIA & COMPANY

GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 2, 2e

Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

NODIA & COMPANY

B 8, Dhanshree Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur 302039

Output Stages and Power Amplifiers

Op-Amp Characteristics and Basic Circuits

Gate Solved Questions

Number System and Codes

Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification

Gate Solved Questions

Power Semiconductor Devices

Diode Circuits and Rectifiers

Phase Controlled Converters

Gate Solved Questions

PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

Common Data For Q. 1 to 3:

A single phase 230 V, 50 Hz ac source is feeding a fully controlled bridge converter

The dc output voltage will be

In single-phase to single-phase cyclo converter, if a 1 and a 2 are the trigger angles

A three-phase, half-wave controlled converter is fed from a 380 V (line), 50 Hz

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

A line commutated ac to dc converter is shown in the figure. It operates from a

In a 3-phase to 1-phase cyclo converter employing 6-pulse bridge circuit, if the

A single-phase half controlled bridge rectifier is operated from a source

In a fully-controlled converter the load voltage is controlled by which of the

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A single-phase ac voltage regulator is fed from a 50 Hz supply system. If it supplies

A half-controlled bridge converter is operating from an r.m.s input voltage of 120

(C) 120 2 V and 0

(A) 0c < a < 45c

(B) 45c < a < 135c

A single-phase full-bridge converter with a free-wheeling diode feeds an inductive

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the figure feeding power to

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A 3-phase cycloconverter is used to obtain a variable frequency single-phase a.c.

The total harmonic distortion (THD) of ac supply input current of rectifiers is

A six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge is connected to a balanced 50 Hz three phase

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

An AC voltage-regulator using back-to-back connected SCRs is feeding an RL

A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at a

A single phase full-wave half-controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive

in the positive half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a

(A) The thyristor is gated

in the negative half cycle of e (t) at a delay angle a

When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode

In a 3-phase controlled bridge rectifier, with an increase of overlap angle, the

where a is firing angle measured from voltage zero.

In a dual converter, the circulating current

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-2