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SUPORT DE CURS

Modulul
COMUNICARE
Disciplina
COMUNICARE NTR-O LIMB STRIN

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, sector 3, Bucureti

Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92


E-mail: office@cedes-cd.ro; www.cedes-cd.ro

CUPRINS
UNIT 1: FRAZE I EXPRESII PENTRU CONVERSAIA N LIMBA ENGLEZ
(ENGLISH CONVERSATION PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS)
1.1. Cum ne prezentm
1.2. Complimente, urri, salutri
1.3. Conversaia la telefon
1.4. Conversaia la restaurant
1.5. Conversaia la hotel
1.6. Conversaia la plecarea n cltorie
UNIT 2: NOIUNI GRAMATICALE N LIMBA ENGLEZ (ENGLISH GRAMMAR
NOTIONS)
2.1. Substantivul (The Noun)
2.2. Articolul (The Article)
2.3. Numeralul (The Numeral)
2.4. Adjectivul (The Adjective)
2.5. Pronumele (The Pronouns)
2.5.1. Pronumele personal
2.5.2. Pronumele reflexive i de ntrire
2.5.3. Pronumele relative
2.6. Alte tipuri de pronume i adjective
2.6.1. Pronumele i adjectivele demonstrative
2.6.2. Pronumele i adjectivele posesive
2.6.3. Pronumele i adjectivele nehotrte
2.6.4. Pronumele i adjectivele interogative
2.7. Verbul (The Verb)
2.7.1. Timpurile verbale
2.7.2. Lista verbelor neregulate
UNIT 3: NOIUNI DE VOCABULAR (VOCABULARY NOTIONS)
UNIT 4: REDACTAREA SCRISORILOR FORMALE N LIMBA ENGLEZ
(WRITING FORMAL LETTERS IN ENGLISH)
4.1. Reguli de baz
4.2. Coninutul unei scrisori formale
4.3. Covering Letter, Letter of Enquiry

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

UNIT 1: FRAZE I EXPRESII PENTRU CONVERSAIA N


LIMBA ENGLEZ (ENGLISH CONVERSATION PHRASES AND
EXPRESSIONS)
1.1. Cum ne prezentm
NFIAREA
Sunt un brbat/ o femeie nalt ()/
scund().
Sunt brunet/ blond/ rocat/ crunt.
Am prul cre/ drept/ crlionat/ ondulat.
Am pr lung/ scurt.
Port haine sport/ elegante/casual.
FAMILIA
Am o familie numeroas/ restrns. Am
trei surori/ frai mai mari/ am doar o sor/
un frate mai mic dect mine.
Sunt cel mai mic/ cel mai mare copil. Sunt
singurul copil.
Ambii prini sunt doctori.
Ne ntlnim de obicei duminica.
EDUCAIA
Am absolvit liceul/ facultatea.
Am o licen / un masterat n art/ tiine/
arhitectur/ drept/literatur/ turism.
Scopul meu este s devin artist/ un mare
om de tiin/ architect/ avocat/ profesor/
manager n turism.
CE-I PLACE I CE NU-I PLACE
mi place s cltoresc/ fac sport/
activiti n aer liber/ s fotografiez/ s m
plimb pe strzi/ s m ntlnesc cu
prietenii.
mi place s citesc ziarul dimineaa/ o
carte bun.
mi plac dramele/ filmele de groaz/
comediile/
talk-show-urile/
desenele
animate.
Nu mi plac serialele melodramatice/
filmele SF.
Ursc zilele lungi de ploaie.
Nu-mi plac oamenii care nu sunt
punctuali/ care nu i in promisiunile.
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

DESCRIPTION
Im a tall/ short man / woman.
I am a dark/ blond/ red/ grey-haired person.
I have a curly/ straight/ frizzy/ wavy hair.
Im a long-haired/ short-haired person.
I wear sport/ fashionable/ casual clothes.
FAMILY
I have a big/ small family. I have three
sisters/ brothers older than me/ I only have
on younger sister than me.
Im the youngest/ the oldest of all. Im an
only child.
Both my parents are doctors.
We usually get together on Sundays.
EDUCATION
I have graduated high school/ college.
I have a Bachelors/ a Masters Degree in
Arts/
Science/
Architecture/
Laws/
Literature/ Tourism.
My ambition is to become an artist/ a great
man of science/ an architect/ a lawyer/ a
teacher/ a tourism manager.
LIKES AND DISLIKES
I enjoy travelling/ doing sports/ outdoor
activities/ taking photos/ wandering on
streets/ meeting my friends.
I like reading my newspaper in the
morning/ a good book.
I like dramas/ thrillers/ comedies/
documentaries/ talk-shows/ cartoons.
I dislike soap-operas/ SF movies.
I hate long rainy days.
I do not like it when people are not
punctual/ when they do not keep their
promise
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AUTOPORTRET
Sunt foarte ncreztor n mine i n
oameni.
Oamenii se pot baza pe mine atunci cnd
promit ceva.
Sunt foarte muncitor i mi place s mi
fac treaba pn la capt.
Sunt sociabil i mi place munca n
echip.
Sunt creativ, de aceea am ncercat s mi
dezvolt aptitudinile artistice.
Am un sim al modei, de aceea sunt atent
la felul n care m mbrac.
Sunt un om cu capul pe umeri/ un vistor.

SELF-DESCRIPTION
Im highly self-confident and I also trust
people.
People can rely on me when I make a
promise.
Im very hard-working and I like doing my
job until its well done.
Im social and I enjoy team work.
Im creative, so I tried to develop my
artistic skills.
I have a good sense of fashion, so I pay a
lot of attention to the way I dress myself.
Im a down-to-earth person/ a dreamer.

1.2. Complimente, urri, salutri


SALUTURI
Bun!
Bun dimineaa/ dup-amiaza/ seara!
Ce mai facei?
M bucur s v vd.
E bine c te vd.
E o placere s te vd.
Mi-ai lipsit.
Ma gndeam s te sun.
Ce mai faci/ ce mai face familia ta ?
Cum merg lucrurile ?
Foarte bine, mulumesc.
Nu aa de bine, din pcate.
LA REVEDERE
Pa !
La revedere !
O zi frumoas/ Un weekend plcut!
Ne vedem n curand/ mai trziu!
Ne vedem mine !
Toate cele bune ... !
Transmite urrile mele de bine ...
Atept cu nerbdare s ne mai ntlnim.
Transmite salutri din partea mea.
Mulumesc c ai venit.
A fost dragu din partea ta s vii/ s te
avem aici.
Condu cu grija !
Sa ajungeti cu bine acasa !

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

GREETINGS
Hello! Hi! (informal)
Good morning/ afternoon/ evening!
How do you do?
Im glad to see you.
Good to see you.
Its always a pleasure to see you.
Ive missed you.
Ive been thinking of calling you.
How are you/ is your family?
How is everything?
Very well, thank you.
Not so well, unfortunately.
FAREWELL
Bye-bye!
Good-bye!
Have a nice day/ weekend!
See you soon/ later!
See you tomorrow!
All the best to
Give my best regards to
Im looking forward to seeing you again.
Say hello to for me.
Thank you/ thanks for coming.
It was nice for you to come/ I was nice to
have you here.
Drive carefully!
Safe journey home!

PREZENTAREA
Putei
s
mi
spunei
numele
dumneavoastr, v rog ?
Cum v numii ?
Ma numesc ...
Permitei-mi s m prezint.
Pot s v-o/ vi-l prezint pe .... ?
Nu cred c ne-am mai ntlnit.
Dan, a vrea s l cunoti pe Tim
Aceasta este soia mea/ acesta este soul
meu/
Aceasta este fata mea/ acesta este fiul
meu.
M bucur s v cunosc.
E o plcere s v cunosc n sfrit !
Am auzit att de multe despre
dumneavoastr.
COMPLIMENTE
Te-ai descurcat foarte bine cu acea
sarcina.
Eti un prieten extraordinar, s tii.
Sunt impresionat.
Bravo !
Sunt foarte ncntat de ...
Pot s te felicit pentru ... ?
Arati minunat.
Ai o coafura splendid.
Ce ..... frumoas pori !
Se potrivete perfect cu inuta ta.
i st bine.
Ai un stil deosebit.
URRI DE BINE, FELICITRI
Felicitri!
Felicitri pentru noul serviciu/ pentru c ai
luat examenele/ pentru logodn/ pentru
absolvire!
Distracie plcut!
Bucur-te de vacan/ de ederea ta aici!
Succes!
Baft!
Ii in pumnii strni!
La muli ani !
O zi a recunotinei fericit/ un halloween
fericit/ Pate fericit !
Crciun fericit !
Un an nou fericit !

INTRODUCTION
Could please you tell me your name?
What is your name?
My name is
Let me introduce myself.
May I introduce to you ?
I dont think we have met before.
Dan, I would like you to meet Tim.
This my wife/ husband.
This is my daughter/ son.
Nice to meet you!
Such a pleasure to finally know you!
Ive heard so much about you.
COMPLIMENTS
Youve done very well on that job.
Youre a great friend, you know.
Im very impressed.
Well done!
Im very pleased with
May I compliment you on ?
You look wonderful/ lovely.
Youve got a great haircut.
What a nice piece of youre wearing!
It fits perfectly with your outfit.
You wear it well.
Youve got a great sense of style.
GOOD WISHES, CONGRATULATIONS
Congratulations!
Congratulations on your new job/ on
passing your exams/ on your engagement/
on your graduation!
Enjoy yourself!
Enjoy your holiday/ your staying here!
Good luck!
Break a leg!
I keep my fingers crossed!
Happy birthday!
Happy Thanksgiving/ Halloween/ Easter!

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

Merry Christmas!
A happy New Year!
5

1.3. Conversaia la telefon


RSPUNZND LA TELEFON
Bun ziua. Cine e la telefon?
PREZENTAREA
Bun, Michael. Lisa la telefon.
Bun, Lisa Thompson la telefon.
Sunt Lisa.
Lisa la telefon.
A CERE PE CINEVA LA TELEFON
Este Michael?
Michael este acolo, v rog?
Pot s vorbesc cu ...?
A putea vorbi cu domnul ...?
A PUNE N ATEPTARE
O secund. l chem.
Ateapt o secund.
Un moment, v rog.
RUGMINI SPECIALE
Poi s repei?
Ai vrea s mi spunei pe litere numele
dumneavoastr?
Ai putea vorbi mai rar? Engleza mea nu e
aa bun.
Putei atepta un minut? M sun
altcineva.
A PRELUA UN MESAJ
Michael nu este. Cine e la telefon?
mi pare ru. Michael nu e, pentru
moment. Pot s ntreb cine l-a sunat?
Cred c a ieit. Dorii s i lsai un
mesaj?
i voi transmite c l-ai sunat.
A LSA UN MESAJ VOCAL
Da, putei s i spunei c a sunat Lisa?
Nu, mulumesc. Voi reveni.
Mulumesc, putei s i transmitei s m
sune cnd se ntoarce?
A TERMINA O CONVERSAIE
Mulumesc pentru telefon.La revedere.
Te sun eu.
O s ncerc mai trziu.

ANSWERING THE PHONE


Hello. Whos speaking?
INTRODUCING YOURSELF
Hey, Michael. Its Lisa calling.(informal)
Hello, this is Lisa Thompson calling.
This is Lisa.
Lisa speaking.
ASKING TO SPEAK WITH SOMEONE
Is Michael in? (informal)
Is Michael there, please? (informal)
Can I talk to...? (informal)
May I speak with Mr. ...., please?
CONNECTING SOMEONE
Just a sec. Ill get him.
Hang on one second.
One moment please.
MAKING SPECIAL REQUESTS
Could you please repeat that?
Would you mind spelling your name?

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

Can you speak a little slower, please? My


English is not that good.
Can you please hold for a minute? I have
another call.
TAKING A MESSAGE
Michael is not in. Who is this?
Im sorry; Michael is not in at the moment.
Can I ask who is calling?
Im afraid hes stepped out. Would you like
to leave a message?
Ill let him know you called.
LEAVING A MESSAGE
Yes, could you tell him Lisa called?
No, thats ok. Ill call back later.
Thanks; could you ask him to call Lisa
when he gets back?
FINISHING A CONVERSATION
Thanks for calling. Bye for now.
Ill call you back.
Ill try again later.

1.4. Conversaia la restaurant


REZERVAREA UNEI MESE
A dori s rezerv o mas pentru doi la ora
8, v rog.
Am putea avea o mas lng geam, v
rog?
Putem avea o mas la nefumtori?
LA SOSIREA LA RESTAURANT
Bun seara. Numele meu este .. i am
rezervat o mas pentru doi la 8.
Se poate s stm la masa de acolo?
Am rezervat o mas cu numele ...
COMANDA
Suntei gata s comandai?
Nu ne-am hotrt nc.
Pot s v iau comanda?
Cu ce ai dori s ncepei?
Vreau ..., v rog.
Ca aperitiv, iau ... iar felul principal,
Mi-ai putea recomanda ceva?
Care e meniul special astzi?
Ne putei aduce o sticl de?
PLNGERI
M scuzai, dar mncarea e rece.
M scuzai, dar ateptm buturile de o
jumtate de or.
Cred c vinul nu a fost rcit suficient.
Nu e ce am comandat noi.
PLATA
Ne putei da factura?
Am dori facturi separate, v rog.
D-mi voie s fac cinste.
Pstreaz restul.

BOOKING A TABLE
Id like to reserve/ book a table for two at 8
p.m., please.
Could we have a table by the window,
please?
Could we have a non-smoking table,
please?
ARRIVING AT THE RESTAURANT
Good evening. My name is I have a
table booked for two at 8.
Could we have a table over there,
please?
I have booked a table under the name of

PLACING YOUR ORDER


Are you ready to order?
We havent decided yet.
May I take your order now?
What would you like to start with?
I will have the , please.
For starters, I will have and for the
main course
Is there anything you would
recommend?
What is the house special today?
Could you bring us a bottle of ?
COMPLAINING
Excuse me, but my meal is cold.
Excuse me, but we have been waiting for
half an hour for our drinks.
Im afraid this wine is not chilled
enough.
This is not what we ordered.
PAYING
Could we have the bill, please?
We would like separate bills, please.
Allow me to pay.
Keep the change.

1.5. Conversaia la hotel


CUTND UN HOTEL
Unde pot gsi cel mai ieftin hotel?
mi putei recomanda un hotel bun?
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

FINDING A HOTEL
Where can I find the cheapest hotel?
Could you recommend a good hotel?
7

Taxi! Du-m la cel mai apropiat hotel.


CHECK IN
Am facut o rezervare pe numele ...
Mai avei locuri libere? A dori s
rmn pentru o noapte.
Da, avem camere libere.
Nu, cred c suntem plini pentru tot
restul sptmnii.
Cte nopi vei rmne?
Vom sta pn .../ cteva zile.
A dori s fac o rezervare pentru o
camer cu un pat/ cu pat dublu. Vom
sta ncepnd de ... pn ...
Dorii o camer cu un pat/ cu pat dublu/
cu 2 paturi?
Este vreo camer cu patu de copil ?
Este du/ televizor/ aer condiionat n
camer?
Privelitea e nspre strad?
A dori o camer care are privelitea
ctre
V rog s completai acest formular.
V rog s semnai aici.
Acesta este numrul camerei
dumneavoastr.
Aceasta este cheia de la camera
dumneavoastr.
BAGAJE
A vrea ca bagajul meu s fie dus n
camera mea.
Te rog s fii atent cu geanta asta. Este
casant.
Bagajele mele sunt n gar. Putei
trimite pe cineva s le aduc?
MESELE
Ce mese sunt incluse?
Preul include camera i micul dejun?
Room service-ul este disponibil?
Cnd este cina servit la restaurant?
Ce servesc la mic dejun?
CERINE
V rog nu deranjai.
n caz c sun cineva, v rog s luai un
mesaj.
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

Taxi! Take me to the closest hotel.


CHECK IN
I made a reservation on the name
Do you have any vacancies? I would like
to stay in for a night.
Yes, we have vacancies.
No, Im afraid we are booked out for the
rest of the week.
How many nights will you be staying?
We will be staying until / a couple of
days.
I would like to book in a single/ double
room. We will be staying from
until
Do you want a single/ double/ twin
room?
Is there any room with a cot?
Does the room have a shower/ a TV/ air
conditioning?
Does it look out into the main street?
I would like a room with a view of the

Please fill in this registration form.


Please sign here, sir.
This is the number of your room.
Here is the key to your room.
LUGGAGE
I would like my luggage to be taken to
my room.
Please be careful with that bag. It is
fragile.
My luggage is at the train station. Could
you have somebody go and bring it
to the hotel?
MEALS
Which meals are included?
Does the price include bed and
breakfast?
Is there any room service available?
When is dinner served at the restaurant?
What do they serve for breakfast?
REQUESTS
Please do not disturb.
Should anyone call, please take a
message.
8

Putei s schimbai prosoapele/


cearafurile?
Putei s mi ducei hainele la
spltorie/ s le clcai?

Could I have this towels/ sheets


changed?
Could have my clothes laundered/
ironed?

1.6. Conversaia la plecarea n cltorie


LA AGENIA DE VOIAJ
Agenia noastr deservete linii interne
i internaionale.
Deservii o linie aerian de pasageri
Bucureti Constana?
Exist o linie aerian direct ntre
Bucureti i Leningrad?
Nu, va trebui s schimbai avionul la...
Ce rut are acest avion?
Pot reine trei bilete la avionul pentru
Berlin via Praga?
Ct costa un bilet/un bilet dus-ntors?
Cnd decoleaza avionul spre...?
La ce ora ajungem pe aeroportul
Heathrow?
Ct timp dureaz zborul de la... pn
la...?
Aterizm undeva? Pe ce aeroport va
ateriza avionul?
Este un zbor fara escal.
Pot s contramandez sau s amn
cltoria?
Da, ns cel mai trziu cu 48 de ore
nainte de plecarea programat.
Biletul (nu) este transmisibil.
Fiecare pasager poate lua cu sine, gratuit,
bagaje n greutate de (pn la) 20 kg.
Ct se pltete pentru bagajele
suplimentare?
Pentru fiecare kg care depete limita
(admis) trebuie s pltii...
CONTROLUL PAAPOARTELOR I AL
BAGAJELOR
Cine controleaz paapoartele?
...bagajele?
Pregtii paapoartele pentru control.
Paaportul dumneavoastr, v rugm. De
unde venii? Care este naionalitatea/

AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY


Our agency runs home and international
routes.
Do you run a Bucharest to Constanta
passenger airline?
Is there a direct airline between
Bucharest and Leningrad?
No, you will have to change another
plane in...
What is the route of this plane?
Can I book three tickets on the plane for
Berlin via Prague?
How much does a ticket cost? / a return
ticket cost?
When does the plane for... take off?
At what time do we reach Heathrow
Airport?
How long does it take to from... to...
by air?
Do we land anywhere? Which
airport will the plane land on?
This is a non-stop flight.
Can I cancel or postpone my
reservation?
Yes, but not later than 48 hours before
departure time/ the scheduled departure.
The ticket is (not) transferable.
Each passenger is allowed 20 kilograms of
luggage/ baggage free of charge.
What is the charge for excess luggage/
baggage?
For any kilogram exceeding the limit you
have to pay...
PASSPORTS AND LUGGAGE CHECKING

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

Who examines the passports? ... The


luggage?
Have your passports ready.
Your passport, please. Where are you
coming from? What nationality are you?
9

cetenia dumneavoastr?
Sunt de naionalitate romn. Sunt
cetean romn, dar nscut n Austria.

What is your citizenship?


I am Romanian by nationality. I am a
Romanian citizen, but Austrian by birth.

UNIT 2: NOIUNI GRAMATICALE N LIMBA ENGLEZ


(ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTIONS)
2.1. Substantivul (The Noun)
a) Tipuri de substantive (Types of Nouns):
substantivele proprii (proper nouns) = substantivele care redau numele unor
persoane, locuri, obiecte . Acestea incep de obicei cu o majuscul. E.g.: Peter,
London;
substantivele comune (common nouns) = subsatantivele care redau denumirea
obiectelor, fenomenelor, strilor, fiinelor etc. E.g.: book, rain, love.
b) Pluralul substantivelor (The plural of nouns)
pluralul se formeaz de regul adugnd terminaia -s la forma de singular
sg
pl

car
cars

dollar
dollars

piece
pieces

apple
apples

plan
plans

majoritatea substantivelor care se termin n s, sh, o, ch, ss, x i z primesc sufixul -es la
plural.
sg
bus
wish
potato
latch
class
box
pl
buses
wishes
potatoes
latches
classes
boxes
substantivele care se termin ntr-o consoan urmat de y formeaz pluralul prin
nlocuirea lui y cu i i adugarea sufixului -es
sg
pl

worry
worries

story
stories

apology
apologies

spy
spies

mystery
mysteries

substantivele terminate n f, fe formeaz pluralul prin nlocuirea lui f, fe cu v i


adugarea sufixului es E.g.: shelf shelves; wife wives.
substantivele neregulate nu i formeaz pluralul dup nici una dintre regulile de mai sus.
sg
pl

man
men

goose
geese

mouse
mice

crisis
crises

ox
oxen

woman
women

child
children

foot
feet

tooth
teeth

die
dice

c) substantivele defective de pluarl (Mass Nouns)


substantivele defective de plural se refer la entiti care nu pot fi numrate. Prin urmare
de obicei acestea nu au form de plural. E.g.: wine, money, justice, time.
Obs: Atunci cnd ne referim la sortimentele de vin, folosim plural substantivului wines.
d) substantive colective (Collective Nouns)
Subsatantivele colective se refer la grupuri de fiine sau lucruri. Acestea pot fi de obicei
numrate i prin urmare au form de plural.
sg
pl

herd
herds

gang
gangs

staff
staffs

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

bunch
bunches

state
states
10

2.2. Articolul (The Article)


Definiie: Articolul reprezint un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea
nelesului unui substantiv ntr-o propoziie.
Tipuri de articole:
a) Articolul hotrt THE
b) Articolul nehotrt A/ AN
c) Articolul zero (form implicit sau neexprimat).
a) Utilizarea articolul hotrt THE
naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost menionat n textul respective. E.g.: A man
knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.
naintea substantivelor care sunt unice. E.g.: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the
air.
naintea numeralelor ordinale. E.g.: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the
seventeenth.
n realizarea superlativului. E.g.: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important,
the fastest, the tallest.
naintea substantivelor care reprezint nume de colectiviti i instituii. E.g.: the army,
the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament.
naintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc). E.g.:
the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the New York
Times, the Beatles.
naintea substantivelor care indic nume de locuri geografice, muni, fluvii, oceane, mri
etc. E.g.: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara.
b) Utilizarea articolului nehotrt A/ AN
distincia A/ AN
utilizm articolul nehotrt A naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoan.
E.g.: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom;
Excepie: folosim articolul nehotarat A naintea unui substantiv care ncepe cu
litera "u" sau grupul de litere "eu", doar atunci cand acestea se pronun ca "you"
E.g.: a European, a university, a unit.
utilizm articolul nehotrt AN naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocal (a,
e, i, o, u) E.g.: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action;
Excepie: folosim articolul nehotrt AN naintea unui substantiv care incepe cu
litera "h", doar atunci cnd este vorba despre un "h mut". E.g.: an hour, an
honour.
Cnd folosim articolul nehotrt A/ AN?
naintea unui substantiv concret nedeterminat i numrabil. E.g.: A boy entered
into the classroom.The reporter took an interview.
naintea unui substantiv concret cu funcia de nume predicativ. E.g.: She is a
teacher. Ronnie is an elephant.
c) Articolul zero
Nu folosim articol n urmtoarele situaii:
naintea substantivelor care indic nume proprii la singular. E.g.: Paul is going to the
office.

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naintea substantivelor care indic nume de ri, orae i limba acestora. E.g.: France is a
European country. You speak English fluently. Bucharest is the capital of Romania.
n unele expresii invariabile. E.g.: by car, at school, in church, by train.
naintea substantivelor abstracte, care indic nume de culori, tiine, arte, materii etc.
E.g.: beauty, health, dinner, lunch, breakfast, truth, green, gold, silver, mathematics,
physics

2.3. Numeralul (The Numeral)


NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
90
100
500
1000
10.000
100.000
1.000.000

CARDINAL
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twenty-one
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Ninety
One hundred
Five hundred
One thousand
Ten thousand
One hundred thousand
One million

ORDINAL
The first
The second
The third
The fourth
The fifth
The sixth
The seventh
The eighth
The ninth
The tenth
The eleventh
The twelfth
The thirteenth
The fourteenth
The fifteenth
The sixteenth
The seventeenth
The eighteenth
The nineteenth
The twentieth
The twenty-first
The thirtieth
The fortieth
The fiftieth
The ninetieth
The hundredth
The five hundredth
The thousandth
The ten thousandth
The hundred thousandth
The millionth

a) Numeralul cardinal Observaii


se folosete cratima ntre numeralul zecilor i cel al unitilor E.g.: 21 twenty-one; 99
ninety-nine;
menionarea conjunciei and este obligatorie naintea grupului zecilor i unitatea final
E.g.: 2,532 two thousand five hundred and thirty-two;
cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel: 2.4832 two point four eight three two.
b) Numeralul ordinal Observaii
mod de formare: prin adugarea terminaiei - th la numeralul cardinal corespunztor
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12

one first (1st);


two second (2nd);
three third (3rd);
nine la care se suprim -e de la final ninth (9th);
five i twelve la care se suprima -e final i v se transform n f - fifth (5th) i
twelfth (12th);
la ordinul zecilor -y final se transforma in ie forty fortieth (40th);
c) Alte numerale
DATA (se folosete ntotdeauna forma 21 iulie
unui numeral ordinal pentru a indica
data)
1966
ANII
1989
2002
12:50 (unu fr zece
ORA
minute)
6:30 (ase i jumtate)
12:15 (dousprezece i un
sfert)
13:45 (dou fr un sfert)
1/2
FRACII
3/4
7/8
1.2
25%
PROCENTE
100 %
o dat
NUMERALE ADVERBIALE
de dou ori
de trei ori
o dat
NUMERALE MULTIPLICATIVE
dublu
triplu
unul cte unu
NUMERALE DISTRIBUTIVE
doi cte doi
cte unul pe rnd
n fiecare zi
la cte dou zile
2 elemente
NUMERALE COLECTIVE
Jumtate de duzin
O duzin
12 duzini
20 de elemente

21st July (the twenty-first of


July)
Nineteen sixty-six;
Nineteen eighty-nine;
Two thousand and two;
Ten to one
Half past six
Twelve and a quarter
A quarter to two
one half
three quarters
seven eights
one point two
twenty-five per cent
one hundred per cent
once
twice
thrice (three times)
single
double
threefold
one by one
two by two
one at a time
every other day
every two days
a couple (2 elements)
half a dozen (6 elements)
a dozen (12 elements)
a gross (12 dozens)
a score (20 elements)

2.4. Adjectivul (The Adjective)


Definiie: Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care arat nsuirile substantivelor prin descriere
(copac nalt) sau limitare (cinele meu).
Adjectivul calificativ se aeaz ntotdeauna dup articol, naintea substantivului pe care
l determin E.g.: a tall tree;
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adjectivul are aceeai form indiferent de genul, cazul i numrul substantivului pe care
l determin E.g.: (a) good boy/ girl/ book/ books;
adjectivele care determin naionalitatea se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscul E.g.: a
Romanian citizen.
Gradele de comparatiie
Pozitiv

Comparativ
Superlativ
superioritate egalitate
inferioritate relativ
absolut

long

longer than

as long as

not so long as

easier than
narrower than

as easy as
as narrow as

clever

cleverer than

as clever as

not so easy as
not so narrow
as
not so clever as

noble

nobler than

as noble as

not so noble as

Comparaia easy
narrow
sintetic

Comparaia interesting more interesting as interesting less interesting


than
as
than
analitic

the longest
of
the easiest of
the narrowest
of
the cleverest
of
the noblest
of
the
most
interesting of

very long
very easy
very narrow
very clever
very noble
very
interesting

Reguli:
n funcie de numrul de silabe din care sunt formate adjectivele, acestea se pot compara
n 2 feluri:
1. COMPARAIE SINTETIC
comparativul de superioritate i superlativul relativ se formeaz adugnd la adjectivul
aflat la gradul pozitiv sufixele -er, respective -est. E.g.: short, shorter, the shortest.
comparativul de egalitate se formeaz din adjectivul aflat la gradul pozitiv, precedat i
urmat de conjuncia as E.g.: as short as.
comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz din adjectivul flat la gradul pozitiv, precedat
de not so/ as i urmat de as. E.g.: not as short as.
superlativul absolut se formeaz din adjectivul la gradul pozitiv, precedat de adverbele
very (foarte), terribly (teribil de), extremely (extreme de), etc. E.g.: very short.
2. COMPARAIA ANALITIC
comparativul de superioritate i superlativul relativ se formeaz din adjectivul aflat la
gradul pozitiv precedat de adverbele more i the most. E.g.: beautiful, more beautiful,
the most beautiful.
comparativul de egalitate i superlativul absolut se formeaz urmnd regulile
aplicabile la comparaia sintetic. E.g.: as beautiful as.
comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz din adjectivul aflat la gradul pozitiv precedat
de adverbul less. E.g.: less beautiful than.
Comparaia neregulat a adjectivelor
POZITIV

COMPARATIV

SUPERLATIV

Good
Bad
Much
Little
Old

Better
Worse
More
Less
Older
elder
further
later

The best
The worst
The most
The least
The oldest
The eldest
The furthest
The latest

Far
Late

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near

nearer

The nearest

2.5. Pronumele (The pronouns)


Definiie: Pronumele este partea de vorbire care ine locul unui substantiv sau nlocuiete un
substantiv necunoscut.
2.5.1. Pronumele personal
Definiie: se refer la persoana care vorbete (persoana I), persoana cu care se vorbete
(persoana a II-a) sau persoana despre care se vorbete (persoana a III-a).
a) Pronumelui personal cu funcie de subiect:
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

Eu
tu, dumneata, dumneavoastr
El
Ea
el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte/ lucruri/ animale
Noi
voi, dumneavoastr
ei, ele, dumnealor

E.g.: I am a big girl. Do you like football?


b) Forma pronumelui personal cu funcie de complement:
PRONUME
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

COMPLEMENT INDIRECT
mie, mi, mi
ie, ii, i, dumitale, dumneavoastr
lui, i, iei, i, i lui, ei, inoua, ne, ni
vou, v, vi, dumneavoastr
lor, le, li

FUNCIE
COMPLEMENT DIRECT
pe mine, m, mpe tine, te, pe dumneata pe dumneavoastr
pe el, l
pe ea, o
pe el, l, pe ea, o
pe noi, ne
pe voi, v, pe dumneavoastr
pe ei, i, i

E.g.: You gave me a nice gift.


2.5.2. Pronumele reflexive i de ntrire
Definiie: Pronumele reflexive indic faptul c subiectul ntreprinde aciuni care se rsfrng
direct asupra propriei persoane. Acestea au forme diferite n funcie de gen i numr.
Definiie: Pronumele de ntrire nsoesc un substantiv cu scopul de a-l accentua. Cu toate
acestea, pronumele de ntrire nu arat rsfrngerea aciunii asupra celui care a ntreprins-o.
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

m, nsumi, nsmi
- te, nsui, nsi
se, nsui
se, nsei
se, nsui, nsi (neutru)
ne, nine, nsene
v, niv, nsev
se, nii, nsele

E.g.: You found yourself very useful. We did ourselves all the exercises. (pronume reflexive)
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The Prime Minister himself opposed the bill. (pronume de ntrire)


2.5.3. Pronumele relative
Definiie: Pronumele relative sunt acele pronume care introduc subordonata relativ. Aceste
pronume au forme diferite, care depind de rolul pe care l joac n fraz i de cazul n care se
afl.
PENTRU PERSOANE
The student who is writing on the blackboard is
my friend.
WHOSE - al (a, ai, ale) crui/ creia/ crora The boy whose book is open is Tom.
(genitiv)
(TO) WHOM crui, creia, crora (dativ The man whom you can see there is Dan.
+ acuzativ)
THAT (form restrictiv)
The student that is writing on the blackboard is
Tim.
PENTRU ANIMALE I LUCRURI
The pen whose colour is blue is mine.
WHOSE
The exercise which is on page 14 is difficult.
WHICH
The room that you can see in this picture is big.
THAT
WHO care (nominativ)

What we are learning here is very interesting.

WHAT

2.6. Alte tipuri de pronume i adjective


2.6.1. Pronumele i adjectivele demonstrative
Definiie: Pronumele demonstrative pot fi utilizate pe cont propriu ca substitute pentru anumite
substantive. Aceste pronume se folosesc n vorbirea oral atunci cnd emitorul indic verbal
sau fizic spre ceva anume. n vorbirea scris aceste pronume trebuie folosite doar atunci cnd
obiectul pe care l substituie poate fi identificat exact. Pronumele demonstrative nu pot nlocui o
idee, ci doar un substantiv anume. Dac le alturm un substantiv atunci devin adjective
demonstrative.
acesta, aceasta, asta, asta
acela, aceea, la, aia
acestea, acetia, tia, astea
acelea, aceia, ia, alea

PRON. DEMONSTRATIV
this
that
these
those

ADJ. DEMONSTRATIV
This book
That book
These books
Those books

E.g.: This is my brother. Those are his parents.


That pen is mine.
2.6.2. Pronumele i adjectivele posesive
Definiie: Aidoma substantivelor, pronumele personale pot fi posesive. Adjectivele posesive
sunt forme posesive ale pronumelor persoanale care au obligatoriu un substantiv ce le precede.
ADEJECTIV
My book
Your book
His book

POSESIV
mea
ta
lui

mine
yours
his

Her book

ei

hers

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PRONUME POSESIV
al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale
al su (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai si (ai lui), ale
sale (ale lui)
al su (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai si (ai ei), ale
sale (ale ei)

16

Its book
Our book
Your book
Their book

lui/ei (neutru)
noastr
voastr
lor

its
ours
yours
theirs

al su, a sa, ai si, ale sale (neutru)


al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre
al vostru, a voastr, ai votri, ale voastre
al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

E.g.: His car is old, but hers is older. I lost my pencil, can you lend me yours?
2.6.3. Pronumele i adjectivele nehotrte
Definiie: Pronumele nehotrte nu au un substantiv anume pe care s-l nlocuiasc. Chiar i
atunci cnd se refer la cineva/ ceva identificabil, referirea se face n general prin formele: toi,
unii, nici unii, cineva. Pronumele nehotrte pot fi clasificate drept pronume doar atunci cnd
sunt folosite pe cont propriu. Dac le alturm un substantiv atunci devin adejective nehotrte.
Propoziii afirmative (+)
Propoziii interogative (?)
Some = ceva, nite, civa, Any = ceva, nite, civa,
cteva, unii, unele
cteva, unii, unele
Any = orice, oricare
Some = ceva, nite, civa,
cteva

Propoziii negative (-)


No = niciun, nicio, nici un fel
de, deloc
Any = niciun, nicio, nici un fel
de

Observaii:
n propoziiile interogative, cnd cerem sau oferim ceva i dorim ca rspunsul s fie
afirmativ se utilizeaz some. E.g.: May I help you with some tea?
Any este utilizat n propoziiile negative cnd verbul este la forma sa negativ.
E.g.: There isnt any tea in the cup.
No i compuii si se folosesc n propoziiile afirmative cnd verbul este la forma
afirmativ. E.g.: There is no tea in the cup.
Compuii lui some, any, no i every
BODY
somebody
cineva (+,?)
ANY
anybody
cineva (?)
nimeni (-)
oricine (+)
NO
nobody
nimeni (-)
EVERY everybody
fiecare, toi, toat lumea
SOME

ONE
someone
cineva (+,?)
anyone
cineva (?)
nimeni (-)
oricine (+)
no one
nimeni (-)
everyone
fiecare, toi, toat lumea

THING
something
ceva (+,?)
anything
ceva (?)
nimic (-)
orice (+)
nothing
nimic (-)
everything
totul

WHERE
somewhere
undeva (+,?)
anywhere
undeva (?)
nicieri (-)
oriunde (+)
nowhere
nicieri (-)
everywhere
pretutindeni

E.g.: There is some tea in the cup. Some say he is very god.
Is there any tea in the cup? Are any of those students yours friends?
2.6.4. Pronumele i adjectivele interogative
Definiie: Pronumele interogative se folosesc pentru a pune ntrebri. Acestea pot fi clasificate
drept pronume doar atunci cnd sunt folosite pe cont propriu. Dac le alturm un substantiv
atunci devin adejective interogative.
PENTRU PERSOANE
WHO? care (nominativ)
Who is writing on the blackboard?
WHOSE? - al (a, ai, ale) crui/ creia/ crora Whose is that pencil? (pronume)
(genitiv)
Whose pencil is it? (adjectiv)
(TO) WHOM? crui, creia, crora (dativ) To whom must you give the book?
WHOM? (acuzativ)
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WHICH? (implic selecia)


WHAT?

WHAT?
WHICH?

Which of those students is your friend? (pronume)


Which girl is your friend? (adjectiv)
What is he? (pronume)
What actor is your favourite? (adjectiv)
PENTRU ANIMALE I LUCRURI
What is this? (pronume)
What book is that? (adjectiv)
Which of these books is yours? (pronume)
Which exercise must we solve? (adjectiv)

2.7. Verbul (The Verb)


Definiie: Verbul este partea de vorbire, un cuvnt sau un grup de cuvinte, care exprim o
aciune, o stare de fapt, o relaie ntre dou lucruri. De obiecei acesta urmeaz un substantiv.
a) Verbele tranzitive (Transitive verbs) sunt cele care admit un complement. Acestea
ndeplinesc aciunea subiectului pe care o rsfrng asupra complementului. E.g.: He
bought a shirt.
b) Verbele intranzitive (Intransitive verbs) sunt cele care nu admit complement
deoarece aciunea nu se rsfrnge asupra altcuiva E.g.: Tom dances.
Observaie: Unele verbe funcioneaz att ca verbe tranzitive, ct i ca verbe intranzitive.
E.g.: She dances. (intransitive)
She dances the rhumba. (transitive)
c) Verbele copulative (Linking Verbs) sunt verbele care formeaz predicatul (predicat
nominal) mpreun cu un nume predicativ. Cel mai comun verb copulativ este verbul a
fi (TO BE). Alte verbe copulative: to appear, to feel, to remain, to sound, to become,
to grow, to seem, to stay, to continue, to look, to smell, to taste.
d) Verbele auxiliare ajut la alctuirea unor timpuri verbale, moduri (indicativ,
imperativ, conjunctiv) sau diateze (activ, pasiv). Tot din aceast categorie fac parte i
verbele modale (must, might, may, shall, should, can, could, will, and would)
E.g.: to be, to have, to do
2.7.1. Timpurile verbale
TIMPURILE PREZENTE (Present tenses)
PREZENTUL SIMPLU (The
present simple tense) prezint
o aciune care se petrece n
momentul vorbirii. VB. de
conjugat (infinitiv scurt) +
terminaia s la persoana a IIIa
PREZENTUL
CONTINUU
(The present continuous tense)
prezinto aciune care e n
derulare n momentul vorbirii.
- TO BE (prezent) + VB. de
conjugat (infinitiv scurt) +
terminaia -ing
PREZENTUL PERFECT (The
present perfect simple tense)

Eu dansez
Tu dansezi
El/ Ea danseaz
Noi dansm
Voi dansai
Ei/ Ele danseaz

I dance
You dance
He/ She/ It dances
We dance
You dance
They dance

Eu dansez
Tu dansezi
El/ Ea danseaz
Noi dansm
Voi dansai
Ei/ Ele danseaz

I am dancing
You are dancing
He/ She/ It is dancing
We are dancing
You are dancing
They are dancing

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I have danced
You have danced

18

prezint o aciune care ncepe n


trecut i continu i n momentul
vorbirii. TO HAVE (present)
+ VB. de conjugat (participiu
trecut)
PREZENTUL PERFECT
CONTINUU (The present
perfect continuous tense)
prezint o aciune care ncepe n
trecut, continu n prezent i e
posibil s continue i n viitor.
TO BE (present perfect) + VB
de conjugat (infinitiv scurt) +
terminaia -ing

He/ She/ It has danced


We have danced
You have danced
They have danced
I have been dancing
You have been dancing
He/ She/ It has been dancing
We have been dancing
You have been dancing
They have been dancing

TIMPURILE TRECUTE (Past tenses)


TIMPUL TRECUT (The past
simple tense) prezint aciuni
sau situaii care s-au ncheiat n
trecut VB. de conjugat
(infinitiv scurt) + terminaia ed
TRECUTUL
CONTINUU
(The past continuous tense)
prezint aciuni care s-au
desfurat pe o anumit perioad
de timp n trecut. TO BE (past
simple) + VB. de conjugat
(infinitiv scurt) + terminaia ing
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL SIMPLU (The
past perfect simple tense)
prezint o aciune care s-a
ncheiat naintea altei aciuni n
trecut TO HAVE (past
simple) + VB. de conjugat (past
simple)
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL
CONTINUU
(The past perfect continuous
tense) prezint o aciune
continu din trecut care s-a
ncheiat tot n trecut TO BE
(past perfect simple tense) + VB.
de conjugat (infinitiv scurt) +
terminaia -ing

Eu dansam
Tu dansai
El/ Ea dansa
Noi dansam
Voi dansai
Ei/ Ele dansau
Eu am dansat
Tu ai dansat
El/ Ea a dansat
Noi am dansat
Voi ai dansat
Ei/ Ele au dansat

I danced
You danced
He/ She/ It danced
We danced
You danced
They danced
I was dancing
You were dancing
He/ She/ It was dancing
We were dancing
You were dancing
They were dancing

I had danced
You had danced
He/ She/ It had danced
We had danced
You had danced
They had danced

I had been dancing


You had been dancing
He/ She/ It had been dancing
We had been dancing
You had been dancing
They had been dancing

TIMPURILE VIITOARE (Future tenses)


VIITORUL SIMPLU (The
future simple tense) prezint
aciuni care vor avea loc n viitor
WILL (infinitiv scurt) + VB.

Eu voi dansa
Tu vei dansa
El/ Ea dansa
Noi vom dansa

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I will dance
You will dance
He/ She/ It will dance
We will dance

19

de conjugat (infinitiv scurt)


VIITORUL CONTINUU (The
future continuous tense)
prezint aciuni care se vor
desfura pe o anumit perioad
n viitor TO BE (future
simple tense) + VB. de
conjugat (infinitv scurt) +
terminaia -ing
VIITORUL ANTERIOR (The
future pefect simple tense)
prezint aciuni care se vor
termina pn nainte de un
moment specific din viitor
WILL (infinitiv scurt) + VB. de
conjugat
(present
pefect
simple)
VIITORUL PERFECT
CONTINUU (The future pefect
continuous tense) prezint o
aciune care este n desfurare i
dureaz pn la un anumit
moment din viitor - WILL
(infinitiv scurt) + VB. de
conjugat (present pefect
continuous)

Voi vei dansa


Ei/ Ele vor dansa

You will dance


They will dance
I will be dancing
You will be dancing
He/ She/ It will be dancing
We will be dancing
You will be dancing
They will be dancing

Eu voi fi dansat
Tu vei fi dansat
El/ Ea va fi dansat
Noi vom fi dansat
Voi vei fi dansat
Ei/ Ele vor fi dansat

I will have danced


You will have danced
He/ She/ It will have danced
We will have danced
You will have danced
They will have danced

I will have been dancing


You will have been dancing
He/ She/ It will have been
dancing
We will have been dancing
You will have been dancing
They will have been dancing

2.7.2. Lista verbelor neregulate


LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
BASE FORM
arise
awake
be
bear
beat
become
befall
begin
behold
bend
bet
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring

SIMPLE PAST
arose
awoke/ awakened
was/were
bore
beat
became
befell
began
beheld
bent
bet/betted
bid
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

PAST PARTICIPLE
arisen
awoken
been
born/ borne
beaten/ beat
become
befallen
begun
beheld
bent
bet/betted
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought

20

broadcast
browbeat
build
burn
burst
bust
buy
cast
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
dive
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
forego
foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear

broadcast
browbeat
built
burnt/burned
burst
busted/bust
bought
cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dove
did
drew
dreamt/dreamed
drank
drove
dwelt/dwelled
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forecast
forewent
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
had
heard

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

broadcast
browbeat
built
burnt/burned
burst
busted/bust
bought
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dived
done
drawn
dreamt/dreamed
drunk
driven
dwelt/dwelled
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foregone
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
gotten/got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
had
heard

21

hide
hit
hold
hurt
input
inset
interbreed
interweave
keep
kneel
knit
know
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
mishear
mislay
mislead
misread
misspell
mistake
mow
outbid
outdo
outgrow
outrun
outsell
overcast
overcome
overdo
overdraw
overeat
overhang
overhear
overlay
overlie
overpay
override
overrun
oversee

hid
hit
held
hurt
input
inset
interbred
interwove
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
knew
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt/leaped
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
misheard
mislaid
misled
misread
misspelled/misspelt
mistook
mowed
outbid
outdid
outgrew
outran
outsold
overcast
overcame
overdid
overdrew
overate
overhung
overheard
overlaid
overlay
overpaid
overrode
overran
oversaw

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

hidden
hit
held
hurt
input
inset
interbred
interwoven
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt/leaped
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
misheard
mislaid
misled
misread
misspelled/misspelt
mistaken
mowed/mown
outbid
outdone
outgrown
outran
outsold
overcast
overcome
overdone
overdrawn
overeaten
overhung
overheard
overlaid
overlain
overpaid
overridden
overrun
overseen

22

oversell
overshoot
oversleep
overtake
overthrow
partake
pay
plead
proofread
prove
put
quit
read
rebind
rebuild
recast
redo
remake
repay
rerun
resell
reset
rethink
rewind
rewrite
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shear
shed
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
slay
sleep
slide
sling

oversold
overshot
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
paid
pled/pleaded
proofread
proved
put
quit/ quitted
read
rebound
rebuilt
recast
redid
remade
repaid
reran
resold
reset
rethought
rewound
rewrote
rid
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared
shed
shined/shone
shoot
showed
shrank/shrunk
shut
sang
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

oversold
overshot
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
paid
pled/pleaded
proofread
proven/ proved
put
quit/ quitted
read
rebound
rebuilt
recast
redone
remade
repaid
rerun
resold
reset
rethought
rewound
rewritten
rid
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewed
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shined/shone
shoot
shown/showed
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung

23

slit
smell
speak
speed
spell
spend
spin
spit
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
stride
strive
strike
string
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
unbind
underlie
understand
undertake
underwrite
undo
unwind
uphold
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
wet
win

slit
smelled/smelt
spoke
sped/speeded
spelled/spelt
spent
spun
spit/spat
split
spoiled/spoilt
spread
sprang/sprung
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
strewed
strode
strove
struck
strung
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbound
underlay
understood
undertook
underwrote
undid
unwound
upheld
upset
woke/waked
wore
wove
wed/wedded
wept
wet/wetted
won

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

slit
smelled/smelt
spoken
sped/speeded
spelled/spelt
spent
spun
spit/spat
split
spoiled/spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn/strewed
stridden
striven
struck/stricken
strung
sworn
swept
swollen/swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/ trod
unbound
underlain
understood
undertaken
underwritten
undone
unwound
upheld
upset
woken/waked
worn
woven
wed/wedded
wept
wet/wetted
won

24

wind
withdraw
wring
write

wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote

wound
withdrawn
wrung
written

UNIT 3: NOIUNI DE VOCABULAR


(VOCABULARY NOTIONS)
IN A HOTEL
HOLUL
u intrare
broasc, clan, cheie
toc u/ fereastr
aplic hol
CAMERA
tavan
ntreruptor/ priz
dulap, sertare
umerae
perie haine
perie pantofi
perdele
draperii
jaluzele
noptier
veioz
masu toalet
taburet
tablou
mochet
pliante publicitare
co gunoi hrtii
vaz flori
scrumier
calorifer (radiator)
telefon
PATUL
saltea(ele)
saltea protecie
pern
fa de pern
cearafuri
paturi
BAIA
cabin du/ du
oglind
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

LOBBY
entrance
lock, door handle, key
door frame/ window frame
bracket
THE ROOM
ceiling
switch
cupboard (wardrobe), drawers
clothes hooks/ hangers
cloth brush
shoe brush
curtains
hangings
venetian blinds
bed side table
bed side lamp
dressing table
stool
picture, painting
carpet
brochures, leaflets, booklets
wastepaper basket
(flower) vase
ashtray
central heating (radiator)
telephone
THE BED
mattress(es)
under blanket/ mattress cover
pillow
pillow case
sheets
blankets
THE BATHROOM
shower cabin/ shower
mirror
25

prosoape
towels
suport prosoape
towel holder
cad
bathtub
chiuvet
wash-hand basin
col gunoi
wastepaper basket with disposal beg
perie WC i suport
toilet brush and holder
savonier
soap box
spun
soap
etajer
shelf
pahar
drinking glass
gresie/ faian
tile
hrtie igienic/ suport hrtie
toilet paper/ toilet paper holder
dezodorizant WC
toilet deodorizer
ECHIPAMENTE SANITARE - SANITATION EQUIPMENT
aspirator
vacuum cleaner
crucior cu saci de plastic de unic folosin
maids cart with disposal begs
cru trus de scule pentru ntreinere
maintenance cart
cru transportor echipamente electrice
equipment carrier
cru pentru transportul gunoiului
mobile waste cart
glei, mopuri, mturi, perii
buckets, mops, brooms, brushes
perii de podea, burei, perii curat vas WC
dustpans, sponges, toilet bowl brushes
dispozitive pentru mturat covoare
carpet sweepers
dispozitiv de aplicat cear
floor wax applicators
MENTENAN - MAINTENANCE
necesar de achiziii (tipizat)
request for purchase form
senzor de podea
floor controller
cheltuieli de ntreinere
expenses of upkeep
boiler, nclzior de ap
water heater
bec
light bulb
dispozitive
appliances
detector de fum
smoke detector
extingtor
fire extinguisher
sistem de alarm contra incendiilor
fire alarm system
main de splat
washing machine
main de splat vase
dishwasher
scurgere
water leakage
cabluri
plugs
sistem
wires/ cables
sistem de nclzire
heating system
evi
pipes
IN A RESTAURANT
TIPURILE DE RESTAURANTE
TYPES OF RESTAURANTS
Restaurant de lux
Deluxe restaurant
Restaurant gastronomic
Gourmet restaurant
Restaurant de hotel
Hotel restaurant
Restaurant pensiune
Boarding house, pension
Restaurant cu specific
Specialty restaurant
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

26

Restaurant cu servire rapid


Restaurant cu specific local
Bodeg
Cram, vinrie
Han
FUNCIILE DINTR-UN RESTAURANT
Director/ Manager de restaurant
Asistent de director de restaurant
ef de sala
ef de rang
Somelier
Commis debarasor
Chelner/ chelneri (osptar)
NCPERI I MOBILIER
hol de intrare, u
garderob
toalet
salonul de restaurant (sala de mese)
salon, sal de recepie
salon de mic dejun
salon de banchete
teras
grdin
buctrie
oficiu
depozit de mrfuri
vestiar pentru personal
cuier
mas/ mese (ptrat, oval, rotund,
dreptungiular)
scaun/e (pentru copil)
taburet
canapea
banchet (de lemn)
fotoliu
umbrel
fereastr
pardoseal
perete
separeu
mas de serviciu (consol)
gheridon
crucior de prezentare i servire
nclzitor de vesel
mas cald
plac ofant
spirtier
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

Fast-food restaurant
Traditional restaurant
Pub
Wine cellar, winery
Inn
RESTAURANT POSITIONS
Restaurant Director/ Manager
Assistant manager
Matre Dhtel
Station waiter, Chef de rang
Wine waiter, Wine butler
Clearing assistant waiter
Waiter/ Waitress
ROOMS AND FURNITURE
entrance hall, door
cloak room, dressing room
toilet, lavatory room
dining-room
lounge, function room
breakfast room
banquet room
terrace
garden
kitchen
pantry
storage room
locker room (for the staff)
Hallstand, coat-and-hat stand
(square, oval, round, rectangular) table/s
chair/s (child seat)
stool
sofa, coach
(wooden) bench
armchair
umbrella, sunshade
window
floor/ pavement
wall
booth-snug
service-table, sideboard
guerdon
(serving) trolley
plate warmer, dish-warmer
hotplate
chafing-dish, electric heater, hotplate
spirit heater
27

ACTIVITI N RESTAURANT
a aerisi/ aerisire
scobitoare
olivier
solni
serveel de mas
tacm (pentru o persoan/ dou)
a alinia i fixa mesele
a aranja scaunele
a aranja/ a pune (obiectele) pe mas
a aspira (praful)
a aeza/ a lua faa de mas
fa de mas
a schimba/ a nlocui feele de mas
a mpturii/ a plia erveelele
a cura pardoseala
a lustrui parchetul
a cura tacmurile
a spla vesela
a debarasa masa
a efectua mise-en-place-ul
PREPARATE I BUTURI
gustri
gustri reci/ calde
gustri servite n bar
supe (creme, consomeuri, ciorbe)
preparate de pete
antreuri
antreuri reci/ calde
preparate din ou
preparate din legume
paste finoase
preparate de baz
praparate din carne
preparate din carne de porc
preparate din carne de vit
preparate din carne de pasre
preparate de vnat
preaparate la grtar
specialitatea casei/ buctarului ef
specialitatea zilei
preparate la comanda consumatorului
preparate pregtite la masa consumatorului
specialiti romneti
garnituri
legume
salate
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

ACTIVITIES IN THE RESTAURANT


to air/ airing
toothpick
cruet-stand
salt-cellar
napkin
cover (for one/ two)
to arrange and fix the tables
to arrange the chairs/ seats
to lay/ to set the table
to dust
to lay / to remove the table cloth
table cloth
to change/ to replace the table cloths
to fold the napkins
to clean the floor/ the pavement
to polish the French floor/ parquet
to clean the cutlery and flatware
to do the washing-up
to clear up
to do the mise-en-place
DISHES AND BEVERAGES
starters (hors doevres)
cold/ hot hors doevres
appetizers/ small eats/ cocktail snacks
soups (cream soup, consomms, sour soup)
fish dishes
entrees
cold/ hot entrees
egg dishes
vegetable dishes
pasta/ farinaceous dishes
main dishes
meat
pork (dishes)
beef (dishes)
poultry (dishes)
game (dishes)
grill/ from the grill
the house/ the chefs specialty
the days specialty/ dish
guests choice
dishes cooked in front of the guests
Romanian specialties/ cuisine
garnishes
vegetables
salads
28

brnzeturi
desert
dulciuri, prjituri, produse de patiserie
ngheate
Fructe
buturi
aperitive/ vinuri/ bere
buturi digestive
buturi alcoolice
buturi rcoritoare
ceai, cafea

cheese
desserts
sweets, cakes, pastry sweets
ice-creams
fruits
drinks, beverages
aperitifs/ wines/ beer
digestives
alcoholic/ strong drinks
soft drinks/ refreshing drinks
tea, coffee

UNIT 4: REDACTAREA SCRISORILOR FORMALE N LIMBA


ENGLEZ (WRITING FORMAL LETTERS IN ENGLISH)
In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal
or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to
make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions.

4.1. Reguli de baz


ADDRESSES:
1) Your Address - The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of
the letter.
2) The Address of the person you are writing to - The inside address should be written
on the left, starting below your address.
DATE:
Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the
right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word.
SALUTATION OR GREETING:
1) Dear Sir or Madam, - If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to,
use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name.
2) Dear Mr Jenkins, - If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms Etc.)
and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or
Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women.
ENDING A LETTER:
1) Yours faithfully - If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
2) Yours sincerely - If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
3) Your signature Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think
the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male or a female, put you
title in brackets after your name.

4.2. Coninutul unei scrisori formale


FIRST PARAGRAPH
The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter to make an
enquiry, complain, request something, etc.
Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti
Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

29

The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant
information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep
the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner
rather than expanding too much.
LAST PARAGRAPH
The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to
take to refund, send you information, etc.
Abbreviations Used in Letter Writing
The following abbreviations are widely used in letters:
asap = as soon as possible;
cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than one person, you use this
abbreviation to let them know);
enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your letter);
pp = per procurationem (a Latin phrase meaning that you are signing the letter on
somebody else's behalf; if they are not there to sign it themselves, etc.);
PS = postscript (when you want to add something after you've finished and signed it);
pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other person knows the letter
continues on the other side of the page);
RSVP = please reply.
Useful phrases and vocabulary for writing business letters.

SALUTATION

STARTING

Dear Mr Brown
Dear Ms White
Dear Sir
Dear Madam
Dear Sir or Madam
Gentlemen
We are writing
to inform you that ...
to confirm ...
to request...
to enquire about ...
I am contacting you for the following reason
I recently read/heard about.... and would like to know ...
Having seen your advertisement in ..., I would like to ...
After having seen your advertisement in , I would like
I would be interested in (obtaining / receiving) ...
I received your address from ... and would like to ...
After having received your address from , I
I am writing to tell you about ...
I am writing to enquire about .
We/I recently wrote to you about .
With reference to your letter of 8 June, I .
Thank you for your letter of March 15.
Thank you for your letter regarding .

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

30

REFERRING TO
PREVIOUS CONTACT

MAKING A REQUEST

OFFERING HELP

GIVING GOOD NEWS

GIVING BAD NEWS

COMPLAINING

Thank you for contacting us


In reply to your request, ...
In reply to your letter of 8 May
Thank you for your letter regarding ...
Thank you for your letter about .
With reference to our telephone conversation yesterday...
Further to our meeting last week ...
It was a pleasure meeting you in London last month.
I enjoyed having lunch with you last week in Tokyo.
I would just like to confirm the main points we discussed
on Tuesday.
We would appreciate it if you would ...
I would be grateful if you could ...
Could you please send me ...
Could you possibly tell us / let us have ...
In addition, I would like to receive ...
It would be helpful if you could send us ...
I am interested in (obtaining / receiving)
I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter.
Please let me know what action you propose to take.
Would you like us to...?
We would be happy to ...
We are quite willing to ...
Our company would be pleased to ...
We are pleased to announce that ...
I am delighted in inform you that
You will be pleased to learn that ...
We regret to inform you that ...
I'm afraid it would not be possible to ...
Unfortunately we cannot / we are unable to ...
After careful consideration we have decided (not) to ...
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with ...
I am writing to complain about ...
Please note that the goods we ordered on (date)
have not yet arrived.
We regret to inform you that our order n ----- is now
considerably overdue.
I would like to query the transport charges which seem
unusually high.
If you require any further information, feel free to contact
me.
I look forward to your reply.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I look forward to seeing you.
Please advise as necessary

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

31

CLOSING LINES

We look forward to a successful working relationship in the


future.
Should you need any further information, please do not
hesitate to contact me.
Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.
We hope that we may continue to rely on your valued
custom.
I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter.

4.3. Covering Letter, Letter of Enquiry


A COVERING LETTER
A covering letter is the one that accompanies your CV when you are applying for a job.
Here is a fairly conventional plan for the layout of the paragraphs.
Briefly identify yourself and the position you are applying
OPENING PARAGRAPH
for. Add how you found out about the vacancy.
Give the reasons why you are interested in working for the
PARAGRAPH 2
company and why you wish to be considered for that
particular post. State your relevant qualifications and
experience, as well as your personal qualities that make you
a suitable candidate.
Inform them that you have enclosed your current CV and
PARAGRAPH 3
add any further information that you think could help your
case.
Give your availability for interview, thank them for their
CLOSING PARAGRAPH
consideration, restate your interest and close the letter.
A LETTER OF ENQUIRY
A letter of enquiry is when you are approaching a company speculatively, that is you are
making an approach without their having advertised or announced a vacancy.
Introduce yourself briefly and give your reason for writing.
OPENING PARAGRAPH
Let them know of the kind of position you are seeking, why
you are interested and how you heard about them.
Show why their company in particular interests you,
PARAGRAPH 2
mention your qualifications and experience along with any
further details that might make them interested in seeing you
Refer to your enclosed CV and draw their attention to any
PARAGRAPH 3
particularly important points you would like them to focus
on in it.
Thank them, explain your availability for interview and
CLOSING PARAGRAPH
restate your enthusiasm for their company and desire to be
considered for posts that might as yet be unavailable.

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

32

BIBLIOGRAFIE
ASHLEY, A, A Handbook of Commercial Corespondece, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1992.
CROCUS, Angela, Touism and Hospitality Industry World-Wide, Editura Sylvi, Bucureti,
1997.
JONES, Leo, Welcome! English for Travel and Tourism Industry, Cambridge University Press,
1998.
RUSU, Liliana, SIMA, Elisabeta, English for the Students of the Faculty of Management
Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Editura Sylvi, Bucureti, 2006.
TURCU, Flavia, NSTSESCU, Violeta, Engleza de afaceri. Curs intensiv, Editura Uranus,
Bucureti.

Str.Turturelelor, nr.11A, bloc C, et. 5, Sector 3, Bucureti


Tel: 021-312.20.91; Fax: 021-312.20.92
www.cedes-cd.ro

33

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