Ch t 4

Chapter

Amplitude
p tude Modulation
odu at o

Baseband vs Passband Transmission

Baseband
B b d signals:
i l
Voice (0-4kHz)
V ((0-6 MHz))
TV

A signal may be sent in

its baseband format
when a dedicated wired
channel is available.
Otherwise,
Oth i it mustt bbe
converted to passband.

Modulation: What and Why?

The process of shifting the baseband signal to
passband range is called Modulation.
The process of shifting the passband signal to
baseband frequency range is called
Demodulation.
Reasons for modulation:
Simultaneous transmission of several signals
Practical Design of Antennas
Exchange of power and bandwidth

Types of (Carrier) Modulation

In modulation
modulation, one characteristic of a signal
(generally a sinusoidal wave) known as the
g based on the information
carrier is changed
signal that we wish to transmit (modulating
signal).
That could be the amplitude, phase, or frequency,
which result in Amplitude modulation (AM),
Phase modulation (PM),
(PM) or Frequency
modulation (FM). The last two are combined as
Angle Modulation

Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband with carrier (we will call it AM):
This is the most widely used type of AM modulation.
In fact, all radio channels in the AM band use this type
of modulation
modulation.
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC):
This is the same as the AM modulation above but
without the carrier
carrier.
Single Sideband (SSB): In this modulation, only half
of the signal of the DSBSC is used.
Vestigial Sideband (VSB): This is a modification of
the SSB to ease the generation and reception of the
signal.

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

Assume that we have a message signal m(t) with
bandwidth 2 B rad/s (or B Hz). m(t) M().
Let
L t c(t)
( ) be
b a carrier
i signal,
i l c(t)
( ) = cos((ct),
) c >> 2B
gDSBSC (t) = m(t)cos(ct)
(1/2) [M( c) + M( + c)].

Time and Frequency

y Representation of DSBSC
Modulation Process

DSBSC Demodulation
e(t)
()
gDSBSC(t)

HLPF( )
BW = 2 B

f(t)

e (t)=gDSBSC(t)cos(ct)
DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)
= m(t)cos2(ct)
= (1/2) m(t) [1 + cos(2ct)]
= (1/2) m(t) + (1/2) m(t) cos(2 ct)
c(t)

E() (1/2) M() + (1/4) [M( 2 c) + M( + 2 c)].

)]
The output signal f(t) of the LPF will be
f ((t)) = ((1/2)) m(t)
( ) ((1/2)) M(()).

Time and Frequency

y Representation of DSBSC
Demodulation Process

Modulator Circuits
B
Basically
i ll we are after
ft multiplying
lti l i a signal
i l with
ith
a carrier.
There
Th are three
h realizations
li i
off this
hi operation:
i
Multiplier Circuits
Non-Linear
N Li
Circuits
Ci i
Switching Circuits

Non-Linear Devices (NLD)

A NLD is a device whose input-output
input output relation is nonnon
linear. One such example is the diode (iD=ev /v ).
The output
p of a NLD can be expressed
p
as a ppower
series of the input, that is
y(t) = ax(t) + bx2(t) + cx3(t) +
When x(t) << 1,
1 the higher powers can be neglected
neglected,
and the output can be approximated by the first two
terms.
When the input x(t) is the sum of two signal, m(t)+c(t),
x2(t) will have the product term m(t)c(t)
D

Non-Linear Modulators
x1((t))

+
m(t)

Non-Linear
N
Li
Device
D i
a( . )+b( . )2

y1(t)
z(t)

x2((t))

c(t)
+

y2(t)

HBPF( )
Cntr Freq. =
BW = 4 B

q(t)

Non-Linear
N
Li
Device
D i
a( . )+b( . )2

DSBSC modulation using non-linear device

x1 (t ) c(t ) m(t ) cos(( C t ) m(t )

x1 (t ) c(t ) m(t ) cos( C t ) m(t )

y1 (t ) acos(C t ) m(t ) bcos(C t ) m(t )

a cos(C t ) am(t ) bm 2 (t ) 2bm(t ) cos(C t ) b cos 2 (C t )

b
2

am(t ) bm 2 (t ) 2bm(t ) cos(C t ) a cos(C t )

Undesired

Desired

Undesired

Undesired

Undesired

y2 (t ) acos(C t ) m(t ) bcos(C t ) m(t )

z (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
2am(t ) 4bm(t ) cos(C t )

Undesired

Undesired

b
cos(2C t )
2

Desired

a cos(C t ) am(t ) bm 2 (t ) 2bm(t ) cos(C t ) b cos 2 (C t )

am(t ) bm 2 (t ) 2bm(t ) cos(C t ) a cos(C t )

Undesired

Undesired

Desired

Undesired

b
2
Undesired

b
cos(2C t )
2

Undesired

Switching Modulators
A
Any periodic
i di function
f ti can be
b expressedd as a
series of cosines (Fourier Series).
The
Th information
i f
i signal,
i l m(t),
( ) can therefore
h f
bbe,
equivalently, multiplied by any periodic
function and followed by BPF.
function,
BPF
Let this periodic function be a train of pulses.
Multiplication by a train of pulses can be
realized by simple switching.

Switching Modulator Illustration

Switching Modulator: Diode Bridge

Switching Modulator: Ring

Demodulation of DSBSC
Th
The modulator
d l t circuits
i it can be
b usedd for
f demodulation,
d
d l ti
bbutt
replacing the BPF by a LPF of bandwidth B Hz.
The receiver must generate a carrier frequency in phase
and frequency synchronization with the incoming carrier.
This type
yp of demodulation is therefore called coherent
demodulation (or detection).

From DSBSC to DSBWC (AM)

Carrier recovery circuits,
circuits which are required for
the operation of coherent demodulation, are
sophisticated and could be quite costly.
If we can let m(t) be the envelope of the
modulated signal,
g , then a much simpler
p circuit,,
the envelope detector, can be used for
demodulation (non-coherent demodulation).
How can we make m(t) be the envelope of the
modulated signal?

Definition of AM
Shift m(t) by some DC value A
such that A+m(t) 0. Or A mpeak

g AM (t ) [ A m(t )] cos(C t )
A cos(C t ) m(t ) cos(C t )
Called DSBWC. Here will refer to
it as Full AM, or simply AM
Modulation index = mp /A.
/A
01

Spectrum of AM
1
g AM (t ) A ( C ) ( C ) M ( C ) M ( C )
2

Efficiency of AM transmission
Efficiency = Useful power/Total power
Assume that the message signal is cos(mt) (what
is called a singletone
single tone signal) with amplitude A
where 0 1 (i.e., a fraction of the amplitude
of the carrier component in the AM ( is called the
modulation index)), or
z ( t ) A cos( m t ) cos( C t )

cos ( C m ) t cos ( C m ) t
2
A
A

cos ( C m ) t
cos ( C m ) t
2
2

Efficiency of AM transmission
Th
The power off this
thi signal
i l is
i the
th sum off the
th two
t powers
of the two sinusoids (because they have different
frequencies ((Parsevals
Parseval s Theorem
Theorem))
A

2
Pz
2

A

2

2

A

2

The power of the carrier term in the modulated signal

is
A
P
w(t ) A cos( t )
2

Efficiency of AM transmission
Th
Therefore,
f
th efficiency
the
ffi i
A
becomes

P
2

P z Pw

A2
A

2
2
2

off the
th AM transmission
t
i i

Since 0 1 to avoid the touching of the upper and

lower envelopes of the modulated signal,
signal the MAXIMUM
efficiency of the AM signal is 112 0.333 33.3%
So,
So no matter what we do,
do we cannot bring the efficiency
of AM modulation to more than one third, or stated in other
words, at least 2/3 of the ppower of the AM signal
g is wasted.
max

The Buy and Price of AM

Buy:
B
Simplicity
Si li it in
i demodulation.
d
d l ti
Price: Waste in Power
gAM(t) = Acosct + m(t) cosct
Carrier Power Pc = A2/2 (carries no information)
Sideband Power Ps = Pm/2 (useful)
Power efficiency = = Ps/(Pc + Ps)= Pm/(A2 +Pm)

Tone Modulation

m(t)
(t) = Bcos(
B (mt)
g(t)=[A+ Bcos(mt)] cosct = A[1+cos(mt)] cosct
= (B2/2)/(B2/2 + A2) = 2/(2+2)
Under best conditions, =1 max =1/3 =33%
For = 0.5,
0 5 = 11.11%
11 11%
For practical signals, < 25%

Would you use AM or DSBSC?

Generation of AM
AM signals
i l can be
b generated
t d by
b any DSBSC
modulator, by using A+m(t) as input instead of
m(t).
m(t)
In fact, the presence of the carrier term can
make it even simpler.
simpler We can use it for
switching instead of generating a local carrier.
The
Th switching
it hi action
ti can be
b made
d by
b a single
i l
diode instead of a diode bridge.

AM Generator

A >> m(t)
(to ensure switching
at every period).

vR=[cos
[ ct+m(t)][1/2
+ ( )][1/2 + 2/(cos
2/ ( ct-1/3cos3
1/3 3ct + )]
)]
=(1/2)cosct+(2/m(t) cosct + other terms (suppressed by BPF)
vo(t) = (1/2)cosctt+(2/m(t)
(2/m(t) cosct

AM Modulation Process (Frequency)

AM Demodulation: Rectifier Detector

B
Because off the
th presence off a carrier
i term
t
in
i the
th
received signal, switching can be performed in
the same way we did in the modulator.
modulator

Rectifier Detector: Time Domain

Rectifier Detector
If the
th AM signal
i l is
i applied
li d to
t a diode
di d andd a
resistor circuit the negative part of the AM
wave will be suppressed.
suppressed The output across the
resistor is a half wave rectified version of the
AM signal.
signal In essence,
essence the AM signal is
multiplied by w(t).

31

Rectifier Detector
The
Th voltage
lt
across the
th resistor
i t will
ill be
b
VR ={[A+m(t)]cosct}w(t)
= [A+m(t)]cosct[cosct-1/3cos3ct +1/5
cos5ct-.]
= 1/[A + m(t)]+ other higher terms.
32

Rectifier Detector
Th
The higher
hi h terms
t
can be
b suppressedd bby passing
i
VR through a low pass filter with cutoff
frequency B Hz.
Hz Further the DC term A/ can
be suppressed by a capacitor to give the desired
output m(t)/.
m(t)/ The output can be doubled by
using a full wave rectifier.

33

Rectifier Detector
It iis iinteresting
t
ti tto note
t th
thatt rectifier
tifi ddetection
t ti iis
in effect synchronous detection without using a
local carrier.
carrier The high carrier content in AM
ensures that its zero crossings are periodic and
the information about the frequency and phase
of the carrier at the transmitter is built into the
AM signal itself.

34

Rectifier Detector (Frequency Domain)

Envelope Detector

When D is forward-biased, the capacitor charges and

f ll
follows
input.
i
When D is reverse-biased, the capacitor discharges
through R.

Envelope Detection
The operations of the circuit requires
careful selection of =RC
If RC is too large, discharging will be
slow and the circuit cannot follow a
decreasing envelope.
pp will
When RC is too small the ripples
be high.
1/(2B) << << 1/c
The ripples are finally removed by
LPF.
The DC value is blocked by a capacitor.

Envelope Detection
P
Positive
iti cycle
l off modulated
d l t d signal
i l makes
k diode
di d
to conduct and capacitor c charges to maximum
value of input signal.
signal
As the input falls below this peak diode stops
conducting since capacitor voltage is nearly
equal to the peak voltage of input signal.

38

Envelope Detection

39

Envelope Detection
Th
The capacitor
it now discharges
di h
through
th
h resistor
it
at a slow rate (with a time constant RC). The
output voltage Vc(t) thus closely follow the
envelope of modulated signal. Capacitor
discharges between positive peaks this causes a
ripple signal of frequency c in the output.

40

Envelope Detection

41

Envelope Detection
Thi
This ripples
i l in
i the
th output
t t can bbe reduced
d d bby
increasing the time constant RC so that
capacitor discharges very little between the
positive peaks (RC>>1/c).
However RC can cant be increased beyond
1/2B ,where B is the highest frequency in
m(t) otherwise it will become impossible for
m(t),
capacitor to follow envelope of m(t).
42

Envelope Detection
The
Th envelope
l
ddetector output is
i Vc(t)
()=
A+m(t) with ripple frequency of c.
The dc term A can be blocked by a low
pass filter.
filter

43

44

RC Selection
Assume that the capacitor is charged to voltage E (the envelope voltage at the instant)at the instant
when the diode turns OFF.
The capacitor begins to dischrage through the resistor according to
t

vc (t ) Ee RC
E (1 RCt )
dvc ( t )
dt

for RC 1c .

E
RC

E
The slope of the capacitor discharge is - RC
.

For the capacitor discharge to follow the envelope, the magnitude of the
capacitor discharge slope must be greater than the envelpe slope.
slope
dvc ( t )
dt

E
RC

dE
dt

E(t)=A(1+cos(ct))

1 1 2
RC
c

NOTE
B
Both
th Rectifier
R tifi detector
d t t andd Envelope
E l
detector
d t t
seems to be equivalent but they are distinct and
operate on different principles.
principles

46

Difference
Th
The rectifier
tifi detector
d t t is
i basically
b i ll a synchronous
h
detector while envelope detector is non linear
detector It can be observed that low pass filter in
detector.
rectifier detector is designed to filter m(t) from terms
like m(t) cosnct ; it does not depend on the value of
. However in case of envelope detector the time
constant for low pass filter does depends on .

47

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

IIn DSBSC or AM the
th modulated
d l t d signal
i l
occupies double the bandwidth of the baseband
signal.
signal
It is possible to send two signals over the same
band one modulated with a cosine and one
band,
with sine.
Interesting
I t
ti
enough,
h the
th two
t
signals
i l can be
b
received separately after demodulation.

EFFECT OF LACK OF PHASE

SYNCHRONISATION IN DSBSC
Let the received DSB
DSB-SC
SC signal be

s DSB

SC

( t ) s m ( t ) cos c t A c

if is unknown,

v ( t ) s DSB SC ( t ) cos c t

Ac s m ( t ) cos c t cos c t

Ac

s m ( t ) cos cos 2 c t
2

Output of LPF

Ac
vo (t )
sm (t ) cos
2

Contd
But we want just

Ac
vo (t )
sm (t )
2

Due to lack of phase synchronization, we will see that

the wanted signal at the output of LPF will be
attenuated by an amount of cos.
cos
In other words, phase error causes an attenuation of
the output signal proportional to the cosine of the
phase error.
The worst scenario is when =/2, which will give rise
to zero or no output at the output of the LPF.
LPF

EFFECT OF LACK OF PHASE

SYNCHRONISATION IN DSBSC
Suppose
pp
that the local oscillator is not stable at fc but
at fc+ f, then

v(t ) sDSB SC (t ) cos c t

Ac sm (t ) cos c t cos c t
Ac

sm (t )cos t cos2 ct
2

Output of LPF

Ac
vo (t )
sm (t ) cos t
2

Thus, the recovered baseband information signal will

vary sinusoidal according to cos t

Solution
one can overcome this problem by adding an extra

synchronization circuitry which is required to detect

and t and by providing the carrier signal to the
receiver.
i
A
synchronizer
is
introduced
to
curb
the
y
problem exhibited in a coherent
p
synchronization
system.
g
be
Let the baseband signal

sm (t ) Am cos mt

Received DSB-SC signal

g

s (t ) Ac sm (t ) cos c t

SYNCHRONISER
( )2

PLL

BPF

Mathematical analysis of the synchronizer is shown

below:
s 2 (t ) Ac2 Am2 cos 2 m t cos 2 c t
Ac2 Am2
1 cos 2 mt 1 cos 2 ct

4
Ac2 Am2
1 cos 2 mt cos 2 ct cos 2 mt cos 2 ct

4
Ac2 Am2
1
1

t
1
cos
2

cos
2

cos
2

cos
2

m
c
c
m
c
m
4
2
2

Output of BPF

Ac2 Am2
cos 2 c t
4

SYNCHRONISER
Output of frequency divider

k cos c t

where k is a constant of proportionality.

DISADVANTAGE OF USING COHERENT SYSTEMS
The frequency and phase of the local oscillator signal
must be very precise which is very difficult to achieve.
achieve
It requires additional circuitry such as synchronizer
circuit and hence the cost is higher.

Single-Side Band (SSB) Modulation

DSBSC (as
(
well
ll as AM) occupies
i
d bl the
double
th
bandwidth of the baseband signal, although the two
y the same information.
sides carry
Why not send only one side, the upper or the lower?
Modulation: similar to DSBSC. Only
y change
g the
settings of the BPF (center frequency, bandwidth).
Demodulation: similar to DSBSC (coherent)

Advantages of SSB Transmission

Bandwidth conservation - Only half the bandwidth is required.
required
Power conservation - Only one sideband with carrier removed or
suppressed. Hence total transmitted power will be less. This
allows smaller transmitters to be used.
Selective fading - In double sideband, the two sidebands may
experience different impairments as the propagate along
different paths in the medium. This could result in carrier phase
shift. This cannot happen if only one sideband is transmitted.
Noise Reduction - Thermal noise is reduced to half, because the
bandwidth is also half.

58

Disadvantages of SSB Transmission

Complex receivers Require more expensive receivers
because envelope detection cannot be used
Tuning Difficulties - More difficult to tune than
conventional AM receivers. Receivers need a precise
tuning.
tuning

59

SSB Representation
How would we
represent the SSB signal
in the time domain?
gUSB(t) = ?
gLSB(t) = ?

Time-Domain Representation of SSB (1/2)

M() = M+() + M-()
Let m+(t)M+() and m-(t)M-()
Then: m(t) = m+(t) + m-(t) [linearity]
Because M+(), M-() are not even
m+(t), m-(t) are complex.
Since their sum is real they must be
conjugates.

m+(t) = [m(t) + j mh(t)]

m-(t) = [m(t) - j mh(t)]
What is mh(t) ?

Time-Domain Representation of SSB (2/2)

M() = M+() + M-()
M+() = M()u(M-() = M()u(-
sgn()=2u() -1 u()= + sgn(); u(-) = - sgn()
M+() = [ M() + M()sgn()]
M-() = [M() - M()sgn()]
C
Comparing
i to:
t
m+(t) = [m(t) + j mh(t)] [M() + j Mh()]
m-((t)) = [[m(t)
( ) - j mh((t)]
)] [[M(() - j Mh()]
We find
Mh() = - j M()sgn() where mh(t)Mh()

Hilbert Transform
mh(t) is known as the Hilbert Transform (HT) of m(t).
m(t)
The transfer function of this transform is given by:
H() = -j sgn()

It is basically a /2 phase shifter

Hilbert Transform of cos(ct)

cos(ct) ( c) + ( + c)]
HT[cos(ct)] -j sgn() ( c) + ( + c)]
= j sgn() ( c) ( + c)]
= j
( c)) + ( + c)]
)]
= j ( + c) - ( - c)] sin(ct)
Which is expected since:
cos((ct-/2)) = sin((ct))

Time-Domain Operation for Hilbert

Transformation
For Hilbert Transformation H() = -jj sgn().
)
What is h(t)?
sgn(t) 2/(j) [From FT table]
2/(jt) 2sgn(-) [symmetry]
1/(t) -j sgn()
Since Mh() = - j M()sgn() = H() M()
Then

1
* m(t )
t

1 m( )

d
t

mh (t )

Fi ll
Finally
gUSB (t ) m (t )e jC t m (t )e jC t
g LSB (t ) m (t )e jC t m (t )e jC t
1
1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2
2
1
1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2
2
m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )

gUSB (t )

1
1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2
2
1
1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2
2
m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )

g LSB (t )

GUSB ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )
GLSB ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )

Generation of SSB
S
Selective
l ti Filt
Filtering
i Method
M th d
Realization based on spectrum analysis
Phase-Shift
Ph
Shif Method
M h d
Realization based on time-domain expression
of the modulated signal

Selective Filtering

Phase Shifting
gUSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )
g LSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )

Phase-shifting Method:
Frequency-Domain Illustration

SSB Demodulation (Coherent)

g SSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )
g SSB (t ) cos(C t )

1
1
m(t )[1 cos(2C t )] mh (t ) sin( 2C t )
2
2

1
LPF Output m(t )
2

Comment on AM-DSBFC
Both modulator and demodulator have simple
structure (low cost) - reliable
DSB is wasteful of Power (carrier does not carry any
information)
DSB is wasteful of Bandwidth (B vs 2B)

72

DSBFC is wasteful of Power

2/3 of total transmitted p
power taken up
p byy carrier.
P
Power

Pc = 1000W
Plsb = 160W

flsb
lb

Pusb = 160W

fc

fusbb

Frequency

The total power being transmitted is (1000).(1 + 0.82) = 1320W

2

In ttransmitting
a s tt g 1320W
3 0 o
of tthe
e total
tota power,
po e , tthe
e carrier
ca e contains
co ta s
1000W and does not contain any information being transmitted.
The side freq each have 160W and each carries a copy of the
same info signal.
So, 1320W is being used in order to transmit only 160W.

73

DSB is wasteful of Bandwidth

DSB has a Wide Bandwidth
wasteful BW usage i.e info in USB = info in LSB

If so much of the transmitted wave is not required, then

why transmit it? any alternative? DSBSC?

1. No need to send 2 copies

p
of the same info. Waste of p
power and
BW
2. Eg. Within a band of say, 100kHz, we can transmit only 5
signals that occupy 20kHz, but 10 stations if they agree to limit
their transmitted BW to 10kHz.
74

DSB Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

Generated by circuit called balanced modulator where it
produces sum (fusb) and difference (flsb) freq but cancel or
balance out the carrier (fc).

P
Power

No Carrier
Plsb = 160W

flsb

Pusb = 160W

fc

fusb

Frequency

The total power being transmitted is now reduced to 320W

DSBSC helps in reducing power but bandwidth still the

same as DSBFC.
75

Single Side Band (SSB) System

Motivation: Both DSBFC and DSBSC occupy a bandwidth of 2B.

How can we reduce the bandwidth requirements?

Due the symmetric condition (info in USB = info in lsb), one of

provide the complete
p
information
the sidebands is sufficient to p
in the original signal.

N o C a r r ie r
Power

N o ls f
P u sb = 1 6 0 W

f ls b

fc

fu sb

F re q u e n c y

T h e to ta l p o w e r b e in g tr a n s m itte d is n o w o n ly 1 6 0 W
76

Single Side Band (SSB) System

AM Single
g Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)
(
)
Carrier is transmitted at full power with only one of the sidebands.
Half as much bandwidth will be required (BWSSBFC=1/2BWDSBFC).
V2
Pc
R

Ampllitude

DSBFC
M odulating
signal,
g , fm

Plsb

m2
Pc
4

Pusb

m2
Pc
4

m 2 Pc
Pt Pc
2
f

V2
Pc
R

Amplittude

SSBFC
M odulating
signal f m
signal,

Plsb 0

Pusbb

m2
Pc
4

m 2 Pc
Pt Pc
4

77

Single Side Band (SSB) System

AM Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
The carrier is totally removed together with one of the
sidebands.
Half
H lf as much
hb
bandwidth
d idth iis required
i d ( BWSSBFC=1/2BW
1/2BWDSBFC).
)

SSBSC

Amplitu
ude

Modulating
signal,
i l fm

Pc 0
Plsb 0

Pusb Pc

m 2 Pc
Pt
4

m
4

78

Single Side Band (SSB) System

AM Single
g Sideband Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
(
)
Conserve BW and considerably power
One sideband is totally removed and carrier voltage is reduced to
approx. 10 % of its unmodulated amplitude or carrier power is
reduced to approx. 1% of its unmodulated power
The carrier is totally suppressed during modulation and to be
reinserted at reduced amplitude for the purpose of demodulation
SSBRC

Pc (0.1Vc ) 2 / R
A
Amplitude

Modulating
signal, fm

Plsb 0

79

Pusb

m 2 Pc
Pt 0.01Pc
4

m2
Pc
4
f

Single Side Band (SSB) System

AM Independent Sideband (ISB)

It is a form of DSB transmission in which the transmitter
consists of two independent SSBSC modulators.
Output consists of two totally independent sidebands each of
different information, with suppressed carrier.
It conserves both power and BW as two info sources are
transmitted within the same freq spectrum.
spectrum
ISB

Pc (0.1Vc ) 2 / R
Modulating
M
d l i
signal, fm

Plsb

m2
Pc
4
Ch A

Pusb

m 2 Pc
Pt 0.01Pc
2

m2
Pc
4

Ch B

f
80

Single Side Band (SSB) System

AM Vestigal Sideband (VSB)
The carrier and one complete SB are transmitted, but only part (a
vestige) of the second SB is transmitted. The carrier is transmitted
at full power (Carrier and full 1st SB & part of 2nd SB).
The BW is typically 25% greater than that of SSBSC.
V2
Pc
R

VSB
Amplitu
ude

Modulating
signal, fm

Plsb Pusb

Pusb

m2
m 2 Pc
Pc
Plsb
4 Pt Pc
4
f

81

DSBFC AM Wave

82

SSBFC AM Wave
PEAK CHANGE IN THE ENVELOPE IS HALF THAT OF THE DSB WAVE (ONLY
ONE SIDEBAND)

100% modulated SSBFC wave with a single

g frequency
q
y modulating
g wave
83

SSBSC AM Wave
THE WAVEFORM IS NOT AN ENVELOPE; IT IS A SINE WAVE AT A SINGLE
FREQUENCY EQUAL TO THE CARRIER FREQUENCY PLUS/MINUS THE
MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY

84

ISB AM Wave
WAVE IS SIMILAR TO A DSBSC WAVE BUT WITH A REPETITION RATE TWICE
THAT OF THE MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY

It is a form of DSB transmission in which the transmitter consists of two

independent SSBSC modulators.
Output consists of two totally independent sidebands each of different
information, with suppressed carrier.
85

Advantages of SSB Transmission

Bandwidth conservation - Only half the bandwidth is required.
required
Power conservation - Only one sideband with carrier removed or
suppressed. Hence total transmitted power will be less. This
allows smaller transmitters to be used.
Selective fading - In double sideband, the two sidebands may
experience different impairments as the propagate along
different paths in the medium. This could result in carrier phase
shift. This cannot happen if only one sideband is transmitted.
Noise Reduction - Thermal noise is reduced to half, because the
bandwidth is also half.

86

MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing methods of transmitting more than one signal along a
single transmission path/stream i.e many to one.
Demultiplexing separate the stream back into its component
transmission i.e one to many.
Path refers to the physical link.
Channel refers to a portion that carries a transmission between a
given pair of devices
devices. One path can have many channels
channels.

87

MULTIPLEXING
Two common form of multiplexing are Frequency Division
Multiplexing(FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing(TDM).
Advantages:
Increase
I
number
b off channels
h
l so th
thatt more iinfo
f can b
be ttransmitted
itt d
Save cost by using one channel to send many info signals

88

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

FDM multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency
spectrum are each converted to different frequency band and
transmitted simultaneously.
FDM is an analog technique the information entering an FDM
system must be analog. If the source is digital, it must be
converted to analog before being frequency-division multiplexed.
Split the total channel bandwidth into several smaller channels of
different frequencies.
Different signal travel over the medium concurrently.
Guard bands keep the modulated signals from overlapping and
interfering with one another.
Modulation is used to lift the centre freq of the baseband signal up
into a preassigned freq slot.
slot
89

FDM

In communication systems, Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

is a method in which each signal (channel) is allocated a frequency
slot within the overall line/transmission bandwidth.
In other words the total available frequency bandwidth on the
transmission line is divided into frequency channels and each
information signal occupies one of these channels
The signal will have exclusive use of this frequency slot all the time
(i.e. each subscriber occupies his/her own slot).

FDM of Three Voiceband Signals

The bandwidth of a voice signal
is taken to be 4kHz, with an
effective spectrum of 300 to
3400Hz.
If this signal is used to amplitude
modulate a 64 kHz carrier, the
spectrum becomes the modulated
signal which has a bandwidth of 8
kHz, extending from 60 to 68kHz.
To make efficient use of bandwidth,
we transmit only the lower sideband.
sideband
If three voice signals are used to
modulate carriers at 64, 68, and 72
kHz, the spectrum output is as
shown.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

A number of signal, mi(t), i=1..,n are to be
multiplexed onto the same Tx medium.
Each signal mi(t),is modulate onto a
carrier fi, refers as subcarrier.
Modulated signals are then summed to
produce
d
a composite
it signal
i l mb(t).
(t)
Figure (b) shows the result signal mi(t)
is shifted to be centered of fi.
fi must be chosen so that the BW of the
various signals do not overlap i.e channel
must be separated by unused BW (guard
band).

92

At the Rx end, the FDM signal is

demodulated to retrieved mb(t), which is
then passed through n BPF.a

With FDM, each

narrowband channels are
stacked on top of one
another in the frequency
domain.

Figure shows a simple

FDM system where
four 5kHz channels are
frequency-division
multiplexed into a
single 20kHz combined
channel.

Figure (a) shows how a group is formed with A-type

A type channel bank.
bank
Each voice band channel is bandlimited with an antialising filter prior to
modulating the channel carrier.
Figure (b) shows the output spectrum.

Analog Hierarchy

Figure shows first stages of telephone mux

Group multiplexer takes 12 voice ch and puts them on subcarriers at 64,
68 108kH using
68,108kHz
i LSB
LSB.
The resulting spectrum extends 48kHz starting at 60kHz.
Five such carriers are combined by LSB on subcarriers at 420, 468,
612kHz to produce a supergroup from 312 to 552kHz an contains 60
voice channels.
96

Analog Hierarchy
If the BW of the tx medium p
permits,, 10 supergroups
p g
p can be
combined to form a mastergroup.
For a wider BW applications such as satellite links, it is
possible to form a jumbogroup (6 mastergroups)
mastergroups)

97

FDM in Telephone
p
System
y

The original signal voice is in 300 to 3000Hz range.

range
The voice is used to modulate subcarrier. Each subcarrier is on different
frequency.
These subcarriers are then added together to form a single channel.
fv+fc

Voice
fv
0 - 4kHz

Ch12

fv-fc
56 64kHz

fv-fc

BPF

Balance
Modulator

60 64kHz

fc=60kHz
0 - 4kHz

Ch11

Linear
Mixer

BPF
fc=64kHz
104 108kHz

0 - 4kHz

100 108kHz

Ch1

DSBSC

SSBSC

BPF
SelectsUSB

fc=104kHz

FDM in Telephone System

Voice signal amplitude modulates 1 of 12 chs
ch s in the 60 to 108kHz range.
The carrier freq begin at 60kHz with a spacing of 4kHz.(slightly higher
than the highest typical freq of voice)
Output of the balance modulator DSBSC.
DSBSC The output of the filter is the
SB containing the original voice signal.
All 12 SSB signals are then summed in a linear mixer to produce a single
frequency multiplexed signal basic group.
group
Basic group freq spectrum for FDM telephone mux system is shown below.
4kHz

12

11

10

Channel
No.

f (kHz)
60

64

68

72

76

80

84

88

92

96

100

104

108

Carrierfrequencies
99

If more than 12 voice channels are needed, multiple basic groups are
used.

 Example For a particular telephone company,

company the first sub
carrier frequency is at 60 kHz and the total bandwidth is 96 kHz.
Design a FDM system, given a general rule of 12 channels per
basic group and 4 kHz per channel applies to the design.
design
i. How many basic groups are required?
ii. Draw the circuit diagram of your design
iii Draw
iii.
D
the
h ffrequency spectrum off your multiplexed
l i l
d system
Solution
i
i.

Given BWtotall = 96kHz;12 channels/basic group

1 channel = 4 kHz,
then 12 channels = 12x4 = 48kHz/basic group
Thus 96/48 = 2 basic group
100

ii. Block Diagram

g
BPF

Ch12

Linear
Mixer

fc=60kHz

Voice

BPF

Ch1

Linear
Mixer

fc=104kHz
BPF

Ch 24
Ch24

Linear
Mixer

fc=108kHz
BPF

Ch13
fc=152kHz

iii. Frequency Spectrum

48kHz

60

48kHz

104

108

101

f (kHz)
152

FDM in Telephony
FDM iis done
d
iin stages
t
Reduce number of carrier frequencies
More ppractical realization of filters

Group: 12 voice channels 4 kHz = 48 kHz

occupy the band 60-108 kHz
Supergroup:
S
5 groups 48 kH
kHz = 240 kH
kHz
occupy the band 312-552
Mastergroup: 10 S
S-G
G 240 kHz = 2400 kHz
occupy the band 564-3084 kHz

FDM Hierarchy

4
0

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Group

108 k

5
4
3
2
1
Supergroup

60 k

552 k

312 k

Vestigial Side Band Modulation (VSB)

Wh
Whatt if we wantt to
t generate
t SSB using
i selective
l ti
filtering but there is no guard band between the two
sides?
We will filter-in a vestige of the other band.
Can we still recover our message,
message without distortion,
distortion
after demodulation?
Yes If we use a proper LPF.
Yes.
LPF

Filtering Condition of VSB

g DSBSC (t ) 2m(t ) cos((C t )

G DSBSC ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )

gDSBSC(t)
HVSB( )
(BPF)

m(t)

GVSB ( ) H VSB ( )M ( C ) M ( C )
2cos( ct)

X ( ) H VSB ( C ) M ( 2C ) M ( )



Baseband
at

VSB Modulator (transmitter)

H VSB ( C ) M ( ) M ( 2C )

baseband
at

Z ( ) H LPF ( )H VSB ( C ) H VSB ( C )M ( )

H LPF ( )

1
H VSB ( C ) H VSB ( C )

; || 2 B

gVSB(t)

VSB Filtering

VSB Filter: Special Case

Condition For distortionless demodulation:
1
; || 2 B
H LPF ( )
H VSB ( C ) H VSB ( C )
If we impose the condition on the filter at the modulator:
HVSB(c) + HVSB(c) = 1 ; || 2 B
Then

HLPF = 1 for || 2 B (Ideal LPF)

HVSB() will then have odd symmetry around c over the

transition period.

AM Broadcasting
All
Allocated
t d th
the band
b d 530 kH
kHz 1600 kHz
kH (with
( ith
minor variations)
10 kHz
kH per channel.
h
l (9 kH
kHz iin some countries)
i )
More that 100 stations can be licensed in the
same geographical
hi l area.
Uses AM modulation (DSB + C)

AM station Reception
In theory,
theory any station can be extracted from the stream of spectra by
tuning the receiver BPF to its center frequency. Then demodulated.

IImpracticalities:
i li i
Requires a BPF with very high Q-factor (Q = fc / B).
Particularly difficult if the filter is to be tunable.

Solution: Superheterodyne receiver

St
Step 11: Frequency
F
Translation
T
l ti from
f
RF tto IF
Shift the desired station to another fixed pass band (called
q
y IF = 455 kHz))
Intermediate Frequency
Step 2: Bandpass Filtering at IF
Build a good BPF around IF to extract the desired station.
It is more practical now, because IF is relatively low
(reasonable Q) and the filter is not tunable.
Step
St 3:
3 Demodulation
Demod lation
Use Envelope Detector

The Local Oscillator

Wh
Whatt should
h ld be
b the
th frequency
f
off the
th local
l l
oscillator used for translation from RF to IF?
fLO = fc + fIF (up-conversion)
(up conversion)
or
fLO = fc fIF
(down-conversion)
Tuning
i ratio
i = fLO, max / fLO, min
Up-Conversion: (1600 + 455) / (530+455) 2
Down-Conversion: (1600455) / (530455) 12
Easier to design
g oscillator with small tuningg ratio.

Image Station Problem

While up-converting
up converting the desired station to IF
IF, we are,
are
at the same time, down-converting another station to IF
as well.
These two stations are called image stations, and they
are spaced by 2x455=910kHz.
Solution:
Before conversion, use a BPF (at RF) centered at fc of
the desired station.
Th purpose off the
The
th filter
filt is
i NOT to
t extract
t t the
th desired
d i d
station, but to suppress its image. Hence, it does not
have to be very sharp.

Superheterodyne Receiver Block Diagram

Notes:
With one knob, we are tuning the RF Filter
and the local oscillator.
The filter are designed with high gain
to provide amplification as well.
well