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C=
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
Gamma, X-ray, UV, V, IR (VIBGYOR), Micro, Radio (FM/AM), Long radio
Going to the right, energy decreases, frequency decreases and wavelength
increases
*1
= 1x10-10m
1nm = 1x10-9m
Example: The yellow light given off by a sodium vapor lamp used for public lighting has a wavelength of
589nm. What is the frequency of the radiation?
(3.00 x 1 08 m/s)(
1 x 10 9 nm
) =
(589
nm) )
1m
= 5.09x1014 Hz
Max Planck:
When objects are heated, they emit radiation.
Photoelectric Effect: Shining a light on a metal will cause electrons to be released
Incorrect Theory: Matter consists of particles and energy exists as light in the form
of a wave
Andrew Rosen
E=h
Einstein:
EM radiation has properties of waves and particles
E=mc
De Broglie:
h
m
Combined:
hc
E
or
E=h
Example: Find the wavelength of an electron with a mass of 9.11x10 -31kg traveling at 1.0x107m/s .
6.63 x 1 034 Js
=7.28 x 1 011 m
31
7
( 9.11 x 1 0 kg ) (1.0 x 1 0 m)
Example: Blue light from fireworks has a wavelength of 450nm. What is its energy?
3.00 x 1 08 m/ s
1.0 x 109 m
450 nm(
)
1 nm
= 4.42x10-19 J
Andrew Rosen
E=R H (
Z2
)
n2
n = quantum level
Example: Calculate the frequency when an electron falls back from the 6 th quantum level to the 1st
12
62
E=2.178 x 1 018 J
( )
E=2.178 x 1 018 J
( )
= -6.039x10-20J
1
2
1
= -2.178x10-18J
Z
Z
2
2
nf ni
=3.19 x 1 015 Hz
Heisenberg: Can't know momentum and position of an electron at the same time
x p
h
2
Schrdinger:
Wave equation for electron that has wave and particle properties ( )
. Energy
Andrew Rosen
m = 3rd quantum number. Direction in space. Represents electrons in sublevel. l to +l
s = 4th quantum number. Spin. +1/2 = clockwise. -1/2 = counterclockwise
Higher quantum levels and higher subshells have higher energies (eg: 3s vs. 2s) (eg: 2p vs. 2s)
Orbitals within a subshell have the same energy (eg: 2px and 2py)
Amount of values in each quantum number:
l=n
m = n2
s = 2n2
Z is the number of protons, and S is the average number of electrons that are between the
nucleus and the electron in question
Andrew Rosen
Covalent Atomic Radii: internuclear distance between 2 adjacent atoms in the solid phase.
Increases down a group. Increase in quantum level, higher shielding, and less Z eff
Decreases across a row. Increase in protons, higher Z eff, less shielding
Bonding radii are smaller than non-bonding radii since the electron clouds overlap
When an atom loses electrons, the radius decreases and vice versa
The bond length of a compound is the sum of the individual elements' radii
Ionization Energy: Minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
Energy is always added since an electron is being removed
Decreases down a group. More shielding, less Zeff, larger atomic radii.
Increases across a row. Increase in protons, higher Zeff, less shielding
Electron Affinity: Ease of gaining an electron. How much attraction it has in the gaseous phase
More negative across a row, but 0 (sometimes positive) at Noble Gases. Energy is usually released
Andrew Rosen
Decreases down a group. Decrease in ionization energy, and electron affinities don't change much
Increases across a row
Elements are more reactive down a group
Metallic properties increase down a group and decrease across a row
Lithium reacts with oxygen to form a compound with the O-2, oxide, ion
Metal oxides dissolve in water to form hydroxide ions w/ a net ionic equation: O -2(aq) + H2O(l) 2OH-(aq)
Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O2
Sodium reacts with oxygen to form a compound with the O 2-2, peroxide, ion
Andrew Rosen
Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)
All other GII metals react with water to produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Transition Metals;
Color in solution