Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NTNU
Department of Petroleum Engineering
and Applied Geophysics
PRESSURE BUILDUP
It is difficult to keep the rate constant in a producing well. This is not an issue in a
buildup test since the well is closed. The rate is zero. This test may be conducted any
time. The disadvantage is that the well has to be closed for a period. Since the well is
closed, it will not generate income during this period. Hence the shutin time should be
as short as possible.
Procedure
1. Produce the well at a constant (stabilized) rate. At time tp close the well.
2. Measure the last flowing pressure which we call pwf and the shutin
pressure pws.
3. Make interpretation.
In the above figure, tp and t denote production time and shutin time respectively.
Infinite-acting reservoir
For a new well, the pressure wave associated with the flow period may not have
reached the outer boundary. Then the following equation applies:
1
p ws = p i
t p + t
qB 1.15
log
2kh
t
t p + t
t
plot.
Determination of permeability
Note that the rate profile of Fig. 1 is idealized. Instantaneous shutin is not possible.
There will always be some afterflow (see wellbore storage). As a consequence the
measured pressure will not obey the Horner equation initially.
t p + t
t
Observe that the shutin time, t, increases to the left in the Horner plot, Fig. 2. The
Horner ratio Hr will decrease as t increases.
The slope of the straight line is given by:
m=
qB1.15
2kh
PRESSURE BUILDUP 2
k=
qB 1.15
2mh
p1 p 2
log Hr1 log Hr2
qB 1.15
log Hr
2kh
Note that:
pws = pi
for
Hr = 1
The Horner ratio will approach 1 for infinite shutin time t. Hence the initial reservoir
pressure may be obtained by extrapolating the straight line back to Hr = 1. The
technique is illustrated in Fig.2.
t + t
kt p
qB 1.15
log p
log
0.351 + 0.87 S
2
t
2kh
ct rw
Usually the shutin time is small in comparison with the production time. Hence
tp+ t tp
Then the above equation will simplify since the production time tp disappears.
PRESSURE BUILDUP 3
The modified Horner equation may be solved for the skin factor once the shutin time
is specified. The traditional choice is t = 1h. This choice leads to:
p ws t =1h p wf
S = 1.15
3
.
91
log
c
r
t w
Observations:
1. The skin factor is controlled by the distance
= pws t = 1h - pwf
2. The skin factor S will increase with increasing difference .
3. The measured wellbore pressure at 1 hour may not be on the straight Horner
line. Then the line is extrapolated until it intersects the Hrt= 1h vertical line.
This is illustrated in the below figure. The Horner ratio at 1 hour may be computed
from Hrt = 1h = tp + 1
Bounded reservoir
Sooner or later the pressure wave associated with the flow period will hit the outer
boundary. Suppose this is of no-flow type. If the well is closed during pseudo-steady
flow, then the pressure will build up towards the average pressure rather than the
initial pressure. This is illustrated below.
PRESSURE BUILDUP 4
The effect of the outer boundary appears at the late part of the Horner plot while the
early part essentially remains unchanged. The boundary effect will show up as a break
off from the straight line.
The Horner equation for the straight line section may be written:
p ws = p *
qB1.15
t + t
log
t
2kh
where p* is the intersection with the Hr =1 axis. The intersection has been called the
false pressure. It has no physical interpretation but it is related to the average pressure,
PRESSURE BUILDUP 5
p . The straight line on the horner plot may be used to determine the permeability and
skin factor as discussed previously. The procedure will not be repeated here.
t DA =
kt p
ct A
p p wf p S
p p wf
PRESSURE BUILDUP 6
pwf is the last flowing pressure. For pseudo-steady flow, the difference p p wf is
independent of time. This condition leads to a constant value of the flow efficiency.
Otherwise it will depend on time.
p * p wf p S
Sometimes the flow efficiency is approximated by FE =
.
( p * p wf )
The result is not as accurate but easier to obtain.
Horner time
As mentioned previously it is difficult to keep the flow rate constant for any length of
time. The rate may have fluctuated significantly during the production period. Horner
proposed the following correction:
tp =
Np
qLAST
where Np is the cumulative production since the last major shutin period and qLAST is
the last stabilized rate.
PRESSURE BUILDUP 7