CONSTRUCTION OF UNTERRUPTIBLE

POWER SUPPLY
BY
NWAMBE CHUKWUNONSO .C.
REG. NO: EE/2005/124
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINERRING.
CARITAS UNIVERSITY
AMORJI NIKE
EMENE
ENUGU STATE.
PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN
ELECTICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING.

AUGUST. 2010.

DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God almighty, my beloved parents,
chief & Dr. mrs. S.N Nwambe. Without their help I wouldnt realized
this work.

CERTIFICATION
This Project construction of UNTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY (UPS) was completed under the supervision and found
acceptable in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) Degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering Caritas University Enugu.

Certified by:

.
Engr M. O Eze
(Project supervisor)

Date

Approved by:
.
Prof G.C Ochiagha.
(H.O.D)

Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank Almighty God who in his infinite mercy, granted
me the strength to do and complete this work, because it wasnt easy.
Secondly, to my lecturers, My project supervisor Engr. Eze, My
H.O.D Prof. G.C Ochiagha, Engr. P.N Mba, Engr. Ejimofor, Engr.
Emeasoba, Engr Ochi, Engr. Nnaji, Engr. Ozoani, Engr. Mrs.
Otegburu and many others.
Once again am particularly grateful to my parents for their
encouragement till this stage of my life, many thanks also goes to
Engr. Boniface for teaching me circuitry connections.
However, am indebted to all the staff and teachers of faculty of
Engineering, Caritas University. My brothers Ejike, Chidi, my sisters
Chioma and Onyi should also be thanked for their supports and
encouragement.
Finally I wish to thank all my departmental staff for their help.

ABSTRACT
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are used to provide power
when regular utility power is unavailable. Although they are
commonly used for providing power in remote locations or
emergencies, this is not because they are the same as auxiliary
power units, emergency power units or standby generators.
Unlike the aforementioned power sources, UPS provides an
immediate and continuous supply of power to a device, hence
protecting it from power interruption and allowing time for auxiliary or
emergency powers, to kick in equipment to be safely shut down or
utility power restored.
The major aim of this was to design a system which will be able to
convert battery voltage(12v) to 220v, which is equivalent to wall outlet
and secondly able to charge the battery.
The chapter one of this work, gives the over-view of UPS, its
importance, uses, and application and some of its special features
like its ability to correct frequency instability and many more.
Secondly, this work dealt with all components used in the
construction of the device, there working condition and uses. Some
basic abstract phenomenon were also treated like wave forms and
electronic switching.
The chapter three, basically dealt on all electrical measuring
instrument used in and on the device, how they are used, why and
where.
The fourth chapter explains how the components where assembled
into section and the sectional connection used to form the device.
The last chapter is a simple conclusion with honest recommendation.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION -

DEDICATION

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

TABLE OF CONTENT -

CHAPTER ONE
1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2

SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT

1.3

AVAILABILITY OF DESIGN MATERIALS

CHAPTER TWO
2.1

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

WHAT IS A UPS? -

2.2

WAVEFORMS

2.2.1 SQUAREWAVE

2.2.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE -

10

2.2.4 TRUE SNE WAVE -

10

2.3

RESISTORS

11

2.4

CAPACITORS

12

13

1.4.1 CAPACITANCE

2.4.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

14

2.4.3 PLASTIC FILM, CERAMIC NAD MONOLITHIC

CAPACTOR -

14

DIODE

16

2.5.1 MOUNTING A DIODE -

18

2.5.2 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF A DIODE

18

2.5.3 IDEAL DIODE

2.5

19

2.5.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

19

2.5.5 DIODES AS RECTIFIERS

21

2.5.5.1 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

22

2.5.5.2 FULL-WAVE, CENTER-TAP RECTIFIE -

23

2.5.6

24

26

2.6.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWIRCH -

26

2.6.2 MOSFETS -

28

2.6.2.1 SUPER-HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE -

29

2.6.2.2. SETBACKS IN MOSFETS

29

2.6.2.3 ITS FLEXIBILITY

30

30

2.7.1 OPTO-COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS - -

31

2.7.2 ITS INPUT -

32

2.7.3 ITS OUTPUT

32

2.6

2.7

FILTERS -

TRANSISTORS

OPTO-COUPLER-

2.7.4 ITS OPERATING MODE

2.8

33

33

34

36

THE SG3524 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

2.8.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SG3524

CHAPTER THREE
3.0

METHODOLOGY

3.1

ELECTRONIC WORKBENCH

37

3.2

GALVANOMETER

37

3.3

OSCILLOSCOPE -

38

3.4

VOLTMETER

39

3.5

AMPMETER

41

3.6

WATTMETER

43

3.7

MULTIMETERS -

44

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS

46

4.1

COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A UPS

47

4.2

STAGE BY STAGE DESIGN -

47

50

4.2.2 DRIVER/SWITCHING SECTION

51

4.2.3 THE OUTPUT SECTION

52

4.2.4 THE CHANGEOVER SECTION

53

4.2.5 THE LOW BATTERY CUT-OFF SECTION -

54

4.2.1 OSCILLATOR SECTION

4.3

COMPONENT JUSTIFICATION

4.3.1 MOSFETS -

55

55

4.3.2 SG3524 OSCILLATOR -

55

4.3.3 OPTO-COUPLER -

56

4.3.4 RESISTORS -

56

56

4.4.1 TESTING AND SETTING THE INVERTER

57

4.5

60

4.4 TEST AND ANALYSIS

BILL OF ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

62

62

63

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.

Offline/ standby diagram

Fig 2.

A capacitor

12

Fig 3.

Capacitors -

15

Fig 4.

Circuit Symbol of a diode -

17

Fig 5.

A Led-

20

Fig 6.

Half-wave rectifier

21

Fig 7.

Half wave Rectifier

22

Fig 8.

A full-wave centre tap rectifier

24

Fig 9.

A Simple filter

25

Fig 10.

Transistor as a Switch -

27

Fig 11.

A Transistor as a Switch

27

Fig 12.

A Mosfet

28

Fig 13

Opto-Couplers Input

32

Fig 14.

Inputs and output circuit of an opto-coupler -

32

Fig 15.

A Digram of a Voltmeter

41

Fig 16.

Diagram of Amp meter -

42

Fig 17

Diagram of a Wattmeter arrangement

43

Fig 18

Oscillator Circuit -

49

Fig 19

Pre-Driver Section

51

Fig 20

Change over circuit of the UPS

53

Fig 21

Low battery cut-off circuit

54

CHAPTER ONE
1.10 INTRODUCTION
As blackouts roll through power-starved communities, the
threat to you and your computer is not the lack of electricity,
but the change in power. When the lights are off and you are
about to start any industrial or computer-based projects, all
your efforts will be wasted. Even when your system acts as a
server, a sudden shutdown could disrupt the processing of
many others. You can make your work immune to the
intransigence of rolling blackouts and protect against many
other types of unexpected power disturbances. Your secret
weapon

is

the

uninterruptible

power

supply

or

uninterruptible power source. Commonly called the UPS,

this devices is a cleaver threefold package-a set of battery,
an inverter that transforms the low-voltage direct current of
the batteries into the standard alternating current equivalent
to your wall outlet, and a battery changer that assures that
reserve power storage system (the batteries) with interfaces
to mach it to utility power and your computer system. A UPS
differs from an auxiliary emergency power system or
standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or

near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions

by means of one or more attached batteries and associated
electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of
diesel generators and flywheels for high power users . While
not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a
UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers,
telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment
where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries,
fatalities, serious business disruption and/or data loss. UPS
units range in size from units designed to protect a single
computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to
large units powering entire data centers, buildings, or even
cities. The UPS is designed to project against changes,
specifically a temporary loss of electrical supply.
This project focuses on conversion of AC to DC and from DC
to AC power inverters, which aim to efficiently transform a
DC power source to a high voltage AC source, similar to
power that would be available at an electrical wall outlet.
Inverters are used for many applications, as in situations
where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels
or fuel cell must be converting electrical power from a car
battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone.

DC and AC Current
In the world today there are currently two forms of electrical
transmission, Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current
(AC), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. DC
power is simply the application of a steady constant voltage
across a circuit resulting in a constant current. A battery is
the most common source of DC transmission as current flows
from one end of a circuit to the other. Most digital circuitry
today is run off of DC power as it carries the ability to
provide either a constant high or constant low voltage,
enabling digital logic to process code executions. Historically,
electricity was first commecially transmitted by Thomas
Edison, and was a DC power line. However, this electricity
was low voltage, due to the inability to step up DC voltage at
the time, and thus it was not capable of transmitting power
over long distances.
V =IR
P=IV = I2R

As can be seen in the equations above, power loss can be

derived

from

the

electrical

current

squared

and

the

resistance of a transmission line. When the voltage is

increased, the current decreases and concurrently the power
loss

decreases

transmission

exponentially;

reduces

power

therefore
loss.

For

high
this

voltage
reasoning

electricity was generated at power stations and delivered to

homes and businesses through AC power. Alternating
current, unlike DC, oscillates between two voltage values at
a specified frequency, and its ever changing current and
voltage makes it easy to step up or down the voltage. For
high voltage and long distance transmission situations, all
that is needed to step up or down the voltage of the
transformer. Developed in 1886 by William Stanley Jr., the
transformer made long distance electrical transmission using
AC power possible.
Electrical transmission has therefore been mainly based
upon AC power, supplying most Nigerian homes with a 220
volt AC source. It should be noted that since 1954 there have
been

many

high

voltage

DC

transmission

systems

implemented around the globe with the advent of DC/DC

converters, allowing the easy stepping up and down of DC

voltages. Like DC power, there exist many devices such as

power tools, radios and TVs that run off of AC power.
It is therefore crucial that both forms of electricity
transmission exist; the world cannot be powered with one
simple form. It then becomes a vital matter for there to exist
easy ways to transform DC to AC power and vice versa in an
efficient manner. Without this ability people will be restricted
to what electronic devices they use depending on the
electricity source available. Electrical AC/DC converters and
DC/AC inverters allow people this freedom in transferring
electrical power between the two.
Offline / standby

Inverters and Applications

Power inverters are devices which can convert electrical
energy of DC form into that of AC. They come in all shapes

and sizes, from low power functions such as powering a car

radio to that of backing up a building in case of power
outage. Inverters can come in many different varieties,
differing in price, power, efficiency and purpose. The purpose
of a DC/AC power inverter is typically to take DC power
supplied by a battery, such as a 12 volt car battery, and
transform it into a 220 volt AC power source operating at
50Hz, emulating the power available at an ordinary
household electrical outlet. Power inverters are used today
for many tasks like powering appliances in a car such as cell
phones, radios and televisions. They also come in handy for
consumers who own camping vehicles, boats and at
construction sites where an electric grid may not be as
accessible to hook into. Inverters allow the user to provide
AC power in areas where only batteries can be made
available, allowing portability and freeing the user of long
power cords. However, most UPS units are also capable in
varying degrees of correcting common utility power
problems like:
1.

Power failure: defined as a total loss of input voltage.

2.

Surge: defined as a momentary or sustained increase in

the mains voltage.

3.

Sag: defined as a momentary or sustained reduction in

input voltage.

4.

Spikes, defined as a brief high voltage excursion.

5.

Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or

oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby
equipment.

6.

Frequency instability: defined as temporary changes in

the mains frequency.

7.

Harmonic sinusoidal waveform distortion: defined as a

departure from the ideal expected on the line

Factors to consider when designing an inverter is

The input voltage
The output voltage
The frequency of the oscillators
The rating of the load to be powered by the inverter
The ampere range of the charging unit
The cost of the construction
The relative importance of the inverter

 The ampere ranger of the charging unit

The cost of the construction
The relative importance of the inverter at that time
specification
D.C input voltage (12V-24V)
A.C output voltage (220v-240v)
Output frequency (50Hz-60Hz)
Output power (450-550)
Maximum power (550)
Continuous output power (500)
Overload shutdown
Low voltage shutdown

1.11 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The objective of this project may be summarized as listed

below

To give a brief introduction on what UPS.

 To

highlight

the

basic

components

used

in

the

construction of a UPS and their functions .

To describe the way in which there are designed and
Finally to highlight its application and relevance in the
society

1.12 SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT

This project research encompasses the features of the

variety of the components used in the construction of a UPS,
their limitations and favourable working conditions, and the
application of inverter in different field.

1.13 AVAILABILITY OF DESIGN MATERIALS

Materials used in the construction of this UPS are readily

available in electronic stores across the country and are also
very affordable depending on the rating of the UPS to be
constructed.

CHAPTER TWO

2.10 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.11 WHAT IS A UPS?

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also uninterruptible

power source is an electrical apparatus that provides
emergency power to a load when the input power source,
typically the utility mains, fails. or when the line voltage
varies outside normal limits.

2.12 WAVEFORMS

Waveforms refers to the shape of the wave output of a given

input wave on a given circuitry design. But in UPS, there are
three

basic

waveforms

components they include

The square wave
The sine wave
The modified sine wave

produced

by

the

solid

state

2.12.1 SQUARE WAVE

Square waves are nothing like sine waves to electrical

equipment, however. The ratio between peak and average
voltage is exactly one because the peak and average voltage
are exactly the same. At a given voltage, square waves pack
more power than sine waves which is not necessarily good.
The greater output of square wave can lead to overheating
of transformers. The major disadvantage of this nonsinusoidal wave form is its inability to power several
appliances.

2.12.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE

This represents a compromise between the low harmonics of

a true sine and a true sine wave. This can be gotten by
altering the square wave so that its peak-to-average ratio
approaches that of sine waves, which helps minimize
overheating. One straightforward way of achieving that goal
is by shortening the duty cycle of the square wave.

2.12.4 TRUE SINE WAVE

The modern UPS technology produces waveform that are

better and same with that of the power delivered. Harmonics
are virtually eliminated. This UPS design type provides
smooth continues power with low noise and no voltage
spikes which could affect performance or ultimately damage
expensive electronic equipment.

2.13 RESISTORS

All conductor excepts super conductors offer resistance to

electric current. Providing a given amount of resistances
required in a circuit. It requires the use of various types of
transistors which are available. They usually consist of a rod
of insulating ceramic coated with a metal film, the film forms
a spiral track running from one end of the resistor to the
other which makes contact with the terminal wires at each
end.

Resistor can also be made to a very high degree of precision

but precision resistors are usually unnecessary in many UPS

designs. Resistors are manufactured with a quoted degree of

precision known as tolerance.

For example if a resistor is marked with a normal value 33

with a tolerance of 5%

Therefore, we can say that 5% of 33 equals

5/100 x 33 = 1.65

Therefore the tolerance =33+1.65.

Many resistors are so small that it would be difficult to print
their value and % tolerance on their body in digits. To
overcome this, a coding system based on bands of
distinctive colors was developed to assist in identification.
Learning this color code is not as necessary as it used to be
(thanks to accurate, low cost digital millimeters). The first
thing to know is that in each decade of resistance i.e., from
10-100ohm, 100-ikohm, 1k-10ohm, etc. There are only a
finite number of different nominal values allowed.

Fig 2.1 Cross section a resistor wit its various tolerances

2.14 CAPACITORS

A capacitor can simply be said to be a device consisting of

two conducting surface separated by layer of an insulating
medium called a dielectric. The conducting surface may be
in the form of either circular plates or be of spherical or
cylindrical shape. The main function or purpose of a
capacitor

is

to

store

electrical

energy

by

means

of

electrostatic stress in the dielectric.

Fig 2.14 a capacitor

One plate is joined to the positive end of the supply and the
other to the negative end or can be said to be earthed. It has
been experimentally found that in the presence of an
earthed plate B, plate A is capable of withholding more
charge when B is not there. Therefore when such a capacitor

is put across a battery, there is a momentary flow of electron

from A to B. as negative electrons are withdrawn from it, it
becomes positively charged and as these electrons collect on
B it becomes negatively charged.

2.14.1 CAPACITANCE

The property of a capacitor to store electricity is or may be

known as its capacitance. As for example we may measure
the capacity of the mass in kilograms of water required in
raising its level by one meter. Therefore the capacitance of a
capacitor is defined as the amount of charge required to
cerate a unit p.d. between its plates. Suppose we give Q
coulomb of charge to one of the two plate of capacitor and if
a p.d of V volts is established between the two then it
capacitance can be given as

C= Q/V
Where C is the capacitance of the capacitor
Q is the charge
V is the potential difference across the plates

Hence, capacitance can be said to be the charge required

per unit potential difference.

By definition the unit of capacitance is coulomb/volt which is

also called farad.

There are different types of capacitors employed in circuitry

design depending on their need they include the green cap
capacitor, the MKT capacitor, the monolithic capacitor, the
ceramic capacitor and the electrolytic capacitor. In this
project design I made used of green cap and electrolytic
capacitors.

2.14.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

Electrolytic capacitors take advantage of the ability of some

metal oxides to act as an excellent insulator (at low voltage)
and also form a dielectric material with a very high dielectric
constant

K.

Most

common

electrolytic

capacitors

use

aluminum oxide as the dielectric, but special -purpose and

low leakage types generally use tantalum oxide. The main
shortcoming of electrolytic capacitors.

2.14.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

Electrolytic capacitors take advantage of the ability of some

metal oxides to act as an excellent insulator (at low voltage)
and also form a dielectric material with a very high dielectric
constant

K.

Most

common

electrolytic

capacitors

use

aluminum oxide as the dielectric, but special-purpose and

low leakage types generally use tantalum oxide. The main
shortcoming of electrolytic capacitors is that the insulating
and dielectric properties of the metallic oxides are polarity
sensitive. So most electrolytic capacitors must be connected
into circuit so that voltage is always applied to them with the
correct polarity (which is marked on their body). The only
exception is non polarized or bipolar (BP) electrolytes, which
are effectively two electrolytes in series back-to-back.
Because the oxide dielectric layer in electrolytic capacitors is
extremely

thin,

these

capacitors

are

more

prone

to

breakdown at higher voltages. So all electrolytes are clearly

marked in terms of their safe maximum operating voltage. In
most ceases electrolytes also have their capacitance value
shown directly on the case as well.

The three most common types of aluminum electrolytic in

current use are the axial-lead or RT type, the radial-lead or
RB type (for vertical mounting on PC boards) and the
chassis-mounting or RG type. There is also a variation on the
RB type called the RP, with a third lead for orientation and
added support.

The most common type of tantalum electrolytic in current

use is the solid or TAG tantalum type, where the tantalum
oxide dielectric is formed on the surface of a solid block of
sintered tantalum granules. These capacitors provide low
leakage and very high capacitance in a very small volume,
but are limited to quite low voltage. Typically less than 33V.
T
he figure represents the different types of
capacitors
greencap,

;electrolytic

capacitors,

monolithic,ceramic,MKT

Fig 2.14.2 Capacitors

2.14.3. PLASTIC

FILM,

CAPACITORS

CERAMIC

AND

MONOLITHIC

Most of these types have their nominal value either printed

directly on them or use the EIA coding system which is a bit
like resistor color coding, but in digits. The first two digits
followed by a multiplier showing the number of zeroes. With
this code the value is generally given in pico farads ( pF),
which you will need to divide by either one million or one
thousand (respectively) if you want the value in microfarads
(nF). Hence a capacitor marked 104 has a value of 10 with 4
zeroes after it, or 100,000pF which is the same as 100nf.
Similarly 681 means 68 with a single zero or 680pF. While
472 means 47 with two zeroes or 4700pF (which is the same
as 4.7nF).

2.15 DIODE
It is two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed
either in Ge or Si crystal. Its circuit symbol is shown below.

Anode

cathode

Fig 2.15 Circuit Symbol of a diode

The P and N type regions are referred to as anode and

cathode respectively. An arrow head indicates the direction
of current flow when forward biased. It is the same direction
in which hole(+) flow takes place. Commercially available
diodes usually have means to indicate which lead is P and
which lead is N. By standards, a mark on terminal indicates
that the terminal is the cathode.
The low current diode whose body is about 3mm long can
carry a forward current of about 100mA, have saturation
current of 5 micro ampere at room temperature (25 0C) and
can withstand a reverse voltage of 75V without breaking
down. The medium current diodes can pass a forward
current of about 500mA and can withstand a reverse voltage
of 250v.the high current diodes or power diodes can pass a

forward of many amperes and can survive several hundred

volts of reverse voltage.

2.15.1 MOUNTING A DIODE

Usually low and medium current diodes are usually mounted

by soldering their leads to the connecting terminals. The
heat generated by this diode is small enough to be carried
away by air convection and conduction along the connecting
leads. However high current stud-mounted diode generate
large amount of heat for which air convection is totally
inadequate. Therefore for cooling they need heat sink made
of metals such as copper or aluminum which are good
conductors of heat. The sink absorbs heat from the device
and then transfers it to the surrounding air by convention
and radiation since it has large surface area. A P-N junction
diode is one way device offering low resistance when forward
biased and behaving almost as an insulation when reverse
biased hence such diodes are mostly used as rectifiers.

2.15.2 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF A DIODE

When the diode is forward biased and the applied voltage is

increased from zero, hardly any current flows through the
device in the beginning. It is so because the internal base
voltage Vb whose value is 0.7v for silicon and 0.3v for
germanium. As soon as Vb is neutralized, current through
the diode increases rapidly with increasing applied battery
voltage. It is found that as little a voltage as 1.0V produces a
forward current of about 50mA. A burnout is most likely to
occur if the forward voltage is increased beyond a certain
safe limit.

2.15.3

IDEAL DIODE

There is no such thing as an ideal diode or a perfect diode.

The existence of such a diode is visualized simply as an aid
in analyzing the diode circuits.
An ideal diode may be defined as a two terminal device
which conducts with zero resistance when forward biased
and appears as an infinite resistance when reverse-biased. In
other words, such a

device acts as a short-circuit in the

forward direction and as an open circuit in the reverse

direction. Some type of dioxide use in the design of inverter

are the zener diodes and light sensible diodes commonly

known as LEDS.

2.15.4

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

As the name implies it a forward biased P-N junction which

emits visible light when energized. As discussed earlier
charge carrier recombination takes place when electron from
the N-side cross the junction and recombine with the holes
on the P-side now the electrons are in the higher conduction
band on the N-side. whereas holes are in the power valence
band on the P-side. During recombination, some of the
energy difference is given up in the from of heat and light.
But for Si and Ge junctions, greater percentage of this
energy is given up in the form of heat so the amount emitted
as light is insignificant.
There are two categories of LEDS which are the surfaceemitting and the edge-emitting LEDS.
The surface emitting LEDS emits light in a direction
perpendicular to the PN-junction plane. While the edge-

emitting LEDS emit light in a direction parallel to the PN

junction plane.

Fig 2.15.4

a led

The forward voltage across a LED is considerably greater

than that of a silicon PN junction diode. Typically, the
maximum forward voltage for LED is between 1.2V and 3.2V
depending on the device. Reverse breakdown voltage for an
LED is of the order of 3V to 10V. The LED emits light in
response to a sufficient forward current. Therefore it can be
said that the amount of power translated onto light onto light
is directly proportional to the forward current.

2.15.5 DIODES AS RECTIFIERS

Diodes can be connected in appalled to increase the current

rating. When this is done, small-value resistors are placed in
series with each diode in the set to equalize the current
burden among the diodes. Each resistor should have a
voltage drop of about IV.

Fig 2.15.5 half-wave rectifier

2.15.5.1 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

In a half-wave rectifier circuit, the average output voltage is

approximately 45 percent of the rms ac input voltage, but
the PIV across the diode can be as much as2.8 times the rms
ac input voltage. It is a good idea to use diodes whose PIV
ratings are at least 1.5 times the maximum expected PIV,
therefore, with a half-wave supply, the diodes should be

rated for at least 4.2 times the rms ac input voltage. Halfwave rectification has some shortcomings. First, the output
is difficult to smoothen-out because the waveform is so
irregular. Second, the output voltage tends to drop when the
supply is connected to a load (this can be countered to some
extent by means of a good voltage regulator). Third, halfwave rectification puts a disproportionate strain on the
power transformer and the diodes. Half-wave rectification is
useful in supplies that so not have to deliver much current,
or that do not need to be well regulated. The main
advantage of using a half- wave circuit in these situations is
that it costs a little less than full wave or bridge circuits.

Fig 2.15.5.1 Half Wave Rectifier

2.15.5.2 FULWAVE, CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER

A much better scheme for changing ac to dc is to both

halves of the ac cycle. Suppose you want to convert an ac
wave to dc with positive polarity, then you can allow the
positive half of the ac cycle to pass unchanged, and flip the
negative portion of the wave upside-down, making it positive
instead. This is the principle behind full-wave rectification.
One

common full-wave circuit uses a transformer with a

centre-tapped secondary, the centre tap, a wire coming out

of the exact middle of the secondary winding, is connected
to common ground. This produces out-of-phase waves at the
ends of the winding. These two waves can be individually at
the ends of the winding. These two waves can be individually
half-wave rectified, cutting off the negative half of the cycle.
Because that wave are 180 degrees (half a cycle) out of
phase, the output of the circuit has positive pulses for both
halves of the cycle. In this circuit has positive pulses for both
halves of the cycle. In this rectifier circuit, the average dc
output voltage is about 90 percent of the rms ac input
voltage. The PIV across the diodes can be as much as 2.8
times the rms input voltage.

Therefore, the diodes should

have a PIV rating of at least 4.2 times the rms ac input. The

full wave, center-tap rectifier is kinder to the transformer

and diodes than a half-wave circuit. Furthermore, if a load is
applied to the output of the full-wave circuit, the voltage will
drop much less than it would with a half-wave supply
because the output has more substance.

In

Out

Fig 2.15.5.2 a full-wave centre tap rectifier

2.15.6 FILTERS

Electronic equipment does not respond smoothly to the

pulsating dc that comes straight from a rectifier. The ripple in
the waveform must be smoothed out, so that pure, batterylike dc is supplied. The simplest filter is one or more largevalue capacitors, connected in parallel with the rectifier
output. Electrolytic capacitors are almost always used. They
are polarized; They must be hooked up in the right direction.

Typical values range in the hundreds or thousands of

microfarads. The more current drawn, the more capacitance
is needed for good filtering. This is because the load
resistance decreases as the current increases. The lower the
load resistance, the faster the filter capacitors will discharge.
Larger capacitances hold charge for a longer time with a
given load.
Filter capacitors work by trying to keep the dc voltage at its
peak level. This is easier to do with the output of a full-wave
rectifier as compared with a half-wave circuit. The remaining
waveform bumps are the ripple. With a half-wave rectifier,
this ripple has the same frequency as the ac, or 60Hz. With a
full-wave supply, the ripple is 120Hz that is double the
supply frequency. The capacitor gets recharged twice as
often with a full-wave rectifier, as compared with a half-wave
rectifier. This is why the ripple is less severe, for a given
capacitance with full-wave circuits.

Fig 2.15.6 a simple filter

2.16 TRANSISTORS

A transistor is an electric component that has a base, emitter

and collector. In the UPS circuit layout, the transistor is used
to generate oscillation signal, amplification of signal and to
switch on/off various circuits.

2.16.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

Switching is a very important process in the UPS. Inverter
and other electronic devices use common bipolar transistors
and MOSFETs for the switching operation. The job of a switch
is to keep the flow of current in a circuit in on or off
condition. Mechanical switches are very slow and they have
sparking problems, this can be eliminated by using electronic
switches in a circuit.
When

an

electronic

device

such

as

common

bipolar

transistor or MOSFET is used to switch on/off flow of current

in a circuit that device is said to be working as an electronic
switch.

Because

advantages

of

the

mentioned

switching

above,

the

speed
use

of

and

other

electronic

switching is increasing day by day. Let us see how a

transistor is used as a switch. When the base of the NPN
transistor receives enough biasing it switches on. This results
in a current flow from its collector to the emitter terminal.

Fig 2.16.1 Transistor as a switch

When the base biasing is removed, the transistor switches

off and the current flow stops. So by charging the base, the
transistor can be made to work as a switch. A figure
presentation shown can be used to understand this better. In
this figure a lamp RL is used as load at the collector of
transistor TI. As shown in the figure A, when the switch SI at
base at base of TI is in off position transistor does not
receive base biasing.
This keeps the TI is off condition and the current will not flow
from collector. This keeps the bulb at the collector in off
position. When the switch SI is turned on, the base of TI
receives enough biasing and the TI switches on.

Fig 2.16.1 a transistor as a switch

Advantages of Electronic Switch

Electronic switches are small in size and weight,
compared to the mechanical switch.
Electronic switch does not have any moving parts; this
eliminates the problem of sparking etc.
Electronic switch does not produce any sound/noise
during operation.

2.16.2 MOSFETS

The acronym MOSFET (pronounced Moss-fet) stands for

metal

oxide-semiconductor

field-effect

transistor.

simplified cross-sectional drawing of an N-channel MOSFET,

along with the schematic symbol, is shown in fig. 216.2. The
N-channel device is diffused into a substrate of P-type
semiconductor material. The P-channel device is diffused
into a subtract of N-type material.

Fig 2.15.2 A MOSFET

2.16.2.1 SUPER-HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE

When the MOSFET was first developed, it was called an

insulated-gate FET or IGFET. This is perhaps more descriptive
of the device than the currently accepted name. The gate
electrode is actually insulated, by a thin layer of dielectric,
from the channel. As a result, the input impedance is even
higher than that of a JFET; the gate-to-source resistance of a
typical MOSFET is comparable to that of a capacitor. This
means that a MOSFET draws essentially no current, and
therefore no power, from the signal source. Some MOSFETs
have input resistance exceeding a trillion (10^12) ohms.

2.16.2.2 SETBACKS IN MOSFETS

The trouble with MOSFETs is that they can be easily

damaged by static electric discharges. When building or
servicing circuits containing MOS devices, technicians must
use special equipment to ensure that their hands do not
carry static charges that might ruin the components. If a
static discharge occurs through the dielectric of a MOS
device, the component will be destroyed permanently. Warm
and humid climates do not offer protection against the
hazard.

2.16.2.3 ITS FLEXIBILITY

In actual circuits, an N-channel JFET can sometimes be

replaced directly with an N-channel MOSFET; P-channel
device can be similarly interchanged. But the characteristic
curves for MOSFETs are not the same as those for JFETs. The
main difference is that the junction in a MOSFET is not a P-N
junction. Therefore, forward breakover cannot occur. An EG
of more than 0.6V can be applied to an N-channel MOSFET,
or an EG more negative than 0.6V to a P-channel device,
without current leakage. The device will work positive gate
biased as well as with negative gate bias. A P-channel
MOSFET behaves in a similar way, being usable with either
positive or negative EG.

2.16 OPTO-COUPLER
The optical coupler is a venerable device that offers the
design engineer new freedoms in designing circuits and
system. Problems such as ground loop isolation, common
mode noise rejection, power supply transformations, and
many more problems can be solved or simplified with the

use of an optical coupler. Operation based on the principle of

detecting

emitted

light.

The

input

to

the

coupler

is

connected to a light emitter and the output is a photo

detector, the two elements being separated by a transparent
insulator and housed in a light-excluding package. There are
many types of optical couplers; for example, the light source
could be an incandescent lamp or a light emitting diode
(LED).

Also,

the

detector

could

be

photovoltaic

cell,

photoconductive cell, photodiode, phototransistor, or a light

sanative SCR. By various combinations of emitters and
detectors, a number of different types of optical couplers
could be assembled. Once an emitter and detector have
been assembled as a coupler, the optical portion is
permanently established so that device use is only electronic
in nature. This eliminates the need for the circuit designer to
have knowledge of optics. However, for effective application,
he must know something of the electrical characteristics,
capabilities, and limitations of the emitter and detector.

2.17.1 OPTO-COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

The 4N35 is an optical coupler consisting of a gallium
arsenide (GaAs) LED and a silicon phototransistor. The

couplers characteristics are given in the following sequence:

LED characteristics, phototransistor characteristics, coupled
characteristic, and switching characteristics.

2.17.2 ITS INPUT

For most applications the basic LED parameters IF and VF

are all that are needed to define the input. Figure below
shows these forward characteristics, providing the necessary
information to design the LED device circuit. Most circuit
applications will require a current limiting resistor in series
with the LED input. The circuit shown below is a typical drive
circuit.

Fig 2.17.2 OPTO-COUPLERS INPUT

2.17.3 ITS OUTPUT

The output of the coupler is the phototransistor. The basic
parameters of interest are the collector current IC and
collector emitter voltage, VCE. The diagram below shows the
circuit layout of the opto-coupler.

Fig 2.17.3 Inputs and output circuit of an opto coupler

2.17.4 ITS OPERATING MODE

The two basic modes of operation are pulsed and linear. In

the pulsed mode of operation, the LED will be switched on or
off. The output will also be pulses either in phase or 180 0 out
of phase if the collector is used and in phase if the emitter is
used for the output. In the linear mode of operation, the
input is biased at dc operating point and then the input is
changed about this dc point. The output signal will have an
ac and dc component in the signal.

2.18 THE SG3524 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

The SG2524 and SG3524 incorporate all the functions
required in the construction of regulating power supply,
inverter, or switching regulator on a single chip. They also
can be used as the control element for high-power-output
applications. They also can be used as the control element
for high-power-output applications. The SG2524 and SG3524
were designed for switching regulators of either polarity,

transformer-coupled dc-to-dc converters, transformer less

voltage

doublers,

employing

fixed-48

and

polarity

frequency,

convert

applications

pulse-width-modulation

(PWM) techniques. The complementary output allows either

single-ended or push-pull application. Each device includes
an

on-chip

regulator,

error

amplifier,

programmable

oscillator, pulse-steering flip-flop; two uncommitted pass

transistors, a high-again comparator, and current-limiting
and shut circuitry. The SG2524 is characterized for operation
from - 250c to 850c and the SG3524 is characterized for
operation from 00C to 700C

2.18.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SG3524

The SG2524 is a fixed-frequency Pulse-width-modulation

voltage regulator control circuit. The regulator operates at a
fixed regulator control circuit. The regulator operates at a
fixed frequency that is programmed by one timing resistor,

RT, and one timing capacitor, CT. RT establishes constant

charging current for CT. This result in a linear voltage ramp
at CT, which is fed to the comparator providing leaner
control of the output pulse duration (width) by the error
amplifier. The SG2524 contains an onboard 5-V regulator
that serve as a reference, as will as supplying the SG2524
internal regulator control circuitry. The internal reference
voltage is divided externally by a resistor ladder network to
provide a reference within the common-mode range of the
amplifier as shown in figure 6 or an external reference can
be used. The output sensed a second resistor divider
network and the linear signal is amplified. This voltage is
then compared to the linear ramp at CT. The resulting
modulated pulse out of the high-gain comparator is then
steered to the appropriate output pass transistor (Q1 or Q2)
by the pulse-steering flip-flop, which is synchronously
toggled by the oscillator output. The oscillator output pulse
also serve as blanking pulse to ensure both output are never
ON simultaneously during the transition times. The duration
of the blanking pulse is controlled by the value of CT. The
outputs may be applied in a push-pull configuration in which
their frequency is half that of the base oscillator, or

paralleled

for

single-ended

applications

in

which

the

frequency is equal to that of the oscillator. The output of the

error amplifier shares a common input to the comparator
with the current-limiting and shut-down circuitry and can be
overridden by signals from either of these inputs. This
common point also is available externally and can be
employed to control the gain, to compensate the error
amplifier, or to provide additional control to the regulator.

CHAPTER THREE

3.10 METHODOLOGY
The approach adopted in the project work is a study of the material that
relates to the design of the UPS. The main aim relying mostly on articles and
scientific materials for the design of the inverter, and in most cases the
contemporary authors of these theories have tested and proven these designs
which are adopted today.
In my research the following or electrical measuring instruments were used
in order to achieve a calibrated process and a lasting design. Theses devices
are discussed briefly below, they include
electronic work bench software
Galvanometer
Oscilloscope
Volt meter
Amp meter
Watt meter

3.11 ELECTRONIC WORKBENCH

The Electronic Work bench is a simulation soft ware which runs on almost
any windows platform and be used to design and simulate a circuitry to see
if there are errors in the design layout. In this tool, a signal source can be
attached to the input and when switched ON, the output waveform can be
viewed on an oscilloscope plot on the screen of the computer. It is very
essential tool for designing and test-running circuitry before the main
construction process can start. It is also a known fact that when a workable
design has been accomplished, 70% of the job is said to be done.

3.12 GALVANOMETER
Early Scientists Experimenting on electricity and magnetism noticed that an
electric current produces a magnetic field. This discovery was probably an
accident, but it got the curiosity of scientist. When a magnetic compass is
placed near a wire carrying a direct electric current, the compass does not
point toward magnetic north, the needle is displaced. The extent of the error
depends on how close the compass is brought to the wire, and also on how
much current the wire is carrying. Scientific experimenters are like children.
They first observed, the scientist tried different arrangements to see how
much the compass needle could be displaced, and how small a current could
be detected. An attempt was made to obtain the greatest possible current-

detecting sensitivity. Wrapping the wire in a coil around resulted in a device

that would indicate a tiny electric current. This effect is known as galvanism,
and the meter so devised was called a galvanometer

Fig 3.12 a galvanometer

In the circuit arrangement shown above, the galvanometer output is obtained
be varying the potentiometer. In the design of the UPS the actual output
voltage across a potentiometer can be achieved be varying the galvanometer
by connecting the potentiometer as shown above.

3.13 OSCILLOSCOPE

This measures and records quantities that vary rapidly at rates of hundreds,
thousands, or millions of times per second. It creates a graph by throwing
a beam of electrons at a phosphor screen. A cathode-ray tube, similar to the
kind in a television seat, is employed. Oscilloscopes are useful for looking
at the shapes of signal waveforms, and also for measuring peak signal levels
(rather than just the effective levels). An oscilloscope can also be used to
approximately measure the frequency of a waveform.

The horizontal scale instantaneous shows time, and the vertical scale shows
instantaneous voltage. An oscilloscope can indirectly measure power or
current, by using a known value of resistance across the input terminals.
Technicians and engineers develop a sense of what a signal waveform
should look like, and them they can often tell, by observing the oscilloscope
display, whether or not the circuit under test is behaving the way it should.
This is a subjective kind of measurement, since it is qualitative as well as
quantitative.
If a wave shape looks wrong, it might indicate distortion in a circuit, or
possibly even cause a burned-out of component someplace. In this design I
used the oscilloscope on the electronic workbench in circuit stimulation.

3.14 VOLTMETER
Current is a flow of charge carriers. Voltage, or electromotive force (EMF),
or potential difference, is the pressure that makes a current possible. Given
a circuit whose resistance is constant, the current that will flow in the circuit
is directly proportional to the voltage placed across it. Early electrical
experimenters recognized that an ammeter could be used to measure voltage,
since an ammeter is a form of constantresistance circuit. If you connect an
ammeter directly across a source of voltage a battery, the meter needle will
deflect. In fact, a millimeter needle will probably be pinned if you do this

with it, and a micrometer might well be wreaked by the force of the needle
striking the pain at the top of the scale.
For this reason, you should never connect millimeter or micro ammeters
directly across voltage sources. An ammeter, perhaps with a range of 0-10 A,
might not deflect to full scale if it is placed across a battery, but it is still a
bad idea to do this, because it will rapidly drain the battery. Some batteries,
such as automotive lead-acid cells, explode under these conditions.
This is because all ammeters have low internal resistance. They are
designed that way deliberately. They are meant to be connected in series
with other parts of a circuit, not right across the power supply.
But if you place a large resistor in scribes with an ammeter, and then
connect the ammeter across a battery or other types of power supply, you no
longer have a short circuit. The ammeter will give an indication that is
directly proportional to the voltage of the supply. The smaller the full-scale
reading of the ammeter, the larger the resistance to get a meaningful
indication the meter. Using a micro ammeter and a large value of resistor in
series, a voltmeter can be devised that will draw only a little current from the
source. It is always good when a voltmeter has a high internal resistance.
The reason for this is that you dont want the meter to draw much current
from the power source. This current should go, as much as possible, towards
working whatever circuit is hooked up to the supply, and not into just getting
a reading of the voltage. Also, might not want, or need, to have the voltmeter

constantly connected in the circuit. You do not want the behavior of the
circuit to be affected the instant you connect the voltmeter to the supply. The
less current a voltmeter draws, the less it will affect the behavior of anything
that is working from the power supply.

Fig 3.14 a diagram of a Voltmeter

In this project work the voltmeter is place or installed across the out put of
the UPS to display the output potential at all time.

3.15 AMP METER

Sometimes, it is desirable to have an ammeter that will allow for a wide
range of current measurements. The full-scale deflection of a meter
assembly cannot easily be changed, since this would mean changing the
number of coil turns and/or the strength of the magnet. But all ammeters
have a certain amount of internal resistance. If a resistor, having the same
internal resistance as the meter, is connected in parallel with the meter, the
resistor will take half the current. Then take twice the current through the
assembly to deflect the meter to full scale, as compared with the meter alone.

By choosing a resistor of just the right value, the full-scale deflection of an

ammeter can be increased by a factor of 10, or 100, or ever 1000. This
resistor must be capable of carrying the current without burning up. It might
have to take practically all of the current flowing through the assembly,
leaving the meter to carry only 1/10,or 1/100 of the current. This is called a
shunt resistance or meter shunt. Meter shunts are frequently used when it is
necessary to measure very large currents, such as hundreds of amperes. They
allow micro ammeters or millimeter to be used in a versatile millimeter, with
many current ranges.

3.16 WATTMETER
The measurement of electrical power requires that voltage and current both
be measured simultaneously. Remember that power is the product of the
voltage and current. That is, watts (P) equals volts (E) times amperes (I),
written as p= EL In fact, watts are sometimes called volt-amperes in a dc

circuit. You might think that you can just connect a voltmeter in parallel with
a circuit, thereby getting a reading of the voltage across it, and also hook up
an ammeter in series to get a reading of the current through the circuit, and
then multiply volts time's amperes to get watts consumed by the circuit
Infact, for practically all dc circuits, this is an excellent way to measure
power.
In this design, wattmeter of the above principle was used to determine the
power in watts that the inverter may be able to accommodate from the
diagram shown below

wattmeter
fig 3.5 diagram of a wattmeter arrangement
an electric iron might consume 1000 W, or a current of 1000/117 = 8.55 A.
and a large heating unit might gobble up 2000 W, requiring a current of
2000/ 117 = 17.1 A. this might below a fuse or breaker, since these devices
are often rated for only 15 A. you have probably had an experience where
you hooked up too many appliances to a single circuit, blowing the fuse or
breaker. The reason was that the appliances, combined, drew too much

current for the house wiring to safely handle, and the fuse or breaker,
detecting the excess current, opened the circuit.

3.17 MULTIMATES

In the electronics lab, a common piece of test equipment is the millimeter, in

which different kinds of meters are combined into a single unit. The voltohm-millimeter (VOM) is the most often used. As its name implies, it
combines voltage, resistance and current measuring capabilities. You should
not have too much trouble envisioning how a single millimeter can be used
for measuring voltage, current and resistance. The preceding discussions for
measurements of these quantities have all included method in which a
current meter can be used to measure the intended quantity. Commercially
available multimeters have certain limits in the values they can measure.
The maximum voltage is around 1000 V; larger voltages require special
leads and heavily insulated wires, as well as other safety precautions. The
maximum current that a common VOM can measure is about 1 A. the
maximum resistance is on the order of several mega ohms or tens of mega
ohms. The lower limit of resistance indication is about an ohm.s

CHAPTER FOUR

4.10 Designs and the construction of a ups

4.11 Complete circuit diagram of ups
4.12 Stage by stage design is divided into five sections, they
are

The oscillator section.

The device/switching section.
The output section.
The change over section.
The low battery cut-off section

4.12.1 OSCILLATOR SECTION

THE IC SG3524 is used in the oscillation section of this UPS.
This IC is used to generate the 50H z frequency required to
generate AC supply by the inverter. To start this process,
battery supply is given to the pin-15 of the SG324 through
on/off switch which passes through the normally close
contact of the relay. Pin-8 is connected to the negative
terminal of the battery. A voltage regulator LM7812 is

connected

across

the

battery

through

two

capacitors

connected in parallel and grounded as shown in the circuit

below. This regulates the 12V supply from the battery.
Pin-5 and 7 of the IC are the oscillation section pins. The
frequency produced by the IC depends on the value of the
capacitor and resistor connected at these pins. The two
capacitors (each 0.1 uf) are connected to pin-7. These
capacitors decide the 50Hz frequency output by the IC. Pin-5
is timing resistance pin. The resistance at this pin keeps the
oscillator frequency constant. Preset variable resistor

is

connected to ground from pin-6 of the IC this preset is used

so that the value of the output frequency can be adjusted to
a constant 50Hz. A fixed resistor of is connected in series
with the variable resistor to give a given frequency as shown
by the relation:

F=1.30/RT*CT
Where F is the frequency in KHz
RT is the total resistance at pin-6
CT is the total capacitance at pin-7
Therefore to obtain a frequency of 50Hz
Given CI +C2 =CT

CT=0.1+0.1=0.2
Making RT subject formula
Therefore we have that RT=1.31/0.05*0.2
RT=1.31/0.01=131K
Therefore we have that RT must be varied at 131k to obtain
a frequency of 50Hz.
In my design I a fixed resistor of 100K and a variable resistor
of 20k.
Signal generated at the oscillator section of the IC reaches
the flip-flop section if the IC. This section converts the
incoming signal into signal with changing polarity. This signal
with changing polarity means that when the first signal is
positive the second would be negative and when the first
signal goes negative the second would be positive.
Therefore to achieve a frequency of 50Hz this process most
repeat 50 times per second at a regular interval i.e an
alternating signal with 50Hz frequency is generated inside
the flip-flop section of the IC.

This 50Hz frequency alternating signal has an output at pin11 and 14 of the IC. This alternating signal may also be
known as the MOS drive signal. This MOS drive signal at pin-

11 and 14 are between 3-4V. Voltage at these pins should be

same, because any variation in the voltage at these pins
could damage the MOSFET at the output. The circuit diagram
of the oscillation section is shown below.
1.2K

4v

6v
47uf

5K

6
1.2k

1k
22uf

1
104uf 2
3
4
5

100k

47

6
7
8

10k

10k

16
15
14
13
12

OSC

Pin 3 Pre Driver

OSC11
10
9

4.7K

Pin 5 Pre Driver

102uf

Fig4.12.1 oscillator

circuit4.7uf

4.12.2 DRIVER/ SWITCHING SECTION

The MOS drive signal from the pin-11 and 14 of the IC are
given to the base of the transistor T1 and T2. This results in
the MOS drive signal getting separated into two different
channels. Transistor T1 and T2 amplify the 50Hz MOS drive

signal at their base to a sufficient level and output them

from the emitter while the collector are grounded.

50Hz signal from the emitter of T1 is given to the gate of

each MOSFET in the MOSFET channel, through resistance
RA4-2K. Each MOSFET gate receives the 50Hz signal through
a resistor (RA6-RA9).
And also 50Hz signal from the emitter of T2 is given to the
gate of each MOSFT in the second MOSFET channel, through
resistance RA19-2K. Each MOSFET gate receives the 50Hz
signal through a resistor (RA14 RA17). When the first
MOSFET is on, the current flows through the first half of the
inverter transformer bifilar winding. When the second
MOSFET channel turns ON, the current flows through the
second half of the inverter transformer winding. This
switching on/off of the MOSFET channels will start an
alternating

current

in

the

bifilar

winding

of

inverter

transformer. This AC current in the bifilar winding will induce

an AC current of 50Hz, in the 220 and 240v tapings of the
transformer. The AC voltage output from the transformer is
connected to the normally close of the relay to the output
socket. This can be shown by the circuit below.

Fig 4.12.2 drive/switching section

4.12.3 THE OUTPUT SECTION

The 50Hz alternating MOS drive signal reaches each MOSFET

channel separately. This result in the MOSFET channels being
alternating on and off i.e. when the first channel is ON the
second channel will be OFF, and when the second channel is
ON, the first will be OFF. This on/off switching is repeated 50
times per second. The drain (D) of all the MOSFETs of one
channel is connected together and one end of the inverter
transformers bifilar winding is connected to this connection.
Likewise the drain of the MOSFET of the second channel is
also connected together and the other end of the inverter
transformers bifilar winding is connected to this connection.
The position terminal of the battery is connected to the
center tapping of the bifilar winding. This results in the
positive supply reaching drain of each MOSFET transistor
through each end of the bifilar winding. Source (S) terminal

of each MOSFET is connected to the negative terminal of the

battery through a shunt of low value resistance. Because
polarity of the 50Hz MOS drive signal at pin-11 and 14 are
different, at a time only one channel from the output channel
remains ON, the other channel stays OFF.

4.12.4 THE CHANGEOVER SECTION

The changeover section is used to

Switch on the inverter when the AC mains supply

switches off and

Switch off the inverter when the AC mains supply

returns.

When the UPS receives AC mains supply, it stops drawing

the battery supply, and the AC mains supply at the UPS
input is directly sent to the UPS output socket.
The change over circuit adopted for this design is very
simple. It consists of 12V step down transformer. This change
over as the name implies can be divided into two states i.e

when there is Power supply from AC source the inverter

would be switch off and
When there is no supply it goes back and switches the
inverter.
This process happens like this, when there is AC supply, the
oscillator which is connected to the output of the normally
close of the relay connects the oscillator with power sources
and the switching process starts. But when power supply
comes back on, a 12V signal is sent to the coil of the relay
through the diodes D1 and D2. The common of transformer
is connected to the negative terminal of a 220uf capacitor
and the positive terminal is connected to the cathode of D1.
The coil energizes in the process and contacts the normally
open the relay thereby connected the load to the AC supply.

During this process a 12V signal is sent to the shutdown pin

of the IC SG3524 to shutdown the inverter and hence stop its
switching process. This is shown by the circuit bellow
220k
1
2
N

3
IN4007

VCC

4N35

5
4
BD135

RELAY

Fig 4. 12. 4 changeover circuit of the UPS

4. 12.5 THE LOW BATTERY CUT-OFF SECTION

When the battery becomes discharged i.e. the battery

voltage falls below a set voltage level, the UPS should switch
off cause if the it continues to draw current from a
discharges battery, the battery will get damaged.
Therefore to switch off the UPS in low-battery condition, a
low battery cut circuit is put to use. This circuit is made of
pin-2,3 and 4 of an IC2 (LM339). Pin-4 of the IC2 is given a
5V reference voltage goes below a set point,pin-2 of the IC2
outputs a low-battery signal. This low battery signal is uses
to drive T15 and SCR T10 (XL08), and sends a shut down
signal at the shutdown pin-10 of PWM controller IC(SG3524).
When the PWM controller IC2 receives low-battery shutdown
signal at its pin-16, its oscillation section stops the operation
and the UPS will automatically shutdown as shown by the
12v

circuit below

Pin 16 (OSC)

47K

100

Pin 10 (OSC) short down

10K

v
47kl

4
3

12 v

Fig 4.12.5 low battery cut-off circuit

4.13 COMPONENT JUSTIFICATION

I would like to explain the reason for using some of those
components in my design work.
44.13.1 MOSFETS
MOSFETS are used in the design in place of bipolar junction
transistors in building inverters and UPS because
MOSFETS device can work on very small drive power
whereas bipolar transistors require large drive power
for its operation.

 Safe operating area of MOSFET is larger than that of

bipolar transistor, because of this, MOSFET devices do
not get easily damaged.
The temperature affects switching time of bipolar
transistor whereas temperature has very little effect on
MOSFET devices.
A MOSFET device can withstand higher peak current
compared to the bipolar transistor.
4.13.2 SG3524 OSCILLATOR
The SG3524 oscillator was used in this design due to its
steady oscillatory characteristic that gives out a steady
pulse at the output of the driver circuit. It is known to give a
constant pulse of 4V at pin-11- 14 that helps to reduce
sparks delay in the output that could affect the MOS switch.

4.13.3 OPTO-COUPLER
The opto-coupler was adopted in the design mainly because
of its flexibility and most importantly its sensitivity to signal
from an input potential to the phototransistor.
4.13.4 RESISTORS

Fixed and variable resistors where used in this design to

help fine-tune the output of the oscillator to a constant 50Hz
frequency.
4.14 TEST AND ANALYSIS
Before a new UPS is assembled, it needs to be tested
properly; its various presets should be set properly.
When testing a UPS, one should test its inverter section (the
section which operates on battery supply) first. Next, is the
charging section (section which operates on AC mains
supply). Requirement for the testing inverter section:
Connect a fully charged battery to the inverter
A current meter or ampere meter is required to check
the load current and charging current. For this, connect
a 50 Amp Meter in series between the positive terminal
of inverter.
Connect a 0 -300V AC voltmeter parallel to the inverter
output socket.
To check the AC supply frequency of inverter output,
connect a frequency meter parallel to the output
socket
4.14.1 TESTING AND SETTING THE INVERTER SECTION

 Remove the battery wires from this section.

Outer ends of 12-0-12 winding 0f invertercum charger
transformer are connected to the heat sink. Remove
these connections from the heat sink. Now, if the
battery is reconnected, MOSFET drains will not receive
any battery supply.
Reconnect the battery
Remove the 3- pin MOSFET drive connector between
the mains PCB and the MOSFET PCB.
Do not connect the inverters mains supply from
reaching the inverter.
Without AC mains supply, 220V/18V transformer will
not produce the 18V AC supply. Without 18V AC supply,
12V
Regulated DC supply is not produced and the charging
circuit will not operate.
Switch on the inverter switch. 12V supply from battery
will reach pin -15 of IC (SG3524).
If the oscillator section is operating, pin -11 and 14
should have equal MOS drive voltage

 To check the MOS drive voltage, set the millimeters at

10V AC range, and check the voltage between pin 11
of IC2 ground.

Multimeter should show a voltage

between 4V- 5V
Voltage at pin 11 and 14 should be equal
If these voltage are OK then reconnect the 3-pin
connector between the mains PCB and the MOSFET
Make sure that the voltage at pin- 11 and 14 of 1C2
(SG3524) should be equal. If there is difference in the
voltage on these pins, or if the MOS drive voltage is
missing, then there is some fault in the circuit.
If the MOS drive voltage is OK at pin 11 and 14 of 1C2
then check the MOSFET transistor gates for MOS drive
voltage.
If the MOS drive voltage is missing from all the MOSFET
gates, then check that the 3- pin connector joining the
output plate with MOS drive signal
If the MOS drive signal is missing from one of the
MOSFET gate then check the 22E resistance at the
gate.

 If the MOS drive signal is missing from all the MOSFETs

in one channel, then check the transistors and other
components in that channel.
When proper MOS drive signal is available at the gate
of all the MOSFET transistors of both channels, switch
off the inverter
Remove the battery connection
Reconnect the end points of 12-0-12 inverter cumcharger transformer to the heat sinks, i.e. to the
MOSFET drain.
Keeping the inverter on/off switch in off position
connect the battery to the inverter.
Connect the voltmeter and frequency meter to the
inverter output. Connect two 100W/ 250 V bulbs to the
UPS output socket.
Switch on the UPS. If the bulb starts to glow, the UPS is
working properly. All the components of the UPS
MOSFET

transistor,

relay,

inverter

transformer,

changeover circuit, etc. are working properly.

If the bulb does not glow than check the inverter
transformer for 220V AC supply.

 270V tapping of inverter transformer is connected to

the N/O-2 terminal of relay. Check the AC supply by
keeping the Multimeter in 250V AC range.
4.15 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION
S/NO
1
2
3
4
5

Item Specification
RESISTORS
Capacitor 10 uf
Capacitor 0.1uf
Capacitor 47 uf
10000uf 35v

Quantity
20
2
6
2
2

Unit cost
N5
N20
N20
N20
N 80

Total cost
N 100
N 40
N 120
N 40
N 160

6
7
8

capacitor
MOSFET IRT 3205
Transformer step-up
220-12v step-down

2
1
1

N 200
N 3000
N 500

N 400
N 3000
N 500

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Transformer
Relay
Connecting Wires
A digital multi meter
A voltmeter
AC socket
Transistor BC557B
Battery IC
SG3524 IC
Opto coupler 4N35
Rocker on/off switch
Transport
Variable resistor
Vero board

N 300
N 250
N 900
N 150
N100
N 50
N 3000
N 600
N 250
N 50
N 300
N 20
N 200

N600
N250
N 900
N150
N 100
N50
N3000
N600
N250
N50
N300
N40
N200
N10,850.0

TOTAL COST

1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2

CHAPTER FIVE

5.10 CONCLUSION
It is obvious that UPS are indispensable power units in
virtually every scale of establishment. Its features such as
noiseless working condition, availability of storage elements,
numerous system compatibility etc, have not in any way
marred its acceptance. This device is really dominating in
computer establishment but in no due time will find use in
many other applications where it is still under consideration.

5.11 RECOMMENDATION
I strongly recommend a restructuring in our departments
project condition. I think conducting these project in group
will give a room for wider and in-depth research, sharing of
ideas

between

group

members

and

taking

and

non-

execution of infant projects or better still low-grade projects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Edward

Hughes.(1997), Electrical Technology. Addison

Wesley Publishers,7th edition.

BL.THERAJA.(2000).A Textbook of Electrical Technology

S.

Chand & Company, New Delhi.

Deboo, G.J and C.N. Burro.(1971) integrated Circuits and
Semiconductors Devices Thorny and Application. New
York:
McGraw-Hill.
Horowitz,P,

Klinfield,

H.

(1995).The Art

of Electronics.

Cambridge University Press, London.

Sloich Matsumoto.(2000). Understanding and Using DC-AC
Inverters. Jay car Electronics. New York.

Kelvin R. Sullivan(1992)

Mosfets devices ,Physics and

operation IEEE Trans. New York: McGraw-Hill.