Answers to Revision Questions

1 Elements, Mixtures and Compounds

1 a) A substance that consists of only one type of atom [1]
b) The simplest particle of an element that can exist on its own in a
stable environment [1]
c) Contains two or more elements chemically combined [1]
2 Filtration [1]; through filter paper [1]; sand is the residue [1]; water is
the filtrate [1]
3 a) Separating funnel [1]; b) Magnetism [1]
4 Expensive/lack of sensitivity/trained staff required to operate it [1]
5 Small sample/identification of unknown elements or compounds [1]
6 a) Solid that dissolves [1]
b) Liquid in which the solute dissolves [1]
c) Mixture of solute dissolved in the solvent [1]
7 a) 3 [1]; b) water [1]; c) 2 [1]; d) 1 and 4 [1]; e) 1 [1]
f) Does not dissolve in the solvent [1]; g) Solvent front [1]
8 a) Retention time [1]; b) 2 [1]
9 a) B = filter paper [1]; C = filter funnel [1]; D = conical flask [1]
b) Residue [1]; c) Filtrate [1]; d) Sand mixed with water [1]
10 Any two from: malleable/ductile/sonorous/high melting point/good
conductor of electricity or heat [2]
11 Fractional distillation [1]
12 Oil and water [1]
13 Mass spectrometry [1]
14 2 [1]
(10 20) + (11 80)
1080
15
[1] = 100 = 10.8 [1]
(20 + 80)

2 Atomic Structure and Bonding

1 Number of protons [1]
1 , 1 [1]; c) 1, 0 [1]
2 a) 1, +1 [1]; b)
1840
3 Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons [1]; but
different numbers of neutrons [1]
4 Diagrams to match electronic configurations: a) 2,8,5 [1]; b) 2,1 [1];
c) 2,6 [1]; d) 2,8,8,1 [1]; e) 2,8,8 [1]; f) 2 [1]; g) 2,8,3 [1]; h) 2,8,1 [1]
5 a) 2,8 [1]; b) 2,8 [1]; c) 2,8 [1]; d) 2,8 [1]; e) 2,8,8 [1]
6 When molten the ions [1]; can move [1]; and carry charge [1]
7 Sharing of electrons [1]; idea of a pair of electrons shared [1]
8 a) 2 electrons shared in bond [1]
7 electrons in outer shell of each Cl [1]
b) 2 electrons shared in each bond [1]
6 electrons in outer shell of O [1]
1 electron in outer shell of H [1]
CCEA GCSE Chemistry

c) 4 electrons shared in each double bond [1]

4 electrons in outer shell of carbon atom [1]
6 electrons in outer shell of both oxygen atoms [1]
9 Little energy required [1]; to break the weak van der Waals forces [1];
between chlorine molecules [1]
10 Each carbon atom [1]; covalently [1] bonded; to 4 [1];
other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral structure [1] Max. 3
11 Delocalised electrons [1]; can move [1]; and carry charge [1]
12 Can be hammered into shape [1]
13 Layers [1]; of positive centres/ions [1]; held together by a sea of
delocalised electrons [1]
14 20 protons and 20 neutrons [1]; in the nucleus [1]; 20 electrons [1];
arranged 2,8,8,2 [1]
15
Particle

Atomic Mass
Electronic
number number Protons Neutrons Electrons configuration

11

23

11

12

10

2,8

[1]

17

35

17

18

17

2,8,7

[1]

16

10

2,8

[1]

3 Formulae and Equations

1 a) NaF [1]; b) MgO [1]; c) K2O [1]; d) BaCl2 [1]
2 a) CuCl2 [1]; b) ZnO [1]; d) CuSO4 [1]; d) Fe(OH)3 [1]
3 a) Na2CO3 [1]; b) NaHCO3 [1]
4 a) Carbon dioxide [1]; b) Potassium nitrate [1];
c) Copper(II) carbonate (accept copper carbonate) [1];
d) Hydrogen fluoride [1]; e) Magnesium sulfate [1]
5 a) (NH4)2SO4 [1]; b) SO2 [1]; c) Ca(HCO3)2 [1]; d) Al2(SO4)3 [1]
6 S2O32 [1]
7 a) hydroxide [1]; b) oxide [1]; c) chloride [1]; d) aluminium [1];
e) sulfate [1]
8 a) 2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O [3]
b) 2Ca + O2 2CaO [3]
c) 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 [3]
9 CuCO3 CuO + CO2 [2]
10 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O [3]; (accept: C2H6 + 3 12 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O)
11 a) BaCl2 + K2SO4 BaSO4 + 2KCl [3]
b) Ba2+ + SO42 BaSO4 [2]
12 a) Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O [3]
b) Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O [3]
c) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 [3]
13 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 [3]
14 Zn2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2 [3]

Answers to Revision Questions

15 a) Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu [2]

b) Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 [3]
c) CO32 + 2H+ CO2 + H2O [3]

4 The Periodic Table

1 a) Alkali metals [1]; b) Alkaline earth metals [1]; c) Halogens [1];
d) Noble gases [1]
2 Li Li+ + e [2]
3 Phosphorus; P [1]
4 John Newlands [1]
5 a) Pale yellow gas [1]; b) Yellow-green gas [1]; c) Red-brown liquid [1]
d) Grey solid [1]; e) Colourless gas [1]
6 a) Rb+ [1]; b) I [1]; c) K+ [1]; d) F [1]
7 Group 6 [1]
8 a) nitrogen [1]; oxygen [1]; fluorine [1]; bromine [1]
b) carbon/sulfur [1]; c) sodium [1]; d) iron [1];
e) oxygen [1]; nitrogen [1]; fluorine [1]
9 Goes dull [1]
10 Fluorine [1]
11 Atomic number [1]
12 Cl2 + 2e 2Cl [3]
13 Any three from: large trough of water/small piece of sodium/safety
screen/gloves/glasses/tongs to handle sodium [3]
14 a) 2Na + F2 2NaF [3]
b) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 [3]
15 Any two from: no noble gases/no block of transition metals/no atomic
number/fewer elements (gaps)/no actinides or lanthanides [2]

5 Quantitative Chemistry
1 Carbon [1], 12 [1]
2 a) 98 [1]; b) 74 [1]; c) 342 [1]; d) 138 [1]; e) 162.5 [1]
3 a) 281 [1]; b) 238 [1]
4 RFM CaCO3 = 100 [1]; moles CaCO3 = 0.05 [1]; moles CaO = 0.05; [1]
RFM CaO = 56 [1]; mass CaO = 2.8 g [1]
5 RFM Mg = 24 [1]; moles Mg = 0.05 [1]; moles MgO = 0.05 [1]; RFM
MgO = 40 [1]; mass MgO = 2 g [1]
6 RFM Al = 27 [1]; moles Al = 2000 [1]; moles of Fe2O3 = 1000 [1]; RFM
Fe2O3 = 160 [1]; mass of Fe2O3 = 160 kg [1]
7 Moles of Al = 2000 [1]; moles of Fe = 2000 [1]; mass of Fe = 2000 56
= 112 kg [1]
8 Moles of Fe = 1.293 [1]; moles of O = 1.725 [1]; simplest ratio = 3 : 4 [1];
so Fe3O4
9 a) RFM CuCl22H2O3 = 171 [1]; total RFM water = 36 [1];
36
100 = 21.05% [1]
% water =
171
CCEA GCSE Chemistry

b) RFM Na2CO310H2O = 286 [1]; total RFM water = 180 [1];

180
% water =
100 = 62.94% [1]
286
10 Mass of copper = 3.2 g; moles of copper = 0.05 [1]
Mass of oxygen = 0.8 g [1]; moles of oxygen = 0.05 [1];
Simplest ratio = 1 : 1; so CuO [1]
11 H2O2
12 CH2O
13 a) RFM P = 31 [1]; moles P = 0.05 [1]; moles of PCl5 formed = 0.05 [1]
RFM PCl5 = 208.5 [1]; mass PCl5 (theoretical yield) = 10.425 g [1]
b) 8.34 100 [1]; = 80% [1]
10.425
c) Any one of: side reactions/not all phosphorus reacts/incorrect mass
measurements [1]
14 Moles of S = 1.25 [1]; moles of O = 3.75 [1]; simplest ratio = 1 : 3; so
SO3 [1]
15 a) 0.212 g [2]; b) 0.002 moles [2]; c) 0.288 g [2]; d) 0.016 moles [2];
e) 8[2]

6 Acids, Bases and Salts

1 A soluble [1] base [1]
2 Any two from: copper oxide/copper carbonate/copper hydroxide [2]
3 Pipette [1];
a measured volume/25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a
conical flask [1];
add 5 drops of phenolphthalein [1]; changes to pink [1];
add sulfuric acid from a burette [1];
until the indicator changes to colourless [1];
repeat without the indicator [1];
heat to reduce the volume by half [1];
leave aside to cool and crystallise [1];
filter off the crystals [1];
dry between two sheets of filter paper/in a low temperature oven/
in a desiccator [1];
in a logical sequence [1] Max. 8
4 a) Purple/dark blue [1]; 1214 [1]; b) Red [1]; 02 [1]; c) Blue [1];
911; d) Yellow or orange [1]; 36 [1]; e) Green [1]; 7 [1]
5 H+
6 Any insoluble metal oxide: such as magnesium oxide [1];
copper(II) oxide [1] or any soluble metal hydroxide: such as any Group
1 hydroxide [1] or Group 2 hydroxide [1] Max. 2
7 a) Toxic [1]; fume cupboard [1]; b) Flammable [1]; no naked flames/
do not heat [1]; c) Corrosive [1]; wear gloves/personal protective
equipment [1]
+
8 H (aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) [3]
9 a) Colourless [1]; b) Colourless [1]; c) Pink [1]
4

Answers to Revision Questions

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 [1]

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O [1]
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O [1]
Heat released [1]; bubbles of gas [1]; solid disappears [1]; colourless
solution [1] Max. 3
b) Bubbles of gas [1]; green solid disappears [1]; solution changes from
colourless to blue [1]
12 sodium chloride [1]
13 a) red [1]; b) red [1]; c) orange [1]; d) colourless [1]
14 hydrogen [1]; hold a lit splint at the mouth of a tube of it [1];
pop sound if hydrogen present [1]
15 a) Residue [1]; b) Filtrate [1];
c) Filter [1] to remove crystals and dry between two sheets of filter
paper or in a desiccator or in a low temperature oven [1]
d) Labelled diagram of filter funnel in conical flask [1]; filter paper [1];
residue and filtrate correctly labelled [1]
10 a)
b)
c)
11 a)

7 Test for Ions

1 A yellow [1] precipitate [1]
2 Nichrome wire or flame test rod [1]; Clean using deionised water or
concentrated hydrochloric acid and heat in non-luminous Bunsen
flame [1]; Place in sample and heat sample in non-luminous Bunsen
flame [1]; Observe golden yellow flame colour [1] for sodium ions
3 a) iron(III) hydroxide [1]; b) barium sulfate [1]; c) zinc hydroxide [1]
4 a) 3NaOH + FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl [3]
b) BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 + MgCl2 [2]
c) 2NaOH + Zn(NO3)2 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 [3]
5 a) Fe3+ + 3OH Fe(OH)3 [3]
b) Ba2+ + SO42 BaSO4 [2]
c) Zn2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2 [3]
6 a) Red-brown ppt [1]; b) White ppt [1]; c) White ppt [1]
7 a) Mg2+ [1]; b) I [1]; c) Magnesium iodide [1]
8 Ag+ + Cl AgCl [2]
9 Iron(II)/Fe2+ [1]
10 Solid [1]; that may form on mixing two solutions [1]

8 Solubility
1 Decreases [1]
2 a) Liquid [1] in which a solid dissolves [1];
b) Solid [1] that dissolves in the solvent [1];
c) Mixture [1] of solid dissolved in a solvent [1];
d) Maximum amount of solute has dissolved [1] in the solvent at a
particular temperature [1]
3 Contains water [1] that is chemically bonded into the crystal
structure [1]

CCEA GCSE Chemistry

4 Units are g/100 g water [1]

5 a) 34.7 (allow 3435) [1] g/100 g water
b) Yes [1]; solubility at 20 C = 33 g/100 g; water so 16.5 g required to
saturate 50 g of water [1]
c) Solubility at 33 C = 37 [1] g/100 g water; mass required to saturate
200 g of water = 37 2 = 74 [1] g
d) Solubility at 43 C = 40 [1] g/100 g water; solubility at 23 C = 34 [1]
g/100 g water
Difference in solubility = 40 34 = 6 [1] g per 50 g of water = 6 = 3
2
[1] g
6 Mass of solute [1] that saturates [1] 100 g of water [1] at a particular
temperature [1]
7 9.1 100 [1] = 45.5 [1] g/100 g water
20
8 Oxygen gas solubility decreases [1]; at increased temperature [1]; fish
die from lack of oxygen [1]
9 magnesium oxide [1]; barium sulfate [1]
10 25 300 = 75 [1] g
100
11 0.14 10 = 1.4 g needed to saturate 1 kg of water [1]; mass remaining
= 2.0 1.4 = 0.6 [1] g
12 4.8 100 = 96 [1] g/100 g water
5

9 Reactivity Series of Metals

1 Hydrogen [1]
2 Any four of: floats/moves about the surface/fizzes/lilac flame/
eventually disappears/explodes/heat released [4]
3 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 [3]
4 Any three from: solid appears/blue solution/fades to green or
colourless/heat released [3]
5 By heating [1] damp mineral wool [1]
6 a) Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag [3]
b) Nitrate ion/NO3 [1]
c) Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag [3]
7 Aluminium has a protective [1] oxide [1] layer [1]
8 A grey [1] solid [1] burns with a bright white flame [1], forming a white [1]
solid [1] Max. 4
9 a) Black [1]; b) Blue [1]; c) Grey [1]
10 a) calcium [1]; b) calcium [1]; c) calcium, aluminium, zinc, copper [1]
11 2Ca + O2 2CaO [3]
12 magnesium, manganese, chromium, nickel [1]
13 2Cr + 3Ni(NO3)2 2Cr(NO3)3 + 3Ni [3]
14 Mg + Mn2+ Mg2+ + Mn [2]
15 All nitrates are soluble in water [1]

Answers to Revision Questions

10 Water
1 Water that does not lather readily [1]; with soap [1]
2 Calcium hydrogen carbonate
3 Hydrated [1] sodium carbonate [1]
4 Advantage: tastes better/better for brewing beer/better for tanning
leather [1]
Disadvantage: wastes soap/causes limescale/less efficient kettles [1]
5 White solid [1] forms a colourless solution [1]
6 A substance that absorbs moisture from the air [1]
7 a) Blue [1]; b) Pink [1]
8 a) Limestone [1] reacts [1] with rainwater [1] containing carbon
dioxide [1] to form calcium hydrogen carbonate solution [1] Max. 4
b) Carbonate ions/CO32 in hard water [1] react [1] with calcium
ions/Ca2+ from washing soda [1] to form insoluble [1] calcium
carbonate/CaCO3 [1] Max. 4
9 For: prevents tooth decay [1]
Against: mass medication/unknown health risks [1]
10 a) 1 [1]; b) 3 [1]; c) 2 [1]; d) All hardness removed [1]; by boiling [1]

11 Different Types of Chemical Reactions

1 a) Gives out heat [1]; b) Takes in heat [1]
2 a) Endothermic [1]; b) Exothermic [1]; c) Endothermic [1]
3 Wegener [1]
4 Magnesium/zinc [1]
5 a) Fuel reacting with oxygen [1] forming oxides [1]; releasing heat [1]
b) Hydrated [1] iron(III) oxide [1]
c) Oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously in the same
reaction [1]
6 a) CuCO3 CuO + CO2 [2]; b) Green [1] to black [1]; c) Thermal
[1] decomposition [1]
7 a) Zn Zn2+ + 2e [2]; b) Cu2+ + 2e Cu [2]; c) Zn equation [1]
8 Sodium carbonate/potassium carbonate [1]
9 Nitrogen gains hydrogen [1]; gain of hydrogen is reduction [1]
10 Yellow solid [1]; melts/dark red liquid [1]; blue flame [1]; colourless/
misty gas [1]; pungent/choking smell [1] Max. 3
11 Air/oxygen [1]; water/moisture [1]
12 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 [3]
13 Fossil record is similar in different continents [1]; shape of the
continents suggests they fit together [1]; existence of similar animals
that could never have lived in water [1]
14 a) Hydrogen [1]; b) Oxygen [1]; c) Nitrogen [1]
15 Magnesium is more reactive than iron [1]; magnesium reacts first
before the iron [1]

CCEA GCSE Chemistry

12 Rates of Reactions
1 Manganese(IV) oxide [1]
2 Any two of: less energy used/fewer steps/renewable raw materials
used [2]
3 Gas syringe [1]
4 Iron [1]
5 Rate increases [1]
6 Substance that speeds up [1]; the rate of a chemical reaction [1];
without being used up [1]
7 Hydrogen [1]
8 Size of solid particles/presence of a catalyst [1]
9 Loss of mass [1]; using a conical flask on a balance[1]; or change of
volume [1]; in a gas syringe [1]
10 Hydrogen ions/particles move faster/have more energy [1]; so there are
more collisions [1]; and more successful collisions/more collisions with
higher than activation energy [1]; in a given period of time [1]; rate
increases [1] Max. 4
11 a) 80 seconds [1]; b) 80 cm3 [1]; c) 25 seconds [1];
d) Starts at 0 [1]; remains higher [1]; levels off at same level [1]
e) Starts at 0 [1]; remains lower [1]; levels off at same level [1]

13 Non-metals
1 a)
b)
c)
d)

Manganese dioxide [1]; hydrogen peroxide [1]

Calcium carbonate [1]; hydrochloric/nitric acid [1]
Zinc/magnesium [1]; hydrochloric/sulfuric acid [1]
Any ammonium salt [1]; sodium hydroxide/any Group 1 or 2 metal
hydroxide [1]
2 a) Pops [1]; with a lighted splint [1]
b) Changes limewater [1]; from colourless [1]; to milky [1]
c) Relights [1]; a glowing splint [1]
d) Glass rod [1]; dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid [1]; held
near gas [1]; produces white smoke [1]
3 NH3 + H2O NH4OH [2]; hydroxide ions make the solution
alkaline[1]
4 Any two of: fire extinguishers/carbonated drinks/dry ice [2]
5 Blue [1] solution; blue [1] precipitate forms [1]; this redissolves [1];
forming a dark blue solution [1] Max. 4
6 a) Sulfur [1]; air [1]; b) Vanadium(V) oxide/vanadium pentoxide/
V2O5 [1]; c) 450 C [1]
7 Contact process [1]
8 Wear gloves/glasses/lab coat [1]; add acid to water [1]; slowly/dropwise
[1]; with stirring [1] Max. 3
9 Blue [1] solid turns to a white [1] solid
10 a) S + O2 SO2 [2]; b) Yellow solid melts/forms a red liquid [1];
pungent/colourless [1] gas [1] formed
8

Answers to Revision Questions

11 a) 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C [3]; b) A bright white light [1]; forming

a white solid [1]; and black specs [1]
12 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 [3]
13 bubbles of gas/solid disappears/colourless solution [3]
14 Different forms/structures of the same element [1]; in the same
physical state [1]
15 Rhombic [1]; monoclinic [1]; plastic [1]

14 Organic Chemistry
1 a) C2H6 [1]; b) C2H4 [1]; c) C4H10 [1]; d) CH4 [1]
2 Red-brown [1] solution; changes to colourless [1]
3 A compound [1] containing only carbon and hydrogen [1]
4 a) Propane [1]; b) ethanol [1]; c) ethene [1]
5 C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O [3]
6 Ethanol [1]
7 Fractional [1] distillation [1]
8 It turns from orange [1]; to green [1]
9 2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 [3]
10 Family of organic compounds with the same general formula [1];
that differ by a CH2 unit [1]; and show a gradation in their physical
properties [1]; and similar chemical properties [1] Max.3
11 a) Polythene [1]; b) Polyvinyl chloride/PVC [1]
12 Climate change [1]; increased sea levels [1]; melting of polar ice caps [1]
13 Carbon monoxide/soot [1]; water [1]
14 Formed from dead plants and animals [1]; over millions of years [1];
under the action of pressure and heat [1]
15 CnH2n+2

15 Quantitative Chemistry
48
100 [1] = 82.8 [1] %
(48 + 10)
2 CCl4 is 92.2 %, HCl is 97.3 %, PCl5 is 85.2 % [1]; so HCl [1]
3 Rinse with deionised water [1]; rinse with the solution being used in
the burette [1]; fill with the solution ensuring no air bubbles/jet is filled
[1]; read the volume from the bottom of the meniscus [1] Max. 3
4 Yellow [1]; to red/orange [1] Note: 1 mark awarded if the colour
change is the wrong way round
5 0.6 [1] = 0.025 [1] moles Mg
24
0.025
Moles H2SO4 = 0.025 [1]; volume of H2SO4 =
1000 = 12.5[1] cm3
2
6 Moles Al = 2 [1] = 0.0741 [1]; so moles Al2O3 = 0.037 [1]
27
Mass of Al2O3 = 0.037 102 [1] = 3.78 [1] g
7 Rinse with deionised water [1]; rinse with the solution being used in
the pipette [1]; using a pipette filler [1]; draw up the solution until the
bottom of the meniscus is on the line [1]; release into a conical flask and
touch the tip of the pipette on the surface of the solution [1] Max. 4
1

CCEA GCSE Chemistry

8 a) 19.5 0.25 [1]; = 0.004875 [1]

1000
b) Ratio KOH : H2SO4 is 2 : 1 so moles KOH = 0.004875 2 = 0.00975 [1]
0.00975 1000
c) Concentration of KOH =
[1] = 0.39 [1] mol/dm3
25
9 a) 17.5 0.2 [1] = 0.0035 [1]
1000
b) 1 : 1 ratio, so moles of MOH = 0.0035 [1]
c) In 100 cm3 [1]; so moles MOH = 0.0035 4 = 0.014 [1]
d) RFM = 0.56 [1] = 40 [1]
0.014
e) RAM = 40 16 1 [1] = 23 [1]
f) Sodium/Na [1]
10 a) 20.7 0.05 [1] = 0.001035 [1]
1000
b) 1 : 1 ratio, so moles KOH = 0.001035 [1]
0.001035 1000
c)
[1] = 0.0414 [1] mol/dm3
25
250
d) Dilution factor =
= 25 [1]; so concentration = 0.0414 25 =
10
1.035 [1] mol/dm3
e) RFM of KOH = 56 [1] so concentration = 1.035 56 = 57.96 [1] g/dm3

16 Materials
1 Any three of: glass/polythene/iron/aluminium/PVC [3]
2 Any three of: destroys hedgerows/noise pollution/destruction of
habitats/eyesore [3]
3 Iron ore/haematite [1]; limestone/calcium carbonate [1]; coke [1];
hot air [1]
4 Red-brown [1]; pungent [1]; gas [1] evolved
5 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
6 Decomposition [1]; using a direct current of electricity [1]
7 Graphite/carbon [1]
8 a) Positive electrode [1]; b) Negative electrode [1]
9 Liquid/solution [1]; that conducts electricity [1]; and is decomposed by
it [1]
10 Unreactive [1]; good conductor of electricity [1]
11 Bauxite [1]; cryolite [1]
12 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 [3]
13 Carbon reacts with oxygen [1]; forming carbon dioxide gas [1];
or C + O2 CO2 [2]
14 Al3+ + 3e Al [3]
15 Any three of: saves resources/less mining/less use of energy/less
destruction of habitats/fewer eyesores created [3]

10

Answers to Revision Questions