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CHNG 5: TNH H SIU TNH BNG PHNG PHP LC

1. KHI NIM V H SIU TNH - BC SIU TNH
I. H siu tnh:
1. nh ngha: H siu tnh l nhng h m ch vi cc phng trnh cn
bng tnh hc khng thi th cha xc nh ton b cc phn lc v ni lc
trong h. Ni cch khc, l h bt bin hnh v c lin kt tha.
2. V d: Xt h trn hnh (H.5.1a)
- Phn h BC l tnh nh v c th
MA
xc nh c ngay ni lc bng cc
P
A
B
HA
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc.
- Phn h AB cha th xc nh
VA
c phn lc ch bng cc phng trnh
H.5.1a
VB
cn bng tnh hc (4 phn lc VA, HA, MA,
VB nhng ch c 3 phng trnh) nn cng cha th xc nh c ni lc.
Vy theo nh ngha, h cho l h siu tnh.
II. Tnh cht ca h siu tnh:
1. Tnh cht 1:
Ni lc, bin dng v chuyn v trong h siu tnh ni chung l nh hn so
vi h c cng kch thc v ti trng tc dng.
H tnh nh
H siu tnh
q
q
A
C
l/2

H.5.1b

max

EJ

l/2

l/2
M

ql 2
12

ql 2
5 ql 4
=
, ymax = yC =
8
384 EJ

H.5.1c
M

l/2

ql 2
12

ql
8

EJ

max

ql 2
8

ql 2
1 ql 4
=
, ymax= yC =
12
384 EJ

2. Tnh cht 2: Trong h siu tnh c xut hin ni lc do cc nguyn nhn:

bin thin nhit , chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta v do ch to, lp rp
khng chnh xc gy ra.
a. Nguyn nhn bin thin nhit :
H tnh nh
H siu tnh
t1 (t2 > t1)
MA 0
A
t1
B
HA = 0
t2
t2
A
B
(t2 > t1)
VA = 0 H.5.1d VB = 0
H.5.1e

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Cc lin kt khng ngn cn bin

Cc lin kt ti A, B ngn cn bin
dng ca dm nn khng lm xut
dng ca dm nn lm xut hin
hin phn lc v ni lc
phn lc v ni lc.
b. Nguyn nhn chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta:
H tnh nh
H siu tnh
A
B
A
B
C
D
D
HA = 0
VA = 0 H.5.1f

VB = 0

VA 0

H.5.1g

VC 0

VB 0

Cc lin kt khng ngn cn

Cc lin kt ti A, B c xu hng
chuyn v ti gi B nn dm ch b
ngn cn chuyn v ti gi C lm cho
nghin i m khng bin dng nn
dm b un cong do lm xut hin
khng lm xut hin phn lc v
phn lc v ni lc
ni lc
c. Nguyn nhn ch to, lp rp khng chnh xc:(H.5.1h)
Dm tnh nh AB nu c rp
VC 0
thm thanh CD vo s tr thnh h siu
C
tnh. Nu thanh CD do ch to ht 1 on
D th khi rp vo, n s b ko dn ra ng
thi dm AB s b un cong nn s lm
pht sinh phn lc v ni lc trong h.
D
D
3. Tnh cht 3:
A
B
Ni lc trong h siu tnh ph thuc
vo cng ca cc cu kin trong h (EJ,
H.5.1h
FF, GF)
*Nhn xt: H siu tnh chu lc tt VA 0
VB 0
hn h tnh nh.
III. Bc siu tnh:
1. nh ngha: Bc siu tnh l s cc lin kt tha tng ng vi lin kt
loi 1 ngoi s lin kt cn thit cho h bt bin hnh. K hiu n
2. Cch xc nh:
C th s dng cc cng thc lin h gia s lng cc ming cng v cc
lin kt gia chng trong phn cu to hnh hc ca h xc nh.
n = T + 2K + 3H + C 3D
(Cho h bt k c ni t)
n = T + 2K + 3H 3(D - 1)
(Cho h bt k khng ni t)
n = D 2M + C
(Cho h dn c ni t)
n = D 2M + 3
(Cho h dn khng ni t)
V d: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca h trn hnh (H.5.1i & H.5.1j)
3
1
2
H.5.1j
H.5.1i
4
5

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- H trn hnh (H.5.1i) c n = 0 + 2.0 + 3.0 + 6 3.1 = 3

- H trn hnh (H.5.1j) c n = 11 2.6 + 3 = 2.
Cch phn tch cc chu vi kn ca h:
Xt 1 chu vi h trn hnh (H.5.1k). y l h tnh nh.
1
P

MI HN

k
H.5.1n
H.5.1l
H.5.1k 1
H.5.1m
- Nu ni chu vi bng 1 lin kt thanh (H.5.1l) th h thu c l h siu
tnh bc 1 (n = 1).
- Nu ni chu bng 1 lin kt khp (H.5.1m) th h thu c l h siu
tnh bc 2 (n = 2)
- Nu ni chu vi bng mt lin kt hn (H.5.1n) th h thu c c bc
siu tnh bng 3 (n = 3). H lc ny cn c gi l chu vi kn.
Phn tch ngc li ta thy 1chu vi kn c bc siu tnh bng 3, nu thm vo
1 khp n gin th bc siu tnh s gim i 1. Vy nu gi V l s chu vi kn, K l
s lin kt khp n gin ca h th bc siu tnh ca h c tnh bng cng thc:
n = 3V K
(5-1)
V d: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca cc h cho trn hnh v bn di.

H.5.1o

H.5.1p

- H trn hnh (H.5.1o) c n = 3.1 0 = 3

- H trn hnh (H.5.1p) c n = 3.2 5 = 1
- H trn hnh (H.5.1u) c n = 3.3 7 = 2
- H trn hnh (H.5.1v) c n = 3.4 0 = 12
Ch : Cn quan nim tri t l 1
chu vi h (ming cng tnh nh) trong
biu thc (5 - 1)
Nu quan nim h gm 4 chu vi kn
nh trn hnh v (H.5.1x) th bc siu tnh
ca h n = 12. y l quan nim sai v tri
t to thnh 1 chu vi kn. Quan nim h
gm 3 chu vi kn nh trn hnh (H.5.1y) l
quan nim ng. V n = 3.3 0 = 9

H.5.1u

H.5.1v

H.5.1x

H.5.1y

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2. NI DUNG CA PHNG PHP LC

I. H c bn ca phng php lc:
H c bn ca phng php lc l h c suy ra t h cho bng cch loi
b mt s hay tt c cc lin kt tha.
+ Nu loi b tt c cc lin kt tha th h c bn s l h tnh nh. (thng
s dng cch ny)
+ Nu loi b mt s cc lin kt tha th h c bn l h siu tnh bc thp
hn.
Yu cu: H c bn phi l h bt bin hnh v nn thun tin cho vic tnh
tnh ton.
V d: Lp h c bn phng php lc ca h siu tnh trn hnh (H.5.2.1)
H cho c bc siu tnh n = 3. Vi h c bn l tnh nh c th c to
nh trn cc hnh (H.5.2.2abc)

H.5.2.1

H.5.2.2a

H.5.2.2b

()

H.5.2.2c

Nhn xt: Vi mt h siu tnh cho, c th c v s h c bn c to ra.

II. H phng trnh c bn ca phng php lc:
Khi tnh h siu tnh, ta khng tnh trc tip trn h m tnh h c bn ca
n. Tuy nhin, h c bn v h ban u l c s khc nhau. h c bn lm vic
ging h siu tnh ban u ca n ta cn so snh v b sung thm cc iu kin.
Ta i so snh h siu tnh (H5.2.3) v h c bn ca n (H5.2.4)
H siu tnh
H c bn
B

H.5.2.4

H.5.2.3
D

HD
VD

MD

A
X1

X3
X2

-Ti D tn ti cc phn lc {VD, HD, MD}.

-Ti D khng tn ti chuyn v

-Ti D khng tn ti phn lc

-Ti D ni chung l tn ti chuyn v
{DxD, DyD, DjD}
Vy cho h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh ban u th trn h c bn

cn:
+ t thm vo D cc lc (X1, X2, X3) tng ng thay th (HD, VD, MD).
+ Thit lp iu kn chuyn v ti D do (X1, X2, X3, P) gy ra bng khng:
Dx D ( X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , P) = 0

Dy D ( X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , P ) = 0
Dj ( X , X , X , P) = 0
D 1 2 3

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Tng qut: Cho h siu tnh chu cc nguyn nhn: ti trng (P), bin thin
nhit (t), chuyn v cng bc ti cc gi ta (Z) v chn h c bn bng cch
loi b n lin kt tha. h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh ban u, trn h c
bn cn:
+ t thm cc lc (X1, X2,....., Xn) tng ng v tr v phng cc lin kt b
loi b, c chiu ty . Nhng lc ny cha bit v gi vai tr n s.
+ Thit lp iu kin chuyn v tng ng v tr v phng cc lin kt b
loi b do cc nguyn nhn (X1, X2..... Xn, P, t, Z) = 0 (chnh xc hn l bng nh
trn h siu tnh ban u). iu kin ny c th vit di dng:
DX 1 ( X 1 , X 2 ,...X n , P, t , Z ) = 0
DX ( X , X ,...X , P, t , Z ) = 0
2 1 2
n

.....

DX n ( X 1 , X 2 ,...X n , P, t , Z ) = 0

(5-2)

H (5-2) gi l h phng trnh c bn ca phng php lc.

*Ch :
X3
X3 X1
- Nu to h c bn bng
X2
cch loi b lin kt gia ming
cng v ming cng th trn h c
X2
bn phi t vo nhng cp lc P
P
X1
lc trc i nhau ti cc lin kt b
loi b v iu kin chuyn v
H.5.2.5
H.5.2.6
chnh l chuyn v tng i gia
2 tit din 2 bn lin kt b loi b bng khng. V d h c bn (H.5.2.6) ca h
trn hnh (H.5.2.5)
- Trng hp lin kt trong h chu chuyn v cng bc v khi to h c
bn ta loi b lin kt ny. V d xt h siu tnh trn hnh (H.5.2.7) v h c bn
ca n trn hnh (H.5.2.8).
P
P
P
B X1
B
B
m
a
(t, Z)
(t, Z)
(t, Z) n
X1
X1
H.5.2.8
A
A H.5.2.9
A H.5.2.7
Lc ny chuyn v ti B theo phng X1 s bng chuyn v cng bc. H
phng trnh c bn s l:
DX1(X1, P, t, Z) = -a.
Ly du m trc a khi X1 ngc chiu chuyn v cng bc.
- Cng trong trng hp chuyn v cng bc nhng nu to h c bn bng
cch b lin kt ny, v d h c bn to trn hnh (H.5.2.9).
C th xem y l trng hp loi b lin kt gia ming cng v ming
cng nn trn h c bn ta t thm cp X1. D rng ti tit din b ct m, n c tn
ti chuyn v do lin kt b chuyn v cng bc nhng chuyn v tng i ca
chng theo phng X1 vn bng khng nn h phng trnh c bn:
DX1(X1, P t, Z) = 0

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III. H phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc:

Xt phng trnh th k ca h phng trnh c bn:
DXk(X1, X2.... Xn, P, t, Z) = 0
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng, khai trin:
DXk(X1) + DXk(X2) + ... DXk(Xn) + DXk(P) + DXk(t)+ DXk(Z) = 0
Gi dkm l chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng Xk do ring Xm = 1 gy
ra trn h c bn, ta c:
DXk(Xm) = dkm.Xm
Gi Dkp, Dkt, DkZ ln lt l chuyn v tng ng v tr v phng Xk do ring
P, t, Z gy ra trn h c bn, ta c:
DXk(P) = DkP, DXk(t) = Dkt, DXk(Z) = DkZ
Cho m = 1, n v thay tt c vo, ta c:
dk1X1 + dk2X2 + ...+ dknXn + DkP + Dkt + DkZ = 0
Cho k = 1, n ta c h phng trnh:
d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + ...d 1n X n + D1P + D1t + D 1z = 0
d X + d X + ...d X + D + D + D = 0
21 1
22
2
2n
n
2P
2t
2z

.....

d n1 X 1 + d n 2 X 2 + ...d nn X n + D nP + D nt + D nz = 0

(5-3)

H phng trnh (5-3) gi l h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc

vi cc n s (X1,X2,...Xn).
Trong :
dkk gi l h s chnh, dkk > 0
dkm (k m) gi l h s ph, dkm = dmk
Dkp, Dkt, DkZ l cc s hng t do.
IV. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
Nh ni trong phn h phng trnh chnh tc, ngha ca cc h s v
cc s hng t do l chuyn v trn h c bn do cc nguyn nhn tng ng gy ra.
Vy vic xc nh chng l i thc hin bi ton tm chuyn v.
1. H s chnh v ph:(dkm)
+ Trng thi "m": tnh h c bn chu nguyn nhn Xm = 1. Xc nh ni lc
M m , N m ,Qm
+ To trng thi "k": t lc Pk = 1 tng ng phng v v tr ca lc Xk
trn h c bn. Xc nh ni lc M k , N k , Q k . p dng cng thc Maxwell-Morh:
dkm =

Q
Mm
Nm
ds + N k .
ds + n Q k . m ds (5-4)
EJ
EF
GF

Nu cho php p dng php "nhn biu " Vrxaghin:

dkm = ( M m )(M k ) + ( N m )( N k ) + (Q m )(Q k ) (5-5)
2. S hng t do:
a. Do ti trng: (Dkp)
+ Trng thi "m": Tnh h c bn chu ti trng. Xc nh ni lc:
M Po , N Po , QPo

+ To trng thi "k": tng t lc xc nh dkm.

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p dng cng thc Maxwell-Morh:

DkP =

M k.

Qo
M Po
No
ds + N k . P ds + n Q k . P ds
EJ
EF
GF

(5-6)

Nu cho php p dng php "nhn biu " Vrxaghin:

DkP = ( M m )(M Po ) + ( N m )( N Po ) + (Q m )(Q Po )
(5-7)
b. Do bin thin nhit (Dkt):
+ Trng thi "m": l h c bn chu nguyn nhn bin thin nhit . Nu h
c bn l tnh nh, nguyn nhn ny s khng gy ra ni lc. Cng thc thit lp
di y ch xt cho trng hp ny.
+ Trng thi "k": tng t lc xc nh dkm
p dng cng thc Maxwell-Morh:
a
D kt = (t 2 m - t1m )M k ds + at cm N k ds
h

(5-8)

a
(t 2 m - t1m )W( M k ) + at cm W( N k )
h

(5-9)

Trong trng hp a, h, t2m, t1m, tcm = const trn tng on thanh th:
D kt =

ngha c th v du ca cc i lng, xem trong chng chuyn v.

c. Do chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta: (Dkz)
- Trng thi "m": l h c bn chu nguyn nhn l chuyn v cng bcca
cc gi ta. Nu h c bn l tnh nh, nguyn nhn ny khng gy ra ni lc.
Cng thc thit lp di y ch xt cho trng hp ny.
- Trng thi "k": tng t khi xc nh dkm, nhng ch xc nh R jk .
p dng cng thc Maxwell-Morh:
DkZ = - R jk .Z j (5-10)
ngha c th v du ca cc i lng, xem trong chng chuyn v.
*Ch : Nu lc Xk ly bng 1 th c th ly Xk thay th cho Pk = 1 khi to
trng thi "k" xc nh cc h s.
V. Cch tm ni lc trong h siu tnh:
a. Cch tnh trc tip:
Sau khi gii h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc n s Xk (k = 1, n ), ta
xem chng nh cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h c bn cng vi cc nguyn nhn tc
dng ln h siu tnh ban u. Gii h c bn chu cc nguyn nhn ny s tm c
cc ni lc ca h. V h c bn thng l h tnh nh nn c th s dng cc
phng php quen bit tm ni lc.
b. Cch p dng nguyn l cng tc dng:
Xt 1 i lng nghin cu S no (ni lc, phn lc, chuyn v, biu
ni lc...). Theo cch tnh trc tip ni trn, ta c th thay th vic xc nh S trn
h siu tnh bng cch xc nh i lng S trn h c bn chu nguyn nhn tc
dng ln h siu tnh ban u v cc lc Xk ng thi tc dng.
S = S(X1, X2,... Xn, P, t, Z )
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng:
S = S(X1) + S(X2) + ... S(Xn) + S(P) + S(t) + S(Z)
Gi S k l i lng S do ring Xk = 1gy ra trn h c bn, ta c:
S(Xk) = S k .Xk

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Gi S Po , S to , S Zo ln lt l i lng S do ring P, t, Z gy ra trn h c bn,

th th:
S(P) = S Po , S(t) = S to , S(Z) = S Zo
Cho k = 1, n thay tt c vo ta c:
S = S 1 . X 1 + S 2 . X 2 + ......S n . X n + S op + S to + S Zo

(5-11)

Ch :
- i lng S c th c xc nh ngay nu c sn S k , S Po , S to , S Zo
- Nu i lng S l phn lc hay ni lc v h c bn l tnh nh th cc i
lng S Po , S to , S Zo s khng tn ti.
Sau y ta s vn dng biu thc (5-11) v cc biu ni lc.
a. Biu mmen un (M):
i vi nhng h dm v khung gm nhng thanh thng, trong cc bc tnh
ton trung gian, ngi ta thng b qua nh hng ca lc dc v lc ct n
chuyn v. Do , khi xc nh cc h s ngi ta khng v cc biu (Q), (N) m
ch v biu mmen (M). Trong nhng trng hp ny, biu mmen ca h
c v theo biu thc (5-11) l tin li nht. Thay i lng S bng biu (M) ta
c:
( M ) = ( M 1 ).X 1 + ( M 2 ). X 2 + ......(M n ). X n + ( M op ) + ( M to ) + ( M Zo ) (5-12)
b. Biu lc ct (Q):
ll
ml
Nh phn tch trn, s khng thun
li nu v biu (Q) theo biu thc (5wq
q
11). Sau y s trnh by cch v biu
lc ct theo biu (M) v. tin li
cho vic p dng, ta i thit lp cng thc
tng qut xc nh lc ct 2 u 1 on
Mph
Nph
thanh thng ab tch ra t h chu ti trng
phn b lin tc hng theo 1 phng bt
k v c qui lut bt k nh trn hnh v tr
b
Mtr
Q
(H.5.2.10)
Qph
a
Ti trng tc dng c m t trn
a
tr
ph
tr
(H.5.2.10). Trong q, M , M bit, N
l
Qtr, Ntr, Qph, Nph cha bit, gi thit c
chiu dng theo v tr ngi quan st nhn
H.5.2.10
sao cho ti trng phn b q hng xung.
T cc iu kin cn bng mmen vi im b v a, ta suy ra:
- M tr
cos a + m.w q cos a
l
M ph - M tr
cos a - l .w q cos a
=
l

Q tr =
Q ph

ph

(5-13)

Trong :
w q: l hp lc ca ti phn b q trn on thanh ab.
ll, ml: ln lt l khong cch t hp lc w q n u tri v phi ca thanh
ab theo phng nm ngang.
Nu ti trng tc dng ln thanh ab l phn b u:

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q = const th w q = ql, l = m =

Page 9

1
2

Thay vo biu thc (5-13)

- M tr
1
cos a + ql. cos a
l
2
ph
tr
M -M
1
=
cos a - ql cos a
l
2

Q tr =
Q

ph

ph

(5-14)

Nu trn on thanh ab khng chu ti trng: q = 0 th w q= 0. Thay vo biu

thc (5-13):
Q tr = Q ph =

ph

- M tr
cos a
l

(5-15)

Sau khi xc nh c lc ct t hai u mi on thanh cng chnh l ti

cc tit din c trng, tin hnh v biu lc ct da vo dng ng ca n nh
trong phn v biu ni lc ca h tnh nh.
c. Biu lc dc:
Cng tng t cho biu (Q), biu lc dc (N) c v bng cch suy
ra t biu lc ct. Cch thc hin nh sau:
Tch v xt cn bng hnh chiu cho mi nt ca h sao cho ti mi nt c
khng qu 2 lc dc cha bit. Khi kho st cn bng, ngoi ti trng tc dng ln
nt cn c ni lc ti cc u thanh quy t vo nt bao gm: mmen un ( bit
nhng khng cn quan tm), lc ct ( bit, ly trn biu lc ct), lc dc (cha
bit, gi thit c chiu dng)
Ngoi ra, khi xc nh lc dc cng c th vn dng mi quan h gia lc
dc ti hai u thanh t iu kin ca thanh c v trn hnh (H.5.2.10).
N ph = N tr + w q . sin a
(5-16)
T phng trnh (5-16) cho thy nu trn on thanh khng chu ti trng
hoc ti trng tc dng vung gc vi trc thanh th lc dc ti 2 u s bng nhau
v cng gy ko hoc gy nn.
Sau khi xc nh c lc dc ti 2 u mi on thanh, tin hnh v biu
lc dc nh trong phn v biu ni lc ca h tnh nh.

CC V D V PHNG PHP LC
V d 1: V cc biu ni lc trn hnh (H.5.2.11). Cho bit cng trong
thanh ng l EJ, trong thanh ngang l 2EJ. Ch xt nh hng ca bin dng un.
1. Bc siu tnh:
n = 3V - K = 3.1 - 2 = 1
q = 1,2T/m
3
P = 2T
3
C

3m

D
H.5.2.11

B
4m

H.5.2.12
X1

M1

X1 = 1
H.5.2.13

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2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:

- H c bn: to trn hnh v (H.5.2.12)
- H phng trnh chnh tc:

6
6

d 11 X 1 + D1 p = 0

2,4

3. Xc nhcc h s ca h phng trnh chnh

tc:

M Po

- V cc biu ( M 1 ), (M op ) : (H.5.2.13 & 14)

H.5.2.14

1
36
1 3.3 2
d 11 = ( M 1 ).(M 1 ) = . . .3.2 +
.3.4.3 =
2 EJ
EJ
EJ 2 3
1 3.3 2
1 6.4 2
45,6

D1 p = ( M 1 ).(M op ) =
. . .6 +
+ .4.2,4.3 =

EJ 2 3
2 EJ 2 3
EJ

Thay vo phng trnh chnh tc:

36
45,6
- 45,6
= 0 X1 =
= -1, 266 < 0
.X 1 +
EJ
EJ
36

4. V cc biu ni lc:
a. Mmen: ( M ) = ( M 1 ).X 1 + (M po )
( M 1 ).X 1 : ly tung trn biu ( M 1 ) nhn

3,8

vi gi tr X1 = -1,266. Du "-" c ngha l ta phi i

du ca tung sau khi nhn vo. Kt qu trn hnh v
(H5.2.15). Sau ly tng i s cc tung trn 2
biu ( M 1 ) X 1 v ( M po ) s c biu (M). Kt qu
trn hnh v (H.5.2.16)
b. Lc ct: c v bng cch suy ra t (M)
- Trn on AC: q = 0
Q tr = Q ph =

3,8

(M 1 ) X 1

H.5.2.15

M ph - M tr
2,2 - 0
cos a =
.1 = 0,733
l
3

- Trn on BD: q = 0
Q tr = Q ph =

ph

- M tr
3,8 - 0
cos a =
.1 = 1,266
l
3

- Trn on CD: q = const

M ph - M tr
1
- 3,8 - (2,2)
1
cos a + ql cos a =
.1 + .1,2.4 = 0,9
l
2
4
2
ph
tr
M -M
1
- 3,8 - (2, 2)
1
=
cos a - ql cos a =
.1 - .1,2.4 = -3,9
l
2
4
2

Q tr =
Q ph

Dng cc tung va tnh v v biu (Q) nh trn hnh v (H5.2.17)

c. Lc dc: Suy ra t cc biu lc ct: (Q)
Q1 = 0,9
- Tch nt C:
P=2
SX = 0 N 1 = Q2 - P = -1,266
N1
C
SY = 0 N = -Q = -0,9

2
1
Q2 = 0,733
- Tch D:
N2

H.5.2.19

C HC KT CU II

Page 11

SX = 0 N 3 = -Q4 = -1,266
SY = 0 N = -Q = -3,9

4
3

Q3 = 3,9
N3

N1 ging N3 theo quan h lc dc ti 2 u

mi on. Suy ra lc dc ti A v C theo N2 v N4.
Kt qu biu (N) c v trn hnh v
(H5.2.18)
3,8

2,2

Q4 = 1,266
H.5.2.20

N4

0,9
3,9

2,4
(T.m)

1,266

Q
(T)

M
0,733

N
(T)

1,266

3,9
0,9
H.5.2.16
H.5.2.17
H.5.2.18
V d 2: V cc biu ni lc ca h trn hnh v (H.5.2.21). Cho bit
cng trong thanh ng l 2EJ, trong cc thanh ngang l EJ. Ch xt n nh hng
ca bin dng un.
q = 1,2T/m
P = 2T
C
D

H.5.2.21

X1

4m

H.5.2.22

A
3m

X2

3m

1. Bc siu tnh:
n = 3V - K = 3.2 - 4 = 2
2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
- H c bn: to trn hnh v.(H.5.2.22)
- H phng trnh chnh tc:
d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + D 1P = 0

d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + D 2 P = 0

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

-V cc biu ( M 1 ), (M 2 ), ( M po )
3
3
3
X1 = 1

1,35

3
H.5.2.23

5,4

M1

-Xc nh cc h s:

X2 = 1

H.5.2.24
3

H.5.2.25

M2

13,4

M Po

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1 3.3 2
1
27
. . .3 +
.3.4.3 =
EJ 2 3
2 EJ
EJ
18
1
d 12 = d 21 = (M 1 )(M 2 ) = .3.4.3 = 2 EJ
EJ
27
d 22 = ( M 2 )( M 2 ) = d 11 =
EJ
1 13,4 + 5,4
56,4
D1P = ( M 1 )(M Po ) =
.
.4.3 =
2 EJ
2
EJ
1 5, 4.3 2
1 2
3
68,55
D 2 P = ( M 2 )(M Po ) = - D1 P - .
. .3 +
. .3.1,35. = EJ 2 3
EJ 3
2
EJ

d 11 = ( M 1 )(M 1 ) =

Thay vo h phng trnh chnh tc sau khi b i EJ di mu s:

X = -0,713 < 0
27. X 1 - 18.X 2 + 56,4 = 0
Gii ra c 1

X 2 = 2,063 > 0
- 18.X 1 + 27.X 2 - 68,55 = 0

4. V cc biu ni lc:
a. Mmen: ( M ) = ( M 1 ).X 1 + ( M 2 ).X 2 + (M Po )
Kt qu th hin trn hnh v (H.5.2.28)
b. Lc ct: Suy ra t biu (M)
- Trn on BC: q = 0
Q tr = Q Ph =

2,139

(M 1 ) X 1

- 2,139 - 0
.1 = -0,713
3

H.5.2.26

- Trn on AC: q = 0
Q =Q
tr

Ph

2,139
6,189

2,928 - (-5,072)
=
.1 = 2
4

6,189

- Trn on CD: q = const.

(M 2 ) X 2

0 - 0,789
1
.1 + .1,2.3.1 = 1,537
3
2
0 - 0,789
1
=
.1 - .1,2.3.1 = -2,063
3
2

Q tr =
Q

ph

H.5.2.27

6,189

Kt qu v biu lc ct th hin trn hnh v (H.5.2.29)

c. Lc dc (N):Suy ra t
Q2 = 0,713 Q3 = 1,537
Q1 = 0,713
P = 2T
biu (Q)
N3
N1
* Tch v xt cn bng
N2 = 2
C
B
B.
Q4 = 2
* Tch v xt cn bng
VB
C.
H.5.2.30b N4
H.5.2.30a
Sau suy ra lc dc ti
cc u thanh cn li v v c biu (N) nh trn hnh v (H.5.2.31).
2,139
0,789

5,072

1,537

2,928
1,35

M
(T.m)
H.5.2.28

0,713

2,063

Q
(T)
H.5.2.29

(T)
H.5.2.31

2,25

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3m

V d 3:V cc biu ni lc trn hnh v (H.5.2.32).

S liu: a = 1,2.10-5.C-1; thanh ngang c cng 2EJ, h = 0,4m; thanh ng
l EJ, h = 0,3m; EJ = 1080T.m2
3
3
40OC F
E
3
20OC
X1
X1 = 1
X1 = 1
C 10OC D
20OC 10OC
A

M1

20OC

H.5.2.32

N1

3m

3
H.5.2.34

H.5.2.33
X2

H.5.2.35
3

3m
1. Bc siu tnh:
n = 3K - V = 3.2 - 4 = 2
2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
- H c bn: to trn hnh v (H.5.2.33).
- H phng trnh chnh tc:
d11 X 1 + d12 X 2 + D1t = 0

d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + D 2 t = 0

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

-V cc biu ( M 1 ), ( N 1 ), ( M 2 ), ( N 2 )
Kt qu th hin trn cc hnh v (H.5.2.34 H.2.2.37)
1
36
1 3.3 2
d 11 = ( M 1 )( M 1 ) =
. . .3.2 +
.3.4.3 =
EJ
EJ
2 EJ 2 3
1 3.3
27
- 6, 25
d 12 = d 21 = (M 1 )(M 2 ) = . .3 = =
2 EJ 2
4 EJ
EJ
1
31,5
1 3.3 2
.3.3.3 =
d 22 = (M 2 )( M 2 ) = . . .3.2 +
EJ
2EJ
EJ 2 3

0,199
H.5.2.36

H.5.2.37
1 0,199

3
3

3
M2

D1t = S

0,447
0,447

0,199
N2

X2 = 1

(M 2 ) X 2

(M 1 ) X 1

H.5.2.38

X2 = 1
a
(t 2 - t1 )W( M 1 ) + Sa .t c .W( N 1 ) =
h

H.5.2.39

0,447

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Page 14

a
a
3.3
3.3
) = -112,5a = -0,00135
)+
(20 - 40)(+
(10 - 20)(2
2
0,4
0,4
a
D 2t = S (t 2 - t1 )W( M 2 ) + Sa .t c .W( N 2 )
h
a
a
10 + 20
3.3
=
.(1.3) = -330a = -0,00396
(10 - 20)(3.3) +
(10 - 20)( ) + a .
2
2
0,4
0,3
=

Thay vo h phng trnh chnh tc:

6,25
36
.
X
X 2 - 0,00135 = 0
1
EJ
X = 0,0663
EJ
Thay EJ = 1080 vo, gii ra 1
- 6, 25
31,5
X 2 = 0,148

.X 1 X 2 - 0,00396 = 0
EJ
EJ

4. V biu ni lc:
a. Mmen: ( M ) = ( M 1 ). X 1 + ( M 2 ).X 2
y ( M Po ), (M to ), ( M Zo ) khng tn ti
Kt qu th hin trn hnh v (H.5.2.40)
b. Biu lc ct v lc dc: tng t v d trc. Kt qu trn hnh v
(H.5.2.41 & H.5.2.42).
* Ch : y c th v ngay biu (N) bng cch:
( N ) = ( N 1 ).X 1 + ( N 2 ). X 2

0,066

0,199

0,199

M
(T.m)
0,447

Q
(T)
0,447

0,066
N
(T)
0,149

0,066

0,248
H.5.2.41
H.5.2.40

H.5.2.42
0,066

3m

0,149
0,149
V d 4:V cc biu ni lc ca h cho trn hnh v (H.5.2.43).
Cho bit cng trong cc thanh ngang l EJ, thanh ng l 2EJ v EJ =
1080T.m2, D1 = 0,03m, D2 = 0,02m, j = 0,005radian
X1
B
D
C
D1
D2
X2
X1
j
A
H.5.2.44
H.5.2.43
3m

3m

1. Bc siu tnh: n = 3V - K = 3.2 - 4 = 2

2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
- H c bn: to trn hnh v.(H5.2.44)
- H phng trnh chnh tc:

C HC KT CU II

Page 15

d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + D1Z = 0

d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + D 2 Z = - D1 = -0,03

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

-V ( M 1 )(M 2 ) , xc nh cc R jk . Xem hnh (H.5.2.45 & H.5.2.46).
3

X1 = 1

H.5.2.45

X1 = 1

M1

3
X2 = 1

H.5.2.46
M2

RD2 = 0

RD1 = 1
RA2 = 3

RA1 = 3

22,5
1
1 3.3 2
.3.3.3 =
. . .3 +
EJ 2 3
2 EJ
EJ
1
13,5
.3.3.3 =
d 12 = d 21 = ( M 1 )(M 2 ) =
2 EJ
EJ
22,5
d 22 = (M 2 )(M 2 ) =
EJ
D1Z = -SR j1 .Z j = -[R A1 .j + RD1 .D 2 ] = -[- 3.0,005 + 1.0,02] = -0,005

d 11 = ( M 1 )(M 1 ) =

D 2 Z = - SR jZ .Z j = - R A 2 .j + RD 2 .D 2 = -[- 3.0,05 + 0.0,02 ] = 0,015

Thay
vo h phng trnh chnh tc:

7,2

13,5
22,5
EJ . X 1 + EJ . X 2 - 0,005 = 0
13,5
22,5

.X 1 +
. X 2 + 0,015 = -0,03
EJ
EJ

H.5.2.47

4. V biu ni lc:
- Biu momen: ( M ) = ( M 1 ). X 1 + ( M 2 ).X 2
- Biu lc ct (Q) v lc dc (N): v ging
cc v d trc. Kt qu trn hnh v (H.5.2.50 & H.5.2.48
H.5.2.51).
10,8

7,2

2,4
M

H.5.2.49
3,6

(M 1 ) X 1

10,8

(M 2 ) X 2

3,6

(T.m)
H.5.2.50

Q
(T)

H.5.2.51

N
(T)

C HC KT CU II

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3. XC NH CHUYN V TRONG H SIU TNH

I. Nguyn tc chung:
Cng thc tnh chuyn v Maxwell-Morh l cng thc tng qut p dng cho
c h tnh nh v h siu tnh. Trong cng thc ny, ta phi tnh h vi 2 trng thi:
-Trng thi "m": l trng thi ban u ca h.
-Trng thi "k": c to ra bng cch t lc Pk = 1 tng ng vi v tr v
phng chuyn v trn s tnh ban u ca h.
Chng hn, xc nh chuyn v ngang ti C ca h trn hnh H.5.3.1
- trng thi "m" ta tnh h siu tnh ban u (H.5.3.2)
- trng thi "k" ta tnh h siu tnh 1 ln na do Pk = 1gy ra (H.5.3.3)
P
P
Pk = 1
C
D
"m"
A

H.5.3.1

"k"

(Mm)

(M k )

H.5.3.2

H.5.3.3

Sau khi tnh gii ni lc, thc hin cng thc Morh hoc nhn biu
Vrxaghin s c kt qu.
Nhn xt:Ta phi tnh h siu tnh 2 ln, khi lng tnh ton nng n.
II. Cch s dng h c bn:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta phn tch cho bi ton xc nh chuyn v ca
h trn hnh (H.5.3.1). Gi s chn h c bn ca n trn hnh (H.5.3.4). (X1, X2,
X3) l nghim ca h phng trnh chnh tc.
Khi gii h trn hnh (H.5.3.1)
P
P
bng h c bn trn hnh (H.5.3.4) C
D
th 2 h ny l tng ng nhau.
Ngha l ni lc, bin dng v
"k"
H.5.3.4
chuyn v ca 2 h l nh nhau. Ta
o
Mk
th i tm chuyn v trn h c bn.
A
B
tm chuyn v trn hnh (H.5.3.4),
H.5.3.5
X1
trng thi "m" ta cng cn phi gii
tm X1, X2, X3, ngha l tng ng
X2 X3
vi trng thi "m" trn hnh
(H.5.3.2). Tuy nhin trng thi "k" c to ra trn (H.5.3.5) th tnh kh d dng
o
o
o
v l h tnh nh. Lc ny, ni lc trng thi k c k hiu: M k , N k , Q k
Vy, khi tnh chuyn v trong h siu tnh, ta to trng thi k trn h c bn
thay v trn h siu tnh ban u. Biu thc Maxwell-Morh trong trng hp h
chu cc nguyn nhn (P, t, Z):
M ko M m
N oN
Q oQ
ds + S k m ds + S u k m ds EJ
EF
EJ
a
- SR jko Z jm + S (t 2 m - t1m ) M ko ds + S at cm N ko ds
h
D km = S

(5-17)

C HC KT CU II

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Nu cho php p dng "nhn biu " Vrxaghin v cc i lng a , h, t2m,

t1m, tcm = const trn tng on:
o

D km = ( M k )(M m ) + ( N k )( N m ) + (Q k )(Q m )
a
+ S (t 2 m - t1m )W( M ko ) + Sat cm W( N ko )
h

(5-18)

3m

ngha ca cc i lng, xem chng chuyn v ca h thanh.

* Ch :
- Cc i lng xc nh trng thi "k" c k hiu ch s khng km theo l
biu th cho vic to trn h c bn.
- V c nhiu cch to h c bn nn trng thi "k" s c nhiu s tnh, ta
nn chn h c bn to sao cho vic tnh ton v nhn biu c d dng.
V d: -V cc biu ni lc v xc nh chuyn v ng ti k (H.5.3.6).
Cho a = 1,2.10-5(oC-1), cng chng un trong thanh ngang l 2EJ, trong
thanh ng l EJ; chiu cao thanh ngang l h = 0,4m; thanh ng l h = 0,3m; EJ =
1080T.m2; D1 = 0,02m; D2 = 0,03m. Ch xt nh hng ca bin dng un.
1. Bc siu tnh: n = 3V - K = 3.2 - 5 = 1
q = 2,4T/m
40oC
C
B
D2
k
D1
20oC D
X1
20oC 10oC
H.5.3.6

H.5.3.7

1,5m
3m

3m

2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh

tc:
- H c bn: to trn hnh v.(H.5.3.7)
- H phng trnh chnh tc:

X1 = 1
M1

H.5.3.8

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng
trnh chnh tc:
-V ( M 1 ), ( N 1 ), (M op ) , xc nh cc R j1 .
9
1 3.3 2
d 11 = ( M 1 )(M 1 ) =
. . .3.2 =
EJ
2 EJ 2 3
1 2
1
4,05
D1 p = ( M 1 )(M op ) =
. .3.2,7. .3 =
2 EJ 3
2
EJ
a
D1t = S (t 2 - t1 )W( M 1 ) + Sa .t c .W( N 1 )
h
a
3.3
a
3.3
=
(10 - 20)(- ) +
(20 - 40)(- )
0,4
2
0, 4
2
= -112,5a = -0,00135

d 11 X 1 + D1 p + D1t + D 1Z = 0,03

1
X1=1
2

0
1

H.5.3.9

2,7
H.5.3.10 M Po

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D1t = -SR j1 .Z jm = -[Rc1 .D1 ] = -[2.0,02] = -0,04

Thay vo:

9 X 1 4,05
+
= -0,00324 - 0,04 = 0,03
EJ
EJ

Thay EJ v gii X1 = 8,339 > 0

4. V cc biu ni lc:
a. Mmen: ( M ) = ( M 1 ).X 1 + (M op )
Lc ct v lc dc: Tng t cc v d trn. Kt qu th hin trn hnh v
(H.5.3.12 & H.5.3.13).
11,939

4,739

2,7

25,017 M
(T.m)
H.5.3.11

8,339

(T)
(T)
H.5.3.13
H.5.3.12
11,939
5. Xc nh chuyn v ng ti k:
- Trng thi "m": Biu mmen (Mm) v trn.
- Trng thi "k": v ( M ko ), ( N ko ) trn 1 h c bn chn nh trn hnh (H.5.3.14
& H.5.3.15)
Pk = 1
Pk = 1
o

0,75

Mk

0,5

Nk

0,5

H.5.3.14
- Xc nh chuyn v ng ti k:

H.5.3.15

a
(t 2m - t1m )W (M ko ) + Sat cm W( N ko )
h
1 0.75.3 25,017
a
0,75.3
=
.
.
- [- 0,5.0,02 + 0,05.0,03] +
(20 - 40)(
)
2 EJ
2
2
0, 4
2
7,036
22,5a
=
- 0,005 = 0,839(mm) > 0
EJ
0,4
y k = ( M ko )(M m ) - SR jko Z jm + S

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4. KIM TRA KT QU TNH TON CA

PHNG PHP LC
Do phi thc hin nhiu php tnh trung gian khi gii h siu tnh nn d mc
phi nhng sai s ln hoc sai lm trong kt qu cui cng. trnh nhng sai s
ln ta phi tnh chnh xc cc php tnh trung gian. trnh nhng sai lm ta cn
kim tra kt qu.
I. Kim tra qu trnh tnh ton:
1. Kim tra cc biu n v ( M k ) v biu ( M po ) :
- S dng cc lin h vi phn v iu kin cn bng ca tng phn h tch ra
kim tra.
- V biu ( M s ) do cc lc X1 = X2 = ... Xn = 1 ng thi tc dng ln h
c bn gy ra. Kim tra mi quan h:
( M s ) ( M 1 ) + ( M 2 ) + ... + ( M n )
(5-19)
2. Kim tra cc h s: (dkm)
n

( M s )(M k ) = d k1 + d k 2 + ...d kn = d ki
i =1

( M s )(M s ) = d km

(5-20)

k =1 m =1

Chng minh cc iu kin kim tra:

- Theo ngha ca biu ( M s ) v cc biu ( M k ) nn theo nguyn l
cng tc dng, iu kin (5-19) phi tha mn.
- Thay (5-19) vo 2 iu kin bn di v khai trin s c 2 iu kin (5-20).
3. Kim tra cc s hng t do:
a. Kim tra: (Dkp)
Biu thc kim tra:
n

( M s )(M Po ) = D kP (5-21)
k =1

Thay (Ms) t iu kin (5-19) vo v trin khai ta c iu kin (5-21).

b. Kim tra: (Dkt)
Biu thc kim tra:
n
a
(t 2 - t1 )W( M s ) = D kt (5-22)
h
k =1
Trong W(M s ) , W( N s ) ln lt l din tch biu mmen v lc dc do

Sat c .W( N s ) + S

X1 = X2 = ... Xn = 1 ng thi tc dng ln h c bn gy ra. Theo nguyn l cng

tc dng:
W( M s ) = W( M 1 ) + W( M 2 ) + ...W (M n )
W( N s ) = W( N 1 ) + W( N 2 ) + ...W( N n )

Thay vo ta s chng minh c iu kin (5-23)

c. Kim tra: (DkZ)
Biu thc kim tra: - SR js .Z jm = SD kZ
(5-24)

C HC KT CU II

Page 20

Trong R js l phn lc ti lin kt j do X1 = X2 = ... Xn = 1 ng thi tc

dng ln h c bn gy ra.
Chng minh tng t cc biu thc trn.
4. Kim tra vic gii h phng trnh chnh tc:
Do vic lm trn s khi tnh ton gii h phng trnh chnh tc nn khi thay
th ngc cc lc Xk tm c vo th cc phng trnh thng khc khng.
Ngi ta nh gi sai s ca mi phng trnh di dng sai s tng i e.
e=

A- B
.100% [e ]
A

(5-25)

Trong : A, B l tp hp cc s liu ca mi phng trnh cn kim tra

di dng A B, [e] sai s tng i cho php.
II. Kim tra kt qu cui cng:
Biu thc kim tra:

( M )(M k ) = - D kt - D kZ
( M )(M s ) = -SD kt - SD kZ

(5-26)

Chng minh iu kin kim tra:

d k1 X 1 + d k 2 X 2 + ...d kn X n + D kp + D kt + D kZ = 0
( M k )(M 1 ) X 1 + ( M k )( M 2 ) X 2 + ...(M k )(M n ) X n + ( M k )(M op ) = - D kt - D kZ
( M k )(M 1 X 1 + M 2 X 2 + ...M n X n ( M op )) = - D kt - D kZ
( M k )(M ) = - D kt - D kZ

( M )(M s ) = -SD kt - SD kZ : chng minh tng t.

V d: V biu mmen v kim tra li kt qu tnh ca h trn H.5.4.1.

Cho cng trong tt c cc thanh l EJ = const.
1. V biu mmen (M):
Bc siu tnh n = 2
H c bn c to trn hnh H.5.4.2.
P
Cc h s c xc nh:
1 2a.2a 2
8a 3
.
. .2a =
EJ 2 3
3 EJ
1 2a.2a
2a 3
d 12 = d 21 = ( M 1 )(M 2 ) =
.
.a =
EJ 2
EJ
3
1 a.a 2
1
7a
d 22 =
.
. .a +
.a.2a.a =
EJ 2 3
EJ
3EJ
3
1 a + 2a
1,5.Pa
o
D1 p = ( M 1 )(M p ) = - (
.a.Pa ) = EJ
2
EJ
D 2 p = ( M 1 )(M op ) = -

d 11 = ( M 1 )(M 1 ) =

1
Pa 3
a.a.Pa = EJ
EJ

H phng trnh chnh tc sau khi quy

ng v b 3EJ di mu s:
8a 3 X 1 + 6a 3 X 2 - 4,5 Pa 3 = 0
Gii ra
3
3
3
6a X 1 + 7a X 2 - 3Pa = 0

X 1 = 0,675 P

X 2 = -0,15 P

a
H.5.4.1
X2

H.5.4.2

X1

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Page 21

V biu mmen (M): ( M ) = ( M 1 ).X 1 + ( M 2 ).X 2 + (M Po )

Xem hnh
(H.5.4.6)
2. Kim tra kt qu:
- Kim tra biu : ( M 1 ) + ( M 2 ) ( M s ) :
M1
thy ng
H.5.4.3
( M s ) v trn hnh (H.5.4.7)
-Kim tra cc h s:
Nhn 2 biu :
a
1 2a.2a
2 14a 3
X1 = 1
2a
( M )(M ) =
.
. a + .2a =
s

EJ

Mc khc: d 11 + d 12

3EJ
8a 3 2a 3 14a 3
=
+
=
3EJ EJ
3 EJ
3

X2 = 1
M2

H.5.4.4

(ng)
Nhn 2 biu :
a

1 (3a + a )
1 a.a 2
a
( M s )(M 2 ) =
.
.2a.a + .
. .a
EJ
2
EJ 2 3
13a 3
=
3EJ
2a 3 7 a 3 13a 3
Mc khc: d 21 + d 22 =
+
=
(ng)
EJ 3EJ 3EJ

Nhn 2 biu :

1 a.a 2
2a
a 3 26a 3 27 a 3 9a 3
.
. .a +
2.9a 2 + 2a 2 + 2.3a 2 =
+
=
=
EJ 2 3
6 EJ
3EJ 3EJ
3EJ
EJ
3
3
3
14a
13a
9a
Mc khc: d 11 + d 12 + d 21 + d 22 =
+
=
(ng)
3EJ 3EJ
EJ
( M s )(M s ) =

-Kim tra s hng t do:

Nhn 2 biu :
( M s )(M Po ) = -

1 (3a + 2a )
2,5.Pa 3
.
.a.Pa = EJ
2
EJ

Mc khc:
D1 p + D 2 p = -

1,5Pa 3 Pa 3
2,5 Pa 3
=EJ
EJ
EJ

- Kim tra kt qu cui cng:

Nhn 2 biu :
P
M
H.5.4.5
M

o
P

X2 = 1
H.5.4.6

Ms

H.5.4.7

0,475Pa

Pa
Pa

(ng)

0,2Pa

Pa
0,525Pa

0,15Pa

a
3a

2a

X1 = 1

C HC KT CU II
(M s )(M ) = -

Page 22

1 a.a 2
a
.
. .0,15Pa +
[2.3a.0,2Pa - 2.2a.0,475Pa - 3a.0,475Pa + 2a.0,2Pa]
EJ 2 3
6 EJ
a
+
[2.2a.0,525Pa - 2.a.0,15Pa - 2a.0,15Pa + a.0,525Pa] = 0
6 EJ

*Ch :
- Cc biu thc iu kin kim tra vn ng trong trng hp c k n nh
hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
- Khi lng tnh ton kim tra cn nhiu.
- Khi iu kin kim tra tha mn th cng cha th loi tr c kh nng
xy ra sai lm.

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Page 23

5. MT S IU CN CH KHI TNH H SIU TNH

BC CAO
I.Cc bin php nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton:
- Chn phng php tnh cho s lng n s l t nht (phng php lc,
phng php chuyn v, phng php hn hp v lin hp... )
- Khi s dng phng php lc nn chn h c bn sao cho cc n Xk t
nh hng n kt qu cui cng.
- Dng cc bin php nhm gim bc ca h phng trnh chnh tc. (s trnh
by di)
II. Cc bin php lm gim nh khi lng tnh ton:
1. Cc bin php gim bc ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
- Chn phng php tnh cho s n s l t nht ( ni trn)
- Khi chn h c bn ca phng trnh lc, ta chn h c bn l h siu tnh
bc thp thay v chn h c bn tnh nh.
- Nn s dng tnh cht i xng ca h nu h l h i xng
2. Cc bin php n gin ho cu trc ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
H phng trnh chnh tc c cu trc n gin khi chng c nhiu h s ph
bng khng. t c mc ch ny, ta c th thc hin cc cch sau:
- S dng tnh cht i xng ca h nu h i xng.
- Chn h c bn hp l bng cch chia h thnh nhiu b phn c lp. V
lc ny, cc biu n v s phn b cc b. Vic xc nh cc h s ca phng
trnh chnh tc s n gin v trin vng c nhiu h s ph bng khng. Mc khc,
vic lm ny cn lm gim nh khi lng tnh ton cc khu: xc nh ni lc,
xc nh cc h s v s hng t do, gii h phng trnh chnh tc.
Xt h siu tnh trn
hnh (H.5.5.1), ta nu ra 2
cch chn h c bn so
snh:
+ Vi h c bn chn
trn hnh (H.5.2.2), ni lc
trn h ny ni chung s
phn khi trn ton h. Do
, vic xc nh cc h s
v s hng t do mt nhiu
cng sc. Cc h s ph u
khc khng.
+ Vi h c bn chn
trn hnh (H.5.5.3), cc biu
n v ch phn b trn 1
hoc 2 b phn ln cn ca
h. Do , vic v biu
ni lc, xc nh cc h s
v s hng t do s n
gin, c nhiu h s ph
bng khng.

H.5.5.1

H.5.5.2
X8
X7
X3

X1
X2
X2

X3

X5

X9

X6

X2
X1

X4
X4
X5

X6

X9

X7
X8
X8

X5
X1

X6

X4
H.5.5.3

X7

X9

X3

C HC KT CU II

Page 24

d 17 = d 71 = d 18 = d 81 = d 19 = d 91 = d 27 = d 72 = d 29 = d 92 = d 37 = d 73 =
= d 38 = d 83 = d 39 = d 93 = 0

- S dng cc thanh tuyt i cng thay i v tr v phng cc n s

(nghin cu phn sau).

C HC KT CU II

Page 25

6. CCH VN DNG TNH CHT I XNG CA H

I XNG
H i xng l h c kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc, cng v kin kt i
xng qua 1 trc (H.5.6.1)
I. Bin php s dng cp n s i xng v phn xng:
P
EJ
EF
GF

EJ
EF
GF
H.5.6.1

H.5.6.2

Xt h siu tnh i
xng chu ti trng tc dng
nh trn hnh (H.5.6.2). Chn
h c bn cng c tnh cht
X1
i xng nh trn hnh
(H.5.6.3). C 2 loi n s:
- Cp n s i xng
H.5.6.3
X4 v phn xng X3.
- Cp n s ch c v
trr i xng X1 v X2.
trit s dng Y1 Y2
tnh i xng ca h, ta phn
H.5.6.4
tch X1, X2 thnh hai cp: cp
i xng Y1 v cp phn ng
Y2 nh trn hnh v (H.5.6.4).Tc l:

X3

X4

X4
X3

X2

X3
X4
X4

X3

Y1

Y2

X1 + X 2

Y
=
1
Y
+
Y
=
X

1
2
1
2

X
X2
Y
+
Y
=
X
1
1
2
2
Y2 =

Cc n s lc ny l (Y1, Y2 , X3, X4)

H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
d 11Y1 + d 12 Y2 + d 13 X 3
d Y + d Y + d X
21 1
22 2
23
3

d
Y
+
d
Y
+
d
X
32 2
33
3
31 1
d 41Y1 + d 42 Y2 + d 43 X 3

+ d 14 X 4 + D1P = 0
+ d 24 X 4 + D 2 P = 0
+ d 34 X 4 + D 3 P = 0
+ d 44 X 4 + D 4 P = 0

Mc khc, i vi h i xng c tnh cht sau:

- H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng (phn ng) th biu
mmen s i xng (phn ng). Suy ra: ( M 1 ), (M 4 ) s i xng; ( M 2 ), ( M 3 ) s
phn ng.
- Kt qu nhn biu phn ng vi biu i xng s bng khng. Suy
ra:

C HC KT CU II

Page 26

d 12 = d 21 = d 13 = d 31 = d 24 = d 42 = d 43 = d 34 = 0

Thay vo, ta c:
d 11Y1 + d 14 X 4 + D1P = 0

d 41Y1 + d 44 X 4 + D 4 P = 0

(a) (cha cp n i xng)

d 22 Y2 + d 23 X 3 + D 2 P = 0

d 32 Y2 + d 33 X 3 + D 3 P = 0

(b) (cha cp n phn xng)

* Kt lun: Vi h i xng c bc siu tnh bng n, nu p dng cc cp n

s xng v phn xng ta c th a h phng trnh chnh tc v hai h phng
trnh c lp: 1 h gm n1 phng trnh cha n i xng, 1 h gm n2 phng trnh
cha n phn xng vi n1 + n2 = n.
* Cc trng hp c bit:
1. Khi nguyn nhn bn ngoi tc dng i xng:
Xt li h phn tch trn th lc ny ( M Po ) s i xng. Suy ra
D 2 P = D 3 P = 0 . Thay vo h (b) th c Y2 = X3 = 0
Vy 1 h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng th cc n phn xng
=0
2. Khi nguyn nhn bn ngoi tc dng phn xng:
Xt li h phn tch trn th tng t ta s c c Y1 = X4 = 0
Vy khi h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn xng th cc n i
xng = 0
II. Bin php bin i s tnh:
* Cc c im ca h i xng:
- Mt h i xng chu nguyn nhn bt k bao gi cng c th phn tch
thnh tng ca 2 h: h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng vi h i
xng chu nguyn nhn phn xng.
V d: H trn hnh H.5.6.5 bng tng hai h trn hnh H.5.6.6 vi H.5.6.7.
M
M
M
M
P
P
P
P
q/2

q/2

q/2

q/2

H.5.6.7
H.5.6.6
D
D/2
D/2
D/2
D/2
- Trong h i xng chu nguyn nhn i xng th chuyn v, mmen un,
lc dc s i xng, cn lc ct c tnh phn ng.
- Trong h i xng chu nguyn nhn phn ng th chuyn v, mmen, lc
dc s phn xng, cn lc ct c tnh i ng.
Nh vy vi cc c im ny, nu bit c kt qu ca mt na h i
xng th c th suy ra kt qu trn ton h. Ta i tm 1 na h tng ng.
1. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng:
a. Trng hp trc i xng khng trng vi trc thanh no ca h :
Xt tit din C v C' nm bn tri v bn phi ca trc i xng ca h trn
hnh (H.5.6.8). Do chuyn v ca h l i xng nn ti C khng th c chuyn v
H.5.6.5

C HC KT CU II

Page 27

xoay v thng theo phng vung gc

P
P
P
trc i xng. Tuy nhin, chuyn v
C
thng theo phng trc i xng c th
C C'
c. iu ny chng t C lm vic nh
1 ngm trt.
Vy trn s tnh 1 na h
H.5.6.9
H.5.6.8
tng ng ta ch vic t vo C 1
ngm trt di dng 2 lin kt thanh c phng song song nhau v vung gc vi
trc i xng nh trn hnh v (H.5.6.9)
*Kt lun: Khi tnh h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng v c
trc i xng khng trng vi trc thanh no ca h, ta t thm vo h cc ngm
trt di dng 2 lin kt thanh song song v vung gc vi trc i xng ti
nhng tit din trng vi trc i xng ri thc hin tnh ton trn mt na h v
suy ra kt qu trn ton h.
b. Trng hp trc i xng trng vi 1 s trc thanh ca h.
Xt h trn hnh (H.5.6.10). a v h tng ng i xng v c trc i
xng khng trng vi trc
D
D1 D2
thanh no ca h bng cch
EJ2
EJ2/2 EJ2/2
thay th mi thanh AB, CD
EF2
EF2/2 EF2/2
bng 2 thanh c cng gim
GF2
GF2/2 GF2/2
C
i mt na, hai u A1A2,
C1 C2
B1B2, C1C2, D1D2 l vung
gc vi trc i xng v c
P
P
P
P
B1 B2
cng bng v cng
B
(H.5.6.11). n y ta tr lai
EJ1/2 EJ1/2
EJ1
trng hp trc i xng
EF1/2 EF1/2
EF1
khng trng vi trc thanh.
GF1/2 GF1/2
GF1
A
A1 A2
Mt na h tng
ng
nh
trn
hnh
H.5.6.10
H.5.6.11
(H.5.6.12). Nhng ti A1, B1,
D1
D1
D1
C1, D1 khng tn ti chuyn
v gc xoay v chuyn v
EJ2/2
thng theo phng vung gc
EF1/2
EF1/2
EF2/2
trc i xng m ch c th
GF2/2
C1
chuyn v theo phngdc
C1
trc thanh. Ngha l, cc
C1
P
P
P
thanh A1B1, C1D1 lm vic
B
1
nh 1 lin kt thanh (lin kt
B1
loi 1) (H.5.6.13).
EJ1/2
B1
EF1/2
Kt lun: Khi tnh h
EF1/2
GF1/2
i xng chu nguyn nhn
A1
A1
tc dng i xng v c trc
i xng trng vi mt s
H.5.6.14
H.5.6.12
H.5.6.13
trc thanh ca h, ta cn t
thm vo h cc ngm trt di dng 2 lin kt thanh c phng song song vi

C HC KT CU II

Page 28

nhau v vng gc vi trc i xng ti nhng tit din trng vi trc i xng
ng thi thay th cc thanh trng vi trc i xng bng cc lin kt thanh (lin
kt loi 1) c cng gim i 1 na ri thc hin tnh ton trn 1 na h v sau
suy ra kt qu trn ton h. Khi suy ra kt qu ni lc trn ton h, i vi thanh
trng vi trc i xng lc dc ly gp 2 ln so vi khi gii 1 na h cn lc ct v
mmen ly bng khng.
Trong trng hp b qua bin dng dc trc trong cc thanh trng vi trc
i xng v cc thanh ny b ngn cn chuyn v theo phng dc trc thanh (mt
u ni t), ta c th thay th cc ngm trt bng ngm (H.5.6.14)
2. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn xng:
a. Trng hp trc i xng khng trng vi trc thanh no ca h:
Xt tit din C v C' nm
bn tri v bn phi trc i
C C'
xng ca h trn hnh P
P
P
C
(H.5.6.15). Do chuyn v ca h
l phn xng nn ti C khng
th c chuyn v theo phng
H.5.6.16
H.5.6.15
trc i xng. Tuy nhin,
chuyn v gc xoay v chuyn v theo phng vung gc vi trc i xng c th
c. iu ny chng t C lm vic nh 1 gi di ng. Vy trn s tnh mt
phn 2 h tng ng ta ch vic t vo C 1 gi di ng c phng ca trc i
xng (H.5.6.16).
Kt lun: Khi tnh h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn ng v c
trc i xng khng trng vi trc thanh no ca h ta a v 1 na h tng
ng bng cch t thm vo h cc gi di ng c phng ca trc i xng ti
nhng tit din trng vi trc i xng ri thc hin tnh ton trn 1 na h v sau
suy ra kt qu trn ton h.
b. Trng hp trc i xng trng vi mt s trc thanh ca h:
Cng l lun tng t nh trng hp h chu nguyn nhn tc dng i
xng trn, ta a bi ton tr v trng hp trc i xng khng trng vi trc
thanh no ca h.
D
D1 D2
Vi h cho
EJ2/2
EJ2/2 EJ2/2
trn hnh (H.5.6.17),
EF
/2
EF2/2 EF2/2
2
h tng ng ca
GF2/2 GF2/2
GF2/2
n trn hnh
C
(H.5.6.18) v h trn
C1 C2 P
P
P
hnh (H.5.6.19) l 1 P
na h tng ng.
B1 B2
Kt lun: Khi
B
EJ1/2 EJ1/2
EJ1
tnh h i xng chu
EF1/2 EF1/2
EF1
nguyn nhn tc dng
GF1/2 GF1/2
GF
1
phn ng v c trc
A1 A2
A
i xng trng vi
H.5.6.17
H.5.6.18
trc thanh no ca
h, ta a v 1 na h

C HC KT CU II
tng ng bng cch t thm
vo h cc gi di ng c phng
trc i xng ti nhng tit din trc
i xng bng cc thanh c cng
gim i 1 na ri tnh ton trn 1
phn 2 v suy ra kt qu trn ton
h.

Page 29

D1

D1

EJ2/2

EJ2/2

EF2/2
GF2/2

EF2/2
GF2/2

C1

C1

Khi suy ra kt qu ni lc
B1
B1
trn ton h, i vi cc thanh trng
vi trc i xng, lc dc ly bng
EJ1/2
EJ1/2
khng cn mmen v lc ct ly gp
EF1/2
EF1/2
2 ln so vi khi tnh trn na h.
GF1/2
GF1/2
Trong trng hp b qua nh
A1
hng bin dng dc trc th ta c
th b bt 1 gi di ng trong 2 gi
H.5.6.19
H.5.6.20
hai u thanh (H.5.6.20).
* Ch thch:
Trng hp tit din trng vi trc i xng khng phi l lin kt hn, bng
cch phn tch s lm vic ti cc tit din ny tng t nh trn ta c th thay th
bng cc lin kt tng ng khi tnh trn 1 na h.
Chn hn, h trn
hnh (H.5.6.21)
+ Nu nguyn nhn
tc dng i xng th 1
na h tng ng trn
hnh (H.5.6.22).
+ Nu nguyn nhn
tc dng phn xng th 1
na h tng ng trn
hnh (H.5.6.23).

H.5.6.21

H.5.6.22

H.5.6.23

V d: V cc biu ni lc ca h trn hnh (H.5.6.24). Cho cng trong

tt c cc thanh l EJ = const. Ch xt nh hng ca bin dng un.

H.5.6.25

H.5.6.24

H cho thuc loi h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn xng. Mt
na h tri tng ng ca h cho c to ra trn hnh (H.5.6.25). y l h
siu tnh bc 1. Tin hnh cc bc gii s v c biu (M), (Q), (N). Sau
suy ra kt qu ca na h phi theo cc c im ca h i xng. Kt qu th hin
trn hnh v (H.5.6.26 H.5.6.31)
P
P
P

C HC KT CU II

Page 30

(M)
(ton h)

(M)
(na h tri)
Pa/2

Pa/2
Pa

Pa

Pa/2
H.5.6.26

Pa/2
Pa

Pa/2

Pa/2

H.5.6.29

(Q)
(ton h)

(Q)
(na h tri)
P/2

H.5.6.30 P/2

H.5.6.27

(N)
(ton h)

(N)
(na h tri)

H.5.6.28

P/2

P
H.5.6.31

C HC KT CU II

Page 31

7. S DNG CC THANH TUYT I CNG THAY I

V TR V PHNG CC N S NHM N GIN HO
CU TRC CA H PHONG TRNH CHNH TC
Mc ch ca bin php l s dng cc thanh tuyt i cng nhm thay i
v tr v phng ca cc n s sao cho h phng trnh chnh tc c nhiu h s
ph bng khng.
X1
1
Xt h trn hnh
X3
X2 X3
P
P
(H.5.7.1). gii h ta c th
C C'
chn h c bn nh trn hnh
X2
(H.5.7.2)
1
X1
Ta bin i h trn
H.5.7.1
H.5.7.2
hnh (H.5.7.1) bng cch thc
hin mt ct 1-1, hn 2 thanh tuyt i cng vo 2 tit din C v C'. Nu ni 2 thanh
tuyt i cng bng ba lin kt loi 1 theo iu kin ni 2 ming cng to thnh h
bt bin hnh th h mi s tng ng vi h ban u (H.5.7.3, H.5.7.4...)
X1 X1
P
P
C C'
C C'
X2
X3

HN

H.5.7.4

H.5.7.3

X2
X3

H.5.7.5

Nu ta chn h c bn bng cch ct cc

X1 X1
P
lin kt ni gia cc thanh tuyt i cng (H.5.7.5,
X3
X3
H.5.7.6) th so vi cc h c bn trn hnh
(...)
(H.5.7.2), v tr v phng ca cc n s thay
X2 X2
i. iu c ngha l cc h s cng thay i.
H.5.7.6
R rng l c nhiu cch lp h tng ng nn
cng nhiu cch thay i v tr v phng ca cc n s. V ta thc hin sao cho h
phng trnh chnh tc cng c nhiu h s ph bng khng cng tt.
V d: Chn h s c bn sao cho tt c cc h s ph bng khng ca khung
trn hnh (H.5.7.7). Cho cng EJ l khng i trn ton h.
H tng ng trn hnh (H.5.7.8), h c bn to nn hnh (H.5.7.9)
Cc biu ( M 1 ), ( M 2 ), (M 3 ) v trn hnh (H.5.7.10 H.5.7.12).
( M 1 ), (M 3 ) l i xng; ( M 2 ) phn xng nn d 12 = d 21 = d 23 = d 32 = 0 .
2
3

d 13 = d 31 = ( M 3 )(M 1 ) = 0 th c = h v khi trng tm ly trn ( M 1 ) ng

X2

H.5.7.7
l

vi tung = 0 trn ( M 2 ) .
P

X2

X1

X1

X3

X3

H.5.7.8
l/2

l/2

H.5.7.9

C HC KT CU II
X1 = 1

l/2 X2 = 1

X1 = 1

X2 = 1

l/2

Page 32

c
c

X3 = 1 X3 = 1
M1

H.5.7.10

M2

H.5.7.11

(h-c)

M3

H.5.7.12

(h-c)

C HC KT CU II

Page 33

8. H DN SIU TNH
I. Bc siu tnh:
n = D - 2M + 3
(i vi h dn khng ni t)
n = D - 2M + C
(i vi h dn ni t)
II. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
Nh trong trng hp tng qut ca phng php lc.
III. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
Do trong h dn ch tn ti lc dc nn cc h s ch k n thnh phn bin
dng dc trc.
1. Cc h s chnh v ph:
d km = S

Nk Nm
N N
.ds = ik im .li
EF
EFi
i

2. Cc s hng t do:
a. Do ti trng:
D kP = S

N k N po
EF

ds =
i

N ik N ipo
EFi

li

b. Do bin thin nhit :

D kt = at ci W( N ik ) = at ci N ik .li
i

c. Do ch to chiu di thanh khng chnh xc:

D kD = N ik .D i
i

Di : di ca thanh dn th i. Nu l ch to ngn hn chiu di (cn gi l

ht) th Di ly du m.
d. Do chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta:
D kZ = - R jk Z j
( j)

Trong cc cng thc trn:

N ik , N im , N iPo : lc dc trong thanh dn th i do Xk = 1 v Xm = 1, P gy ra trn
h c bn.
EFi , li : cng v chiu di thanh th i
a : h s dn n v nhit .
R jk : phn lc ti lin kt j do Xk = 1 gy ra trn h c bn.
Zj : chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt j.
IV. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn:
Lc dc trong thanh dn th i:
N i = N i1 .X 1 + N i 2 . X 2 + ...N in . X n + N ipo + N ito + N ioD + N iZo

Trong : N ipo , N ito , N ioD , N iZo ln lt l lc dc trong thanh dn th i do cc

nguyn nhn P, t, D, Z gy ra trn h c bn. Nu h c bn l tnh nh th
N opt , N ioD , N iZo = 0 .
V d: Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn trn hnh (H.5.8.1) cho bit
cng trong cc thanh dn l EF = const.

C HC KT CU II

Page 34

1. Bc siu tnh: n = D 2M + C = 10 - 6.2 + 4 = 2

X1
5

X1

6 5

6 5

X1 = 1 X1 = 1

X2

P = 2T

4
X2

X2 = 1

2 1

2 1

a
H.5.8.2
H.5.8.3
H.5.8.1
5
2. H c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
- H c bn (H.5.8.2). y ta xem cc thanh
56, 34 l cc lin kt thanh v ct n.
- H phng trnh chnh tc:
P = 2T
d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + D1P = 0

d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + D 2 P = 0

2
H.5.8.4
6

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh

tc:
d km

N N
= ik im .l i
EFi
i

D kP =
i

N ik N ipo
EFi

.l i

1
k, m = 1,2

2
H.5.8.5

i : thanh th i.

S xc nh N i1 , N i 2 , N ipo c to trn cc hnh v (H.5.8.3, H.5.8.4 &

H.5.8.5)
Lc dc c xc nh theo cc cch trong bi h dn.
Kt qu tnh ton c th hin trong bng tnh (B.5.8.1)
H phng trnh chnh tc:
(5 + 8 2 )a.X 1 + (2 - 4 2 )a. X 2 + (1 - 2 2 ) Pa = 0

(2 - 4 2 )a. X 1 + (3 + 4 2 )a. X 2 + (1 + 2 2 ) Pa = 0

y do cc thanh c cng bng EF nn ta khng a vo trong tnh ton

cho gn.
Gii phng trnh:
X 1 = 0,014 P

X 2 = -0,436 P

4. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn:

N i = N i1 X 1 + N i 2 X 2 + N ipo

Xem kt qu trong bng tnh (B.5.8.1)

C HC KT CU II
Thanh

li

N i1

Ni2

N ipo

5-6
6-4
6-3
5-4
5-3
3-4
4-2
4-1
3-2
3-1

a
a

1
1

a 2

- 2
- 2

1
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
1
1

a 2

- 2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

a 2

- 2

-P 2

a 2
a
a
a

1
Tng

N i 2 N i 2 li

N i1 N ipo l

N i 2 N ipo li

Ni

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0,014P
0,014P
-0,019P
-0,019P

0
0
a

0
0
0
2a 2
2a 2
a

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0,014P
-0,436P
-0,422P
0,636P

- 2aP 2

2aP 2
Pa

-0,777P

N i1 N i1 li N i1 N i 2 li

a
a
2a

2a

a
0
a
2a 2
2a 2
a

Page 35

- 2a 2
- 2a 2

Pa

(5 + 8 2)a (2 - 4 2)a (3+ 4 2)a (1 - 2 2 ) Pa (1 + 2 2 ) Pa

B.8.1 Bng tnh lc dc trong cc thanh dn

0,578P

C HC KT CU II

Page 36

9. DM LIN TC
I. phn tch h:
1. Khi nim: Dm lin tc l h gm 1 thanh thng ni vi tri t bng s
gi ta ln hn hai to thnh h bt bin hnh.
2. Phn loi dm lin tc:
- Dm lin tc hai u khp (H.5.9.1)
- Dm lin tc c u tha (H.5.9.2)
- Dm lin tc c u ngm (H.5.9.3)
H.5.9.1

H.5.9.2
3. Bc siu tnh:
Cch 1:
n = 3V K
V d: Dm lin tc trn hnh (H.5.9.4)
c n = 3.3 7 = 2.
Cch 2:
n=C3
C l s lin kt ni t tng ng
quy v lin kt loi 1.
V d: Dm lin tc trn hnh (H.5.9.5)
c n = 7 3 = 4.

H.5.9.3

H.5.9.4

H.5.9.5

Trng hp cho php b qua nh hng ca bin dng n hi dc trc v

ti trng ch tc dng vung gc vi trc dm th gi c nh ch c hiu qu nh
gi di ng. Khi bc siu tnh c tnh bng biu thc:
n = Ctg + N
Ctg: s gi ta trung gian (khng k hai gi ngoi cng), khng cn phn bit
l gi c nh hay di ng.
N: s lin kt ngm, khng cn phn
bit l ngm trt hay ngm.
H.5.9.6
V d: Dm lin tc trn hnh (H.5.9.6)
c n = 2 + 2 = 4.
II. Cch tnh dm lin tc bng phng php phng trnh ba mmen:
Bi ton dm lin tc l mt trng hp ca h siu tnh nn ta c th vn
dng phng php lc tnh ton. Tuy nhin, phc v cho vic tnh ton c
nhanh chng v n gin ta i c th ho h phng trnh chnh tc ca n.
Xt mt dm lin tc hai u khp gm (n + 1) nhp, c cng EJ khng
i trn tng nhp, chu tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn ti trng, bin thin nhit ,
chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta (H.5.9.7).
1. H c bn:
Chn h c bn bng cch loi b cc lin kt ngn cn chuyn v gc xoay
tng i ca hai tit din 2 bn gi ta trung gian (thay th lin kt hn bng lin
kt khp (H.5.9.8)).
2. H phng trnh chnh tc:
Xt phng trnh i ca h phng trnh c bn
d i1 M 1 + d i 2 M 2 + ...d ii -1 M i -1 + d ii M i + d ii +1 M i +1 + ...d in M n + D iP + D it + D iZ = 0

C HC KT CU II
t1(i+1)
EJ2

l1

t1(i-1)

l2

i-1

t2(i-1)

Z1

t11

i+1

EJn

n+1 H.5.9.7
Zn+1

t21

Zi-1

Page 37

t2(i+1)

li-1

li+1

li

M1 M2 M2 Mi-1 Mi-1

Mi

ln

ln+1

Mi Mi+1 Mi+1 Mn Mn
H.5.9.8
Mi
H.5.9.9

Mi

EJi+1

t2i

Mi+1 Mi+1
i+1
H.5.9.10

Zi+1

Mi

EJi

Zi

i-1

t1(i+1)

t1i

Mi-1

Zi-1

Mi-1

t2(i+1)
li+1

li
Mi-1 = 1 Mi-1 = 1

( M i -1 )

Mi = 1

H.5.9.11

Mi = 1

(M i )

1
1/li

1/li

1
1/li+1

H.5.9.12
1/li+1
Mi+1 = 1 Mi+1 = 1
( M i +1 )

wi

wi+1

Ci

1
Ci

H.5.9.13
( M Po )

H.5.9.14
ai

bi

ai+1

bi+1

C HC KT CU II

Page 38

Phng trnh ny biu th iu kin gc xoay tng i ca 2 tit din hai

bn gi ta th i bng khng.
Ta bit d ik = d ki , d ki y l chuyn v gc xoay tng i ca hai tit din
hai bn gi ta th k do ring Mi = 1 gy ra trn h c bn. Mt khc, Mi ch gy ra
bin dng trn nhp i v (i + 1) (H.5.9.9). iu c ngha l:
d ( i -1)i , d ii , d (i +1)i 0 , cn d ki (k (i - 1), i, (i + 1)) = 0
Thay vo phng trnh trn:
d ii -1 M i -1 + d ii M i + d ii +1 M i +1 + D iP + D it + D iZ = 0 .
3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
a. Xc nh cc h s chnh v ph:
l
1 1.li 2
.
. .1 = i
6 EJ i
EJ i 2 3
l
l
1 1.li +1 2
1 1.li 2
d ii = ( M i )(M i ) =
.
. .1 = i + i +1
.
. .1 +
3EJ i 3EJ i +1
EJ i 2 3
EJ i +1 2 3
l
1 1.l i +1 1
d i (i +1) = (M i )(M i +1 ) =
.
. .1 = i +1
6 EJ i +1
EJ i +1 2 3

d i (i -1) = ( M i )(M i -1 ) =

b. Xc nh cc s hng t do:
- Do ti trng: (DiP)
D iP = (M i )(M op ) =

w a w .b
a
b
1
1
w i . i .1 +
.w i +1 . i +1 .1 = i i + i +1 i +1
EJ i
li
EJ i +1
l i +1
l i EJ i li +1 EJ i +1

w i: din tch ca ( M Po ) trn nhp th i, du ca w i c ly theo du ca

( M Po ).
ai, bi :khong cch t trng tm din tch ca biu ( M Po ) n gi ta tri
v phi ca nhp i.
-Do bin thin nhit : (Dit)
Trn h c bn khng tn ti lc dc nn:
D it = S

1.l
1.l
a
a
a
(t 2 - t1 )W( M i ) = (t 2i - t1i ) i +
(t 2(i +1) - t1(i +1) ). i +1
2
2 hi +1
h
hi

a: H s dn n v nhit.
hi: chiu cao th dm nhp th i.
- Do chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta: (DiZ)
1
Z - Z i Z i +1 - Z i
1
1
1
D iZ = -SR ji Z j = - - .Z i -1 + .Z i +
+
.Z i .Z i +1 = i -1
li
l i +1
l i +1
li
l i +1
li

Trong : Zi l ln ca gi ta th i, theo biu thc th Zi ly du dng

khi chuyn v i xung.
Thay tt c cc h s vo phng trnh trn:
li
l
l
l
1 w i ai
.M i -1 + ( i + i +1 ).M i + i +1 .M i +1 +
.
+
6 EJ i
3EJ i 3EJ i +1
6 EJ i +1
EJ i l i
l
l
Z - Z i Z i +1 - Z i
1 w i +1 .bi +1 a
a
+
.
+ (t 2i - t1i ). i +
(t 2(i +1) - t1(i +1) ). i + i -1
+
=0
EJ i +1
l i +1
hi
2 hi +1
2
li
li +1

Chn 1 J0 lm chun (thng chn J ca nhiu nhp c J ging nhau ca

dm). V t:

C HC KT CU II
li = l i .

Page 39

J0
: gi l chiu di quy c ca nhp i.
Ji

Thay vo phng trnh:

w a w .b
li .M i -1 + 2(li + l i +1 ) M i + li +1 M i +1 + 6 J 0 i i + i +1 i +1 +
li .J i l i +1 . J i +1
a
Z - Z i Z i +1 - Z i
l
l
a
+ 6 EJ o (t 2 i - t1i ). i +
(t 2 (i +1) - t1( i +1) ). i +1 + 6 EJ 0 i -1
+
=0
2 h i +1
2
li
l i +1
hi

Trng hp dm c tit khng i trn ton nhp:J1 = J2 =... Jn = J = const.

Ly J0 = J v thay vo ta c:
w a w .b
li .M i -1 + 2(li + li +1 ) M i + l i +1 M i +1 + 6 i i + i +1 i +1 +
li +1
li
a
Z - Z i Z i +1 - Z i
l
l
a
+ 6 EJ (t 2 i - t1i ). i +
(t 2(i +1) - t1(i +1) ). i +1 + 6 EJ i -1
+
=0
2 h i +1
2
li
l i +1
hi

Cho i = 1, n ta c h phng trnh chnh tc

Gii h phng trnh chnh tc s xc nh c (M1, M2, ..., Mn).
4. V ccbiu ni lc:
- Vi biu m men (M): mi nhp ca dm ta bit c mmen un ti
2 gi ta. Ni 2 tung ny bng 1 on thng v treo biu ( M po ) ca nhp tng
ng vo.
-Vi biu lc ct (Q), lc dc (N): V nh trong trng hp tng qut
ca phng php lc.
V d: V cc biu ni lc ca h trn hnh (H.5.9.15)
1. Bc siu tnh:
n = Ctg + N = 2 + 0 = 2
2. To h c bn, nh s cc gi ta, v biu mmen do ti trng gy ra
trn h c bn: (H.5.9.16 & H.5.9.17)
3. Vit cc phng trnh ba mmencho cc gi ta trung gian.
i = 1:

w a w b
l1 M 0 + 2(l1 + l 2 ) M 1 + l 2 M 2 + 6 J 0 1 1 + 2 2 = 0
l1 J 1 l 2 J 2

i = 2:

w a
wb
l 2 M 1 + 2(l 2 + l3 ) M 2 + l3 M 3 + 6 J 0 2 2 + 3 3 = 0
l3 J 3
l2 J 2

4. Xc nh cc i lng trong phng trnh 3 mmen: M0 = M3 = 0

J0
l1 = 6m; l 2 = 3m; l3 = 3m
Ji
2
2
7,5.6
w1 = l1 . f = .9.6 = 36 ; a1= b1 = 3; w 2 =
= 22,5 ; a2 = b2 = 3
3
3
2
7,5.6
w3 =
= 22,5 ; a3 = b3 = 3
2

Chn J0 = J, tnh li = li

Thay vo phng trnh ba mmen:

C HC KT CU II
q = 2T/m

P1 = 5T

B
EJ

3m
M1

P2 = 5T
C

2EJ

6m
0

Page 40

3m

M1

2EJ

3m

3m

M2 M2
2

q = 2T/m

P1 = 5T

H.5.9.15

H.5.9.16

P2 = 5T
H.5.9.17

7,5

9
7,239

H.5.9.18

3,815

M
(T.m)

7,5

9
4,793

7,5

3,3

M Po

7,5
H.5.9.19

3,135

Q
7,2

1,7

1,865

(T)
H.5.9.20
N

36.3 22,5.3
6.0 + 18M 1 + 3M 2 + 6 J
=0
+
6.2 J
6.J
22,5.3 22,5.3
i =2 3.M 1 + 12 M 2 + 3.0 + 6 J
+
=0
6.2 J
6.2 J
6M 1 + M 2 = -47,25
M = -7, 239 < 0
1

M 1 + 4M 2 = -22,5
M 2 = -3,815 < 0

i=1

5. V biu ni lc:
a. Biu mmen: treo biu (H.5.9.18)
b. Biu lc ct: suy ra t biu mmen.
Trn on AB:

- 7,239 - 0 1
+ .2.6 = 4,793
6
2
- 7,239 - 0 1
=
- .2.6 = -7,2
6
2

Q tr =
Q Ph

C HC KT CU II

Page 41

1,972 - (-7,939)
= 3,3
3
- 3,815 - 1,972
=
= -1,7
3
5,592 - (-3,815)
=
= 3,135
3
0 - 5,592
=
= -1,864
3

Trn on BE:

Q tr = Q Ph =

Trn on EC:

Q tr = Q Ph

Trn on CF:

Q tr = Q Ph

Trn on FD:

Q tr = Q Ph

Kt qu th hin trn hnh v (H.5.9.19)

c. Biu lc dc (N): trng vi ng chun.
* Cc trng hp khc ca dm lin tc:
a. Dm lin tc c tha: (H5.9.21)
- Phn u tha l tnh nh
q
P
nn c th xc nh v v biu
0
n+1
ni lc bng cc phng trnh cn
bng tnh hc.
c
d
- Thc hin ct b u
H.5.9.21
tha, a ti trng v thnh cc
P = q.d
lc tp trung ti gi ta bin M = P.c P
q.d 2
(H.5.9.22). C hai quan nim v
M =
2
mmen gi ta ny:
+ Xem l ngoi lc th cn
0
n+1
H.5.9.22
k n khi v biu ( M Po )
+ Xem l mmen ti cc gi ta trong phng trnh 3 mmen, th chng l
2

qd
.
M0 v Mn+1. Trong h trn hnh (H.5.9.22) th M0 = -P.c v Mn+1 = 2

n y ta tr li bi ton dm lin tc 2 u khp.

b. Dm lin tc c u ngm:(H.5.9.23)
Thay th ngm hoc
ngm trt bng mt nhp c
cng EJ = c chiu di tu
hoc chiu di bng khng v
EJ1 =
c lin kt vi tri t bng 0
s lin kt tng ng vi
ngm
hoc
ngm
trt.
l1 = 0
(H.5.9.24)

H.5.9.23

EJn+1 =
n+1

H.5.9.24

ln+1 = 0

Sau khi thc hin nh

trn, ta a dm v thnh hai u khp v tr li bi ton bit.
V d: V biu mmen cun ca h trn hnh v (H.5.9.25). Cho bit EJ =
1080T.m2; j = 0,005radian; D1 = 0,03m; D2 = 0,02m; h2EJ = 0,4m; hEJ = 0,3m.
a h v h tng ng 2 u khp nh trn hnh v (H.5.9.26)
1. Bc siu tnh:
n = Ctg + N = 2 + 0 = 2
(tnh trn h tng ng)

C HC KT CU II

Page 42

2. To h c bn, nh s cc gi ta, v biu ( M Po ) . Kt qu trn hnh

(H5.9.27& H5.9.28)
y ta xem M = -P.2 = -4 l mmen M3 trong phng trnh 3 mmen.
3.Vit phng trnh 3 mmen cho cc gi ta trung gian:
20C
q = 1,2T/m

P1 = 2T

P2 = 2T

2m

2m

4m

M1

H.5.9.26

40C

M2

P1 = 2T

D2

l=0
M1

P2 = 2T
M = 4T.m

D1

j.l

EJ =

2m

20C
q = 1,2T/m

P1 = 2T

H.5.9.25

40C 2EJ

D2

EJ

B
D1

M2

H.5.9.27

q = 1,2T/m

H.5.9.28
M Po

2,4

6,401

H.5.9.29

M
(T.m)

2
4,038

2,038

5,752

2,4

H.5.9.30

Q
(T)

0,038
4,838

H.5.9.31
N

C HC KT CU II

Page 43

i=1

w a w b
l1 M 0 + 2(l1 + l2 )M 1 + l2 M 2 + 6 J 0 1 1 + 2 2 +
l1 J 1 l2 J 2
a
Z - Z1 Z 2 - Z 1
l
l
a
+ 6EJ 0 (t 21 - t11 ). 1 + (t 22 - t12 ). 2 + 6EJ 0 0
+
=0
l2
2 h2
2
h1
l1

i=2

w a
wb
l 2 M 1 + 2(l 2 + l3 ) M 2 + l3 M 3 + 6 J 0 2 2 + 3 3 +
l3 J 3
l2 J 2
a
Z - Z2 Z3 - Z2
l
l
a
+ 6 EJ 0 (t 22 - t12 ). 2 +
(t 23 - t13) ). 3 + 6 EJ 0 1
+
=0
2 h3
2
l3
h2
l2

u bi cho bit a = 1,2.10 -5 ( 0 C -1 ); hEJ = 0,3m ; h2EJ = 0,4m; EJ = 1080T.m2

4. Xc nh cc i lng trong phng trnh 3 mmen:
M0 = 0; M3 = -4; t23 = 400C; t13 = 200C
Z0 = -0,005l1 ; Z2 = 0,03; Z0 = 0,02; Z1 = 0
1
2

2
3

w1= 0; w 2 = .2.4 = 4; a 2 = b2 = 2m ; w 3 = .4.2,4 = 6,4; a3 = b3 = 2m

Chn J0 = J, tnh li = li .

J0
Ji

l1 = 0; l2 = 4; l3 = 2
Thay vo:
i = 1:

4.2

+
0.0 + 2(0 + 4)M 1 + 4M 2 + 6 J 0 +
4.J

- 0,005.l l - 0 0,03 - 0
=0
+ 6 EJ[0 + 0] + 6 EJ
+
l1
4

8M1 + 4M2 = -12 - 0,015EJ = -28,2

4.2 6,4.2
+
+
4.J 4.2 J
a
4

0 - 0,03 0,02 - 0,03

+ 6 EJ 0 +
(40 - 20) + 6 EJ
+
= 0
0,4
2
4
4

i = 2: 4M 1 + 2(4 + 2)M 2 + 2.(-4) + 6 J

4M1 + 12M2 = 8 - 21,6 - 600EJ + 0,06EJ = 43,424

8M + 4 M 2 = -28, 2
M = -6,401 < 0
1
1
4M 1 + 12M 2 = 43,424 M 2 = 5,752 > 0

5. V biu ni lc:
a. Biu mmen (M): treo biu (H5.9.29)
b. Biu lc ct, lc dc (H5.9.30 & H5.9.31)
III. Tnh dm lin tc bng phng php tiu c mmen:
* Mc ch: L i vn dng kho lo phng php phng trnh 3 mmen
tnh dm lin tc nhiu nhp chu ti trng ch tc dng ln 1 nhp m khng phi
gii h phng trnh chnh tc. Nu trng hp ti trng tc dng ln nhiu nhp th
c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng a v thnh tng ca nhiu bi ton,
mi bi ton ti trng ch tc dng ln 1 nhp.
V d: H trn hnh (H.5.9.32) c th phn tch thnh hai trng hp nh trn
hnh (H.5.9.33 & H.5.9.34)

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Vi dm lin tc nhiu nhp chu ti trng tc dng ln mt nhp (V d dm

trn hnh (H.5.9.33) & H.5.9.34), ta c nhng nhn xt sau:
0

i-1

F1

i+1

F'i+1
F2

F'i

F'n+1
F'n

Fi-1

F1
F2

n+1

F'n+1
Fi

F'n

H.5.9.32

H.5.9.33

H.5.9.34

a. ng n hi (ng t nt) ln theo hnh sng trn nhng nhp k

tip nhau.
b. Trn nhng nhp khng chu ti trng tc dng th mmen un ti hai gi
ta lin tip lun tri du nhau, mmen un ti gc ta gn nhp chu ti trng hn
s c gi tr tuyt i ln hn. Trn nhng nhp ny biu mmen un l on
thng ct ng chun ti 1 im gi l tiu im mnmen.
+ Nhng tiu im nm bn tri nhp chu ti trng gi l tiu im tri. K
hiu Fi.
+ Nhng tiu im nm bn phi nhp chu ti trng gi l tiu im phi. K
hiu F'i
y i l ch s nhp th i.
c. Ta nh ngha: t s dng v ln hn n v ca 2 mmen un ti 2 gi
ta lin tip ca nhp khng chu ti trng tc dng l t s tiu c mmen.
+ i vi nhp nm bn tri ca nhp chu ti trng:
ki = -

Mi
: gi l t s tiu c tri.
M i -1

+ i vi nhp nm bn phi ca nhp chu ti trng:

k 'i = -

M i -1
: gi l t s tiu c phi
Mi

D thy nu bit c t s tiu c mmen th s bit c v tr ca tiu

im mmen v ngc li.
d. Ta s v c biu mmen nu bit c 2 yu t:
+ Mmen un ti 2 gi ta ca nhp chu ti trng.
+ Cc t s tiu c mmen.
1. Xc nh t s tiu c :
a. T s tiu c tri: (ki)
Xt 2 nhp th i v (i-1) nm bn tri ca nhp chu ti trng tc dng. Vit
phng trnh 3 mmen cho gi (i-1):
li -1 .M i - 2 + 2(li -1 + li ) M i -1 + li .M i = 0

(Di-1P = 0 do trn cc nhp ny khng chu ti trng tc dng)

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Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho Mi-1 ta c:

M i-2
Mi
+ 2(l i -1 + li ) + li
=0
M i -1
M i -1
M
M
Mt khc: k i = - i , k i -1 = - i -1
M i -1
M i-2

li -1 .

Thay vo, rt gn ta c:
ki = 2 +

li -1
1
2 +

k i -1
li

(5-27)

Cng thc (5-12) c tnh truy hi ngha l c th xc nh c ki nu bit

c ki-1.
M0
M1
+ Nu gi ta u tin l khp: (H.5.9.35)
k1 = -

M1
M
=- 1 =
M0
0

H.5.9.35
+ Nu gi ta u tin l ngm: (H.5.9.36)
a v h tng ng c gi ta u tin l
M0
M1
khp (H.5.9.37), ta c k0 = . T cng thc (5-12) ta H.5.9.36
tnh c:

1
2 -
k0

0
1
= 2 + 2 - = 2
l1

k1 = 2 +

l0
l1

li +1
li

1
2
k 'i +1

M1

l=0

b. T s tiu c phi: (k'i)

Tng t, ta thit lp c:
k 'i = 2 +

M0

M-1

H.5.9.37
(5-28)

Cng thc truy hi (5-13) c xc nh theo ch s tiu c phi ca nhp

cui cng:
+ Nu gi ta cui cng l khp: k'n+1 =
+ Nu gi ta cui cng l ngm: k'n+1 = 2
2. Xc nh mmen un ti 2 gi ta ca nhp chu ti trng tc dng:
Gi s ti trng tc dng ln nhp th i, mmen cn xc nh l Mi-1, Mi.
Bng cch phn tch phng trnh 3 mmen cho 2 gi ta th i v (i - 1) ta dc kt
qu:
6 J 0w i bi k 'i - ai
6w b k ' - a
.
= - 2i . i i i
li li J i k i k ' i -1
li k i k ' i -1
6w a k - bi
6 J w a k - bi
Mi = - 0 i . i i
= - 2i . i i
li li J i k i k ' i -1
li
k i k ' i -1
M i -1 = -

(5-29)
(5-30)

Ch :
- Nu ti trng tc dng ln nhp u tin v gi ta u tin l khp:
M0 = 0; M 1 = -

6w1 a1 k1 - b1
6w a - b1
6w a
.
= - 21 . 1
= - 2 1 . 1'
2
li
k1 k '1 -1
l1 k '1 -1
l1 k1

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- Nu ti trng tc dng ln nhp cui cng v gi ta cui cng l khp:

( k ' n+1 = )
Mn+1= 0; M n = -

6w n +1 bn +1k ' n +1 - a n +1
6w
b
.
= - 2 n +1 . n +1
2
l n +1
k n +1 k ' n +1 -1
l n +1 k n +1

3. V biu ni lc:
a. Biu mmen:
- Trn nhp chu ti trng tc dng: dng tung ca 2 gi ta ca nhp v
treo biu ( M Po ) vo.
- Bn tri ca nhp chu ti trng: l nhng on thng k tip qua tung ti
cc gi ta c xc nh:
M i -1 = -

Mi
ki

- Nhng nhp bn phi ca nhp chu ti trng: l nhng on thng k tip

qua tung ti cc gi ta c xc nh:
Mi = -

M i -1
k 'i

b. Biu lc ct: c v bng cch suy ra t biu mmen.

c. Biu lc dc: Thng trng vi ng chun.
V d: V biu ni lc ca h cho trn hnh (H.5.9.38)
1. To h c bn nh s cc gi ta, v biu ( M Po ) , xc nh cc i
lng:
w1 = w3 = w4 =0
2
2
32
w 2 = lf = .4.4 =
3
3
3
J0
Chn J0 = J, tnh li = li .
Ji

l1 = 3m; l2 = 2m; l3 = l4 = 3m.

2. Xc nh cc t s tiu c mmen:
a. T s tiu c tri:
ki = 2 +

li -1
li

1
2
k i -1

Thay k1 = v tnh truy hi:

k2 = 2 +

3
1
2 1
3
1
2 - = 5 ; k 3 = 2 + 2 - = 3, 2 ; k 4 = 2 + 2 = 3,68

3 5
3
3,2

b. T s tiu c phi:
k 'i = 2 +

li +1
li

1
2
k 'i +1

Thay k'4 = v tnh truy hi:

3
1
2
1
2
1
k ' 3 = 2 + 2 - = 4 ; k ' 2 = 2 + 2 - = 4,625 ; k '1 = 2 + 2 = 3,498
3

3
4
3
4,625

3. Xc nh mmen un ti 2 gi ta ca nhp chu ti trng:

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6w 2 b2 k ' 2 - a 2
6.32 2.4,625 - 2
.
= -1,311
=- 2 .
2
4 .3 5.4,625 - 1
l 2 k 2 k ' 2 -1
6w a k - b2
6.32 2.5 - 2
= -1, 446
M 3 = - 22 . 2 2
=- 2 .
4 .3 5.4,625 - 1
l2
k 2 k ' 2 -1

M2 = -

4. V cc biu ni lc:
a. Biu mmen: Kt qu trn hnh (H.5.9.40)
b. Biu lc ct: Suy ra t (M). (H.5.9.41).
c. Biu lc dc: Trng vi ng chun.
q = 2T/m
A

EJ

2EJ

3m

EJ

H.5.9.38

EJ

3m

4m

3m

q = 2T/m
0

H.5.9.39
M Po

4
1,446

1,311

3,966

H.5.9.40

0,361

M
(T.m)
H.5.9.41

0,602

Q
0,120

0,437
4,033

(T)
H.5.9.42
N

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10. TNH DM LIN TC TI T TRN CC

GI TA N HI
I. Khi nim: l nhng dm lin tc t trn cc gi ta c kh nng chuyn
v theo phng vung gc vi trc dm nh ct c chiu di hu hn h dm
dm ang xt (H.5.10.2), dm trn cc gi phao (H.5.10.3)...

H.5.10.1

H.5.10.3

GI PHAO

H.5.10.2

Gi ki l h s n hi ca gi ta th i. V ngha, ki l chuyn v ca gi
ta th i khi gi chu lc dc bng n v. V d, h s n hi ca ct th i c tit
1.d i
. Vy nu phn lc ti gi ta th i l Ri th
EFi

din Fi, chiu cao di s l ki =

chuyn v ti gi ta ny l kiRi. Ta biu th cc gi ta bng cc l xo vi h s ki.

III. Phng trnh nm mmen:
1. H c bn:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta xt cc nhp th (i - 2), (i - 1), i, (i + 1), (i + 2)
ca mt dm lin tc t trn cc gc ta n hi nh trn hnh (H.5.10.4). Tng
t bi ton dm lin tc, to h c bn bng cch loi b lin kt ngn cn chuyn v
gc xoay tng i ca 2 tit din 2 bn gi ta trung gian (thay hn bng khp)
(H.5.10.6)
2. H phng trnh chnh tc:
Xt phng trnh th i ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
d i1 M 1 + d i 2 M 2 + ....d in M n + D iP = 0
Nhn xt rng: d ik = d ki ; d ki l chuyn v gc xoay tng i ca 2 tit din

2 bn gi ta th k do Mi = 1 gy ra. Vi cch chn h c bn nh trn th Mi ch

gy ra bin dng ti nhp th (i - 1), i, (i + 1), (i + 2) (H.5.10.9) v ch gy ra
chuyn v gc xoay ti cc gi ta (i - 2), (i - 1), i, (i + 1), (i + 2). iu ny c
ngha d ( i - 2)i , d (i -1)i , d ii , d (i +1)i , d (i + 2)i 0 cn cc h s dki (k i - 2, i - 1, i, i + 1) = 0.
Vy ta vit phng trnh th i:
d i (i - 2) M i - 2 + d i (i -1) M i -1 + d ii M i + d i ( i +1) M i +1 + d i (i + 2) M i + D iP = 0

Phng trnh ny gi l phng trnh nm mmen.

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:
Cc h s ny ngoi nh hng ca bin dng un cn phi k n bin dng
dc trc trong cc gi ta n hi.
d ik = ( M i )(M k ) + N mi .N mk .
m

dm
EFm

C HC KT CU II
i

li

i-2

li+1

i-1
ki-2

Mi-1 Mi-1

Mi

H.5.10.4

li+2

i
ki-1

Mi-2 Mi-2

i+2
d i+2

di

d i-2
li-1

i+1
d i+1

i-1
d i-1

i-2

Page 49

i+1

i+2

ki

ki+1

Mi

Mi+1 Mi+1

H.5.10.5
ki+2

Mi+2

Mi+2
H.5.10.6

Mi-2 = 1

H.5.10.7
(M i-2 )

1
1/li-2

1
1/li-1

1/li-1
Mi-1 = 1

H.5.10.8
( M i -1 )

1
1/li-1

1/li-1

1
1/li

1/li
Mi = 1

H.5.10.9
(M i )

1
1/li

1/li

1
1/li+1

1/li+1

H.5.10.10
Ri-2

Ri-1

wi
ai

Ci

Ri

wi+1 Ci+1
Ri+1

(M P )

Ri+2

bi+1
bi
ai+1
Trong : ( M i )(M k ) ln lt l biu mmen un do Mi = 1, Mk = 1 tc
dng ln h c bn gy ra.
N mi , N mk ln lt l lc dc (phn lc) trong gi ta th m do Mi = 1 v Mk
= 1 tc dng ln h c bn gy ra.

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k
1 d
)(- ). i -1 = i -1
li -1
li EFi-1 l i -1 .l i
l
1
1
1 d
1
1
1 d
+ )(- ). i -1 + ( +
)(- ). i
d i (i -1) = i + (
6 EJ i
li -1 li
li EFi -1
li li +1
li EFi
l
k
k 1
1
1
1
= i - i -1 (
+ )- i ( +
)d ii
6 EJ i
l i li -1 li
li l i l i +1
l
l
1
1 d
1
1 2 di
1
1 d
d ii = i + i +1 + (- )(- ). i -1 + ( +
) .
+ (- )(- ). i +1
3EJ i 3EJ i +1
li
l i EFi-1
li li +1 EFi
li +1
li +1 EFi +1
l
l
k
1
1 2
1
= i + i +1 + i2-1 + ( +
) .k i + ( ) 2 .k i +1
3EJ i 3EJ i +1 li
l i l i +1
l i +1
Thay ch s i trong h s d i (i -1) bng (i-1) ta s c d i (i -1) .

d i (i - 2) = 0 + (-

l i +1
k 1
k
1
1
1
+ i ( +
) - i +1 (
+
)
6 EJ i +1 l i +1 li li +1
li +1 li +1 l i + 2
Thay ch s i = (i + 2) trong h s d i (i -2) ta s c d i (i + 2)

d i (i +1) =

d i (i + 2) =

k i +1
li +1 .l i + 2

S hng t do ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

o
D iP = (M i )(M Po ) + N mi .N mP
.
m

dm
EFm

( M ) l biu mmen un do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn.

( N ) : lc dc (phn lc) trong gi ta m do P gy ra trn h c bn.
wa
w b
d
1
D iP = i i + i +1 i +1 + (- )(- Ri -1 ). i -1 +
EFi-1
li EJ i li +1 EJ i +1
li
o
P
P
m

d
d
1
1
1
)(- Ri ) i + (- )(- Ri +1 ). i +1
+( +
EFi +1
EFi
li +1
li li +1
wa
w b
k
k
1
1
D iP = i i + i +1 i +1 + i -1 .Ri -1 - ( +
).k i Ri + i +1 .Ri +1
li +1
li EJ i li +1 EJ i +1
li
l i l i +1

Cc i lng w i, ai, bi c ngha nh trong phn phng trnh 3 mmen.

Thay cc h s ta c phng trnh 5 mmen di dng khai trin.
Trong trng hp dm c cng EJ = const, chiu di cc nhp bng nhau
(bng l), cc gi ta c h s n hi l nh nhau th phng trnh 5 mmen c
dng:
aM i - 2 + (1 - 4a )M i -1 + (4 + 6a ) M i + (1 - 4a ) M i +1 +
6
+ aM i + 2 + 2 (w i a i + w i +1bi +1 ) + al ( Ri -1 - 2 Ri + Ri +1 ) = 0
l
6 EJ
Trong : a = 2 .k
l

Sau khi thit lp v gii h thng phng trnh 5 mmen, ta s xc nh v v

biu ni lc nh trnh by trong phn dm lin tc.

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11. TNH H SIU TNH CHU TI TRNG DI NG

I. ng nh hng c bn: l ng nh hng ca cc n Xk, l cc n
s thay th cho cc lin kt b loi b khi to h c bn.
1. H c bn:
To h c bn bng cch loi b cc lin kt tha v thay th bng cc n s
Xk nh trong phn h c bn ca phng php lc.
2. H phng trnh chnh tc:
v ng nh hng ta gi thit trn cng trnh ch c 1 lc P = 1 di ng
theo 1 ta z. Lc ny bng n v v duy nht tc dng nn s hng t do ch cn
DkP v c thay bng dkP. Do , h phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + ...d 1n X n + d 1 P = 0
d X + d X + ...d X + d = 0
21 1
22
2
2n
n
2P

......

d n1 X 1 + d n 2 X 2 + ...d nn X n + d nP = 0

3. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

a. H s chnh v ph: (dkm).
dkm khng ph thuc vo lc P = 1 di ng v c xc nh nh h chu ti
trng bt ng: d km = (M k )(M m ) .
b. S hng t do: (dkP)
dkP do P = 1 ng gy ra nn s thay i theo ta chy z ca lc P di
ng. Khi xc nh dkP ta nn chia nhiu trng hp ca lc P = 1 di ng vi mi
trng hp P di ng trn mt phn t thuc h. Vi mi trng hp ta v c
mt "dng "ca ( M Po ) .
d kP = ( M k )( M Po )

4. Gii h phng trnh chnh tc:

S dng phng php h s nh hng. Trong phng trnh ny cc n Xk
c biu din qua cc s hng t do (dkP) v h s nh hng:
X 1 = b 11d 1P + b 12d 2 P + ...b 1n d nP
X = b d + b d + ...b d
2
21 1P
22 2 P
2 n nP

...

X n = b n1d 1P + b n 2d 2 P + ...b nn d nP

Trong b ik: l h s nh hng, c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

b ik = (-1) i + k 1 .

Dik
D

D l nh thc ca h s chnh v ph ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

d 11d 12 ...d 1n
d d ...d
D = 21 22 2 n
...
d n1d n 2 ...d nn

Dik l nh thc c suy ra t nh thc D bng cch loi b hng th i ct

th k (hoc hng k ct i)

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Sau khi xc nh c Xk (l hm theo ta chy z ca P = 1 di ng ), cho

z bin thin s v c .a.h.Xk.
II. ng nh hng phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v:
Sau khi tm c cc ng nh hng c bn, p dng nguyn l cng tc
dng ta c th v ng nh hng ca i lng S (ni lc, phn lc, chuyn v)
theo biu thc sau:
(5-31)
.a.h.S = S1 .(.a.h.X1) + S2 .(.a.h.X2) +... Sn .(.a.h.Xn) + .a.h.So
Trong : Sk l gi tr ca S do ring Xk = 1 gy ra trn h c bn.
.a.h.Xk: l cc nh hng c bn.
.a.h.So: ng nh hng ca S trn h c bn. Nu h c bn chn l
tnh nh th .a.h.So c v nh trong phn c hc kt cu I.
* Ch : Do phng trnh ng nh hng S(z) l hm bc cao theo z nn
trong cch v thc hnh ngi ta s dng phng php im chia v lp thnh bng
tnh. C th tham kho ni dung ca bng (B.5.11.1) bn di.
B.5.11.1 Bng tnh .a.h.S trong h siu tnh
im

.a.h.X1

.a.h.X2

...

.a.h.Xn

.a.h.So

.a.h.S

V d: V ng nh hng mmen un ti tit din k ca h trn hnh v

(H.5.11.1). Cho EJ trong cc thanh bng hng s trn ton h.
1. V ng nh hng c bn:
a. Bc siu tnh:
n = 3V - K = 3.3 - 7 = 2
b. h c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc:
- H c bn: (H.5.11.2)
- H phng trnh chnh tc:
d 11 X 1 + d 12 X 2 + d 1P = 0

d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + d 2 P = 0

c. Xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc:

- H s chnh v ph dkm:
1 1.3 2
2
. . .1).2 =
EJ 2 3
EJ
1 1.3 1
1
= d 21 =
. . .1 =
EJ 2 3
2 EJ
2
=
(= d 11 )
EJ

d 11 = (
d 12
d 22

- Xc nh s hng t do dkP:
Chia ng xe chy ra lm ba on (phn t) AB, BC, CD. ng vi mi
phn t ta chn gc ta ti u tri. ng vi mi phn t, ta v c ( M Po ) tng
ng (H.5.11.5 H.5.11.7)
+ Khi P = 1di ng trn AB (z [0;3])
d 1P = ( M 1 )(M Po1 ) =

1 z (3 - z ) 1 1 (3 + z )
1 z (9 - z 2 )
.
.3. .
=
.
EJ
3
2 3 3
EJ
18

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A

P=1

Page 53

H.5.11.1

k
1m

3m

2m

3m

X1

X2

H.5.11.2
X1 = 1

H.5.11.3
(M 1 )

X2 = 1

H.5.11.4
(M 2 )

P=1

H.5.11.5
z(l - z)
l

a = 13(l + z);

C
b

( M Po1 )

b = 13(2l - z)

P=1
H.5.11.6
( M Po 2 )

z(l - z)
l

P=1
H.5.11.7

P=1

0,75 k

( M Po 3 )

z(l - z)
l

H.5.11.8
d .a.h.M ko

0,016

0,025

0,022

0,041

0,075

0,325
0,072

0,65

0,687

0,75

0,287

H.5.11.9
.a.h.Mk

d 2 P = ( M 2 )(M Po1 ) = 0

+ Khi P = 1di ng trn BC (z [0;3])

d 1P = ( M 1 )(M Po 2 ) =

1 z (3 - z ) 1 1 (2.3 - z )
1 z (3 - z )(6 - z )
.
.3. .
.
=
EJ
3
2 3
3
EJ
18

C HC KT CU II
1 z (9 - z 2 )
.
d 2P
EJ
18
+ Khi P = 1di ng trn CD (z [0;3])
d 1P = ( M 1 )(M Po 3 ) = 0
1 z (3 - z )(6 - z )
d 2 P = ( M 2 )(M Po 3 ) =
.
EJ
18
= ( M 2 )(M Po 2 ) =

d. Gii h phng trnh chnh tc:

X 1 = b 11d 1P + b 12 d 2 P

X 2 = b 21d 1P + b 22 d 2 P
D
b ik = (-1) i + k 1 . ik
D
2
1
d 11 d 12
15
D=
= EJ 2 EJ =
1
2
d 21 d 22
4( EJ ) 2
2 EJ EJ
2
15
8 EJ
b 11 = (-1) 3 . /
=2
15
EJ 4( EJ )
1
15
2 EJ
=
/
b 12 = (-1) 4 .
2
2 EJ 4( EJ )
15
2 EJ
b 21 = b 12 =
15
2
15
8 EJ
=b 22 = (-1) 5 . /
2
EJ 4( EJ )
15

Thay vo phng trnh:

+ Khi P = 1di ng trn AB (z [0;3])
8 EJ 1 z (9 - z 2 ) 2 EJ
1
. .
+
.0 = .z (9 - z 2 )
15 EJ
18
15
33,75
2
2 EJ 1 z (9 - z ) 8EJ
1
X2 =
. .
.0 =
.z (9 - z 2 )
15 EJ
18
15
135
+ Khi P = 1 di ng trn BC (z [0;3])
8 EJ 1 z (3 - z )(6 - z ) 2 EJ 1 z (9 - z 2 )
X1 = . .
+
. .
15 EJ
18
15 EJ
18
1
1
=.z (3 - z )(6 - z ) +
.z (9 - z 2 )
33,75
135
2 EJ 1 z (3 - z )(6 - z ) 8 EJ 1 z (9 - z 2 )
X2 =
. .
. .
15 EJ
18
15 EJ
18
1
1
=
. z (3 - z )(6 - z ) .z (9 - z 2 )
135
33,75
+ Khi P = 1 di ng trn CD (z [0;3])
8 EJ
2 EJ 1 z (3 - z )(6 - z )
1
X1 = .0 +
.
=
.z (3 - z )(6 - z )
15
15 EJ
18
135
X1 = -

Page 54

C HC KT CU II
X2 =

Page 55

1
8 EJ 1 z (3 - z )(6 - z )
2 EJ
.z (3 - z )(6 - z )
. .
.0 =18
33,75
15 EJ
15

Cho z bin thin trn tng on ta c th v c cc ng nh hng c

bn.
2. ng nh hng mmen un ti k:
.a.h. M ko = M k1 (.a.h.X1) + M k 2 (.a.h.X2) + .a.h. M ko
.a.h. M ko c v trn hnh (H.5.11.8)
M k1 =

1
; Mk2 = 0
3

Ta lp bng tnh ton: Chia ng xe chy ra lm 12 on, mi on di

0,75m.
Phnt z(m) .a.h.X1 .a.h.X2

AB

BC

CD

M k1 .a.h.X1

0
0
0
0,75 -0,187 0,047
1,5
-0,3
0,075
2,25 -0,263 0,066
3
0
0
0
0
0
0,75 -0,216 -0,122
1,5 -0,225 -0,225
2,25 -0,122 -0,216
3
0
0
0
0
0
0,75 0,066 -0,187
1,5 0,075
-0,3
2,25 0,047 -0,263
3
0
0
Bng 5.12. Bng tnh

M k 2 .a.h.X2 .a.h. M ko

0
0
0
-0,063
0
0,75
-0,1
0
0,75
-0,088
0
0,375
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0,072
0
0
-0,075
0
0
-0,041
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,022
0
0
0,025
0
0
0,016
0
0
0
0
0
.a.h c bn v .a.h.Mk

.a.h.Mk

0
0,687
0,65
0,287
0
0
0,072
-0,075
-0,041
0
0
0,022
0,025
0,016
0

C HC KT CU II

Page 56

12. BIU BAO NI LC

Theo thi gian tc dng ln cng trnh, ti trng c chia thnh 2 loi:
+ Ti trng lu di: Ni lc do n gy ra khng i.
+ Ti trng tm thi: Ni lc do n gy ra s thay i.
Ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh gm 2 loi trn nn ni lc s thay i
trong sut qu trnh tn ti ca cng trnh. Do , khi thit k cn phi xc nh cc
gi tr i s ln nht v nh nht ca ni lc ti tt c cc tit din ca h. Nu biu
din n ln trn mt th s c biu gi l biu bao ni lc.
I. nh ngha biu bao ni lc:
Biu bao ni lc l biu m mi tung ca n biu th gi tr i s
ca ni lc ln nht hoc nh nht do ti trng lu di v ti trng tm thi c th
c gy ra ti tit din tng ng.
II. Cch thc hin:
n gin, ta xem ti trng tm thi tc dng ng thi ln tng nhp ca
h v tin hnh cc bc sau:
Bc 1: V biu ni lc do ti trng lu di tc dng ln ton h gy ra
(Sld)
Bc 2: Ln lt v cc biu ni lc do ti trng tm thi gy ra sao cho
mi trng hp ti trng tm thi ch tc dng ln mt nhp ca h (Stt)
Bc 3: V biu bao ni lc bng cch xc nh tung ln nht (nh
nht) ti cc tit din ca h. Biu thc xc nh c th c vit:
k
S max
= S ldk + SS ttk (+ )
k
S min
= S ldk + SS ttk (-)

k: ch tit din xc nh tung biu bao.

SS ttk (+ ) , SS ttk (-) : ly tng cc trng hp ni lc ti k do ti trng tm thi
gy ra mang du dng hay m.