Bai Giang Bao Tri Sua Chua May Tinh

MC LC
Chng 1
Chc nng nhim v, cu to cc b phn my tnh
Trang
3
5
6
1.1 S tng qut ca h vi x l

1.2 Kin trc my tnh hin i ngy nay
1.3 Mainboard my tnh
Cc kiu mainboard: Bo AT v bo ATX
Chc nng, nhim v cc u ni trn mainboard ATX
Cc loi bus m rng: ISA, EISA, PCI, PCI-X
Mt s chun giao tip trong cc my tnh hin nay: IDE, EIDE, SCSI, USB
1.4 B vi x l
7
Cu trc chung
Cc thanh ghi h 80x86
B nh n trong vi x l
Mt s ci tin mi nht trong k thut vi x l ca 1 s hng sn xut
1.5 B nh my tnh
15
Vai tr ca b nh vi hot ng ca my tnh
Kh nng qun l b nh ca 1 b vi x l
Cc c trng c bn ca b nh bn dn
B nh RAM: hai loi khi nh SIMM, DIMM
B nh ROM
B nh t bo a p
B nh n trong vi x l
1.6 a mm v a mm
19
Khi nim
Nguyn l c ghi t
Cu to ca a t 1.44MB
Cch thc ghi, c ca a
Cu to c a t
1.7 a cng
41
Cu to vt l
T chc logic
1.8 Cc a quang
46
a CD-ROM
a CD-WR
a DVD
Ghp ni cc a quang vo my PC
1.9 Chut
48
1.10 Bn phm
49
Phm c Long
B mn Cng ngh iu khin t ng
Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - HTN
Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh
1.11 Cc loi card ghp ni trn mainboard

1.12 Mn hnh
Cc loi mn hin th
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng tia in t(CRT)
Mn hnh tinh th lng(LCD)
1.13 B ngun my tnh
1.14 Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
H iu hnh l gi?
H iu hnh MS-DOS v WINDOWS9X
WINDOWS XP
Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
51
53
63
65
Chng 2
Thit lp cu hnh h thng
2.1 Khi nim
2.2 S dng chng trnh SETUP
2.3 Chng xm nhp tri php :
+ Qun l cc xm nhp h thng bt hp php - Cc bin php thc hin
+ Ct du cng c, hnc ch kh nng tc ng ti h thng ca cng c
2.4 Bo v d liu
Chng 3
Ci t chng trnh
77
77
79
81
3.1 Bn cht ca qu trnh ci t chng trnh

82
3.2 To a Bo bi .
82
3.3 Vi rut my tnh -Cch phng v chng.
83
3.4 Cc bc thc hin a 1 a cng vo hot ng - S dng cc
cng c phn mm:
85
- Format cp thp a cng (Low format)
- Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
- Format cp cao a cng (high format)
3.5 S dng chng trnh GHOST
87
3.6 Ci t WIN98, XP
91
Yu cu cu hnh phn cng ci t windows98
- Cc cch ghp ni ly chng trnh: Ghp 2 cng, ghp qua dy
Link
- Qu trnh ci t-Ci t cc thit b ngoi vi: card m thanh,
modem...
- Ci t my in. X l cc rc ri v in n
3.6 Ci t modem s dng Intrnet
91
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Chng 4
Tng thnh v nng cp my tnh
4.1 La chn cc b phn tng thnh lp rp 1 my PC: Mainboard, RAM,
card mn hnh, card sound, I/O, cng , CD-ROM
92
4.2 Cc nguyn tc phi hp mainboard chip
95
4.3 Nng cp : Thay Mainboard, RAM, card mn hnh, card sound, I/O,
96
cng, CD-ROM
Ph lc
Ti liu tham kho
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Chng 1
Chc nng nhim v, cu to cc b phn my tnh
1.4 S tng qut ca h vi x l
B vi x l l 1 thnh phn khng th thiu c xy dng cc h thng
tnh ton, my vi tnh. Nhng b vi x l cn phi kt hp vi cc thnh phn
khc to nn h vi x l
S di y l s tng qut ca cc h vi x l kinh in p dng cho
cc h nh v cc my tnh th h u.
CP
U
I/O
Ra
Vo
Abus
Dbus
Cbus
CPU: B no ca my tnh gm cc mch vi in t c tch hp rt cao (
hng triu tranzito trong 1 chip). N gm c cc phn:
+ CU: Control Unit Khi iu khin c chc nng: c m lnh di dng
tp hp cc bit 0/1 t cc nh trong b nh. Gii m cc lnh thnh dy
cc xung iu khin iu khin cc khi khc thc hin nh iu khin
ALU, iu khin ra ngoi PC
+ ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit Khi tnh ton s hc v logic: T hp cc
mchj logic in t phc tp cho php thc hin cc thao tc trn cc thanh
ghi nh +, -, *, /, AND, OR, NOT...
+ Registers: Cc thanh ghi
Mt CPU c th c nhiu thanh ghi:
+ Thanh ghi con tr lnh IP (b m chng trnh) cha a ch ca lnh
sp thc hin: Cc chng trnh my tnh l tp hp ca cc lnh. CPU s
ly tng lnh ra chy. iu khin chnh xc vic thc hin ny cn
c mt b m chng trnh.
+ Cc thanh ghi khc
B nh:
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ROM: Cha cc chng trnh v s liu c nh, khng b mt khi ngt in.
Chng trnh khi ng my tnh, cc chng trnh vo ra c s c cha
trong ROM.
RAM: Khi ngt in ngun nui s b mt ni dung lu tr. RAM lu gi
mt phn chng trnh h thng, mt s s liu ca h thng, cc chng
trnh ng dng, cc kt qu trung gian ca qu trnh tnh ton, x l.
Thit b vo/ra(I/O): y l khi to kh nng giao tip gia h vi x l v
bn ngoi. Do c im ca cc thit b ngoi v h trung tm hot ng c
s khc nhau v tc lm vic, mc vt l, phng thc nn cn c b phi
ghp m, m bo cho cc khi thit b ngoi giao tip c vi h trung
tm. B ghp gia bus h thng v thit b ngoi gi l cng. Mi cng c
mt a ch xc nh.
H thng bus: L tp hp cc ng dy dn ghp ni cc chn a ch, d
liu, cc chn tn hiu iu khin ca 3 khi nu trn.
Abus: Ni cc ng dy a ch ca CPU vi 2 khi M v I/O. Kh nng
phn bit a ch ca CPU ph thuc s chn a ch ca n. S ny c th l
16, 20, 24, 36 chn. Ch c CPU mi c kh nng pht ra tn hiu a ch.
Dbus: Dng vn chuyn d liu. rng ca n 8, 16, 32, 64 bit. Dbus c
tnh 2 chiu. Cc phn t c u ra ni thng vi bus d liu u phi c
trang b u ra 3 trng thi c th lm vic bnh thng vi bus ny.
Cbus: Gm nhiu ng dy tn hiu khc nhau. Mi tn hiu c 1 chiu xc
nh. Cc tn hiu trn Cbus bao gm cc tn hiu iu khin t CPU nh /K
c vit, tn hiu trng thi t b nh, thit b ngoi vi bo cho CPU nh
INTR, HOLD...
Hot ng ca h: Chng trnh v d liu c cha trong b nh ngoi
c a vo b nh trong (RAM). Sau c CPU ly dn ra x l.
CPU thc hin:
+ Ly lnh
+ Gii m lnh
+ iu khin thc hin lnh
Trong qu trnh thc hin nu c tc ng ngt hoc yu cu DMA CPU s p
ng cc yu cu ny sau li quay tr la chu trnh hot ng chnh.
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1.5 Kin trc my tnh hin i ngy nay

Pentium 4
socket478
B - CPU
AGP 66MHz
400MHz
133MHz
Intel
82845
SDRAM
66MHz
100MHz
66MHz
33MHz
14.318MHz
BIOS
Game port
33MHz
Intel
ICH2
Floppy
ITE
8702
LPT port
PS/2 port
PCI
4 USB port
AC97
COM port
ATA 33/66/100
Chipset l 1 chip tch hp chc nng ca nhiu con chip lm nhim v iu

khin hot ng gia CPU v cc lp b nh, thit b ngai vi c tc lm
vic khc nhau
Kin trc cc my tnh PC hin i ngy nay gm cc thnh phn c ni
vi nhau qua cc chipset nh trn.
Chipset cu bc ni cc thnh phn c tc lm vic cao nh card ho
AGP, SDRAM, CPU
Chipset cu nam ni cc thnh phn c tc tng i cao nh cc thit b
ni vo khe cm PCI, USB, a cng ATA
Chipset ph ni chipset cu nam vi cc thit b c tc chm hn nh:
bn phm, a mm, cng my in song song, cng truyn tin ni tip.
Kin trc ny cho php ton b h thng pht huy ht nng lc hot ng ca
mnh m khng nh hng n nhau do tc lm vic khc nhau.
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1.6 Mainboard my tnh

Cc kiu mainboard:
Kiu AT:
+ L kiu bo mch nhn hnh dng bn ngoi c dng hnh ch nht nm
ngang
+ Tc bus n 83MHz, 100MHz
+ H s nhn n 5,5
+ Khe cm chp: Slot7, Slot 370
+ Mainboard AT cng c loi tch hp(on board) nhiu thit b ngoi vi:
Sound card, modem, card mn hnh...
+ C u cm ngun cho c b ngun ATX
Kiu ATX :
Kiu ny hin nay tr thnh tiu chun cu trc cho bo mch. Cu trc
ca n c thit k vi xu hng n gin v tin li cho ngi dng c th
s dng thit b hay ph tng ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau. Hnh dng bo
mch ny khc v xoay ngang 900 so vi hng kiu bo PC/AT v c cc c
im nh sau:
+ Tc bus n 133MHz, c khe cm AGP
+ Khe cm chp Slot1 hoc Socket370, Slot A, Socket 485...
+ Nhiu thit b ngoi vi c tch hp onboard
+ Tc CPU c th vn s dng bng cc jumper hoc phn mm
+ Rnh PCI v ISA nm thp xung di v xa CPU d gn card giao
tip nht l nhng loi c chiu di bt thng nh sound card, card
video, card TV, card gii m hnh v m thanh cho DVD,... m khng b
vng mc (Cc mainboard hin nay khng cn khe cm ISA na)
+ Chc nng kim sot giao tip c sn (built-in inteface):
Chc nng iu khin a mm ( bo no cng c).
Chc nng iu khin EIDE
Chc nng iu khin SCSI. Nhng bo mch c sn chc nng SCSI thng
l SCSI3
Mt cng vo ch dng c cho chut PS/2
Mt cng vo cho bn phm PS/2
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Hai hoc 4 cng USB (Universal Serial Bus = Cng ni tip a nng). Loi
cng ny trong tng lai s thay th cc cng ni tip, song song, bn phm,
chut v nhng thit b mi khc .
Mt cng ra song song dng cho my in v cc thit b khc
Hai cng ra ni tip COM1 v COM 2( Mt s bo mch ch c 1 cng
COM1)
Chc nng, nhim v cc u ni trn mainboard ATX
Hnh v
u cm USB
u cm chut, bn phm PS/2 ( phn bit mu)
Cng my in song song
Cng truyn tin ni tip COM1, COM2
u ni mn hnh
Cng tr chi
Cc u ni card m thanh
Cc u ni tn hiu PLED, HLED, SWPower, speaker...
Cc loi bus m rng: ISA, EISA, PCI, PCI-X
Khe cm ISA v EISA
Khe cm PCI v PCI - X
Mt s chun giao tip trong cc my tnh hin nay: IDE, EIDE, SCSI, USB
u ni chun giao tip EIDE
u ni u c a mm
u ni USB
1.5 B vi x l
Cu trc bn trong B x l trung tm CPU.
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Gm c:
- B iu khin CU (Control Unit)
- B tnh ton s hc v logic ALU( Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
- Cc thanh ghi Registers
Quan h hot ng ca chng nh sau
Gii m lnh to
xung iu khin
nh lnh
CU
ALU
Cc thanh ghi
Cc chng trnh my tnh trc khi thc hin c np vo b nh, nm trong

cc nh. Khi thc hin tng lnh c a sang CU gii m lnh, tu theo
tng lnh khc nhau CU s to ra cc xung iu khin khc nhau iu khin
ALU, thanh ghi hay bn ngoi CPU.
B iu khin CU. Chc nng:
- Tm cc lnh v thng s ca lnh phi thc hin trong b nh
- Gii m lnh nhn c
- Tu theo lnh gii m to ra cc trnh t khc nhau cc xung iu khin
a n khi thao tc( ALU) do mi lnh c trnh t xung iu khin khc
nhau hoc a ra ngoi.
B nh
CPU
Lnh
CU
Gii m lnh,
tao xung iu
khin c nh
CU gm c:
+ Thanh ghi lnh ( Cha lnh c c t b nh)
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+ Con tr lnh PC( B m lnh) tr vo lnh sp thc hin

+ B gii m lnh
+ Khi to xung iu khin
PC
Lnh
IR
iu khin trong CPU
Gii m
lnh
a ra tn hiu
trng thi
clk
Khi to xung
iu khin
khin
iu khin ra ngoi CPU

Xung iu khin t ngoi vi
B gii m lnh: L mch logic t hp dng nhn dng ni dung thanh

ghi lnh, s iu khin b to xung iu khin to ra cc xung ng vi cc thao
tc c bn thc hin lnhj.
B to xung iu khin c nhim v to ra cc xung iu khin np
chiu dch phi, tri v cc xung iu khin khc nhau cho ALU cn thit
thc hin lnh. B to xung cn nhn cc xung tc ng t bn ngoi, c th a
ra cc tn hiu STATUS. Tp cc xung iu khin hot ng theo nhp xung
ng h.
ALU: Ti ALU s xy ra qu trnh trao i v bin i d liu qu trnh ny
thc hin do xung iu khin t CU
Bus ni b
CU
ALU
B
nh
Phi
ghp
I/O
Reg
m
Bus
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Khi ALU chu trch nhim thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic i
vi cc ton hng di s iu khin ca CU. ALU l 1 t hp mch logic phc
tp cho php thc hin cc thao tc trn cc thanh ghi. V d ( +, -, *, /, AND,
OR, NOT,...Php , dch phi, dch tri, quay.
Cc php tnh s hc trong my tnh (+, -, *, /) u c qui v php tnh
cng theo 1 cch no . Php tnh cng l php tnh c bn nht ca my tnh.
Quan h ALU + REG
Thanh ghi c
Acc
Ton hng
Th1
Thanh
ghi a
nng
Th2
Thanh
ghi
m
ALU
Thanh
ghi
m
Kt qu
Tn hiu /k t CU
Thanh ghi a nng
Cc thanh ghi:
Thanh ghi gm nhng phn t nh (bit nh) lin h vi nhau 1 cch hp
l, c th lu gi c 1 trong 2 trng thi thng tin ( 0 hoc 1). Thanh ghi thc
cht l 1 b nh c cy ngay trong CPU. V tc truy cp cc thanh ghi
nhanh hn l vi b nh chnh RAM nn n c dng lu tr cc d liu
tm thi cho cc qu trnh tnh ton, x l ca CPU. CPU 8086 c 14 thanh ghi.
Cc CPU Pentium III, IV ngy nay c s thanh ghi nhiu hn 14; nhng
cc thanh ghi c s ca chng vn tng thch vi 14 thanh ghi ny do tnh k
tha.
Do c 20 chn a ch nn s nh m 8086 qun l c l 220 =
1024.210 bytes = 1MB. Nhng thanh ghi trong 8086 ch c di 16 bit nh vy
ch lu gi c 216 trng thi a ch hay 64 KB . Mun lu gi c 220 a ch
nh cn phi s dng 2 thanh ghi theo c ch segment:offset ( Thanh ghi
on: Thanh ghi lch)
a ch vt l = Thanh ghi on * 16 + Thanh ghi lch
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Phm c Long

a ch offst
Cc nh
u on
a ch u
on - Segment
V d cp thanh ghi CS:IP s ch ra a ch ca lnh sp thc hin trong on

m. Nu ti 1 thi im no ta c CS=F000h v IP = FFF0h th a ch ca
nh vt l s l:
CS:IP ~ F000h * 16 + FFF0h = F0000h + FFF0h = FFFF0h
CS : thanh ghi on m. IP: thanh ghi con tr lnh
Tng t vi cc thanh ghi d liu :
DS: Thanh ghi on d liu. Cc thanh ghi offset c th l DI, SI, BX...
Bn b nh ca 8086:
FFFFF
Phn 1MB c th nh bn
(a ch vt l)
BIOS
RAM mn hnh
Vng dnh cho cc
chng trnh ng dng
F0000
C0000
A0000
Hai file n ca DOS

(0000:0400)
(0000)0000:
d liu ca DOS v BIOS
00400
Bng vector ngt
00000
Mt chng trnh khi np vo trong b nh nm 4 vng(on):

- Vng cha m chng trnh (Code segment)
- Vng cha d liu v kt qu trung gian ca chng trnh (Data
segment)
- Vng ngn xp (stack) qun l cc thng s ca b vi x l khi gi
chng trnh con hoc tr v t chng trnh con.(Stack segment)
- Vng d liu ph (Extra segment)
Cc thanh ghi on 16 bit ch ra a ch u (segment) ca 4 on trong b nh.
- CS: Code Segment
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- DS: Data Segment

- SS: Stack Segment
- ES: extra Segment
Ni dung cc thanh ghi on xc nh a ch ca nh nm u on(a ch
c s). a ch ca cc nh khc nm trong on tnh c bng cch cng
thm vo a ch c s 1 gi tr gi l a ch lch (ofset)
Cc thanh ghi ca h 80x86 nh sau:
Thanh ghi con tr lnh IP kt hp CS ch ra a ch lnh sp thc hin
Cc thanh ghi d liu: AX, BX, CX, DX
Cc thanh ghi con tr,ch s: SP, BP, SI, DI
Cc thanh ghi on :CS, DS, SS, ES
Cc thanh ghi c di 16 bit gm 8 bit phn thp v 8 bit phn cao
VD: AX gm AH v AL, BX gm BH v BL...
Thanh ghi c
xem cc thanh ghi hot ng ra sao ta c th dng chng trnh debug vi
lnh T( Chy tng bc) v lnh R(xem cc thanh ghi)
Chng hn: C:\debug file.exe
Ta cng c th dng 1 chng trnh Pascal n gin sau xem hot ng ca
cc thanh ghi:
uses crt;
begin
Repeat
asm
xor ax,ax
mov al,1
add al,5
sub al,3
...
end;
until keypressed
end.
n Alt+D ri vo mc Registers. Sau n nh phm F7 chy chng trnh v
xem cc thanh ghi trong CPU ang hot ng ra sao.
S lng cc thanh ghi v ln ca chng trong cc b CPU hin i ngy
cng c tng ln cng l 1 yu t lm cho cc b vi x l ny hot ng
nhanh hn.
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Dung lng cc thanh ghi trong 1 s vi x l hin i: T my 386 cc

thanh ghi a nng v thanh ghi c c ln gp i (32 bit) Cc thanh ghi on
(4 thanh ghi) ln vn l 16 bit
B nh n trong vi x l
C ch b nh n lm cho cc CPU hot ng nhanh hn ,hiu qu hn,
chnh v vy cc CPU hin i ngy nay u c b nh n (Cache). Dung lng
ca b nh n cng ngy cng ln hn.
CPU
SRAM
DRAM
Bng, a t
Cache
B nh
chnh
B nh
ngoi
Registers
Khi CPU lm vic vi 1 i tng, thng tin (d liu, lnh) ca i tng

v cc thng tin ln cn s c a vo Cache. Khi CPU x l n s tm thng
tin Cache. Nu khng c n s tm b nh chnh, khi copy thng tin vo
Cache n s copy lun c cc thng tin ln cn vo Cache . Nu thng tin
khng c b nh chnh th n s tm b nh ph v khi copy n cng s
copy lun c cc thng tin ln cn vo b nh chnh d phng cho cc ln
tip theo ca CPU .
Ta c th so snh c ch ny vi m hnh mn sch t th vin nh sau:
T sch(BN chnh)
Th vin
CPU
Cache1
(B nh ngoi)
Cache2
Ngi c (CPU) s nhanh chng tm c cc quyn sch cn thit lin

quan n vn anh ta ang quan tm v khi mn sch t th vin v a vo
t anh mn 1s cc quyn c ni dung lin quan n nhau. V khi ly t t
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ra ln bn trc mt cng theo nguyn tc (Tt nhin s sch by gi t

hn, vic tm kim cng nhanh hn).
b-B nh n c a vo trong vi x l :
CPU
Cache
DRAM
Bng, a t
B nh
chnh
B nh
ngoi
Registers
c-B nh n c chia lm 2 (Cache1 v Cach2 ):
DRAM
Cache1
Cache2
B nh
chnh
Bng,a t
B nh
ngoi
CPU
Registers
Mt s ci tin mi nht trong k thut vi x l ca 1 s hng sn xut
H thp in p nui chip vi x l:
Cc b v x l th h hin nay u dng cng ngh CMOS(Cng ngh n
cc s dng cc cp MOSFET knh n v knh p ch ti tch cc) vi kch
thc c trng 0,35 micron (xp x kch thc ca mi tranzixtor v cc ng
dn kim loi ni chng). Cc phin bn sau ca chng s rt xung kch thc
0.25 micron.
Khi gim nh kch thc th cng sut in tiu th( nhit lng to ra ) trn
mi n v din tch tng ln theo quy lut bnh phng. May mn thay 1 c
tnh khc ca cng ngh CMOS cu nguy cho vn ny: in p v cng
sut tiu th ca tranzistor cng quan h vi nhau theo quy lut bnh phng.
iu ny c ngha l s gim nh in p cung cp s b li vic tng cng sut
tiu th. H in p hot ng t 5V xung 2V s tit kim cng sut 6 ln
(25/4); h xung 1V s gim nh s tiu hao cng sut 25 ln(25/1). chnh l
l do ti sao cc nh thit k chip h thp in p nui t 5V xung 3,3V ri
2,8V - 2,5V v ngy nay l 1,8V - 1,75V
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Vn dng ng thay cho nhm :
Cng thi gian(9/1997) khi m Intel cng b b nh t bo a p (Chng ta s

kho st chng phn sau B nh my tnh) th IBM cng b quy trnh ch
to mi dng ng to ra chip CPU. H gii quyt c cc b tc trong
vic m kim loi ng cho qu trnh CMOS 7S mi ca h. Trc y cc chip
thng c dng nhm lm cc mi dn. Nhng khi thu nh kch thc di
0,35micron in tr ca nhm gy cn tr tc - s chuyn mch tc thi
khng th thc hin trn ng tc thp. ng c in tr thp hn, r rng
l vy; nhng ng thng gy nhim bn silic v v th s lm hng cc
tranzistor ca chip. IBM gii quyt vn nhim bn bng cch tch bit mch
ng vi silic sau bc mch ng li. Qu trnh thc hin tch hp 6 lp ng
kch thc 0,2 micron gn vo silic.
So snh kch thc gia cc ng dn trong cc loi chip s dng ng v
nhm
386 : 1,5micron
(dng nhm)
PentiumII : 0,35micron IBM copper : 0,18micron

(dng nhm)
(dng ng)
1.15 B nh my tnh
Vai tr ca b nh vi hot ng ca my tnh
Chc nng: Chng trnh v d liu c np vo b nh trc khi thc hin
- B nh do cc IC nh to thnh. Mi IC c 1 dung lng nh nht nh.
Tng dung lng nh ca cc IC nh l dung lng b nh.
- Nu dung lng b nh nh, chng trnh ng dng ln s khng chy c
V d : Windows 3.11 cn ti thiu 4 MB b nh
Windows 98 cn ti thiu 16MB b nh
Windows 2000 cn ti thiu 32MB b nh
...
Cc c trng k thut c bn ca b nh bn dn:
+ Dung lng
+ Tc hot ng (truy nhp)
+ tin cy s dng
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Phm c Long
+ Gi thnh , kch thc.

Kh nng qun l b nh ca 1 b vi x l
8086 c 20 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 220 nh = 1MB
8386 c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh = 4GB
8486 c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh = 4GB
Pentium c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh = 4GB
Pentium Pro150 c 36 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 236 nh =
64GB
Pentium Pro 200 c 36 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 236 nh
=64GB
Trn cc mainboard hin nay thng nh sn xut cng ch lm cc khe cm
b nh n 1GB do yu c v b nh ca cc phn mm thng dng cng
cha n mc ny.
B nh RAM: hai loi khi nh SIMM, DIMM
Hai loi RAM
+ RAM tnh :
Dng phn t triger lm phn t nh
Tc truy nhp nhanh. Gi thnh t
+ RAM ng:
+ Dng t in v tranzito trng lm phn t nh
+ Tc truy nhp khng nhanh
+ Lun phi lm ti thng tin
+ Gi thnh r
Trong my tnh cc IC nh RAM thng c ghp thnh cc khi nh
1MB,4MB,8MB,16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB... cm vo my cho tin
li.
Hai loi modun nh RAM:
SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules ): Mdul nh 1 hng chn
C loi 30 chn : Dng cho cc loi my c nh my 386
C loi 72 chn : Dng cho cc loi my mi nh my 486,
Pentium I
Trn cc mainboard Pentium khi lp SIMM ta phi lp theo tng cp; chng hn
khng th lp 1 thanh 8MB m phi lp 2 thanh 4MB c 8MB.
Cc modul SIMM hin nay khng cn c s dng na
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules ): Mdul nh 2 hng chn.

Dng cho cc loi my 486, Pentium, cc loi i mi hin nay...
C 3 kiu DIMM:
loi 5V, 3,3V m v 3,3V khng m. Trn mainboard
cng c cc jumper thit lp in p s dng. Vi cc
mainboard mi vic nhn bit loi RAM cm vo l t ng.
- Cc th h u ca cc khi nh DIMM l loi
PC-66(SDRAM 66MHz)
- Hin nay PC-133(VCSDRAM bus 133MHz)
bit thanh DIMM thuc loi no ta c th xem trn nhn:
Chng hn: KVR100x64C2/64(Bus 100 64MB)
KVR66x64/32
(Bus 66 32MB)
KVR133x64C3/128(Bus133 128MB)
- K hiu ca 1 IC nh :
WWW XX YYYY ZZ
M sn phm
Kiu b nh Dung lng

EPROM : 27
Kilbit
SRAM : 62,7C
DRAM : 41,51
Tc truy nhp
nan giy
V d : 7C1024 - 15
l SRAM ,128KB , tc truy nhp 15 nan giy
Ta thy 1 IC nh c dung lng 128KB vy
mun c 512KB phi cn 4 IC ghp vi nhau
mun c 1MB phi cn 8 IC ghp vi nhau...
Cc loi RAM mi c s dng trong thi gian gn y:
Hin nay trong cc l lch k thut my , trong cc bi kho cu chuyn
ngnh my tnh ... thng c nhc n 1 s cc danh t v RAM . y l cc
vn mi cn cp nht:
EDORAM : (extended data output-ng ra d liu m rng) c thit k
ko di thi gian d liu tc dng trong RAM lm tng hiu sut truy
nhp khi s dng.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
VRAM (Video Random Access Memory): B nhh truy nhp ngu nhin
video v cng h vi n :WRAM (Windows RAM)cho rng di hn.
Thuc loi b nh 2 cng (Dual - ported memory). y l b nh RAM
c cng trc, cng sau. D liu c th i vo ca trc ri i ra trc tip
ca sau nn c tc cao hn (d liu c th c c ghi ng thi) .
EDOVRAM : L dng tc nhanh ca VRAM
EDODRAM :
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAW = DRAW ng b ): DRAW l 1 loi
RAM gia tc cho Windows :
SGRAM ( Synchronous Graphics RAM = RAM ho ng b )
EDRAM (Enhanced DRAW = DRAW ci tin )
RAMDAC: y l loi chuyn i Digital - Analog dng RAM
C th tham kho www.rambus.com hay www.ami2.org
Trong tng lai ; cng nh vi cc chip vi x l, danh sch ny s cn ko di
na...
B nh ROM
L b nh vn gi c thng tin sau khi ct in nui vi mch
Dung lng ca IC nh loi ny thng nh. Chng trnh c np vo
trong ROM bng thit b chuyn dng. Mt thit b np, xo ROM mc
trung bnh c gi khong hn 200$(1-2005). Mt vi mch ROM trng(Loi
EPROM: ghi c nhiu ln) dung lng 512KB c gi khong 3$ (1-2005).
B nh PROM (Programable Read Only Memory): Ghi c 1 ln.
B nh EPROM(Erasable Programable ROM) : Ghi c nhiu ln.
B nh EEPROM : Ghi c nhiu ln, khi xo khng cn dng tia cc tm.
B nh Flash ROM : C cu trc c bn ging nh EEPROM, ch c lp
knh -xyt cc nh mng hn. L loi ROM c th thay i c ni
dung trc tip t my tnh m khng cn c thit b ghi c bit no v cng
khng cn xo bng tia cc tm. Hu ht cc mainboard i mi u dng
Flash ROM cha BIOS, nh gip ngi dng cp nht version mi
c d dng. Tu theo hng no sn xut, Flash ROM dng 1 trong 2 mc
in p lm vic l +5V hay +12V. Ta ch cn c phn mm ghi Flash ROM
(Ca hng to ra BIOS nh Award, AMI ...)ri dng n cp nht ROM
BIOS. Chng trnh ny ch c s dng khi tht cn thit.
K hiu ca vi mch :
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Dng ROM c k hiu 27(x)xxx: y l ROM thng ( Ch ghi 1 ln ) hoc

EPROM (C th xo, ghi li - xo bng tia cc tm, ghi bng in )
27xxx ; 3 s sau ch dung lng ca ROM (KB)
2708(1KB x 8) : 8KB
27256(32kB x 8) ;256KB
27512(64kB x 8): 512KB
Dng ROM c k hiu 28(x)xxx: y l ROM in, c th np, xo nhiu
ln. Vic np v xo thc hin bng in. Gi thnh ca 1 EEPROM t gp 2
ln 1 EPROM cng dung lng nh .
28C64, 28C256...
(Ngoi l: K hiu 28F(x)xxx dng k hiu cho Flash ROM - ch F ch
Flash)
Dng ROM c k hiu 29, 39(x)xxx: y l Flash ROM :
29C256, 29C512, 29C010...
Kch thc vt l ca cc vi mch ROM dng 27(x)xxx v 28(x)xxx u
bng nhau(DIP 28). Dng 29(x)xxx c kch thc ln hn (DIP 32). Khi
dng c th ta phi dng s tay tra cc chn vi mch v 1 s chn c th
khc nhau cht t.
B nh t bo a p
T thng 9 nm 1997 Intel cng b b nh StrataFlash y l loi b nh
c bit dng t bo a p (multilevel-cell) c kh nng lu gi ni dung ngay
c khi tt thit b. Thay v phi xc nh 1 hay 2 mc in p kh d cho t bo
nh StrataFlash s gn 1 trong 4 mc in p. Cc t bo StrataFlash s c 4
mc in p: 2 cho trng thi m v 2 cho trng thi tt. Nh vy mi t bo c
th lu d liu gp 2 ln loi chip nh flash thng thng ( Loi ROM c th
ghi xo bng my tnh khng cn thit b c bit). Loi ny c s dng rng
ri trong cc my nh s, my tnh cm tay, in thoi di ng, cc my tr li
t ng. Tuy nhin hin nay tui th ca loi ny cn tng i thp: S chu
k xo l 10.000 ln so vi 100.000 ln ca cc loi chip Flash thng thng.
Vi 1 my nh s 10.000 chu k xo chp 240.000 p hnh trn my nh
(Tng ng khong 6500 cun phim thng thng ). Tng lai ca loi b
nh ny rt sng sa .
1.16 a mm v a mm
My tnh lm vic da trn s hot ng ca cc chng trnh cha trong
b nh. Ngi ta chia b nh lm 2 loi :
+B nh trong
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
+B nh ngoi
a mm l 1 dng b nh ngoi.
im li s pht trin ca b nh ngoi:
Bt u l cc loi bng c l, ba c l xuyn t a mm a
cng zip CD ROM DVD ROM DVD RW, Flash...
Vy a mm d n ngy tn s ? Vic nghin cu a mm c cn ngha
na khng ? Vic s dng a mm ngy nay hn ch do xut hin nhiu
thit b lu tr c dung lng ln hn v s dng tin li hn. Tuy vy ngi
ta vn cha b hn a mm v dng n lu tr, vn chuyn cc lng
thng tin nh vn tin li, gi thnh r. Vic nghin cu hot ng ca a
mm v a mm vn rt c ngha to tin cho vic tip thu kin
thc v hot ng ca cc loi a khc.
Xin trch dn on vn sau t tp ch US-PCWold :
Nhng bo co v s li tn ca a mm cng
iu qu mc.Hng nm, khi cc nh sn xut cho ra
i nhng phng tin lu tr mi vi dung lng ln,
ngi ta li vit hng lot bi co ph. Nhng ri
chic a mm 3,5 inch ng knh vn c tn ti ,
ging nh 1 con mo gi lm mu nhiu mo sng dai
hn ngi ta tng ...
(Tuy nhin t khi cc thit b lu tr Flash ROM ghp vi PC qua giao
din USB-m ngi s dng vn quen gi l cc USB-ra i th xem chng
ngy tn s ca a mm im ! - TG)
Nguyn l ghi_c t:
Gm 2 thnh phn chnh :
u t: L 1 li ferit hnh xuyn, c khe t. Trn li c qun cun dy in
t. Cc u ra ca cun dy ni vo mch thu_pht thng tin
Dy in t
B
Lp bo v
Li ferit
Lp bt t
Li nha
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
a t : L a nha do, trn b mt c ph 1 lp bt t c c tnh lu gi

t
Hot ng :
Ghi : Thng tin cn ghi vo a dng 0-1 c bin i thnh tn hiu
in. (V d theo chun TTL : 0 : 0..+0,8 Volt
1 : +2,8..+5Volt)
Cc tn hiu in 0-1 ny chy trn cun dy u t s
to ra t trng t l vi 0-1 Trong khi a t quay v
cc v tr khc nhau ca a s c lu gi cc phn
a nhim t t l vi 0-1 khc nhau.
c: Ngc vi qu trnh ghi
Cu to ca a t 1.44MB
L a bng nha do , gia gn 1 a nh hn bng st c khot l trc
mot ko a chuyn ng (quay).
- Kch thc a : 31/2
- a c t trong 1 hp nha vung mng.
a- T chc vt l :
Mt a mm c chia thnh cc n v vt l:
- Rnh t (Track): L cc vng vnh khuyn ng tm m d liu c ghi trn
. Vi a 1.44MB c 80 Track t ngoi vo trong
- Cung t (Sector): Mi Track c chia lm nhiu cung t (Sector).
S Sector/ 1 Track tu theo cch nh dng a (format).
Cng 1 a 31/2 nu format 1,44 MB c 18 Sector
nu format 1,66 MB c 20 Sector
nu format 2,88 MB c 36 Sector
b- T chc thng tin :
- Kha nim v tp thng tin(File):
File l 1 tp hp d liu c lin quan vi nhau v c cng kiu c nhm li
vi nhau to thnh 1 dy c cha trong thit b nh ngoi.
A
C
T phiu = 1 a
Cc ngn ko
A,B,C= cc file
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Cc file c ln khc nhau ging ngn ko ng s ba

khc nhau ; tc cn nhiu it sector khc nhau
- T chc lu gi thng tin : Phc v cho vic qun l, truy nhp file ( vit vo,
ly ra) nhanh chng, chnh xc.
Mt a mm c chia l 4 phn:
+ Boot Sector : Chim 1 sector
+ 2 bng FAT: Chim 2x9=18 sector
+ Bng th mc : Chim 14 sector
+ Cn li l vng d liu
Boot Sector
L sector vt l 1, track 0, mt 0. Ni dung ca Boot sector gm 2 thnh
phn:
Bng tham s a: Bng s liu m t cc thng s a s dng cho vic
c a ca a mm.
Chng trnh khi ng: Kim tra s tn ti hp l ca 2 file io.sys v
msdos.sys v m 55AA. Nu cc iu kin m bo s np cc file h thng
vo v chuyn quyn khi ng cho cc chng trnh thnh phn...v cui
cng l command.com
Chng ta c th xem chng trnh khi ng c vit trn boot sector ca
a mm bng cch c sector 0 vo b nh, ri hin th ra mn hnh nh
sau:
Chy debug.exe ri g lnh trc tip vo nh sau:
mov ax,0201
mov dx,0000
mov cx,0001
mov di,4000
mov es,di
mov bx,0
int 13
int 20
D 4000:0 l200
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long

Xem m lnh : U 4000:0 l200

2 bng FAT
Do c di, ngn khc nhau nn mi file c th chim nhiu hay t cc
nhm sector(cluster). Mi Cluster c th c 1 hay nhiu sector. Trong a
mm 1.44 MB 1 cluster c 1 sector - trong khi 1 cluster trong a cng c th
c 4 hoc 8 sector.
Cc lin cung ca 1 file c th khng lin tc nhau do kt qu ca cc ln
ghi, xo cc cluster
lu gi v tr ca cc cluster ca 1 file DOS s dng cu trc bng FAT (
File Allocation Table - Bng nh v file - C th ni chnh xc l bng nh
v cc cluster ca 1 file). DOS cp pht cho file cc trang, FAT lu gi bn
cc trang. Nu a b hng FAT th khng truy nhp c thng tin na;
mc d chng vn tn ti trn a.
Bng FAT l 1bng c s im vo ng vi s cluster trn a. ln ca
mi im vo l 12 bit (Xut pht t 1 a mm c 2*80*18=2880 cluster
cn t nht l 12bit nh du v tr; 11 bit ch nh du c 2048 v tr )
Byte u tin ca FAT gi l Media Descriptor hay FAT ID
Gi tr ca mi im vo trong bng FAT c ngha nh sau:
+ 000h
Cluster cn trng
+ FF0h - FF6 Cluster dnh ring
+ FF7h
Cluster hng
+ FF8h - FFFhCluster cui ca 1 file
+ xxxh
Cluster k tip ca file
Do s dng 12 bit nn MS-DOS phi ghp cc im vo FAT theo tng cp
2 im vo 1 c 2x1.5 = 3 byte, th d:
im vo
FAT th nht
byte1
0 2
byte 2
byte 3
S ca cluster 1
0 0
im vo
FAT th 2
S ca cluster 2
Khng s dng
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Phm c Long
Th d: Gii thch 16 byte u ca bng FAT 12:

f0 ff ff 03 40 00 05 60 00 07 80 00 ff 0f 00 00
+ f0: a mm 3.5" 2 mt 18sector/track
+ 2 byte tip theo l cluster cui ca 1 file no . Cluster u tin l 2 c
t th mc gc.
+ 3 byte tip theo 03 40 00 i din cho cluster 2 v 3 . Theo trn th s
(003) cho cluster 1 v (004) cho cluster 2. Nh vy im vo ca cluster 2
ch ti cluster 003 v im vo ca cluster 3 ch ti cluster 4. Tip tc vi
05 60 00 cho cluster 4 v 5, c (005) nm cluster 4, (006) nm
cluster 5... Ta s c 1 chui cluster 2345678. im vo th
8 c gi tr 000 do cluster 9 cn trng, DOS c th ghi file mi ln .
Dng cng c quen thuc DISKEDIT ta cng th xem thng s ca bng FAT
trn 1 a mm nh sau:
OEM ID: *gK4}IHC
Bytes per sector: 512
512
Sectors per cluster: 1
1
Reserved sectors at beginning: 1
1
FAT Copies: 2
2
Root directory entries: 224
224
Total sectors on disk: 2880
Media descriptor byte: F0 Hex
Sectors per FAT: 9
9
Sectors per track: 18
Sides: 2
Special hidden sectors: 0
Big total number of sectors: (Unused)
Physical drive number: 0
Extended Boot Record Signature: 29 Hex
Volume Serial Number: 1C001360 Hex
Volume Label: NO NAME
File System ID: FAT12
Boot Record
Drive A:
Sector 0
Offset 3, hex 3
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long

Bng th mc
Chim 14 Sector. Cha c 224 mc(Root Directory Entry). Bng ny lu
tr danh sch cc file, th mc ang lu trn a .
Mi mc c chia thnh 8 trng nh sau:
Tn file
(File Name)
Tn m rng
Thuc
tnh
FileA
DOC
FileB
Storage
S sector
u tin
ca File
Time
Date
..
9:00
1-1100
501
PAS
..
7:12
1-101
503
...
...
Cc trng:
+ Tn file:
+ Tn m rng:
+ Thuc tnh:
...
...
...
...
...
Size
...
Cha tn file hoc tn th mc, gii hn 8 k t

Dng cho file, gii hn 3 k t
1 byte s dng cc bit nh du thuc tnh ca file
hay th mc:
a
r
=1 file ch c
=1 file n
=1 System
=1im vo nhn a
=1 y l im vo th mc ph
Thuc tnh lu tr
+ D tr: DOS qu lo xa khi li trng ny dng cho cc pht

trin, hin nay trng ny khng s dng, v chc s chng bao gi
s dng na, do tnh k tha pht trin nn n vn tn ti.
+ Gi thay i thng tin cui cng(Time):
+ Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng(Date):
+ S cluster u tin ca 1 file: Nu y l th mc con th y l ch s
bt u bng th mc ph
+ Kch thc (Size): Kch thc file. Nu y l im vo 1 th mc th
trng ny bng 0
Phn cha d liu
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
L phn khng gian a cn li sau khi sau khi tr i 33 sector (1 boot sector,
2FAT x 9, 14 cho bng th mc) dng cha d liu cn lu tr.
Nu a c format l a khi ng th ngay sau bng th mc l file io.sys
v tip theo sau l file config.sys. Nu khng phi l a khi ng th tip
theo l cc file d liu bnh thng.
DOS c 1 file nh th no ?
xem FAT c t chc ra sao chng ta hy ly 1 v d v vic DOS s
dng FAT c 1 file nh th no.
Vng DTA ( Trong RAM )
Cc Sector ca FileAc c vo
501 502
505
... 502 505
EOF
501
502
505
1- DOS nhn s hiu cluster u tin t th mc ,gi s l 2 .

2- DOS c cluster t a v cha n trong 1 vng nh gi l vng chuyn
d liu (Data Trannsfer Area -DTA),chng trnh thc hin vic c s
nhn d liu t DTA khi cn
3- V im nhp th 2 cha gi tr 4 , cluster tip theo ca file c s hiu
l 4. Nu chng trnh cn thm d liu DOS s c cluster vo DTA
4- im nhp 4 trong FAT cha gi tr FFFh , gi tr ny ch ra rng
l cluster cui cng trong file. Tm li qu trnh ly s hiu cluster trong
FAT l lin tc c d liu vo DTA cho n khi im nhp trong FAT
cha gi tr FFFh.
im nhp
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FDF FFF 004 005 FFF 006 007 008 FFF 000
Trong hnh ta cng thy c 1 file chim cc cluster 3, 5, 6, 7 v 8
- DOS lu tr cc file nh th no ?
lu tr cc file DOS thc hin cc cng vic sau y:
1-DOS xc nh 1 im nhp cha s dng trong th mc v lu vo
tn file,thuc tnh file, ngy gi to lp.
2-DOS tm trong bng FAT im nhp u tin nh du 1 cluster cha
s dng ( gi tr 000 c ngha l cluster cha s dng ) v cha s hiu
cluster u tin ca tp tin ly trong th mc vo . Chng ta gi s n
tm thy gi tr 000 im nhp 9.
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3- Nu d liu cha va trong 1 cluster. DOS cha n trong cluster 9 v

t gi tr FFF vo im nhp th 9 ca FAT. Nu vn cn d liu DOS
tip tc tm cluster cha c s dng tip theo trong FAT. V d n tm
thy im nhp Ah, n s lu d liu vo cluster Ah v t gi tr 00A vo
im nhp 9 ca FAT. Qu trnh tm cc cluster cha c s dng trong
FAT cha d liu vo , cho im nhp ca FAT tr ti cluster tip theo
s tip tc cho n khi d liu c lu tr ht. im nhp cui cng ca
file trong FAT s cha gi tr FFFh
Hng dn s dng cc hm ca cc ngt BIOS v ngt DOS
truy nhp phn cng my tnh
Ngt l kh nng dng chng trnh chnh ang chy thc hin 1
chng trnh khc gi l chng trnh phc v ngt ISR( Interrupt Subroutine )
My tnh xy dng trn c s vi x l 80x86 c 256 ngt c nh s t
0..255. Mi ngt ng vi 1 chng trnh con x l ngt v s c thc hin khi
gi. Bng cc vc t ngt l bng cha a ch ca cc chng trnh
phc v ngt trong b nh RAM
( T 00000h003FFh). Khi mt ngt c gi b x l s t ng tm a ch
bt u ca chng trnh phc v ngt tng ng trong bng vct ngt v thc
hin chng trnh .
C hai loi ngt:
Ngt cng:
Trong
Ngoi:
+ C cm
+ Khng cm
Ngt mm:
Ngt h thng:
+ DOS
+ BIOS
Ngt ca ngi s dng
Cc ngt BIOS v DOS hay c s dng truy nhp phn cng:
Mt ngt c th c nhiu hm.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
s dng 1 hm ca 1 ngt no thc hin 1 nhim v c th ta

thng np s hm vo 1 thanh ghi thng l AH sau gi ngt. Tu theo tng
hm m gi tr tr v sau khi gi ngt s cc thanh ghi khc nhau.
Ta hy kho st ngt 13 ca BIOS( a ch t 0004C - 0004F). y l
ngt truy nhp a( mm v cng). Ngt ny c 6 hm:
Hm 00h dng RESET li a mm ( Trang 312 cm nang lp trnh h
thng-CNLTHT)
hm ny t s dng
Hm 01h Cho bit trng thi a: Nu hm tr li gi tr 0 trong thanh ghi
AH th c ngha l khng c li no xut hin trong ln truy nhp a trc
. Nu <> 0 c li( Bng m tng ng c th tra trong trang 312
CNLTHT). Khi ng dng nu khng cn kim tra trng thi a ta cng t
dng hm ny.
Hm 02h dng c a ( Hm ny hay dng):
S hm c t trong AH
S sec t cn c cha trong AL
DL: S a (0..7F: a mm 80..FF: cng)
DH: Mt
+ 0: Mt trn
+ 1: Mt di
CL: Sec t u tin cn c( Ch y s dng Sec t vt l )
CH: Rnh cha sec t u tin cn c
M li tr v AH, s sec t c c trong AL
Cc d liu c c ct vo vng RAM c a ch Segment : offset cha
trong cp thanh ghi ES:B. Mun hin th thng tin ra ta phi hin th vng
Segment : offset
Hm 03h : Cho php ghi d liu ln a( Hay s dng)
Gi hm AH
S sec t cn ghi vo AL
DL: S a
DH: S mt
CL: Sec t u tin cn ghi( Ch y s dng Sec t vt l )
CH: Rnh cha sec t u tin cn ghi
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Cp thanh ghi ES:BX tr n vng nh cha d liu cn ghi trn a (Tr

dn: Cha a ch vng nh trong RAM- m vng ny s c ghi vo a
)
Hm tr li trng thi li trong AH, s sec t ghi c trong AL
Hm 04h Kim tra d liu c truyn ti a khng: t dng
Hm 05h Hm Format a: Dng hm ny nh dng a. C th nh
dng theo tiu chun hay khng tiu chun( Chng hn format a mm
1,66MB 2,88MB format a 1 sector khng phi 512 bytes m 256, 128
bytes...)
Ngt 13 c chng ta s dng ch yu hay dng hm 02h v 03h
Ngoi ra cn cc ngt khc
.........Ly cc v d s dng ngt 21 ca DOS hm 30h ly version DOS, ngt
ly thi gian, ly ngy gi...
.......Cc ngt truy nhp cng my in, cng ni tip............
c sector u tin ca a mm :
Dng DEBUG:
debug
A100
mov ax,0201
mov dx,0080
mov cx, 0001
mov di,4000
mov es,di
mov bx,0
int 13
int 20
g
Sau hin th:
d 4000:0 l200
Sector u tin ca a mm bao gm chng trnh khi ng v bng tham s
a s c hin ra mn hnh.
Xem chng trnh khi ng: Dng lnh dch ngc ca DEBUG
C th lp 1 chng trnh pascal
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
truy nhp a (c, ghi) dng ngt $13 ca ROMBIOS. Khi dng ta khai bo
bin
s kiu thanh ghi Registers
Var R: Registers;
Trc khi gi ngt gi cc tham s vo cc bin thanh ghi ny
Tr s thanh ghi AH
AH=2 :c
AH=3 :Ghi ln a
AH=0 :Khi ng a
AL: Cha s sector cn c hay ghi
Dh : Cha s mt
DL: Cha a :(A:0,B:1,C:$80,D:$81)
CH: Cha rnh
CL: Cha sector
Ta cn c 1 vng nh cha ni dung c vo (hay ghi ni dung ca vng
ny ln a). Th d c 1 sector th cn 1 vng nh 512 byte
Buffer:Array[0..511] of byte;
Trc khi gi ngt ta phi gi a ch ca vng m vo cp thanh ghi : ES:BX
lm vic ny ta dng lnh :
ES:=seg(buf);
{Hm ly a ch on ca bin buf}
BX:=ofs(buf);
{Hm ofs ly a ch offset ca bin buf}
Trong Pascal c th tc gi ngt :
Intr($ s hiu ngt, bin thanh ghi);
V d :Gi ngt $13, bin thanh ghi R:
Intr($13, R);
Ring vi ngt $21 ca DOS ta c lnh:
msdos(Bin thanh ghi);
Sau y l 1 chng trnh c bng tham s ca a:
Thut ton: lm c vic ny ta c bootsector vo 1 vng nh buf sau
ly vng nh ra phn tch v c ra.
Program doc_boot;
uses crt,dos;
Var
R:registers;
Buf:array[0..511] of byte;
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30
Phm c Long
i:integer;
OK:Boolean;
Ten:string[8];
bytepersec:word;
BEGIN
clrscr;
write('Chuong trinh doc record khoi dong');readln;
i:=0;
Repeat
Fillchar(buf,sizeof(buf),0);
R.AH:=2;{=2 the hien doc}
R.AL:=1;{so sector}
R.DH:=0;{dau tu 0}
R.Dl:=0;{o dia, 0-7Fh=dia mem ,80h-ffh=dia cung}
R.CH:=0; {cylinder 0}
R.CL:=1; {sector}
R.ES:=seg(Buf); {dia chi segmen cua vung dem}
R.BX:=ofs(Buf); {dia chi offset cua vung dem}
Intr($13,R);
If R.AH=0 then {neu viec doc thanh cong thi R.AH=0 do qui dinh}
begin
{
cua ham 2h ngat $13
}
OK:=true;
Writeln('Qua trinh thuc hien tot');
end
else
{neu doc khong thanh cong-R.ax=0 bao ma loi}
begin
{
va doc tiep
}
R.AX:=0;Intr($13,R);
inc(i);
end;
Until (i=2) or OK ;
If ok then
Begin
Ten:='';
for i:=3 to 10 do
Ten:=ten+char(buf[i]);
bytepersec:=memw[seg(buf[11]):ofs(buf[11])];
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
31
Phm c Long
Writeln('Ten:',ten);
Writeln('So byte tren 1 sector:',bytepersec);
End;
Readln;
END.
Bng FAT: Chia thnh tng phn t, mi phn t l 12 bit=1.5 byte nu
dung lng a <= 16M. Bng FAT ny gi l bng FAT 12. Nu 1 phn t l
16 bit =2 byte nu dung lng a >16M . Bng FAT ny gi l bng FAT 16.
Mi phn t ca FAT ng vi 1 lin cung (cluster) trong phn d liu. FAT l
bn lu gi v tr ca cc cluster ca cc file hoc th mc trong 1 a.
Boot
FAT1, 2
Bng th mc
Nu phn t FAT cha s 000 th lin cung tng ng ca phn d liu

cn t do
Nu l FF7: Lin cung hng.
FF8 - FFF: Phn cui ca 1 file.
Cc con s khc : phn cho file.
Gi s 1file chim 3 lin cung 2, 6, 7
trong bng FAT cho ta dy lin cung trong bng th mc. T y tm dy
cc lin cung ca file ta vo bng FAT :
c phn t s 2 ca Fat c s 2
c phn t s 6 ca FAT c s 7
c phn t s 7 ca FAT c FFF
Vy bng FAT cho ta 1 dy cc lin cung ca 1 file. Nu c c ra,vo th mc
c bng FAT 12 c 2 phn t cha trong 3 byte. Mun c c phi tnh
c
a ch c FAT vo vng nh m.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
32
Phm c Long
Khi lu :
10
23
40
m[0] m [1] m [2]

Khi c thnh 402310
Mun c phn t th nht
Phn t chn c 2 byte v b I s c ngha nht bn tri
Phn t l oc 2 byte c 4023 b I s t ngha nht(bn phi)
c phn t th I ca FAT 12
j:=(i*3) DIV 2
i=0
i=2
i=4
i=6
j=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pt:=memw[seg(dem[j]):ofs(dem[i])];
if odd(i) then
pt:=pt SHR 4
else
pt:=pt and $0FFF
c phn t I ca FAT 16
j:=i*2;
pt:=memw[seg(dem[j]):ofs(dem[j])];
Sau y ta s vit 1 chng trnh c 1 file m tn file c vo t bn phm.
uses crt,dos;
Var
R:registers;
buf:array[0..5119] of byte;
dem:array[0..511] of byte;
h,c,s:word;
Tenfile,st:string[12];
i,j:integer;
found:boolean;
cluster:word;
Function nextcluster(cluster:word):word;
Var
j:word;
pt:word;
{ buf:array[0..5119] of byte;}
begin
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
j:=(cluster*3) div 2;
pt:=memw[seg(buf[j]):ofs(buf[j])];
If odd(cluster) then
nextcluster:=pt shr 4
Else
nextcluster:=(pt) and ($0FFF);
end;
Procedure Doi(cluster:word;Var head,cyl,sec:word);
var
sectorlogic:word;
Begin
sectorlogic:=1+9*2+14+(cluster-2)*1;
sec:=(sectorlogic mod 18)+1;
cyl:=sectorlogic div (18*2);
head:=(sectorlogic div 18) mod 2;
end;
{Main program}
Begin
clrscr;
Write('Cho ten file :');readln(tenfile);
for i:=1 to length(tenfile) do
tenfile[i]:=upcase(tenfile[i]);
i:=0;
Repeat
R.AH:=2;
R.AL:=14;
R.DH:=1;
R.DL:=0;
R.CH:=0;
R.CL:=2;
R.ES:=seg(buf);
R.BX:=ofs(buf);
Intr($13,R);
inc(i);
Until i=2;
i:=0;
Found:=false;
while (i<=5087) and (not found) do
begin
st:='';
j:=0;
while (j<=7) and (buf[i+j]<>32) do
begin
st:=st+chr(buf[i+j]);
inc(j);
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
end;
If buf[i+8]<>32 then
st:=st+'.'+chr(buf[i+8]);
st:=st + chr(buf[i+9]);
st:=st + chr(buf[i+10]);
If tenfile=st then
found:=true
else
i:=i+32;
end;
If found then
begin
cluster:=memw[seg(buf[i+26]):ofs(buf[i+26])];
i:=0;
Repeat
R.AH:=2;
R.AL:=9;
R.DH:=0;
R.DL:=0;
R.CH:=0;
R.CL:=2;
R.ES:=seg(buf);
R.BX:=ofs(buf);
Intr($13,R);
inc(i);
Until i=2;
While (cluster<>$0FFF) do
begin
Doi(cluster,h,c,s);
i:=0;
repeat
Fillchar(dem,sizeof(dem),0);
R.AH:=2;
R.AL:=1;
R.DL:=0;
R.DH:=h;
R.CH:=c;
R.CL:=s;
R.ES:=seg(dem);
R.BX:=ofs(dem);
Intr($13,R);
inc(i);
until i=2;
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
35
Phm c Long
i:=0;
while (i<=511) and (dem[i]<>26) do
begin
write(chr(dem[i]));
inc(i);
end;
cluster:=nextcluster(cluster);
end;
end;
readln;
end.
Bng th mc:
Chim 14 sector c chia thnh 224 im vo (entry) mi im vo chim 32
byte
mi im vo dnh cho 1 file hoc th mc hoc nhn ca a.
Tn file
Tn m
rng
Thuc
tnh
FileA
DOC
..
FileB
PAS
..
Storag Tim
e
e
9:0
0
7:1
2
Date
1-1100
1-1-01
S Cluster
u tin Size
ca File
501
503
Tn file: Gm 8byte
Tn m rng: 3 byte
Attibuted: 1 byte
D tr 10 byte
Time: 2 byte
Date : 2 byte
V tr u file: 2byte
Size: 4 byte
Archiver: Khi to hay sa 1 file th bit ny =1 n khi dng Backup n ch sao
cc file
no c bit ny=1 v sau khi sao xong n s xo bit ny =0 1 ln sau khng
sao na
v =0 ri Byte thuc tnh :
D7
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
D0
36
Phm c Long
D7, D6: Khng dng

D5: Archieve: Khi to hay sa 1 file th bt ny =1 n khi dng backup n ch
sao cc file no c bt ny =1 v sau khi sao xong n s xo bit ny =0 nu c
ln backup sau khng sao na( v =0 ri). Trn a mm thuc tnh ny lun
lun =1
D4: =1: y l th mc con = 0 y l file
D3: Nhn a =1 C nhn = 0 khng c
D2: Thuc tnh xem file c phi file h thng ?
D1: Thuc tnh n
15
0
D0: Thuc tnh ch c
6
5
5
2byte thi gian
Ly thi gian : Dnh 2 byte = 16 bit cha thi gian.
gi: 0-23;
2 m 5 =32 ; 5 bit cha gi;
phut: 0-60; 2 m 6=64; 6 bit cha pht; ch cn li 5 bit th hin
(cha) giy. giy: 0-60; 2 m 5=32 ; 32<60 thiu th hin 60 giy
nh dng cha 30 n v - mi n v l 2 giy.
time:=memw[seg(dem[i+22]: ofs[dem[i+22])];
gio :=time DIV 2048;
(2 m 11)
giay:=(time MOD 32)*2
(2 m 5=32)
phut:=(time MOD 2048) DIV 32;
C th dng:
gio:=time SHR 11
phut:=(time and $07E0) SHR 5;
giay:=(time and $001F);
Ngy thng dng 2 byte =16 bit th hin
15
9 8
4
0
7 bit
4 bit
5 bit
2 byte ngy thng
Ly 1900 hoc 1980 lm mc

nm dng 7 bit =128 kh nng th hin v nm ch n 99 l cao nht
thng dng 4 bit =16 th hin cc thng 0 n 12
ngy dng 5 bit =32 th hin cc ngy 1 n 31
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
37
Phm c Long
date:=memw[seg(dem[i+24]):ofs9dem[i+24])];
ngay:=date MOD 32; (32=2 m 5)
nam:=1900+date DIV 512 ; 512=2 m 9;
thang:=(date MOD 512) DIV 2 m 5;
dodai:=meml[seg(dem[i+28]:ofs(dem[i+28])];
{Ly 4 byte dng meml
Ly 2 byte dng memw
Ly 1byte dng mem
V tn file: nu >8 k t th k t 9 s b ct
nu <8 k t th thm du cch vo bn phi
+ Nu ta xo 1 file thay k t u =E5
+ Nu 2 k t u tin l 2E(du .)th l tn ca th mc hin ti
+ Nu 2 k t u tin l 2E2E (2 du..)5th l th mc cha ca th mc
ang xem
+ Nu th cc phn t ny cha dng n
Cn y l 1 chng trnh c th mc gc
Program docthumuc;
uses crt,dos;
Var Tenfile:string[12];
R:registers;
buf:array[0..7167] of byte;
i,j:integer;
time,date:word;
dodaifile:longint;
gio,phut,giay:byte;
BEGIN
clrscr;
Write('Chuong trinh doc thu muc goc');readln;
i:=0;
repeat
R.AH:=2;
R.AL:=14;
R.DH:=1;
R.DL:=0;
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
38
Phm c Long
R.CH:=0;
R.CL:=2;
R.ES:=seg(buf);
R.BX:=ofs(buf);
Intr($13,R);
inc(i);
until i=2;
i:=0;
While (i<=7135) and (buf[i]<>0) do
begin
Tenfile:='';
j:=0;
while (j<7) and (buf[i+j]<>32) do
begin
Tenfile:=tenfile+char(buf[i+j]);
inc(j);
end;
If char(buf[i+8])<>'' then
Tenfile:=tenfile+'.'+char(buf[i+8]);
Tenfile:=tenfile + char(buf[i+9]);
Tenfile:=tenfile + char(buf[i+10]);
dodaifile:=meml[seg(buf[i+28]):ofs(buf[i+28])];
time:=memw[seg(buf[i+22]):ofs(buf[i+22])];
date:=memw[seg(buf[i+24]):ofs(buf[i+24])];
gio:=time div 2048;
giay:=(time mod 32)*2;
phut:=(time mod 2048) div 32;
Writeln('Cac thong
so:',tenfile:20,dodaifile:10,time:6,date:6,gio:4,phut:4,giay:4);
i:=i+32;
end;
readln;
END.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
39
Phm c Long

Phn cha d liu:
DOS s dng FAT v bng th mc c 1 file nh th no.

Vng DTA ( Trong RAM )
Cc Cluster(=Sector vi a mm)
ca FileAc c vo DTA
501 502
505
... 502 505
EOF
501
502
505
1- DOS nhn s hiu cluster u tin t th mc, gi s l 2 .

2- DOS c cluster t a v cha n trong 1 vng nh gi l vng chuyn
d liu (Data Trannsfer Area -DTA), chng trnh thc hin vic c s
nhn d liu t DTA khi cn
3- V im nhp th 2 cha gi tr 4 , cluster tip theo ca file c s hiu
l 4. Nu chng trnh cn thm d liu DOS s c cluster vo DTA
4- im nhp 4 trong FAT cha gi tr FFFh , gi tr ny ch ra rng
l cluster cui cng trong file. Tm li qu trnh ly s hiu cluster trong
FAT l lin tc c d liu vo DTA cho n khi im nhp trong FAT
cha gi tr FFFh.
im nhp
FDF FFF 004 005 FFF 006 007 008 FFF 000
Trong hnh ta cng thy c 1 file chim cc cluster 3, 5, 6, 7 v 8

Cu to c a t
Khi CPU c/vit cc s liu, a c quay bi 1 mot iu khin tc

300vg/pht. a dng c 2 mt nn c 2 u t c/vit. Hai u t c gn
u cn truy xut (access arm). Chuyn ng quay ca 1 mot bc (Steeping
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
40
Phm c Long
Motor) s bin thnh chuyn ng tnh tin theo phng bn knh ca cn truy
xut qua 1 c cu trc vt xon. Do trn u t c cun dy cm ng nn :
+ Khi c: S bin i t thng qua khe t ca cc phn t thng tin lu
tr trn a c bin thnh in th cm ng trong cun dy trn u
t. 2 u ra cun dy tn hiu s liu (Data Signal) c to ra .
+ Khi vit: Cun dy s pht ra t trng qua khe t t ho cc bt t
trn mt a to thnh cc trng thi tng ng vi cc mc s liu 0-1
cn lu tr.
a c ni vi b iu khin qua dy cp 34 dy. Vi cc my i mi
b iu khin a mm c lm lin vo bng mch chnh (Onboard)
C th truy nhp a mm bng cc ngn ng lp trnh thng dng :
C, Pascal, Assembly, Basic. a ch c s: 3F0h. Thay i tc truyn s liu
DMA qua a ch 3F4h
1.17 a cng
Cu to vt l
Gm nhiu a t bng kim loi cng, c sp thnh 1 chng theo trc
thng ng t trong 1 hp kim loi kn trnh bi.
H0
H1
H2
H3
(* Gii thch ti sao nhiu a mi ch c 1 chng a nhng vn tnh l nhiu
u t, cc cylinder *).
Mi a c 2 u t 2 mt 0 v mt 1. Khi lm vic u t khng tip xc
trc tip vi mt a nh a mm m cch 0,0003mm.Tc quay
3600vg/pht(Hin nay c loi quay vi tc 7200vg/pht. So vi a mm
(300vg/pht ) th tc truy xut thng tin cao hn rt nhiu.
a cng cng c phn thnh cc n v vt l nh a mm, nhng
y c thm 1 khi nim na l t tr (Cylinder)
Cylinder: V chng a cng c nhiu mt nn v tr u t khi di chuyn s to
thnh 1 mt tr, l chng cc track sp nm ln nhau vi 1 v tr u t.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
41
Phm c Long
Actuator: B khi ng
Actuator Coil: Cun dy khi ng
Actuator Axis: Trc quay
Ribbon Cable: Cp dn tn hiu
Head Arms: Cc cn mang u t
Slider and Header: u t
Trn mt a cng bao gi cng c mt bng mch iu khin in t.
Bng mch ny l mt h vi x l c chc nng iu khin mot a t, nng h
u t, a cn truy xut a ti cc cylinder theo yu cu khi c. L b m
cha d liu c trc khi gi v b nh chnh (khi c a) v l b m trc
khi vit vo a (khi ghi a). Cc vi x l v cc cu thnh in t trn bng
mch ny ngy nay c tch hp dng cng ngh ASIC - FPGA. S cu
thnh v chng trnh trong ROM ca cc h iu khin ny cho ti nay vn
cha thy c hng no cng b
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
42
Phm c Long
T chc logic:
a-Cc khi nim quan trng:
- Mt a cng (vt l thc th ) c th chia logc thnh nhiu a logic m DOS
gn tn cho chng t C Z
- Mi 1 a logic c chia ra t a vt l c cu trc ging 1 i mm :
+Boot sector
+2 FAT Tables
+Directory Table
+Data
- Sector Partition l Sector vt l u tin ca a cng
- Boot Sector (Boot record) l Sector logic ca a logic.Mt a cng c th
c nhiu Boot record ng vi nhiu a logic
b- s dng c 1 a cng cn phi qua cc bc no ?
- Format cp thp a cng (Low format)
- Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
- Format cp cao a cng (high format)
* Format cp thp:
- a cng phi c nh dng (Format )cp thp trc khi s dng . l
vic phn nh ra nhng Sector v Cylinder trn a bng cch vit ln a nhng
thng tin lin quan n Sector xc nh 1 cch r rng tng Sector ring r c
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
43
Phm c Long
t nm u v c nh s th t. Nhng thng tin ny c ghi vo 1 vng

Sector ID Header
Vng ny cha cc thng tin:
+S th t u t
+S Sector
+S Cylinder
+Du khai bo ID t u
+K t CRC pht hin sai
Mch iu khin a s s dng thng tin ID tm n ng Sector m n nhn
lnh phi n.
- H s an xen (Interleave):
Lm khp tc quay ca a t(3600vg/ph=60vg/giy) vi tc m u
t c th x l d liu khi chng qua u t.
V d
Sector
u t
1
8
2
3
V d a c h s an xen = 3
Cc a cng s dng trn my 386 n nay c h s an xen = 1
* Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
:
Mi phn khu c chia thng chim trn 1 s tr (Cylinder)
C 3 loi phn khu trn a cng :
Phn khu chnh : Dnh cho DOS
Phn khu phi DOS
Phn khu m rng : Chia thnh nhiu a logic
Sector phn khu : Head 0 , Cylinder 0 , Sector vt l
Cu trc ca Sector phn khu(Bng Partition): Ton b 512 bytes
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
44
Phm c Long
Chng trnh kim tra

v gi sector khi ng
446 bytes
Bng phn khu(64bytes)
Ch k AA55h (2bytes)
Mt bng phn khu c 4 im vo. Mi im vo 16 byte cha nhhng thng

tin m t trn vn 1 phn khu:
Bi H S C Si H S C
im bt u
phn khu
im kt thc S Sector nm S Sector nm

phn khu
trc ph.khu ny trong 1 phn khu
80 : Active
Bi : Nhn bit phn khu tch cc
0 : No active
Si :
0: phi DOS
1: DOS vi bng FAT 12
4 : DOS vi bng FAT 16
5 : Phn khu DOS m rng
6 : Phn khu DOS ln hn 32 MB
V d : 80 00 01 04 06 1F BF 68 80 1F 00 00 60 D8 12 00
a logic tip theo phn phn khu m rng
80
06
00
05
a ch bt u D:\
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
45
Phm c Long
Vic chia a vt l thnh nhiu a logic do chng trnh FDISK thc

hin
c- Boot Sector :
-Di 512 byte ti Sector logic 0 ca a logc
C cha 1 chng trnh khi ng (Boot strap Loader)
V bng thng s a
d- 2 bng FAT :
Ging a mm
e - Th mc gc (Root directory): Ging a mm.
Ngy nay trn cc a cng ngoi vic tng tc vng quay ca a
ngi ta cn s dng k thut disk cache cho php tc c vit vo a tng
ln rt nhiu
(Xem w.w.w Storage review.com)

1.18 Cc a quang
a CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
a CD c pht minh vo nm 1982. Cc tiu chun u tin Reed Book
do hai hng SONY v PHILIPS a ra.Vi s pht trin k thut cc tiu
chun ny cng thay i ; nhng c bn vn da trn c s Reed Book
a CD ngy nay khng nhng c s dng trong lnh vc nghe nhn m
cn c dng lm b nh dung lng ln. S khc nhau gia CD Player v
CD ROM l CD ROM c thm b ghp ni truyn s liu ti bus h thng
ca PC v cc linh kin ghp ni nhm cho CPU truy nhp cc s liu nht
nh vi nhng lnh phn mm.
Cu to a :
ng knh : 4.75 inches
Dy :1,2 mm
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
46
Phm c Long
L gia c ng knh :15mm

Dung lng ph bin hin nay :650MB -700MB
a CD c nhng rnh phn x nh sng c ph bi bt nhm v sau
ph 1 lp sn bng bo v .
Khi a CD ch to, thng tin c a vo trong a CD di cc rnh c
ph nhm di dng pits (S lm xung ) v lands (S li ln); nhng li
lm ny chnh l biu hin ca cc bit. Pits v lands c sp xp dc theo
ng trn c quanh trc bao ph ton b b mt a CD, ln vng t trong
ra ngoi. Khng nh a ht cc loi a CD bt u ghi t mp trong ra
ngoi .
Do c ct to c bit nn tc truyn d liu v thi gian thm nhp ca
a CD- ROM cha cao so vi a cng.
Nguyn tc hot ng :
u ra tn hiu
sensor
iot laser
Gng nghing
Thu knh
a CD
Sensor:
Cm bin
Diode Laser: it pht lazer
Beam Spliter: B phn tch tia sng
Bit Signal : Tn hiu s nh phn(bit)
Reflected beam : Tia phn x
Sensing beam: Tia ti
Movable Mirror: Gngchuyn ng Optical Disk :a quang
it lazer pht ra c hi t qua h thng quang hc hi t ln b mt a
CD- ROM . Ta bit thng tin c ghi bi cc pits v lands. Cng tia
phn x s yu i khi gp ch lm.Trong a c 1 sensor thu, nhy vi cng
tia phn x. Cng tia phn x ph thuc vo cc ch li lm m n i
qua, tc l ph thuc cc thng tin ghi trn a. u ra ca sensor l cc tn hiu
thng tin c chuyn sang dng in.
a CD-WR ( a CD ghi - c ) :
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
47
Phm c Long
L loi a CD ghi li c.Vic ghi c thc hin bng phn mm trn my

tnhCD-WR cho php ghi d liu c, iu ny lm cho a CD c th s dng
li gn nh a mm .
Hn ch : - Tc ghi li thp ( Thi gian ghi 1 a CD-WR ln gp i thi
gian ghi 1 a CD-ROM thng)
- Gi thnh 1 a CD-WR cao hn khong 5-7 ln 1 a CD-ROM
a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) a quang cng ngh s a dng:
DVD l k v ca phng tin lu tr bng vt liu quang. a DVD c ng
knh120mm c th ghi thng tin vi vi dung lng lu tr 2,6 n 17GB m
thanh, video hay d liu dng s ( Loi CD ch c th ghi dung lng 650MB).
Cc loi DVD bao gm a DVD ROM lu thng tin ch c; a DVD-R ghi
thng tin 1 ln v DVD-RAM, DVD+WR l nhng a ghi li c nhiu ln.
DVD c dng vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau nh phn phi phn mm
chuyn file sao lu file h thng v cc file cn thit.
Storing Data on a DVD
DVDs are of the same diameter and thickness as CDs, and they are made
using some of the same materials and manufacturing methods. Like a CD, the
data on a DVD is encoded in the form of small pits and bumps in the track of
the disc.
A DVD is composed of several layers of plastic, totaling about 1.2 millimeters thick.
Each layer is created by injection molding polycarbonate plastic. This process forms
a disc that has microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous and extremely
long spiral track of data. More on the bumps later.
Once the clear pieces of polycarbonate are formed, a thin reflective layer is
sputtered onto the disc, covering the bumps. Aluminum is used behind the inner
layers, but a semi-reflective gold layer is used for the outer layers, allowing the laser
to focus through the outer and onto the inner layers. After all of the layers are made,
each one is coated with lacquer, squeezed together and cured under infrared light.
For single-sided discs, the label is silk-screened onto the nonreadable side. Doublesided discs are printed only on the nonreadable area near the hole in the middle.
Cross sections of the various types of completed DVDs (not to scale) look like this:
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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DVD formats
Each writable layer of a DVD has a spiral track of data. On single-layer DVDs, the
track always circles from the inside of the disc to the outside. That the spiral track
starts at the center means that a single-layer DVD can be smaller than 12
centimeters if desired.
What the image to the right cannot impress upon you is
how incredibly tiny the data track is -- just 740
nanometers separate one track from the next (a
nanometer is a billionth of a meter). And the elongated
bumps that make up the track are each 320
nanometers wide, a minimum of 400 nanometers long
and 120 nanometers high. The following figure
illustrates looking through the polycarbonate layer at
the bumps.
Data tracks on a DVD
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DVD pit layout

You will often read about "pits" on a DVD instead of bumps. They appear as pits on
the aluminum side, but on the side that the laser reads from, they are bumps.
The microscopic dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a DVD extremely
long. If you could lift the data track off a single layer of a DVD, and stretch it out into
a straight line, it would be almost 7.5 miles long! That means that a double-sided,
double-layer DVD would have 30 miles (48 km) of data!
To read bumps this small you need an incredibly precise disc-reading mechanism.
The Basics
DVD Fact
The first DVD
player hit the
market in March
1997.
A DVD is very similar to a CD, but it has a much larger data capacity. A
standard DVD holds about seven times more data than a CD does. This huge
capacity means that a DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG-2encoded movie, as well as a lot of other information.
Here are the typical contents of a DVD movie:
Up to 133 minutes of high-resolution video, in letterbox or pan-and-scan

format, with 720 dots of horizontal resolution (The video compression
ratio is typically 40:1 using MPEG-2 compression.)
Soundtrack presented in up to eight languages using 5.1 channel Dolby

digital surround sound
Subtitles in up to 32 languages
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DVD can also be used to store almost eight hours of CD-quality music per
side.
The format offers many advantages over VHS tapes:
DVD picture quality is better, and many of DVDs have Dolby Digital or
DTS sound, which is much closer to the sound you experience in a
movie theater.
Many DVD movies have an on-screen index, where the creator of the
DVD has labeled many of the significant parts of the movie, sometimes
with a picture. With your remote, if you select the part of the movie you
want to view, the DVD player will take you right to that part, with no need
to rewind or fast-forward.
DVD players are compatible with audio CDs.
Some DVD movies have both the letterbox format, which fits widescreen TVs, and the standard TV size format, so you can choose which
way you want to watch the movie.
DVD movies may have several soundtracks on them, and they may
provide subtitles in different languages. Foreign movies may give you
the choice between the version dubbed into your language, or the
original soundtrack with subtitles in your language.
Data Storage: DVD vs. CD

DVDs can store more data than CDs for a few reasons:
Higher-density data storage
Less overhead, more area
Multi-layer storage
Higher Density Data Storage

Single-sided, single-layer DVDs can store about seven times more data than CDs. A
large part of this increase comes from the pits and tracks being smaller on DVDs.
Specification
Track Pitch
Minimum Pit
Length
(single-layer DVD)
Minimum Pit
Length
(double-layer
DVD)
CD
1600
nanometers
DVD
740
nanometers
830 nanometers
</FONT< td>
400
nanometers
830 nanometers
440
nanometers
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Let's try to get an idea of how much more data can be stored due to the physically
tighter spacing of pits on a DVD. The track pitch on a DVD is 2.16 times smaller, and
the minimum pit length for a single-layer DVD is 2.08 times smaller than on a CD. By
multiplying these two numbers, we find that there is room for about 4.5 times as
many pits on a DVD. So where does the rest of the increase come from?
Less Overhead, More Area
On a CD, there is a lot of extra information encoded on the disc to allow for error
correction -- this information is really just a repetition of information that is already on
the disc. The error correction scheme that a CD uses is quite old and inefficient
compared to the method used on DVDs. The DVD format doesn't waste as much
space on error correction, enabling it to store much more real information. Another
way that DVDs achieve higher capacity is by encoding data onto a slightly larger
area of the disc than is done on a CD.
Multi-Layer Storage
To increase the storage capacity even more, a DVD can have up to four layers, two
on each side. The laser that reads the disc can actually focus on the second layer
through the first layer. Here is a list of the capacities of different forms of DVDs:
Format
Capacity
Single-sided/single-layer
Single-sided/doublelayer
Double-sided/singlelayer
Double-sided/doublelayer
4.38 GB
Approx. Movie
Time
2 hours
7.95 GB
4 hours
8.75 GB
4.5 hours
15.9 GB
Over 8 hours
You may be wondering why the capacity of a DVD doesn't double when you add a whole
second layer to the disc. This is because when a disc is made with two layers, the pits have to
be a little longer, on both layers, than when a single layer is used. This helps to avoid
interference between the layers, which would cause errors when the disc is played.
Ghp ni cc a quang vo my PC
Trn 1 khe EIDE c th cm 2 thit b
(CD hoc HDD)
CD 1
HDD1
Master
nhng trn 1 khe cm EIDE phi c 1

thit b
l chnh(Master), 1 l ph(Slaver)
Nu ta cm 2 thit b trn 2 dy EIDE
khc nhau th c th c 2 l chnh hoc
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EIDE1
EIDE2
HDD 2
Slaver
Master
HDD 3
52
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c 2 l ph hoc 1 thit b no l ph
hoc l chnh tu .
t thit b no l chnh hoc l
ph ta thit lp cc Jumpers trn thit b theo
s ch dn trn v thit b.
1.19 Chut
Cu to:
Ngun sng
Bi thp
bc nha
T bo nhy sng
Trc ln
Trc ln
Ngun sng
Vi iu
khin
n CPU
T bo nhy sng
Mt vin bi thp bc nha lun tip xc vi 2 trc ln t vung gc vi

nhau. Khi chut dch chuyn, bi ln, lm 2 trc quay theo. Cc a gn trn 2
trc cng quay t l vi chuyn ng theo 2 hng X,Y. Trn 2 a c cc
rnh nh. Cc rnh ny s lin tc ng, m 2 chm nh sng ti cc sensor
nhy sng to ra cc xung in.
S lng xung t l vi chuyn ng ca chut theo cc hng X,Y. Cc ung
ny c a vo my tnh x l. Trn chut cn c 2 hoc 3 phm . Khi
cc phm ny ng s to ra cc xung iu khin tc ng.
Hot ng: Chng trnh qun l hot ng ca chut s lim tra xem v tr
con tr chut ang u v tu theo phm no c bm s kch hot cc
chng trnh x l tng ng.
1.20 Bn phm
Cng tc phm v phng php to m qut
S b hot ng ca bn phm:
Bn phm c cu trc theo kiu ma trn. Vi chng trnh trong vi x l
bn phm lin tc c pht hin phm no c bm, nh. Lin lc ca bn
phm vi h thng c thc hin tng byte theo 1 th tc truyn ni tip v
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ng b, thng qua knh 2 chiu. Khi 1 phm c bm ngt 09h s c gi,

ISR ca ngt 09h s c cng 60h bit tc ng phm no xy ra( c m
qut tng ng) ISR s chuyn m qut thnh m di 2 byte, byte thp cha m
ASCII, byte cao cha m qut. Ri chuyn m ny vo hng i bn phm ( T
a ch 40:1E ti 40:3D gm 32 bytes). B m c th cha c ti 16 k t.
Hm 1 ca ngt 21h s c dng c m ASCII trong vng m bn phm
v a ra mn hn.h.
Trong khi bin i m qut thnh m ASCII, chng trnh x l ngt cn
phi kim tra xem cc phm dc bit nh Shift, Capslock, hay cc t hp phm
c c nhn khng x l.
Ngoi ra ta cn c th s dng hm 0 ngt 16h ca BIOS c phm
c nhn.
( Cn lm r hn, c th dng debug c vng m bn phm: ti 04:1e)
Cng tc phm:
C nhiu loi: Cng tc in dung, in cm, c kh
Thng dng, ph bin l loi tip xc c kh. Loi ny c
u im cu to n gin, gi thnh thp, tin cy cao.
Nhc im: Cn khc phc hin tng "ny phm", i
khi bn b "dnh phm".
Cc tn hiu "0" v "1" c to ra bng cng tc
phm nh bn
Hin tng ny phm: Khi ta n 1 phm th tip im c ng li. V

tip im l 1 h thng c qun tnh nn qu trnh thc hin nhiu ln
trc khi t trng thi n nh. Qu trnh ny ko di khong 10ms 20ms.
Hin tng ny gi l hin tng "ny phm". Nu khng c loi b s
lm cho vi x l bn phm cm nhn nh 1 phm c ng nh nhiu ln
tc ng sai
Khc phc ny phm:
+ Dng phn cng
Dng Triger RS l loi ch thay i trng thi 1
ln khi chuyn mch thay i v tr
Mch kh hin tng
rung ca tip im c kh
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Gi tr nhn
c ca thanh
hi B
+ Dng phn mm: Phn mm c phm bm s ch 10ms - 20ms sau

khi cng tc b n hoc nh c c trng thi cng tc.
Phng php to m qut
0111
1011
1101
1110
Xc lp ca thanh ghi A
0111 1011 1101 1110
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
Cng ra
iu khin bn phm
Cng vo
m
ra
Control
Status
Registerr
Register
Bus h thng ca PC
m
vo
H thng bn phm ca my vi tnh

Bn phm ca my PC gm 102 phm( 107 phm trong : 2 phm Shift, 2 phm
Ctrl, 2 phm Alt, 2 phm Enter, 2 phm ). Vi x l bn phm s dng 8042 lin
kt vi PC theo s sau
S dng cc a ch cng 60h v 64h c th thm nhp b m vo, b m ra

v thanh ghi iu khin ca bn phm.
Cng
Thanh ghi
c vit
60h
m ra
R
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60h
64h
64h
m vo
Thanh ghi iu khin
Thanh ghi trng thi
W
W
R
1.21 Cc loi card ghp ni trn mainboard

Cc chun ghp ni trn mainboard
Cc tiu chun ghp ni bao gm cc tiu chun v c kh v cc thng s
in v cc th tc v truyn tin sao cho thng tin cc thit b ngoi vi v
cc h thng x l khc nhau c th trao i c vi nhau mt cch an ton
v thun tin.
+ Chun RS232, 422, 423A, 485: qui nh ghp niqua cng COM
+ SCSI: Small Computer System Interface Do Macintox xut nm 1984. Tc
truyn nhn d liu cao, hin nay hay c s dng trong cc my server.
SCSI c cc phin bn 1,2,3 Loi SCSI3 lm vic vi tn s xung clock
33MHz. Tc chuyn vn d liu max >200MB/s. Cho php qun l 14
thit b
+ USB: Universal Serial Bus c pht minh 1997. Chun cng nghip mi ny
dng u ni loi 1 c va vi tt c thay cho mi cng c khc trn PC.
Ta c th cm nhiu loi thit b vo cng USB: mn hnh, bn phm, chut,
modem, my in, my qut... Ta cn c th cm 1 chui thit b ngoi vi ci
ny ni ci kia, ngha l ta c 1 chui thit b chy t 1 cng duy nht trn
PC. Mt s sn phm USB nh my qut v Camera s c th hot ng
khng cn dy cm in ring - Dy ni USB c kh nng cung cp ngun
in. Cng USB hot ng nhanh gp 10 ln cng song song, gp 100 ln
cng ni tip
+ ISA: Rnh cm theo tiu chun ISA Industry Standard Architecture c 32
chn x 2 = 64 trn 2 mt. B rng bus d liu 8 bit. Tc truyn d liu
max = 8MBit/giy ISA m rng: 16 bit. EISA: 32 bit. Vng a ch dnh cho
cc card m rng t 300h n 31Fh. T 1999 ISA khng cn c s dng
na.
+ PCI: Do cng ty Intel xy dng nn. PCI hot ng vi b rng bus d liu
32 bit. Hin nay loi PCIX pht trin hn hot ng b rng bus 64 bit
+ EIDE: u ni c kh 40 pins thng c s dng trong cc my tnh v
trong cc thit b recorder, cc thit b thu thp d liu. ghp ni cc thit
b vi h trong tm cn c IDE Controller. Mt dy ni IDE cho php cm 2
thit b trn n(mt master, mt slaver).
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Giao din cho thit b hin th chun
1
6

11
5
10
15
For The Monitor

VGA ,8514/A & XGA mapped
to the monitor
1: Red Video
2: Green Video
3: Blue Video
4: Ground
5: Self test
6: Red Ground
7: Green Ground
8: Blue Ground
9: No Connection
10: Digital Ground
11: Ground
12: Reserved (SDA for DDC)
13: Horizontal Sync.
14: Vertical Sync.
15: No Connection (SCL for DDC)
+ Giao din cho c a mm: 34 chn dng ni b iu khin a
mm FDC vi c a mm
Mt s loi card
Card mn hnh
Card m thanh :
Tn hiu m thanh - l dng tn hiu analog mun lm vic vi my tnh cn
phi qua bin i thnh tn hiu s, khi a cc tn hiu m thanh s trong my
tnh ra ngoi cn c khu bin i ngc li t tn hiu s -thnh tn hiu tng
t. Bn thn my tnh thng dng khng c b phn c thit k lm nhim
v ny. Phn cc mch in t c thit k thm, gn vo my tnh qua cc khe
cm m rng lm nhim v ny chnh l cc Card m thanh. Cc card m
thanh ngy nay cn c th c lm lin trn bng mch chnh(card on board).
Vic s ho tn hiu m thanh v khi phc li tn hiu m thanh t tn
hiu s l qu trnh gn ng - c sai s . Mun c m thanh trung thc cn tng
tn s s ho (tng tn s ly mu ). y l 1 c trng k thut c bn ca Card
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m thanh.Trn Card m thanh cn c thm cc mch ci thin cht lng m

thanh : Nng gim cc tn s , to hiu ng lp th ...
Cc Card m thanh c ghp vi my tnh qua cc khe cm ISA hoc PCI
Card TV
Card mng
modem card
1.22 Mn hnh
Cc loi mn hin th
ng tia in t CRT(Cathode Ray Tube):
Mn hnh tinh th lngLCD (Liquit Cristal Display) xem 7.1998 p 73 PCW
Mn hnh Plasma
Mn hnh 3 chiu.
Thng dng trong cc my bn l loi mn hnh CRT, LCD. Cho loi my
xch tay l LCD
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng tia in t(CRT)
Tia qut ngang thun
Tia qut ngc
Li dc
Anode i cao p
vi chc kVolt
Li ngang
Cathode Anode
c im ca 1 s cht hunh quang: C 1 s cht hunh quang khi bn 1

chm tia in t vo th n bc x nh sng nht nh - quyt nh mu sc
pht ra. Ngi ta chn cc cht hunh quang c hiu sut pht quang cao,
nh sng pht ra ph hp vi th gic ca con ngi.
Hin tng lu nh trn vng mc: Khi c 1 hnh nh hin ri tt vi tn s
ln hn 25 ln trong 1 giy, mt ngi khng phn bit c s nhp nhy
. Chnh da vo hin tng ny, ngi ta xy dng nguyn l truyn nh
theo tng dng.
Cu to ca ng tia in t Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) n sc
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Phm c Long
L 1 ng chn khng. Pha trong mt hnh c ph 1 lp cht hunh quang. Pha

ui mn hnh l Cathode pht tia in t c t nng bng 1 ngun in p
thp( Khong 6 V) do 1 cun dy c vi vng trn bin p cao p cung cp.
i cao p
Cathode( Sng in t)
c iu ch bng tn hiu Anot Anot hi t
th tn
Si t
Li iu khin
Mn hunh quang
Tia in t
H thng li tia
ngang v dc
Khi catot c t nng cc in t bt ra catot s b ht v anot do anot

c in th dng so vi catot. Anot c hnh dng l thng nn cc in t theo
chuyn ng v sc ht ca anot tng tc c in p rt cao( i cao p-t
15-35kV) nn bay ti p vo mn hunh quang vi vn tc rt ln. Vic ny
lm cho mn hunh quang pht sng. Anot hi t c tc dng hi t dng tia
in t( Thu knh in t). Tn hiu th tn c dng iu ch catot. Nu
khng c h thng li tia th dng in t pht ra t sng in t ch lm pht
sng 1 im trung tm mn hnh. Nh c h thng li dc v li ngang nn
dng tia in t c di chuyn ton b mn hnh lm cho ton b mn hnh
pht sng. Kt hp cc chuyn ng qut vi tn hiu th tn iu ch catot s
cho cc hnh nh hin th trn mn hnh.
Hin th ch vn bn
+ Mn hnh vn bn gm c 80 k t theo chiu ngang v 25 k t theo
chiu dc (80x25).
+ K t hoc hnh v c hin ln mn hnh bng tp hp cc im
sng ti.Trong ch vn bn cc im ny c hnh thnh bng vic
c cho tia in t p hay khng vo mn hunh quang theo 1 khun
mu c sn.Trong cc im c t chc theo ma trn.
+ Cc kch thc ma trn hay dng trong thc t l : 7x9,7x12,9x14. Cc
mu ch nh vy thng c to sn cho mi k t ASCII v c
cha trong 1 vi mch nh ROM gi l ROM to ch . Vi mch ny l
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EPROM (K t u ca vi mch l 27) , ta c th d dng thy c vi

mch ny trn bt c Card mn hnh thng thng no.
+ M ASCII ca cc k t thuc 1 trang mn hnh cn hin th c cha
sn trong b nh RAM m mn hnh (mi k t cn 1 byte ) ghi
nh m ca n. Nu ta cn hin th 1 trang mn hnh gm 80x25=2000
k t th ta cn dng n 1 b nh RAM m c dung lng c 2KB(
Cha tnh byte thuc tnh). Ni dung ca b nh RAM m ny c
b iu khin mn hnh a ra nh k lm ti mn hnh sau 1
khong thi gian nht nh ( Nh vy mn hnh hin th thng tin
lm vic ch ng ). B nh RAM m ny cn phi c thm
nhp bng b vi x l ta cn c kh nng thay i c ni dung
cn a ra hin th.
+ Nh vy :
RAM m s xc nh k t a ra u ? trn mn hnh
Ci g ? ( ch g ) c a ra th lu trong ROM to ch
Trn Card mn hnh ta cng thy rt d dng RAM m ny . Cc loi
Card mn hnh thng thng ph bin c RAM m =512kB, 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,
128 MB (7/2003)
B iu khin mn hnh CRTC
Video
RAM
ROM k
t
B gii m
thuc tnh
My pht
k t
Thanh ghi
dch
M k t
CRTC
My pht tn hiu
Bus Interface
Thng tin thuc tnh
Tn hiu ng b
+ Thng tin ( Ch hoc nh) t trong b nh mn hnh mun hin th c ra

mn hnh phi thng qua 1 b ghp ni gi l Card mn hnh.
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Phm c Long
+ Cc Card mn hnh c th c cm qua khe cm m rng (EISA hay PCI).

Hin nay cc Card mn hnh thng cm qua khe cm m rng AGP hoc
lm lin trn bng mch chnh( Card on-board).
+ Phn trung tm ca Card l chip iu khin ho CRTC( Cathode Ray
Tube Controller). Tn ca Card thng c gi theo tn chp ny. V d
Card Hercules, NVidia, NEC, SiS, ATI...
+ CPU thm nhp RAM Video qua giao din bus ( Bus Interface) vit thng
tin xc nh k t hoc hnh v cn hin th. CRTC lin tc pht ra cc a
ch RAM video c cc k t trong v truyn chng ti my pht k
t. Trong mode text cc k t c xc nh bi m ASCII trong c c
thng tin v thuc tnh ca k t, v d k t c hin theo cch nhp nhy
hay o mu en trng...ROM k t lu tr cc mu ch ca cck t tng
ng my pht k t bin i cc m k t thnh 1 chui cc bit im
nh v chuyn chng ti thanh ghi dch. S dng cc bit im nh ny cng
vi cc thng tin thuc tnh, v tr t RAM video v cc tn hiu ng b t
CRTC my pht tn hiu s pht ra cc tn hiu th tn iu khin cathode ca
ng tia in t.
+ Trong mode graphics thng tin trong RAM video c s dng trc tip cho
vic pht ra cc k t. T cc gi tr bit trong thanh ghi dch my pht tn
hiu s pht cc tn hiu v sng v mu cho mn hnh.
Mn hnh tinh th lng(LCD)
LCD l cng ngh hin th da trn cc c tnh cn nh sng ca tinh th
lng khi b phn cc bi in p. Tinh th lng l 1 dng c bit ca vt cht
c cu to t cc phn t hnh que.
LCD bao gm 1 lp tinh th lng nm gia 2 tm lc phn cc. Tm lc l
bn Plastic c c tnh ch cho php xuyn qua n nhng sng nh sng i song
song vi 1 mt phng xc nh. Gia cc tm lc v lp tinh th lng l li in
cc mng trong sut. Bi LCD tiu th t nng lng hn cc thit b pht x
nn chng c s dng nhiu trong nhng lnh vc cn tit kim nng lng.
T nhng nm 1996 v trc ch nhng my tnh xch tay (note-book) cao cp
nht mi c trang b mn hnh LCD c phn gii 800x600. Phn ln dng
li mc 640x460. Nhng n thi im ny nhng mn nh LCD c phn
gii 1024x728 ph bin .
Tham kho:
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mn hnh PLASMA
Plasma l g?
Trc kia ngi ta cho rng vt cht ch tn ti ba dng: rn
(solid), lng (liquid) v kh (gas). Mi cho n gn y th ngi ta mi
pht hin ra ngoi ba dng tn ti trn vt cht cn tn ti di mt
dng khc gi l Plasma. Vy Plasma l g? Lm sao nghin cu n?
iu m chng ta c th khng nh c vi nhau l: Plasma
chng qua cng l mt trong nhng dng tn ti ca vt cht. Tt nhin
n c nhng c im ring v chnh nhng c im ny em li cho con
ngi bit bao ng dng hu ch v cng em li cho con ngi khng
km phn rc ri. Hu ch th chng ta s k ra sau v chc chn rng ci
rc ri s n trc. Vy l nhng rc ri g? Ci m chng ta c th
nhn r trc mt (khi ang ngi mi gh nh trng) l mt chui
php tnh phc tp v nhm chn. nghin cu v dng vt cht ny
ngi ta phi dng n h phng trnh Maxwel-Boltzman.
Plasma - trng thi th t ca vt cht - l s t hp ca cc ht
(ch yu l cc electron v ion) c cng mt tnh cht (v d nh sng)
thng tr v quyt nh s hot ng ca h thng. Vi s pht trin ca
khoa hc cng ngh, plasma ng vai tr to ln trong vic pht trin cc
ng dng cng ngh tn tin. Plasma c mt trong hu ht cc ng dng
cng ngh cao (high-technology). Mt v d in hnh l dng du plasma
nhit cao (high-temperature plasma) trong Cng ngh ha lng. Cn
plasma nhit thp (low-temperature plasma) c s dng trong qu
trnh ch to vt liu bao gm c vic cy (etching) cc m hnh phc tp
dng cho cc cc linh kin vi in t v vi quang, dng trong cc cng
ngh lng ng trong cc lnh vc to ma st, t, quang, cht dn in,
cht cch in, cht polyme, cc mng mng xc tc.
Ngoi ra, plasma cng rt quan trng trong chiu sng, to sng vi
ba, hy cc cht thi c hi, cc cht ha hc, laze v cc b gia tc tn
tin phc v cho vic nghin cu cc ht c bn.
i khi d hiu hn ngi ta g Plasma l mt th in t
(electromagnetic)c mt tnh cht c bit no .
Nhng nm gn y vi s pht trin ca Khoa hc cng ngh ng
dng, plasma khng cn l mt ci g qu xa cch vi chng ta na m
c th hin din trong cc gia nh qua chic tivi mu k thut s vi
chic mn hnh Plasma.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
62
Phm c Long
Mn hnh plasma hot ng nh th no?

n nay, chic TV u tin ra i c gn 80 nm nhng hu
ht TV u c ch to t cng mt cng ngh s dng n hnh hay
cn gi l ng tia ca-tt (CRT). n hnh l mt ng thu tinh ln hnh ci
phu c rt ht khng kh, bn trong c mt sng bn ra tia in t v
cc b phn li tia. Tia in t l dng cc ht electron mang in m.
Khi i n b mt n hnh, cc in t p vo lp pht-pho lm cho
chng pht sng. Hnh nh c to nn bng cch chiu sng ln lt
cc vng khc nhau c ph cc lp pht-pho to mu khc nhau ca n
hnh.
n hnh to ra hnh nh sc nt v mu sc rc r nhng chng
cng c nhng im yu ca chng. n hnh thng to v nng. Mun
tng kch thc mn nh, phi tng di ca ng hnh tia in t c
th qut ht b mt n hnh. Kt qu l TV ng hnh loi ln cc k nng
v cng knh, c khi chim ht c mt cn phng.
Ngy nay, mt cng ngh mi ra i gii quyt trn vn vn
trn, l mn hnh plasma. Mn hnh plasma thng c kch thc ln,
nhng ch dy khong 15 cm v kh nh. Bn d dng treo n ln tng
nh mt bc tranh.
Vt liu quan trng nht ca cng ngh plasma chnh l cht
plasma. Plasma l nhng cht kh c cha cc ion (cc nguyn t mang
in tch) v cc in t chuyn ng t do.
Trong iu kin thng, cc cht kh u c to thnh t cc
phn t trung ho v in (khng mang in). Khi trong mi nguyn
t, s ht proton mang in dng c trong ht nhn nguyn t ng
bng s in t mang in m lp v, quay xung quanh ht nhn. Do
vy tng in tch m v dng ca nguyn t trung ho vi nhau, tc l
lun bng khng.
Nu cho mt dng in (dng cc in t t do) chy qua cht kh
th tnh trng cn bng s bin mt. Cc in t t do va chm vi
nguyn t kh lm cho cc in t lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t
bn ra. Khi b mt mt hoc vi in t, nguyn t tr thnh phn t
mang in dng (gi l ion dng) v s ht proton ln hn s in t
cn li trong nguyn t. Khi cht kh tr thnh plasma.
Trong kh plasma, cc in t mang in m s b ht v pha cc
dng v cc ion dng s chy v pha cc m. Khi chuyn ng h lon
nh vy, cc ht ny lun va chm vo nhau v vo cc nguyn t kh
khc. Va chm truyn nng lng cho cc in t lp v ngoi cng ca
nguyn t kh lm cho in t ny nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
63
Phm c Long
Nguyn t c cc in t nh vy gi l cc nguyn t c kch thch.

Chng khng trong trng thi kch thch lu m nhanh chng tr v
trng thi t nhin, gii phng ra nng lng di dng mt ht nh sng
gi l ht photon. Cht kh s dng trong mn hnh plasma l kh xenon
hoc kh neon khi c kch thch pht ra cc tia cc tm. Mt ngi khng
th nhn thy cc tia ny. Nhng ngi ta c th dng cc tia ny to
ra nh sng nhn thy.
Cu to bn trong mn hnh plasma
Kh xenon hoc neon trong mn hnh plasma c cha trong hng

trm ngn nhng cn phng nh gi l cc t bo, nm gia hai tm
knh. Cc in cc di nm gia hai tm knh v kp gia cc t bo. Cc
in cc nm st tm knh pha sau c gi l cc in cc a ch
(address electrode). Chng nm song song vi nhau theo chiu ngang.
Cc in cc nm st tm knh pha trc c gi l cc in cc hin th
(display electrode). Chng trong sut v nm theo chiu thng ng. Bao
quang cc in cc hin th l mt lp vt liu in mi cch in.
Nm gia cc t bo v in cc hin th cn c mt lp bo v bng
MgO. Cc in cc hin th v cc in cc a ch phi hp vi nhau to
thnh mt li, mi mt li l mt t bo.
ion ho cht kh ca mt t bo no , b x l ca mn hnh
s np in cho hai thanh in cc tng ng giao nhau ti t bo .
Thi gian np/phng in rt nhanh, hng ngn chu k trong khong vi
phn trm giy. Dng in chy qua t bo no s lm cho t bo pht
sng. Cc t bo c cho pht sng lin tip nhau vi tc rt nhanh,
to cho ta cm gic ton b mn hnh pht sng lin tc.
Khi hai in cc no c cp in, mt dng in s chy qua
cht kh trong t bo ch hai in cc giao nhau lm cht kh pht ra
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
64
Phm c Long
cc tia cc tm (tia UV). Tia cc tm ny s kch thch cht pht-pho ph

thnh ca cc t bo pht sng. Mi im nh trn mn hnh plasma
bao gm ba t bo c lp c ba mu khc nhau l , xanh lc v xanh
thm (RGB). Ba t bo ny pht sng cng nhau. Mu sc ca im nh
l tng hp ca c ba mu. Bng cch thay i cng dng in chy
qua mi t bo, ngi ta thay i c cng nh sng ca mu .
Do vy s tng hp ca ba mu c bn vi cng khc nhau s to ra
bt k mu no mong mun.
u im chnh ca cng ngh plasma l ch c th ch to nhng
mn hnh cc ln vi cht liu cc mng. Phn ln mn hnh plasma u
c ch to theo tiu chun kch thc 16:9 l kch thc ngy cng
c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng hometheatre v HDTV. Mt
khc do mi im nh c thp sng ring bit nn hnh nh rt sng,
tuyt i phng v c th quan st c di mi gc . Tuy cht lng
hnh nh cn cha c nh TV n hnh nhng mn hnh plasma cng
p ng tt yu cu ca hu ht mi ngi.
Nhc im ln nht ca mn hnh plasma l gi cn qu cao. Vi
gi t 4.000$ n 30.000$, n hin nm ngoi kh nng ca nhiu ngi.
Tuy vy, cng ngh ang pht trin tng ngy, chng ta tin rng chng
bao lu na mn hnh plasma s h gi xung mc bng vi TV thng
thng hin nay.
Ghi ch: Phn ln mn hnh plasma khng phi l TV m ch l thit b
hin th do khng c phn thu v gii iu ch; gii m tn hiu truyn
hnh. bin n thnh TV, bn cn lp thm mt anten v mt b gii
m, v d VCR.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
65
Phm c Long
ng nano carbon
Hnh nh ng nano carbon gia cc phn t carbon khc.
ng nano, mt th g nghe rt xa vi vi bn, nhng thc t, n
li hin din kh nhiu xung quanh ta, nh trong cc loi my nh, in
thoi, my tnh xch tay dng pin nhin liu, trong bng n tivi hay
cc loi bng n mu, trong cc b vi x l, trong cht cch in, dn
in, hoc bn dn...
ng nano carbon c pht hin nm 1991, khi nh khoa hc Nht
Bn Sumio Lijima theo di cc loi bi hnh thnh trong bnh phng in
h quang, trong qu trnh sn xut fulren. l mt dng mi ca phn
t carbon, ging nh mt ci ng ng knh c nanomt (1 nm = mt
phn t mt) v chiu di khong 100 nm. Chng gm cc nguyn t
carbon sp xp theo lin kt cng ho tr rt bn.
Tuy nhin, cu trc cc nguyn t trong khng gian c khc nhau t
nhiu. Cng l nguyn t carbon, nhng sp xp theo kiu lin kt t
din u th s c cu trc kim cng trong sut, khng dn in. Ngc
li, lin kt theo kiu grapht (lc lng) th tinh th li c mu en, dn
in tt... iu gii thch v sau ng nano carbon khi th l cht cch
in, khi th dn in hoc bn dn.
Sau y l mt vi ng dng c th ca ng nano carbon:
Cha hydro v lm pin nhin liu
Lu nay, t chy xng gy nhim nghim trng buc cc nh
khoa hc phi tm n cc ngun nhin liu sch hn, trong c hydro:
rt d kim v hon ton khng c hi. Tuy nhin, vic cha hydro lng
trong cc bnh p sut cao thng rt cng knh v nguy him.
Gii php c tnh t ph l dng ng nano carbon rng, c ng
knh gp 2-3 ln ng knh nguyn t hydro. Cc nh nghin cu tin
rng, hydro c th chui vo trong ng, cng nh vo khong trng gia
cc ng. Lng hydro hp th ph thuc vo p sut v nhit , nn v
nguyn tc, ngi ta c th thay i p sut hoc nhit , ri bm hydro
vo cha, hay y hydro ra s dng. Vn hin nay l phi tm ra
cc loi ng nano carbon cha c nhiu hydro. Ngoi ta, ngi ta cng
cn vt liu vi t l ng nano carbon cao, khng ln vi nhiu loi bi
than khc. V tt nhin, gi thnh cng rt quan trng.
tng dng ng nano carbon cha hydro lm pin nhin liu
cng c quan tm khng km. Vi cc phng tin nh my nh, in
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
thoi, my tnh xch tay, xu th hin nay l dng pin nhin liu, gip
ngi ta khng phi np li bng cch cm in, m ch vic nhin liu
vo.
Trong cc loi pin nhin liu, pin s dng hydro c nhiu trin vng
nht, v vt liu tt nht lm pin ny l ng nano carbon. Mi y,
nhm khoa hc Terry Baker, i hc Northeatern (M) cho bit, h c th
ch to pin nhin liu vi mt nng lng 17.000 Wh/kg. Theo , na
lt vt liu lm t ng nano carbon c th mt my tnh xch tay
hot ng lin tc trong mt thng.
n hnh ng nano carbon
n hnh ng ph bin hin nay l n ng tia in t. Nguyn tc
hot ng ca n l, khi dy vonphram b t nng, cc in t s pht
ra t tiu, tng tc, p vo mn hnh (c trng lp pht pho mt
trong). in t nng lng cao (c tng tc bng in th hng chc
nghn vn) s kch thch pht pho ta sng.
Cc loi n hnh ny kh cng knh, phi c chn khng, in th
cao, tiu th nhiu in, khng bn. Cn cc loi mn hnh tinh th lng
gn hn, tiu th t in hn, nhng sng khng cao, hot ng chm,
gi t. ng nano carbon c nhng tnh cht c bit c th khai thc lm
n hnh tt hn. u nm 2001, hng Samsung tuyn b, s sm a ra
th trng loi n hnh dt, s dng dng ng nano carbon. n s cho
mu sc p khng km g n hnh ng tia in t nhng ch tiu th
cha y mt phn mi in nng.
Gn y, hng Ise Electrics (Nht Bn) mi ch to mt loi bng n
mu (6 mu) t ng nano carbon, sng gp i n mu thng thng.
Tui th ca loi n mi rt cao, v tiu th nng lng t hn 10 ln so
vi n c.
Transistor trng bng ng nano carbon
Trong cng ngh in t bn dn, transistor trng (cn phn bit vi
transistor thng) c mt vai tr quan trng, c bit khuych i cc
tn hiu yu, gip ng m cc mch logic trong cc b vi x l. Trc ,
transistor trng ch to trn silic c tc chm v gi thnh cao. Thay
cho loi ny, nhm nghin cu ca IBM ch to mt transistor trng
bng ng nano carbon, lm vic tin cy hn v tiu th t nng lng hn.
V l thuyt, loi transistor lm bng ng nano c th ng m vi tc
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
nhanh hn gp nghn ln so vi tc cc b vi x l hin nay.

Vi nhiu ng dng quan trng trong thi i Cng ngh Micronano, ng nano carbon l mt trong nhng thnh phn khng th thiu
trong mi lnh vc. Gn y Vit Nam cng ch to c ng nano
carbon, y c th ni l mt tin vui cho tt c cc nn khoa hc Vit
Nam - ha hn mt s tin b vt bc. Ti Hi ngh Vt L t chc ti
Sm Sn (Thanh Ho) vo nm 1991, GS Vin s Nguyn Vn Hiu l
ngi xng ra hng nghin cu Cng ngh nano u tin Vit
nam.
1.23 B ngun my tnh

Cung cp cc in p +12,-12V,+5V,-5V, +3.3V cung cp cho cc vi
mch v thit b ngoi vi. Mt b ngun tt phi cho ra cc mc in p ng
theo yu cu nh trn. Ta kim tra tnh trng ng n ca b ngun bng cch
o cc chn in p ra.
Cc b ngun hin nay s dng b ngun ATX. B ngun ATX hot ng
tit kim, an ton v linh ng hn b ngun AT Ta c th iu khin 1 s hot
ng ca b ngun thng qua BIOS trn Mainboard. Chng hn: C th bt tt
my t xa thng qua card mng, modem, cng... Tt my bng lnh Shutdown
ca windows, theo di tnh trng hot ng ca my, kim tra nhit CPU,
mainboard, t ng tt my tit kim ngun hay bo v
Nhn hnh dng bn ngoi:
u cm ngun AT gm 2 phn ri nhau, mi phn c 6 dy( C 2 phn l 12
dy ). Cc mu dy c minh ho bng cc hnh trn mu.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
1: Good power( Khi ngun tt in p dy ny mc 1)

2: +5V
3: +12V
4: -12V
5,6,7,8: Ground
9: -5V
10,11,12: +5V
u cm ngun ATX l 1 khi hnh ch nht lin, tng cng c 20 dy.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Chn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tn hiu
+3.3V
+3.3V
t ( Ground )
+5V
t ( Ground )
+5V
t ( Ground )
PWRGOOD(Ngun tt)
+5V
+12V
Chn
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Tn hiu
+3.3V
-12V
t (Ground)
PW- ON(M ngun)
t (Ground)
t (Ground)
t (Ground)
-5V
+5V
+5V
Do c 1 s tnh nng iu khin t xa nn v nguyn tc b ngun phi

lun c cp in. Cng tc tt m my khng phi theo kiu t gi nh kiu
AT( Sau khi bm cng tc s t gi trng thi cho n khi bm ln na
thay i trng thi), thay vo l 1 nt bm kiu cng tc thng m. Chc
nng gi cho ngun hot ng thc hin bng mch in t. Khi ta bm nt ny,
ng tn hiu chn th 14 ca u cm ngun(PW-ON) s c ni t to
ra tn hiu m my nu my ang trong tnh trng tt (hay tt my nu my
ang trong tnh trng m).
Khi m my ch cn kch nt POWER ( Bm ri nh ngay) nhng khi tt
phi bm gi khong 4 giy sau mi tt( Do xc lp trong BIOS). Logic ca vn
ny l trnh cho khi my ang chy v b chm cng tc tt-m th my
cng khng b tt t ngt.
Khi my ang trong tnh trng tt, thc s b ngun vn tiu th 1 nng
lng rt nh duy tr s hot ng cho mch iu khin t ng m
my(Theo xc lp trong BIOS hay chng trnh iu khin).
B ngun ATX c bo v t ng nn t khi hng. Khi b hng ta c th
tho ri b ngun ra khi my, kim tra ngui cc linh kin. th m khng
cn phi lp vo my ta c th qut chn 14 xung t (Ground) khi ng
b ngun.
1.24 Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
H iu hnh l g?
L 1 h thng chng trnh phc v cho vic khai thc thun tin cc ti
nguyn ca h thng tnh ton.
C nhiu loi h iu hnh:DOS, UNIX, LINUX, BEOS...
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
69
Phm c Long
Thng dng hin nay chng ta ang s dng cc my tnh IBM PC v tng
thch dng h iu hnh MS-DOS, WINDOWS 9x v WINDOWS 2000 ( Phi
hp gia WINDOWS NT v WINDOWS 9x), WINDOWS XP
H iu hnh MS-DOS v WINDOWS9X
Bt u pht trin t 1980 v qua nhiu th h :DOS 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
5.0,6.0,6.1, 6.22, 7.0, 7.1 (C th dng hm 03 ngt 21 ly Version DOS:
Vo AH=30h
Ra AL: S chnh ca Version trc du chm
AH: S ph ca Version sau du chm).
DOS gm nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn thc hin 1 nhim v xc nh
trong 1 h thng rt phc tp.
Cc thnh phn chnh ca DOS:
+ ROM-BIOS (Basic Input Output Systeme)
+ Record khi ng
+ IO.SYS
+ MSDOS.SYS
+ COMMAMD.COM
+ Cc lnh ngoi tr
(Lnh ngoi tr : Thc cht l cc chng trnh c t trn a mm hay a
cng c np vo b nh trong thc hin mi khi chng c gi nh
FORMAT, CHKDISK . Phn ni tr : Nm trong b x l lnh nh COPY,
REN, DIR...)
WINDOWS XP
Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
Khi my tnh c bt ln, b vi x l 8086/8088 ( Cc b vi x l i cao
hn nh 286, 386, 486, 586... u tng thch vi vi x l ny) c t vo
trng thi Reset, thanh ghi CS c thit lp gi tr F000h v thanh ghi IP c
thit lp gi tr FFF0h .
Nh vy ch th c thc hin u tin t nh FFFF0h, nh ny
nm trong ROM v n cha ch th s chuyn iu khin n im khi u
ca cc chng trnh BIOS(Cc hm BIOS c gi thng qua ngt t 10h
n 17h v ngt 1Ah).
10h: Gi cc hm mn hnh ca BIOS
11h: Xc nh cu hnh
12h: Tnh kch thc RAM
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
13h: Gi cc hm a cng, a mm ca BIOS

16h: Kim tra bn phm
17h: Gi cc hm my in
Cc chng trnh BIOS u tin kim tra h thng v b nh(Qu trnh POST
- Power On Self Test),
Sau n khi to bng Vector ngt v vng d liu ca BIOS. (Bng Vector
ngt c khi to trong RAM bt u t 0000h n 03FFh - gm 256 ngt.
Cc bin ca BIOS cng c khi to trong RAM t a ch 0040:0000).
Cui cng BIOS np h iu hnh t a h thng. Cng vic ny c thc
hin thng qua 2 bc:
+ u tin BIOS np 1 chng trnh nh gi l chng trnh khi ng
(Boot-strap ) Bootstrap Loader = INT19h = n phm Ctr + Alt + Del.
Chng trnh ny th c 1 bn ghi khi ng trn a ( Tu theo cch
t trong RAM CMOS gi s l: A,C,CD ROM) mm( A: ) , nu
khng c th chng trnh s tm trn a cng(C :) nu khng thy
trn C: s tm trn CD ROM (D:). Nu khng thy s cho ra thng bo
li " Khng c a khi ng ". Nu thy th chuyn sang bc tip.
+ -Sau chng trnh ny np cc chng trnh ca h iu hnh thc
s.
Chng trnh s c chuyn quyn cho chng trnh khi ng nm trong a
( Chng trnh nm trong Boot sector ) . Chng trnh ny s :
+ Kim tra 2 file u tin ca a c phi l IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS
khng ? Nu phi th 2 file ny c np vo b nh. Nhim v
caIO.SYS(IBMBIO.COM) l m rng ROM BIOS, chng xc nh trng thi
ca phn cng, khi phc a cng, khi ng cc thit b lin quan n h
thng, np cc chng trnh iu khin thit b ngoi vi v xc nh cc vector
ngt c s hiu cao hn ca ROM- BIOS, sau trao quyn iu khin cho
IBMDOS.COM(MSDOS.SYS).
Hu ht cc thng tin cu hnh ca h thng c cha 2 file Config.sys v
Autoexec.bat. IBMBIO.COM(IO.SYS) s kim tra th mc gc ca a
khi ng xem c file Config.sys hay khng , nu c th cho c v thc
hin.
Vic s dng chng trnh khi ng trnh cho BIOS khi c nhng thay i
gy ra bi nhng Version khc nhau ca h iu hnh, ng thi cng lm
gim kch thc BIOS. Sau iu khin c chuyn cho
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
COMMAND.COM. Mt b thng dch c bit trong COMMAND.COM s

x l file BAT trc khi trao quyn cho ngi s dng.
Lm g khi khng khi ng my tnh c bng a cng ?
Master boot nm Sector 1(sector u tin ) Track 0 (rnh u tin)
Side0(mt u tin) ca a cng. Cn Boot record (Bn ghi khi ng) thng
nm sector 1, track 0, side 1 ca a cng(nu vt l c chia lm 1
logic). C 2 phn ny u quan trng v quyt nh s khi ng my tnh. 512
bytes u tin nm sector 1, side 0 ca a cng nh chng ta bit qua phn
gii thiu v Master boot record gm 2 phn:
- Phn u (t offset 0 n 1BDh) l master boot
- Phn sau (t 1BEh n 1FFh ) l bng Partition
Hin ti on m master boot chun ch c di t 0 n 0DFh. Phn cn li
t offset 0E0h n 1BDh cha dng, phn trng ny c th l ni n nu ca cc
on m virus.
Master boot l 1 on chng trnh ngn c np vo RAM t a ch
0:7C00h v c thc thi khi khi ng my. Master boot c nhim v sau :
- Kim tra bngPartition xc nh xem Partition no l ch
- Np Boot Record ca partition ch vo b nh ri chuyn iu khin
cho boot record ca a ch tip tc qu trnh khi ng my. (Thng
thng boot record nm sector 1 track 0 side 1 ca a C. Tuy nhin ta
c th ci t boot record bt k ch no trn a, min l bng partition
phi tr c ti
Khi vius xm nhp master boot ca a C c th gy ra cc hu qu sau:
- Khng khi ng c t a cng v master boot b nhim virus v
khng chuyn quyn iu khin cho boot record ch hoc lm sai lch
partition.
- Xut hin cc thng bo l trn mn hnh hoc ting ng loa trc
khi np h iu hnh.
- To ra cc vng lp np h iu hnh hoc nhn bn virus vo nhiu
vng nh khc nhau gy ra hin tng trn nh hoc lm gim dung
lng ca b nh (chim lnh cc nh), lm cho my khng c kh
nng ti cc chng trnh ln vo b nh
- Lm sai lch CMOS
c im ca cc on m virus nhim vo master boot l lm my khng
khi ng c v li hu qu trong qu trnh chy my. Cc on m ny
ch s dng cc dch v ca ROM-BIOS m khng dng cc hm ca DOS nn
khng chu nh hng ca cc version DOS khc nhau. Khi ta format a bng
lnh FORMAT C:/S sau ci li cc chng trnh sch m vn c virus v
virus tr ng ti master boot mt 0 ca a, trong khi partition ca a
phn chia cho DOS vng can thip t mt 1 tr i. Lnh format c:/s ca DOS
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
khng format c mt 0 ca a nn virus trn master boot khng b dit. Tc

ng n c ch c phn mm Low level format
Nu sau khi khi ng my tnh ta thy qu trnh khng thc hin c
ta cho 1 mm khi ng vo v vn khi ng c my th nguyn nhn ch do
trong a cng c trc trc.
Nguyn nhn gy khng khi ng c bng a cng thng do:
1- t tham s cho a cng trong CMOS b sai
2- Bng Partition b sai lch do virus
3- Boot sector khi ng b hng do virus
4- Cc file h thng b hng
pht hin hng hc thuc phn no ta c th da vo 1 s thng bo li sau
ca ROM BIOS:
Missing Operating System :
Thng bo li ny cho bit khng tm thy h iu hnh. Nguyn nhn dn
n li ny l do cc nguyn s 1 hoc 2. khc phc ta phi kim tra tng
phn 1, trc tin l cc thit lp RAM CMOS . Cch thc lm:
- Reset li my tnh
- Bm gi phm Del
- Trong mn hnh SETUP chn IDE AUTO DETECTION
hoc AUTO DETECT HARDISK v n Enter .
Chng trnh s t ng nhn din a cng .
- Tip theo chn SAVE SETTING & EXIT n Enter
- Nu my khi ng bnh thng l tt. Nu khng hy dng a bo
bi khi ng.
Sau khi truy nhp c cng(hoc khi ng t chnh n, hoc
khi ng t A:) vic u tin l sao ngay cc d liu cn thit trn
cng vo 1 cng khc, hay vo cc a mm(nu t). Cc d liu ny c
th l cc File Word, exell, cc bn v AUTOCAD,PROTEL,ORCAD...
bi cc phn mm c th thay th 1 cch d dng nhng cc d liu, ti
liu th kh c th thay th (Chng hn 1 ti liu thit k, cng trnh
nghin cu c th mt hng thng, hng nm). Tt hn c, ta nn dng a
bo bi khi ng, v tip sau vic sao lu d liu ta chuyn sang bc
tip:
Tm, dit virus bng cc chng trnh BKAV, D2, NORTON...
Sau dng chng trnh FDISK vi tham s MBR nh sau :
A:>\FDISK.EXE /MBR
( y l 1 tnh nng cha c cng b chnh thc ca chng trnh
fdisk c tc dng chun li master boot record. Khi bng ny cha hng
nng lnh ny vn c tc dng)
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Sau to cc file h thng cho a cng bng lnh :

A:>\ SYS.COM C:
Nu chui cng vic thc hin trn sun s: Virus c pht hin, dit; bng
Partition, cc file h thng c cu li...th a cng ca chng ta "thot
him". Nhng nu bng Partition b hng nng qu th bc A:\fdisk /mbr
cng khng th cu c. Nu bit lo xa, trc khi xy ra vic rc ri ny-khi
m my vn hot ng bnh thng ta lu li bng Partition th s vic n
gin hn nhiu. Ta s dng chng trnh Debug.exe p li bng Partition .
Cch thc nh sau: Xem phn ph lc.
Invalid Partition Table :
Trng hp ny bng Partition b hng nng, thng do b nhim vius .
Nu trc khi xy ra thm ho ny ta c a cu h lu c cc thng tin
ca bng Partition th vn phc hi c. Hoc dng 1 chng trnh lu master
boot (Xem ph lc) phc hi. Nu khng bt buc phi fdisk, format li a
cng ri ci t li phn mm.
None system disk or disk error
Replace and press any key when ready...
Thng bo ny xut hin trong trng hp Boot Sector khi ng b hng hoc
cc file h thng b hng. Trong trng hp ny ta ch cn khi ng bng a
mm ri dng lnh SYS C: l c.
Qu trnh khi ng Windows 98
Windows 98 l h iu hnh chy trn nn DOS. Qu trnh khi ng
Window c thc hin: Sau khi np xong IO.SYS tip n MSDOS.SYS
c np. Ni dung ca file ny thc hin khi ng file Win.com trong th
mc WINDOWS. Ngoi ra ni dung file cng cho php khi ng Windows
ch du nhc hoc ch menu ging nh khi n F8
;FORMAT
[Paths]
WinDir=C:\WINDOWS
WinBootDir=C:\WINDOWS
HostWinBootDrv=C
[Options]
BootMulti=1
BootMenu=1
BootGUI=1
DoubleBuffer=1
AutoScan=1
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WinVer=4.10.2222
;
;The following lines are required for compatibility with other programs.
;Do not remove them (MSDOS.SYS needs to be >1024 bytes).
;
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
Thay i cc thng s ca cc dng lnh (1 thnh 0 hoc ngc li)
BootMenu=1
BootGUI=1
c th thay i cch trng thi Windows khi khi ng.
Cu trc Registry trong Windows
Di win 3X hai file kim sot(m ASCII) l WIN.INI v SYSTEM.INI
lu gi nhng thng tin cu hnh quan trng ca windows. Mc d win3x c 1
registry h thng nhng registry ny ch ng vai tr nh trong vic thit lp cc
la chn h thng. Trong win9x Microsoft loi b hu ht cc la chn cu
hnh h thng khi win.ini v system.ini v a vo registry.
Registry l 1 c s d liu, lu gi khng ch cc gi tr thit lp mc nh
cho phn cng ca my, m c cc la chn v mn hnh, thng tin v phng
ch, cc kt hp file, danh sch thit b 32bit, v cc gi tr thit lp cho ng
dng c ci t trn my. N cha 2 file nh phn SYSTEM.DAT v
USER.DAT, c 2 file ny thng tr trong th mc windows nh cc file n.
Khi ta thay i trong Control Panel hay ci t ng dng mi. Thng tin c
ghi trc tip vo Registry. Hai file WIN.INI v SYSTEM.INI vn tn ti nhng
chc nng duy nht ca n l duy tr tnh tng hp vi cc ng dng WIN 3X.
C th son tho, thay i ni dung ca Registry qua ng dng
REGEDIT.EXE. Khi chy Regedit dch d liu nh phn cha trong
SYSTEM.DAT v USER.DAT sang 1 dng ASCII c sp t ring.
Registry c hin th trong 6 kho. Su kho gc th hin 6 phm tr thng tin
h thng.
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+ HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT:
Cha ci t kim sot thng tin OLE(Lin kt v nhng tng), cc lin kt
file, v thng tin v kiu loi file. Mc ny hot ng nh 1 c s d liu cho tt
c cc ng dng bng cch sao chp thng tin cng c lu tr trong nhm nh
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\CLASSES
+ HKEY_CURRENT_USER:
Lu tr thng tin h thng cho ngi s dng hin thi: cc ci t my ring,
kt ni mng, mt m, v cc mc nh chng trnh c th t theo ring.
Nu ch c 1 ngi s dng my ring, thng ch c 1 tp cu hnh ca ngi
s dng. Nhng cng c la chn user Profiles(Control\Pasword\
user\Profiles) ch php ta t nhiu cu hnh my khc nhau.
+ HKEY_CURRENT_USER:
Sao chp 1 mc con(subsection)ca nhm kho HKEY_USER tng qut hn.
+ HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG:
Gi thng tin v cu hnh phn cng hin thi. Device Manager ca Win cho
php ci t vi cu hnh phn cng trong trng hp ta s dng my v nhiu
mn hnh, cc thit b SCSI v cc cu hnh mng. Nhm ny sao chp
phn hin thi ang hot ng ca kho HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\CONFIG
+ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE:
L c s d liu chnh dnh cho my tnh. N cha tng ci t chng trnh
cu hnh device-drive, v thng ti phn cng(cc ci t video-play, cc thit b
c ci t, gi tr gn interrupt, thng tin Plug-and-Play,v.v...)
+ HKEY_USERS :
Cha thng tin h thng dnh cho ngi s dng. Nu my tnh khng c ci
t cho nhiu ngi s dng ch tn ti subkey.Default. N cha s tham chiu
v thng tin cho ID ca ngi s dng mc nh. Khi my c vi ngi s dng
, mi user ID c 1 tp subkey tng ng ni m n lu tr cc mc nh h
thng ring.
+ HKEY_DYN_DATA:
Lu tr thng tin thi gian thc v s thc hin ca WIN9x
Ta nn sao lu cc thng tin trong khi Windows trc trc c th phc
hi.
Khi Windows b trc trc c th khi ng n F8 ri phc hi bng cch s
dng cc chc nng trong menu ny.
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Gii thiu menu khi ng n F8:

1. Normal
Vi Windows 9X
2. Logged(\BOOTLOG.TXT)
Khi khi ng my tnh ci Windows 9x
3. Safe mode
4. Step-by-step Confirmation
nu ta n F8 s xut hin menu di
5. Command prompt only
Normal: Khi ng bnh thng
Logged(\BOOTLOG.TXT): Khi ng 6. Safe mode command prompt
only
vi cu hnh thnh cng gn y nht
Safe mode: Khi ng vi cu hnh ti
thiu
Step-by-step Confirmation: Khi ng xc nhn tng bc np cu hnh
Windows
Command prompt only: Khi ng Windows ch du nhc
Safe mode command prompt only: Khi ng DOS
Vi Win XP: Xut hin menu khi n F8:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Safe mode
Safe mode with Networking
Safe mode with Command Prompt
Enable Boot logging
Enable VGA mode
Last Known Good
Configuration(Your most recent
setting that worked)
7. Directory Services Restore Mode
(Windows domain controllers
only)
8. Debugging mode
9. Start Windows normally
10. Reboot
11. Return to OS choises menu
Safe mode: Khi ng vi cu hnh ti thiu
Safe mode with Networking: Khi ng vi cu hnh ti thiu t mng
Safe mode with Command Prompt: Khi ng vi cu hnh ti thiu ch c
du nhc
Enable Boot logging: Khi ng vi cu hnh file nht k
Enable VGA mode: Cho s dng mn hnh kiu VGA
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Last Known Good Configuration(Your most recent setting that worked):

Khi ng vi cu hnh thnh cng trc.
Directory Services Restore Mode (Windows domain controllers only): Phc
hi cc dch v th mc
Debugging mode: Khi ng s dng debug
Start Windows normally: Khi ng bnh thng
Reboot: Khi ng li
Return to OS choises menu: Tr v menu chn h iu hnh khi ng.
Cc h thng qun l file khc FAT:
H thng tp tin (File system) c chc nng t chc v kim sot cc tp tin
v siu d liu tng ng, c lu trn a nhm cho php truy cp nhanh
chng v an ton thng tin.
H thng tp tin sp xp d liu c lu trn a ca my tnh, kim
sot thng xuyn v tr vt l ca mi thnh phn d liu trn a trong khi vn
cho php ngi dng truy cp nhanh chng v an ton khi cn thit.
H thng tp tin lm vic nh 1 h ch mc s, cho php my tnh nhanh
chng tm thy 1 tp tin no , bt chp kch thc hay cu hnh ca a lu
tr cng nh v tr lu tr ca cc byte d liu nm u trn a.
Mi h iu hnh t MS_DOS cho n Windows95, WindowsXP v
Linux u c H thng tp tin ring. Tuy mi H thng tp tin u thc hin
cng chc nng nhng chng li khc nhau v thit k v phc tp. c t
ca mt s H thng tp tin nh sau
H thng tp tin di tn file Kch thc
a ti a
FAT 12
8
512MB
FAT 16
8
2GB*
FAT 32
255
2TB
NTFS
255
16TB
EXT2
255
4TB
EXT3
255
4TB
RAISERFS
255
16TB
XFS
255
18TB
JFS
255
32PB
* 4GB vi Windows NT
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
Kch thc
file ti a
2GB
4GB
16TB
2GB
2GB
4GB
9 Exabyte
4 Petabyte
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V bng FAT chng ta kho st trn. Sau y l 1 s File System khc FAT
NTFS
S pht trin tip theo ca H thng tp tin Windows l NTFS ( New
Technology File System), c a ra cng vi Windows NT( cng h tr FAT
32). Vi khng gian a ch 64 bit v kh nng thay i kch thc ca cluster
c lp vi dung lng a, NTFS loi tr c nhng hn ch v kch thc
ca cluster.
Ngoi ra n cn mang li nhng u im khc nh thuc tnh bo mt
cho tp tin v th mc, m ho tp tin v h tr kh nng lu tr n 16TB.
NTFS thay bng FAT quen thuc bng bng qun l tp tin MFT( Master
File Table), c kh nng lu tr nhiu thng tin v tp tin hn FAT. MFT tham
chiu n mi tp tin v th mc c trn a, k c nhng siu d liu tng
ng nh thng s bo mt.
NTFS cng c kh nng chu li cao. N ghi nht k hot ng ca a
trc khi thc hin bt k giao dch no, v th nu h thng b "cht" trong khi
thc hin cp nht, n c th cn c vo nht k tp tin phc hi d liu. Nu
li c ghi xut hin trong hot ng thng thng, NTFS s t ng xc nh
v kho nhng cluster li, ng thi sao chp d liu vo 1 v tr mi. Cui cng
NTFS to "nh" ca MTF v nh vy c th chuyn sang dng bn ny nu bn
gc b hng.
NTFS khng thch hp vi a di 400MB v khng th dng cho a
mm;
Cc phin bn ca NTFS:
+ NTFS version 1.0 hay NTFS 3.1 dng cho Windows NT 3.1
+ NTFS version 1.1 dng cho Windows NT 4.0
+ NTFS version 5.0 dng cho Windows 2000
H iu hnh LINUX c th c s dng vinhiu H thng tp tin :
EXT2, EXT3, RAISERFS, XFS, v JFS c tin cy cao v c kh nng ghi nh
qu trnh thao tc d liu Jurnaling file system - Ring EXT2 cha c kh nng
ny)
EXT2
H thng tp tin ca Linux c tn l EXT2( Extended File System 2) c
ci tin t H thng tp tin ban u ca Linux l EXT tha hng t tin thn
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Minix. H thng tp tin Minix c dung lng ti a l 64MB v tn tp tin l 14

k t.
EXT h tr H thng tp tin 2GB v tn tp tin 255 k t nhng li b hn
ch v tc . EXT2 h tr 4TB, tn tp tin 255 k t ng thi khc phc c
nhng nhc im trn.
Kin trc EXT2 dng cu trc d liu c gi l nt nh dng( inode)
tham chiu v nh v tp tin cng nh cc d liu tng ng. Bng inode cha
cc thng tin gm loi tp tin, kch thc, quyn truy nhp, con tr n nhng
khi d liu lin quan v cc thuc tnh khc. H thng tp tin ny t chc a
thnh nhng nhm khi, trong cha c thng tin ca inode v cc khi d
liu tng ng.
Nhn Linux dng lp H thng tp tin o (Virtual File System) tng
tc vi H thng tp tin v thc hin cc tc v xut nhp a. iu ny mang li
cho Linux kh nng h tr nhiu H thng tp tin khc nhau nh DOS, FAT 16,
FAT 32, EXT...
EXT3
c xy dng trn c s ca H thng tp tin chun EXT2 m LINUX
ang s dng. EXT3 thm vo chc nng mi v cng quan trng l JBD Jurnaling Block Device bo v thng tin. C ch ca JBD nh sau: Nu H
thng tp tin c kh nng ghi li (log) cc hot ng m h iu hnh v
ang thao tc trn d liu th h thng xc nh c ngay nhng file b s c
m khng cn phi qut li ton b h thng file, gip qu trnh hi phc d liu
tr nn tin cy v nhanh chng hn. H thng tp tin nh vy gi l Jurnaling
file system.
REISERFS
y cng l H thng tp tin c s dng trong LINUX. N s dng
phng php "B*Tress" pht trin ln t "B+Tress" t chc d liu, theo 1
th mc c th c th cha n 100.000 th mc con v c bit l c th cp
pht ng inode: mi i tng cha trong h thng file c nh du bng 1
ch s duy nht; cc h thng file khc thc hin cp pht inode tnh. Ngoi ra
Raiserfs cng khng cp pht c nh dung lng theo cc khi 1KB hoc 4 KB
nh cc H thng tp tin khc thng lm m s cp chnh xc kch thc khi
lu tr cn thit; nh vy ti u c dung lng khi lu tr cc file c kch
thc nh. Raiserfs lu tr v truy cp cc file nh l ti u, vi tc truy
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cp file tng t 8 n 15 ln v dung lng tit kim c khong trn 5% so vi

EXT2 vi cc loi file c kch thc di 1 KB. Raiserfs h tr thc hin
Jurnaling ch trn ch mc d liu(Jurnaling of meta-data only).
XFS
c pht trin bi cng ty Silicon Graphic t nm 1990 khc phc hn
ch ca cc h thng file hin hnh v kch thc v s lng partition, directory
v file. Ngy nay XFS sn sng s dng trong LINUX vi cc tnh nng
v cng mnh m v ng dng trong cc h thng c tnh chuyn nghip cao.
XFS l H thng tp tin 64 bit c th qun l c file c kch thc 9 exabyte
( 1 Exabyte = 103 Petabyte = 106 Terabye = 109 Gigabyte = 1012 Megabyte), c
km theo cng c Volume Manager cho php qun l ln ti 128 volume, mi
volume c th ghp ti 100 partition a cng vt l, h tr chc nng Jurnaling
i vi d liu.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca XFS l kh nng m bo tc truy cp d
liu cho cc ng dng (Guaranteed Rate I/O), cho php cc ng dng duy tr
c tc truy xut d liu trn a, rt quan trng vi cc h thng phn phi
dch v Video c phn gii cao hoc cc ng dng x l thng tin v tinh i
hi duy tr n nh tc thao tc d liu.
JFS
c pht trin bi IBM, JFS l h thng file 64 bit, xy dng cho cc
internet file server vi c im thi gian khi ng my nhanh, dung lng
cha d liu cao. JFS h tr Jurnaling cho d liu da trn phng php thng
c s dng trong h c s d liu: Ghi li qu trnh thao tc thay i
file(transaction). Trong trng hp c s c xy ra th h thng ch cn cho khi
phc li transaction trc m khng cn phi c li ht jurnal log, gip cho
qu trnh phc hi c nhanh hn. JFS h tr tnh nng Logical Volumes cho
php ni cc partition vt l thnh cc partition logic vi dung lng cao. Ngoi
ra n cn cho php ngi dng tu bin cp pht cc khi t 512, 1024, 2048 v
4096 byte cho lu tr d liu trn a.
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Chng 2
Thit lp cu hnh h thng
2.5 Khi nim
Mt my PC do nhiu b phn ghp ni vi nhau. iu ny xut pht t
yu cu gii quyt cng vic v t kh nng ti chnh ca ngi dng. C my
dng cng ln, c my dng cng nh, cc mn hnh khc nhau nh VGA,
EGA...Ni tm li cu hnh ca 1 my PC rt a dng. cho h iu hnh bit
c thng tin ca tng thit b ngoi vi, ca b nh iu khin chnh xc
hot ng ca h thng v i vi 1 h thng ang hot ng n nh th khi ta
thm vo hay thay th 1 thit b ngoi vi bng 1 loi khc th h thng cn phi
nhn bit c s thay i ny. h thng c th nhn din c cu hnh
my, cc thng tin cu hnh ny cn c khai bo trong 1 bng c BIOS
chun b sn, l bng thng s SETUP. Cc thng tin c khai bo ny
tn ti thng xuyn 1 vng nh ghi c c nh vo ngun nui l 1 qu
pin nh, vng nh ny c gi l RAM-CMOS. Nguyn thu vng nh CMOS
trong IBM /PC di 64Bytes. Cc thng tin lu trong CMOS bao gm cc thng
s a, ngy gi thc, ch hot ng ca bn phm, ch khi ng... Sau
ny do my tnh b xung thm nhiu thit b ngoi vi v cc thit b khc na
nn vng nh ny c tng ln 128 bytes ri hin nay 256bytes .
2.6 S dng chng trnh SETUP
vo Setup ta phi n 1 phm hoc t hp phm no khi my ang khi
ng (C th quan st thng bo trn mn hnh). Thng l Del hoc Ctr + Alt +
Esc, hoc F10, hoc space. Mn hnh Setup ca BIOS s xut hin nh sau :
CMOS SETUP UTILITY Copyright (C)

1984-2002 AWARD SOFTWARE
Sandard CMOS Features
Top Performance
Advanced BIOS Features
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
Integrated Peripherals
Load Optimized Defaults
Power Management Setup
Set Supevisor Password
PnP/PCI Configuration
Set User Password
PC Health Status
Save & Exit Setup
Frequency/Voltage Control
Exit Without Saving
ESC :Quit
: Selection Item
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F10 : Save & Exit

Shif + F2 : Change Color
y l mn hnh SETUP ca hng AWARD INC lp trn my Pentium
P4 Intel Chiset 845. Tu theo hng m mn hnh ny c hnh dng khc nhau,
nhng cc mc th c bn cng vn nh vy. Cc chc nng :
1. STANDARD CMOS FEATURES
Cho php t cc tham s v a, ngy gi, loi a cng, mm...
2. ADVANCED BIOS FEATURES
t cc ch bo c chng trnh l xm nhp boot sector hoc bng
partition trnh t khi ng t a no, t mt khu...
3. INTEGRATED PERIPHERALS CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP
t cc thng s ca cc cng, cc thit b ngoi vi, nh cng COM1,2,
LPT, USB, HDD, FDD, ...
4. POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP
t cc ch tit kim in
5. PNP/PCI CONFIGURATIONS
t cc thng s cho cc thit b Plug and Play/PCI
6. PC HEALTH STATUS
Cc thng s hot ng ca PC
7. FREQUENCY VOLTAGE CONTROL
t tc lm vic, in p lm vic, h s nhn cho CPU
8. TOP PERFORMANCE
Thc hin vi hiu sut cao nht
9. LOAD FAIL-SAFE DEFAULTS
t cu hnh ngm nh ti thiu
10. LOAD OPTIMIZED DEFAULTS
Np cu hnh ngm nh ti u
11. SET SUPERVISOR PASSWORD
Thit lp ch mt khu ngi qun tr bo v chng t tin truy nhp
(Phi kt hp vi phn 2)
12. SET USER PASSWORD
Thit lp ch mt khu ngi s dng.
13. SAVE & EXIT SETUP
Ghi cc thay i v thot ra khi ng
14. EXIT WITHOUT SAVING
Thot ra nhng khng ghi
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Khi thit lp cc thng tin ny nu ta khng c kin thc hoc thit lp sai
th my s hot ng khng bnh thng: Khng nhn ra cng, khng khi
ng c, khng c a mm, khng c chut, my in khng ghi c ... Cc
trc trc kiu ny rt a dng do ta t CMOS sai, mc d cc b phn vt l
khng c g h hng c. V vy nu khng c hng dn th khng nn thay
i cc thng s ca RAM CMOS. Nu sau cc n lc, c gng t li thng s
khng thnh cng ta c th s dng mc LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS khi
phc cc thng s ngm nh.
2.7 Chng xm nhp tri php :
Qun l cc xm nhp h thng bt hp php - Cc bin php thc hin
i khi chng ta c nhu cu bo v my tnh ca mnh trnh khi nhng
ngi khc t m, hoc khng mun ngi khng am hiu k thut thay i cc
thng s trn my ta c th p dng cc phng php bo v nh t mt khu
hoc dng cc chng trnh c bit che du a cng. Ngay trong CMOS
ca my tnh cng ci sn 1 chc nng t mt khu. Chng ta c th tn
dng chc nng ny chng ngi l s dng my.
a- Chng khi ng my v truy nhp CMOS :
u tin trong mc ADVANCED BIOS FEATURES
Chn Security mc ny tu loi CMOS c th c 2 hay3 tu chn, chng hn 3
tu chn:
- System : Hi mt khu khi bt ngun khi ng my
- Setup : Hi mt khu khi mun vo CMOS
- None : Khng s dng mt khu
Dng cc phm PgUp, PgDwn (hoc dng +, -vi loi BIOS Phoenix) thay
i cc gi tr ny. Gi s ta chn c mt khu (System hoc Setup).
Tip theo, sang mc SET SUPERVISOR PASSWORD hoc SET USER
PASSWORD :
G Enter. Xut hin thng bo :
Enter Password :Ta g vo 1 mt khu di t 1 n 8 k t sau g Enter. BIOS s hin th
thng bo yu cu xc nhn mt khu nh sau :
Cornfirm Password :-
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G li mt khu 1 ln na ; ng nh ln trc -sau g Enter, nu thy c

thng bo:
PASSWORD ENABLED
th c ngha l mt khu c thit lp ng. Mt s BIOS hin nay khng
hin thng bo ny na. Sau ny mi khi mun vo CMOS hoc khi khi ng
my ta phi nh vo ng mt khu. Nu nh sai s khng vo CMOS , hay
khi ng c.
g b 1 mt khu t trc ta vo chc nng SET SUPERVISOR
PASSWORD khi thy thng bo
Enter Password :th ta khng g g c m n Enter. BIOS s hin th thng bo :
PASSWORD ENABLED
Press any key to Continue
thng bo mt khu b b ( Cng nh ni trn, mt s BIOS hin nay
khng hin thng bo ny na).
Trng hp qun mt khu th c th dng cc bin php sau:
Dng mt khu tn hng BIOS : Tc l khi c yu cu mt khu ta nh vo
cc t sau : Vi BIOS ca AWARD INC th g vo CONCAT. Vi BIOS ca
AMI th g vo AMI.
Thay i Jumper ( Cu ni trn Mainboard ) : Mt s loi Mainboard c sn
1 Jumper xo CMOS . Cu ni ny c 2 v tr : khi sang v tr Clear th
CMOS s b xo . c th dng ng dng ny ta phi bit chc chn
Jumper no lm nhim v g ; tc l ta phi c s ca Mainboard. Nu
u m rt d cht Mainboard .
Tho pin nui CMOS : y l bin php m chng cn kho no tc dng !
Nhng nu chuyn mn khng cao sau khng khi phc li c CMOS
th cng lm cho h thng khng hot ng c, hoc hot ng trc trc.
Dng cc phn mm ph mt khu: Cc chng trnh tin ch kim tra
my nh PCCHECK, AMIDIAGS u c th dng ph kho. Di y l
1 chng trnh dng ph kho CMOS c vit bng Pascal. Chng trnh
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c th ph c tt c cc loi kho CMOS ca cc BIOS ang c mt ti

Vit Nam :
Program Delete_CMOS_Password;
BEGIN
Port[$70]:=$2F;
Port[$71]:=$FF;
END.
( C th ng dng n gin hn bng cch chy chng trnh DEBUG ri thc

hin cc lnh trn bng hp ng. Sau khi chy debug.exe g vo du nhc
o 70 2F
o 71 FF
g )
Ct du cng c, hn ch kh nng tc ng ti h thng ca cng c
Du a cng
Du a mm
Ngn xm nhp qua cng USB
Khng cho cng COM, LPT hot ng...
Tt c cc tc ng ny c th dng mc INTEGRATED PERIPHERAL
SETUP thit lp
2.8 Bo v d liu
S dng mt khu bo v th mc ( Tham kho a ca Phm Hng Phc)
Giu phn khu a cng bng PQMAGIC
Sao lu bng CD
Ct trn mng vi cc thng tin nh
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Chng 3
Ci t chng trnh
3.7 Bn cht ca qu trnh ci t chng trnh
L qu trnh thc hin phi hp cc thng s ca phn cng vi phn mm
m bo cho my tnh hot ng trong trng thi tt nht.
3.8 To a Bo bi .
(Phn ny c vit khi cc my tnh cn thng dng ci h iu hnh
Windows 9x. Ngy nay khi cc my dng cc h iu hnh 2000, XP th chng
ta nn s dng cc bin php sao lu d liu + to mt a lu h iu hnh
trong file nh bng chng trnh GHOST. Phn 3.2 ch c tnh cht tham kho)
Hin nay chng ta dang s dng cc cng lu gi v chy cc

chng trnh. Khi khi ng chng ta cng thng khi ng t cng, sau
chng ta lm vic, tiu khin cng my tnh..., s chng c g phc tp c...
Nhng ri vo 1 ngy p tri no , khi bt cng tc ln ta khng thy mn
hnh Windows quen thuc na v thay vo l cc thng bo " Missing
Operating System" " Non Partition Table"...trn mn hnh DOS mu en t
nht.
Gi nh ...! Gi nh ta chun b 1 chic a mm khi ng vi y cc
chng trnh tin ch, cc chng trnh dit virus... Vy th, bn hy lm ngay
i, khi cn cha mun.
To a khi ng t mm:
* Lm trn DOS:
Ngun chng trnh c th t a mm :
Cho a mm khi ng c cha cc chng trnh cn thit nh ni
mc 1 vo a .
Khi ng my .
Ti du nhc DOS g A:\> format A:/s
B a c ra a a cn to vo ri n
Sau bc ny ta c a khi ng. Chp cc chng trnh cn thit
vo( FDISK.EXE, SYS.COM, FORMAT.EXE, DEBUG...).
To hoc chp cc file config.sys , autoexec.bat cn thit. Nu dng
a khi ng Windows th chp ni dung file msdos.sys t a
cng sang.
Gt chng ghi.
Ngun chng trnh c th t a cng :
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Cho a cn to lp vo a.
nh lnh C:\> format A:/s
Chp cc chng trnh cn thit vo: debug.exe, fdisk.exe,
format.com, sys.com ly trong th mc WINDOWS\COMMAND. Cc
chng trnh Diskedit.exe t NU.
Chp cc chng trnh dit vi rus vo a
Nu bit cch lm ta c th lu master boot record vo 1 file trn a
bo bi
Gt chng ghi.
*Lm trn WINDOWS:
n Start Setting Controlpanen Add/Remove Program Tab
Startup Create Disk. Cho a vo A OK . Ri v Add/Remove
Program. Nh vy xong
Chp cc chng trnh cn thit vo
Gt chng ghi.
3.9 Vi rut my tnh -Cch phng v chng.
3.3.1 Khi nim:
Nhiu ngi s dng my tnh nhm tng rng virus my tnh l 1 dng sinh
vt in t. Thm ch h cn ngh rng virus c kh nng truyn t my tnh ny
sang my tnh khc m khng cn tip xc vt l v chng c kh nng sng
ngay c khi tt ngun my tnh. May thay, ngy nay cn rt t ngi suy ngh
nh th. Vy rt cc th virus my tnh l g ?
Ta bit cc chng trnh my tnh l cc dy ch th do con ngi ngh ra ch
th cho my tnh hot ng no c thc hin v thc hin nh th no; v
ngi ta cng bit rng: virus thc cht cng l cc chng trnh my tnh.
Cc virus c np v chy mc d ngi s dng khng yu cu . Chng
hot ng, khng li du vt ging nh cc chng trnh bnh thng.
Cc virus c th :
+ To khun dng a, sao chp, i tn tp
+ T sao chp vi cc thng tin cu hnh mi
+ Thay i thuc tnh cc tp
nh ngha : 1 virus my tnh l 1 chng trnh lm thay i cc chng trnh
khc thm vo 1 bn sao thc hin c v c th thay i chnh n.
Tiu chun ti thiu thit k virus my tnh l :
+ Thc hin c
+ C kh nng t sao chp
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+ Bin i cc i tng thc hin c khc thnh cc i tng nhim

khun
3.1.2 Phn loi:
C nhiu loi phn mm c hi:
+ Bom logic :
+ Bom thi gian :
+ Cc chng trnh i mu n cp m kho ngn hng
+ Cc con su
+ Cc loi virus
C hai loi virus :
+ virus file : Ly vo file xex,doc,dot...
+ virus boot : Nhim vo vng khi ng, ngn cn qu trnh khi ng,
chim lnh b nh
3.3.2 C ch ly lan:
Xut pht t nguyn l ta thy ch khi no chng trnh mang virus c thc
hin th mi b nhim . Qu trnh thc hin l :
+ Khi ng bng a b nhim virus
+ c cc file doc b nhim
+ Thc hin cc chng trnh com, exe b nhim
+ Ly t cc chng trnh sao chp t mng Internet
+ Ly t a mm , a cng, CD-ROM, " gc ( Ni iu ny nhc
nh cc bn cng tc trong lnh vc tin hc ng c o tng rng cc
chng trnh ng trong cc a mm, a CD ROM c ng gi, ng
hp p l hon ton sch s, khng c vius)
* Nu dng DIR ca DOS hay NC xem 1 a b nhim ( xem t C: ) th
cng khng b ly vi rut.
* Copy sao chp cng khng b, ch khi no chy cc chng trnh mi b ly
nhim ( Vi iu kin chng trnh copy cha b ly nhim vius).
3.3.3 Chun on cc my tnh b nhim vi rt:
Thao tc my tr nn chm chp
Np chng trnh lu hn bnh thng
Cc chng trnh truy nhp b nh khng bnh thng, nhanh chng trn
b nh
Cc chng trnh truy nhp a vo nhng thi im khng bnh thng
vi tn sut cao.
Khng gian t do ca a gim nhanh
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S lng sector a hng tng nhanh

Cc chng trnh gp nhng li m trc y khng h c
Xut hin cc thng bo l
Cc tp b mt khng r nguyn nhn
Tn ,thuc tnh tp b thay i
Kch thc tp b thay i
Tm li l cc hot ng khng bnh thng
3.3.4 Lm g khi my tnh b nhim vi rut ?
- Nu khng nh vic nhim virus th cn lm cc bin php loi tr:
+ Tt my tnh, ch 60 giy ( ni dung RAM hon ton b xo)
+ Tho cc mi trng lu tr ra : a mm, bng t...
+ Tho cc thit b ngoi vi: My in, modem...Ch li mn hnh, bn
phm, chut
+ a a sch vo (a ny cn chng ghi) trn a c chng trnh tm
v dit virus thc hin vic tm v dit
+ a cc file h thng sch vo
+ Tt my, ni li h thng.
Phng nga :
+ Dng a mm khi ng
+ Kim tra cc chng trnh trc khi a vo my
+ i tn cc tp d b ly nhim , mc tiu ca cc chng trnh virus
+ Khi to li h thng
3.3.5 Mt s chng trnh dit virus thng dng:
+ Chng trnh BKAV vi cc phin bn ca Nguyn T Qung
+ Chng trnh D2
vi cc phin bn ca Trng Minh Nht Quang
+ Norton Antivirus
3.10 Cc bc thc hin a 1 a cng vo hot ng - S dng cc
cng c phn mm:
Format cp thp a cng (Low format): Trc y thng s dng chng
trnh format cp thp trong BIOS
Hin nay c th dng MAXLLF.EXE
Hoc HDFORMAT.EXE
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Phm c Long
Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )

Dng chng trnh FDISK.EXE
Dng a mm bo bi khi ng my:
A:\> FDISK
Xut hin mn hnh ca chng trnh FDISK nh sau :
menu a:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive

To partition khi ng ca DOS hoc to cc logic
2. Set active partition
Xc nh partition no l ch ng
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
Xo b 1 partition hoc 1 a logic
4. Display partition information
Hin th thng tin partition
Nu my c nhiu a cng vt l th FDISK c thm tu chn th 5 l:
5. Change fixed disk
Thay i Fdisk a no ?
Thc hin :
Thng thng ta ch thc hin chng trnh Fdisk khi c s c ; khi
ta thng phi thng phi to li bng Fdisk. Nhng trc khi to ta
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phi xo b partition hoc a logic c. Cch lm nh sau:

T menu A chn mc 3 . n y xut hin menu B:
menu B:
1. Delete primary DOS partition

Xo vng phn khu DOS chnh
2. Delete Extended DOS partition
Xo vng phn khu DOS m rng
3. Delete loggical DOS Driver(s) in the Extended DOS partition
Xo cc a logic trong vng DOS m rng
4. Delete Non-DOS partition
Xo vng phn khu phi DOS
Ta s xo t mc 3, ri n mc 2 , cui cng l mc 1 l kt thc vic
xo.
Quay tr li menu A:
Chn mc 1. Xut hin menu C :
menu C:
1. Create Primary DOS Partition

2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create Logical DOS Driver(s) inte Extended Partition
Ta s thc hin vic to cc a logic hoc partition t mc1, ri n
mc 2 cui cng l mc 3 l kt thc vic to lp( Ngc vi qu trnh xo ).
Sau khi thc hin qua cc bc trn xong cn khi ng li my ghi nhn cc
vic to lp.
Dng PQMAGIC.EXE
Mun lm vic vi a no chn : Vo mc Drives
Thc hin chia bng Creat hoc Rezise
Sau khi chia vi cc phin bn c cn thc hin format
Cc tc ng s hiu qu sau khi khi ng li my tnh
Dng cc cng c khc:
Sgatfmt4.exe
Dm.EXE
Format cp cao a cng (high format)
Bc tip theo : T du nhc A >\ ta nh lnh : A>\ Format C:/s
Sau lnh ny C c Format v c cc file h thng - c th lm a
khi ng c .
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Ta tip tc Format cc a logic khc (nu c) bng cc lnh :

A>\ Format D: hoc A>\ Format E: ....
Sau cng l bc ci t cc chng trnh ng dng.
Nu dng PQMAGIC.EXE th vo mc Operations\Format thc hin
3.5 S dng chng trnh GHOST
L 1 chng trnh thng dng, tin li ca Symantec cho php copy ni
dung ca 1 a cng n 1 a cng khc. Cho php lu ni dung ca a cng
vo 1 file, khi a cng hng c th dng file ny khi phc li a.
Cc phin bn ca GHOST lin tc c thay i, cp nht. Di y gii
thiu GHOST 7.0 ( Cc phin bn c menu lm vic tng i ging nhau)
Copy a: Local\ Disk\To disk

Lu vo file Local\Disk\ to image...
Tip sau khi n OK
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Tn file lu
Ch thch
Mt chng trnh hin cng hay c s dng l GHOST 2003. Khi chy
chng trnh th mn hnh giao din trn Windows nhng khi thc hin thc s
th vn thc hin khi ng li PC v tin hnh trn DOS.
Mn hnh GHOST 2003

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Cc chc nng:
"Ghost Basic": Cc chc nng lu tr thng tin a vo file nh v phc
hi t file nh (hnh )
"Ghost Advanced": Cc chc nng tng cng nh Ghost qua mng, to
Partition o,... (hnh )
"Cc tin ch":
(hnh )
Sao chp a , bng Partition
Ghost qua mng
Cc chc nng tng cng ca Ghost 2003
Cc tin ch
ca Ghost
2003
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3.6 Ci t WIN98, XP
Yu cu cu hnh phn cng ci t windows98
Cc cch ghp ni ly chng trnh: Ghp 2 cng, ghp qua dy Link
Cch ly cc file chng trnh t 1 my khc:
Ghp 2 cng vi nhau nh th no ?
Qua 1 cap EIDE : a vo phi t Jumper thnh Slaver nu trn my
vn l Master(C th ngc li-nhng nn theo trnh t th nht). Sau khi
ghp xong c th ly chng trnh vo cn thit. qu trnh sao chp
nhanh chng ta chy Smartdrv.exe trc . ( smartdrv 1024 or smartdrv
5102 )
Qua 2 cap EIDE : a vo khng cn thit lp li Jumper Lc ny a
vo l Secondary Master .
Dng dy Link v chng trnh LINK trn NC ly chng trnh t my n
sang my kia. C th Link qua cng LPT hoc COM.
Nu qua LPT :
Ni cp LINK gia 2 my tnh. Khi ng 2 my tnh. Vo NC/Link. Chn
LPT. Chn 1 my l Master, 1 my l Slaver. My no mun nhn chng
trnh my l Master. Sau khi nhn Link trn 2 my, kt ni xong c th
sao t my Slaver sang Master. qu trnh sao chp nhanh chng ta chy
Smartdrv.exe trc . Kt thc qu trnh bng my Master.
Nu qua COM :
Ni cp LINK gia 2 my tnh. Khi ng 2 my tnh. Vo NC/Link. Chn
COM(1,2,3,4) . Chn 1 my l Master, 1 my l Slaver. My no mun nhn
chng trnh my l Master. Sau khi nhn Link trn 2 my, kt ni xong
c th sao t my Slaver sang Master. Kt thc qu trnh bng my Master.
Qu trnh ci t- Ci t cc thit b ngoi vi: card m thanh, modem...
Nguyn tc chung l: thit b ngoi vi lm vic c th cn ci ng
Driver cho thit b ngoi vi . Nu ci khng ng loi driver th thit b ngoi
vi s khng lm vic hoc lm vic ch ti thiu.
VD: card mn hnh ci khng ng loi ch hin th c ti a 16 mu.
Card m thanh ci driver khng ng loi s khng pht m thanh mc d card
m thanh khng hng.
Ci t my in. X l cc rc ri v in n:
My in cng l mt thit b ngoi vi cn c driver iu khin nn khi ci
khng ng loi driver my in s khng hot ng c.
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Vi loi my in laser HP nu khng c driver khng ng loi c th ci

loi laser III chy cho tt c cc loi laser HP. Tuy nhin khng khai thc
c ht tnh nng ca cc loi HP ang s dng.
3.7 Ci t modem quay s s dng Internet
Cch ni modem vo my tnh
LINE PHONE
12V
COM1, 2
ng dy in thoi
Adaptor
PC
220V
Sau khi ci t modem xong cn to im truy nhp trn Windows

Hin nay cc vic ni my tnh vi mng Internet c thc hin qua cc
modem ADSL. Vic ci t modem cng ging nh ci t mt thit b ngoi vi
vo my tnh. Chng ta vn cn mt a CD cha Driver ca modem. Trn
modem c nhiu ng ni bng jc RJ45. Mt modem ADSL thng c 4 n
6 l RJ45. Nu mi l cm ny cm ti mt Hub hoc Switch th chng ta c
th cho php nhiu my truy nhp vo Internet.
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Tm c bi "i nt v cng ngh xDSL" trang web " QuanTriMang.com "

bi "Khi nim v dch v mega VNN" trang web "ptic.com"
Bi tp: Vit bo co v ADSL
Chng 4
Tng thnh v nng cp my tnh
4.4 La chn cc b phn tng thnh lp rp 1 my PC: Mainboard,
RAM, card mn hnh, card sound, I/O, cng , CD-ROM
4.1.1 Cc yu t cn xem xt trc khi tng thnh my:
H iu hnh g s c ci trn my ?
Tu theo cc h iu hnh s ci trn my m ta s c cc yu cu phn
cng khc nhau: Chng hn xt trn phng din b nh
Vi DOS : Ta ch cn 1 cu hnh my thp : 286,386...1MB b nh
l chy c nhiu ng dng
WINDOWS 3.X : Cng ch cn 4MB nh l
WINDOWS 98 : Cn 16MB
WINDOWS NT, 2000, XP chy y cc ng dng cn n 64MB v hn
na
S dng cc chng trnh ng dng g ?
My ch dy hc cc phn DOS , Pascal
My ch son tho vn bn
Ngoi cc ng dng thng thng cn cn truy nhp Internet , lp trnh
Java...cn c cu hnh mnh .
My chi tr chi in t : Ngoi cu hnh mnh cn cn c cc phn
cng c bit : Card h tr ho , Card m thanh ...
My dng cho cc cng vic iu khin c th :
Cc yu t v kinh t :
Li sut cng vic.
Kh nng p ng ti chnh trong khi tin hnh cng vic.
La chn cc b phn cu thnh:
Chn Mainboard :
Mainboard l nn tng ca tc v vy la chn ng n mainboard l
iu rt cn thit
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Ngoi cc cn c nh ni trn cn cn xem xt n kh nng nng cp v

sau nu c nhu cu (Thng cc mainboard c th cho php cm cc chip c
tc trong 1 khong ):
Bo Aristor chp Pentium II t t 233-450mhz
Bo P2XBL cm t 266-450 mHz
Bo azza PT-61B cm t 233-450mHz
Bo MSI - 6116 dng cho pentium II t 233-400mHz
...Ta c th tham kho trong thuyt minh my v c cc chuyn vin k thut
ni cung cp thit b.
Vi cc loi my c nu ta dng mainboard 386 th BIOS ch qun l cng
nh hn 540MB
Nu mainboard khng c khe cm card ho s khng s dng c cc
card ho chuyn dng ...
T 1 mainboard c th la chn ta c th tin hnh cc bc tip theo
Chn chip :
- Khi mua mainboard thng ta mua lun c chip
- Thng thng nh ni trn vi 1 mainboard c th cm nhiu loi chip
c th ta phi tham kho ti liu
- Khi la chn chip ta cng cn la chn loi qut lun,v nu qut khng ng
nht vi chip v hnh dng th khng th gn c vo chip lm mt
Chn cng :
Theo yu cu dung lng.
La chn RAM theo khe cm m rng
Cc loi mi hin nay u dng loi DIMM
Chn cc thit b ngoi vi khc :
Chn mm
Chut
Bn phm
Mn hnh
CD-ROM
Cc Card phi ghp
Chn ngun :
C cc loi ngun c cng sut 200-300W
m bo cho cc pht trin ta nn chn cng sut ca ngun n 300W
Chn v :
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Tu theo hnh dng kt cu ca mainboard chn v .

4.1.3 Tin hnh:
- KIm tra b ngun :
o in p : y l cng vic u tin quan trng cn lm. Ta bit rng
b ngun cung cp cc in p +12V,-12V,+5V,-5V, 3.3V cho cc IC trn bng
mch v cc thit b ngoi vi. Rt c th l b ngun chng ta mua v cho ra
cc in p khng ng yu cu. Nu cc ng cung cp in p cho ra cc
in p nh hn nh mc th my tnh s khng hot ng bnh thng; v
nghim trng hn li cho ra cc in p ln hn nh mc (do hng n p
chng hn) kt qu thm l thm hi !
Ni mn hnh v card mn hnh, RAM
Ni bn phm
Bt in kim tra: mn hnh, mainboard, RAM, card mn hnh, bn phm:
Sau 3 bc ny, khi my tnh c bt ln nu cc b phn mn hnh,
mainboard, RAM, card mn hnh, chip vi x l tt th mn hnh s sng. Km
theo c cc thng bo v thiu a cng, a mm. Nu mn hnh khng sng ta
phi p dng cc kin thc ca bi xc nh cc nguyn nhn gy khng sng
mn hnh .
Sau chuyn sang bc tip.
Ni card I/O
Ni mm. Khi ng my.
Chy SETUP thit lp cu hnh my.
Khi ng, xem xt cc trc trc:
Ht bc ny m khng c g trc trc xy ra th ta phi ghp c card
I/O v sau c mm vo bng mch chnh 1 cch trn tru. Ta phi phi ghp
dn dn tng thit b vo bi nu a ngay tt c vo m c vng mc 1 thit
b no s rt kh xc nh; cha k 1 sai hng ny li c th ko theo sai
hng khc
Ni cng, chut
Khi ng xem xt .
cng ca chng ta phi c ci h iu hnh. Nu my khi ng
thng sut th khng c vn g. Nu khng khi ng c ta phi xem li
a cng l chnh, bi my ca chng ta khi ng bng mm tt ri .
Ni CD-ROM, card m thanh
Chy th chng trnh
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Chy SCANDISK, DEFRAGMENT :

Bc chy SCANDISK ,DEFRAGMENT thc hin sau khi cc bc trn
thng sut nhm sp xp ti u ho a cng, m bo cho my tnh ca
chng ta hot ng trng thi tt nht. Cng vic ny nu lm ln u tin
cng tn kh nhiu thi gian, v cc a cng hin nay thng c dung lng
ln.
4.5 Cc nguyn tc phi hp mainboard - chip

my tnh lm vic theo ng iu kin tiu chun cn tun theo cc iu
kin sau:
Tc bus ni b ca chip <= tc bus thit lp trn mainboard
Tc xung ng h thc s = h s nhn * tc bus trn main board <=
tc xung ng h ca chip
in p thit lp trn mainboard<= in p ln nht cho php ca chip
Overclock:
L thut ng s dng ch vic thit lp ch xung ng h v in p lm
vic ca chip vt qu mc tiu chun. Trong thc t vic ny cha lm chip
hng ngay nhng s lm gim tui th ca chip. Nhng ci l ca nhng
ngi thch overclock l" Bn gi my tnh ca bn lm vic trong iu kin
chun th ch sau 1 nm my ca bn cng tr nn c so vi s pht trin
ca phn cng - v my ca ti sau 1 nm cng tr nn c. Nhng trong 1
nm my ca ti chy nhanh hn my ca bn".
Thc t cho thy c th overclock qu 10% vn trong gii hn an ton. Tuy
nhin khi chip chy s nng hn. Mun m bo c th thay cc qut tt
hn cho chip, hoc thm qut trong thng my.
4.6 Nng cp : Vic thay cng c dung lng ln hn khng c g kh khn
v khng i hi bin php k thut g hn. Khi thay Card mn hnh cn
ch khe cm c ng loi khn thng ng vi loi card my X. Cm
thm RAM cn ch mainboard hin thi c s dng c loi RAM nh
cm vo khng. V d mainboard ch cm c RAM bus 133MHz th
khng cm c RAM bus 266MHz...
Vic thm cc thit b CDROM cng khng c g cn ch c bit
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Ph lc
Chng trnh np li Master Boot khi b virus xm nhp
trnh nhng iu ng tic, trong khi my cn ang sch, bn nn

sao lu master boot v partition ca a cng ra 1 a mm "bo bi" khi cn
c th np li. Vic np li master boot trong bt k tnh hung no cng c tc
dng lm ti master boot v loi i mi rc ri dnh vo master boot .
Tin hnh khi my cn ang sch :
Bc 1 :
Dng Debug np Sector = 1, Track=0, Side=0, m a =80h vo 1 vng nh
no dnh cho ngi s dng (chng hn chn 4000:0) bng cc lnh
assembly nh sau:
A 100
MOV AX,0202
MOV DX,0080
MOV CX,0001
MOV DI,4000
MOV ES,DI
MOV BX,0
INT 13
INT 20
G
Sau lnh G(Go) 512 bytes ca master boot v bng Partition s c np vo
b nh t a ch 4000:0
C th xem 512 bytes ny bng lnh D(Dump) :
D 4000:0 L200
Bc 2 :
Chuyn 512 bytes t vng nh 4000:0 sang vng CS:100 bng lnh M(Move):
M 4000:0 L200 CS:100
Bc 3:
Lu 512bytes trn vo tp MastBoot.luu bng lnh :
N MastBoot.luu
R CX
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: 200
W
( Lnh R (Register) nhp vo thanh ghi CX s hexa 200h = 512 bytes)
Sau 3 bc ny trn a C: c file MastBoot.luu lu tr bng Partition. a
file ny vo a cu h . Khi gp trc trc master boot ta dng a cu h
khi ng. Ri np li master boot nh sau:
Bc 1 :
N Mastboot.luu
-L
Bc 2 :
M CS:100 L200 4000:0
Bc 3 :
MOV AX,0301
MOV DX,0080
MOV CX,0001
MOV DI,4000
MOV ES,DI
MOV BX,0
INT 13
INT 20
G
Sau lnh ny master boot li c ghi t file MastBoot.luu. Tr li sch s.
Chng trnh ny c th nghim phc hi masterboot c hiu qu
khi b vi rut nhim vo Masterboot .
Ta cng c th dng chng trnh ny lu Boot Record. Nu cng ch
c chia lm 1 th Boot Record nm ngay di Masterboot mt 1. ta ch
cn thay :
mov dx,0080 thnh mov dx 0180
Nu cng c chia lm nhiu a logic th ta dng chng trnh
Diskedit.exe xc nh a ch Boot Record ca Partition khi ng a
thng s vo cu lnh trn
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Chng trnh ct gi v phc hi thng tin trong CMOS
Program CMOS_Save_Restore;
uses crt,dos;
const FileName='CMOSINFO.SAV';
Var giatri,temp,i:byte;
F:file of byte;
{Thu tuc in thong bao loi}
Procedure Err_Handle;
Begin
Write('Error ! Program Terminated');
Halt(1);
End;
{ Ham doc va ghi CMOS vao file}
Function Read_CMOS:integer;
Begin
Assign(F,FileName);
{$I-} {Tat kiem tra vao ra de bat loi }
Rewrite(F);
{$I+}
If IOResult<>0 then Read_CMOS:=-1
Else
Begin
For i:=0 to 127 do
begin
Port[$70]:=i;
giatri:=Port[$71];
Write(F,giatri);
end;
Read_CMOS:=0;
Close(F);
End;
End;
{ Ham doc du lieu tu file & ghi vao CMOS}
Function Write_CMOS:integer;
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Begin
Assign(F,FileName);
{I-}
Reset(F);
{I+}
If IOResult<>0 then Write_CMOS:=-1
Else
Begin
For i:=0 to 127 do
begin
Read(F,temp);
giatri:=temp;
Port[$70]:=i;
Port[$71]:=giatri;
Port[$70]:=i+128;
Port[$71]:=giatri;
end;
Close(F);
Write_CMOS:=0;
End;
End;
{Thu tuc hien man hinh tro giup}
Procedure Help;
Begin
Writeln('Usage:CMOS S|s - Save CMOS Infor to file CMOSINFO.SAV');
Writeln(' CMOS W|w - Restore CMOS Info');
Writeln(' Press any key to continue ...!');
Readln;
End;
{Main Program}
BEGIN
Clrscr;
Writeln('CMOS Info - Save & Restore Utility');
Writeln('Cread Date 09/11/1999');
Writeln('---------------------');
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
If (ParamCount=0) then Help;

If (ParamCount=1) and (ParamStr(1)='W')or (ParamStr(1)='w') then
Begin
Write_CMOS;
If Write_CMOS=-1 then Err_Handle
Else Writeln('CMOS Updated . OK !');
End;
If (ParamCount=1) and (ParamStr(1)='S')or (ParamStr(1)='s') then
Begin
Read_CMOS;
If Read_CMOS=-1 then Err_Handle
Else Writeln('CMOS Saved . OK !');
End;
END.
Mt s tr vt vnh
1. To mn nh nn khi khi ng Windows:
Mun c 1 nh nn( Tranh v, nh chp..) theo mun khi khi ng Windows
ta lm nh sau :
- M chng trnh Painbrush, chn nh, tranh vo mn hnh son tho.
- t thuc tnh 320x400, sa cha, thm Text... theo mun.
- Ghi file. M Menu File t file l Wall paper.
End
2. To mn hnh nn khi tt my theo mun:
- M chng trnh Painbrush, m file C:\Windows\logos.sys
- t thuc tnh 320x400, sa cha, thm Text... theo mun.
- Ghi file "C:\ Windows\logos.sys"
End
3. Dng Registry ca Windows: t ng chy cc ng dng khi vo
Windows:
Chn Start/Run. Ti khung Open g REGEDIT :
M HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
\SOFTWARE
\Microsoft
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
106
Phm c Long
\Windows
\Current Version
\Run
T Menu chn Edit.New.String Value G vo " CHay Chuong trinh"
thay cho ch "New Value #1". Nhn p ln "Chay chuong trinh". Nhp vo
Value data tn ng dn chng trnh cn chy t ng. OK.
4. Th loa :
Chy debug
nh lnh:
o 61 23
Mun tt ting
o 61 25 ( S sau ln hn )
5. Xem ni dung nh u tin ca chng trnh khi ng:
Chy debug
d ffff:0000 l10 hoc d f000:fff0
Dch ngc :
u ffff:0000 l10
6. Xem chng trnh khi ng trong Boot Record:
Chuyn ni dung ca Boot record vo vng 4000:0 ri hin ra bng lnh D
dch ngc bng lnh U
7. Xo sector Partition :
Khi b virus khng cp nht Partition khi Fdisk ta lm nh sau:
- Chy debug. Nhp cc lnh:
debug
f200 l200 0
a100
mov ax,301
mov bx,200
mov cx,1
mov dx,0080
int 13
int 3
-G
-Q
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
107
Phm c Long
Th tc ny s tr li ton b d liu trn a khng truy nhp c. Cn

sao lu d phng h thng trc khi th nghim.
8. Sao lu Registry:
Vo Windows Explorer . Chn View.Folder Options. Nhn View chn Show all
files n OK. Sau to folder C:\Regbak. Vo Windows tm cc file system.dat
v user.dat, gi phm Ctr ko 2 file ny vo C:\Regbak.
Khi phc hi Registry :
Trc ht , thot khi Windows , khi ng t Mode DOS. Ti du nhc DOS
g nhng lnh sau vo v nhn Enter ti cui mi dng lnh.
attrib - r - s - h C:\regbak\*.*
attrib - r - s - h C:\windows\user.dat
attrib - r - s - h C:\windows\system.dat
copy C:\regbak\*.* C:\Windows/y
attrib + r + s + h C:\windows\user.dat
attrib + r + s + h C:\windows\system.dat
9. T ng xo folder temp
Chn Start.Run g lnh sysedit v nhn Enter np System Configuration
Editor. Vo ca s Autoexec.bat thm 2 dng sau:
Deltree/y c:\windows\temp
md c:\windows\temp
10. Xo hn 1 file:
Trong Windows explorer nhn phm phi vo file mun xo chn Delete with
wiping
11. Giu tn icon:
Chn
12. Thm nhp nhanh vo Desktop:
Chn Start\Run. G vo 1 du chm ri Enter>
13. ng tt c cc ca s cng 1 lc:
Nu m nhiu ca s , ng tng ci 1 s mt nhiu thi gian. Ta gi nt
Shift ri n nt Close ca s thp nht. Tt c cc ca s s c ng cng
lc.
14. Khi ng nhanh li my tnh:
Khi mun khi ng li Windows ta Nhn Start\Shut Down\Restart Computer.
Gi phm Shift v n yes ta ch khi ng li windows m khng khi ng li
my tnh.
15. Loi tr 1 s trc trc:
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
Nhn kp ln biu tng System trong Control Panel(Hoc nhn chut phi vo
My computer v ch Properties), chn nhn Performance v nhn vo nt
Graphics. Ta s thy 1 thanh v con trt c 4 nc t " None" n "Full". Di
chuyn thanh v bn tri 1 nc s loi tr cc trc trc v chut; hai nc s khc
phc cc ho t quan trng; ba nc s b qua b tng tc ho.
16. Ti u ho hot ng ca my tnh:
t my tnh ch Server Network:
Start\Seting\Control Panel\System\Perfommance\File system.
t Typical role of this Computer l Network server
Read-ahead optimization l Full
17. Thay biu tng:
Nhp chut phi ln dekstop chn properties \effect\change icon.
18. Thay i kch c ca Recycle Bin-Lm mt tc dng thng rc:
Nhp chut ln Recycle Bin chn properties nhp chut ln Global ch chc
nng use One seting for all Driver. Sau dch chuyn Maximum Size ca con
chy Recycle Bin sang tri t 10% mc nh xung kich sthc nh . Tt hn :
Chn hp c ghi dng ch :Do not move files to the Recycle Bin.
19. i tn thng rc-xo thng rc:
Start\Run\regedit\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID{ 645FF040-5081-101B9F80-00AA002F954E}. Nhp chut 2 ci ln Default v thay tn mi cho
Recycle Bin. Nu vo ShellFolder i attributes i cc s 40 01 00 20 thnh
70 01 00 20 th c th i tn thng rc nh nhng biu tng khc.
20. Loi b biu tng:
M Registry vo
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\sofware\Microsoft\Windows\Current
Version\explorer|Desktop\NameSpace. Chn 1 phm ch s- mt chui di cc
s v ch trong ngoc- trong th mc NameSpace, v tn biu tng tng ng
ca phm s xut hin trong bn phi di data. Khi tm thy biu tng mun
b, nhn phm phi trong bn tri v chn delete . ng
Registry , nhn 1 ci ln mn hnh, ri nhn F5 lm mi li mn hnh. Biu
tng s mt.
21. Xo DLL ca 1 chng trnh g b:
Chy Regedit \n Ctr+F nh vo tn dll mun tm. Chng trnh s dng li
dll mun tm. Trong ct data i vi mi entry c lit k trong khung phi ca
Regedit c 1 gi tr c ng ngoc Con s trong ngoc thng bo cho ta bit
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
109
Phm c Long
s chng trnh vi nhng kt ni c thit lp sn ti nhng file ny. Xem
hnh
22. B bn ghi t ng mi ln word khi ng:
Vo C:\Program Files\Microsoft office\Template xo file Normal.dot.
Ch "Stand by" and "Hybernation" pg110 5/2000
B bt cc mc trong menu pg97 5/00
Phn loi khe cm pg77 jan/98
Chun giao tip a cng 116 Mar/98
cm thay i mn hnh windows: cn dng chng trnh System Policy
Edit trong folder admin\apptools\edit ca a CD win9x
Qun l h thng my tnh pg106 ap/98
nng cp BIOS pg93 ap/98
cu registry ca my pg106 Nov\97
i tm kho bu pg74 dec\99 Chuyn kho v registry
Trong exell: M file mi, n F5, nh X97:L97 vo khung thoi reference
n OK. Nhn phm Tab 1 ln. Mt tay gi 2 nt CTRL v SHIFT tay kia dng
chut nhn vo nt" Graph Wizard". Hin tr chi.
KHi khng khi ng c Windows: xem trang 55 ca ti liu ny
To ra nhng Partition nh hn 512MB m vn s dng FAT32 ta dng tham
s b mt /FPRMT ca Fdisk y l 1 tham s khng c cng b ca
Microsoft v fdisk. Tham s b mt ca format to dng a vi kch thc
cluster bt k: "FORMAT/z:n" Trong n l s sector cho 1 cluster m bn
mong mun.pg106 12/97
Trn 1 s mainboard windows c th nhn dng sai thng s card i/o nu
windows ang ch " IRQ Steering" dn n card I/O khng lm vic c.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
110
Phm c Long
B ch ny bng cch vo Control Panel\System\System devicer\PCIbus xo

tu chn "use IRQ Steering".
Cch to li cho mng mi khi khi ng my:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE|Software\Microsoft\Windows\Currentversion\Winl
ogo
Ti ca s lm vic bn phi lc ny ln lt to 2 string Value:
- LegalNoticeCaption(Tn hp cho mng )
- LegalNoticeText ( Cha dng ch cho mng mi ln khi ng)
Nhp vo dng ch bn mun xut hin mi khi khi ng.
Phc hi cc file thanh ghi bng Scanreg/restore PG102 12/00
Sa a mm hng track 0 pg96, 97 12/00
Cc loi font ch pg82 12/00
DLL a ngc trn gian pg83 12/00
Standby: Ch m cc thit b I/O s dng nhiu in nh mn hnh,
a cng... u b tt ch c CPU v RAM cn hot ng cn lm vic tip
my s nhanh chng hin th li trng thi trc lc standby
Hybernation: Ch m cc thit b ca my u dng hot ng(nh tt my).
Nhng trc khi vo ch ny Windows lu trng thi lm vic hin hnh
vo a cng khi bn chy tip windows s khi phc li trng thi c ch
khng phi chy li t u.
T ng ngt modem:
Control Panel\ Modem\ Properties\ Connection:
t chn trong hp " Disconnect a call if idle ", chn thi gian ct t ng
modem.
IRQ v 1 s trc trc ci t pg116 11/99
NHNG T CHUYN MN THNG GP
ACPI-Advanced Configuration Power
Interface
AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
AMR Slot
CMOS-Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
Chipset
Giao din nng lng

cu hnh tin tin
Giao din ho tng tc
Khe cm card modem audio:
Cng ngh bn dn b oxit-kim loi
Chip tich hp iu khin hot ng
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
111
Phm c Long
CPU Clock Ratio

DDR-Double Date Rate
DIMM-Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM-Dynamic Random Access
Memory
DRM-Dual Retention Mechanism
ECP-Extended Capabilities Port
EPP-Enhanced Parallel Port
ESCD-Extended System
Configuration Data
ESD- Electrostatic Discharge
FDD
FSB-Front Side Bus
Game (Joystck/MIDI) Port
HDD
Host DRAM Clock Ratio
IDE-Integrated Dual Channel
Enhanced
Infrared Port
IRQ-Interrupt Request
ISA-Industry Standard Architecture
Jumper
Jumper Clear CMOS
Jumper CPU Multipller Selector
Jumper Frequency Selector
Jumper Keyboard Power On
LAN-Local Area Network
LBA-Logical Block Addressing
LED-Light Emitting Diod
Line In
gia cc lp tc khc nhau trong

my tnh
H s nhn CPU
Tc gp i -dng vi
c vit 2 ca RAM
Mo ul nh hai hng chn
RAM ng
C ch nh gp i
Cng my in song song nng lc m
rng
Cng my in song song tng cng
Cu hnh d liu h thng m rng
Phng tnh in
a mm
Bus FSB
Cng tr chi
a cng
Tn s bus RAM=Host Clock*h s
chn
Giao din ghp ni a cng, CD
Dng ni u hng ngoi vo
Yu cu ngt CPU
Chun ISA
Cu ni
Cu ni dng xo CMOS
Cu ni chn h s nhn
Cu ni chn tn s bus trn
mainboard
M my tnh bng bn phm
Mng cc b
a ch ho khi logic
Diot pht quang
u vo tn hiu
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
112
Phm c Long
Memory Frequency
Mic In
MIDI-Musical Interface Digital
Interface
Motherboard (Mainboard)
NIC-Netword Interface Card
OEM-Original Equipment
Manufacturer
OS-Operating System
On-Board
Parallel (Interface) Port
PCI/AGP Frequency
PCI-Peripheral Component
Interconnect
POST-Power On Self Test
Power On by Mouse (Keyboard)
Q-Flash Utility
Resum by Alarm
Serial (Interface) Port
Speaker Out
SRAM-Static Random Access
Memory
USB Universal Serial Bus
Wake On LAN
Wake On Modem
Tn s bus RAM
u vo Micro
Giao din m nhc s
Tm bng mch chnh
Card mng
Hng sn xut thit b gc
H iu hnh
Thit b tch hp trn mainboard
Cng truyn tin song song
Tn s bus PCI/AGP
Giao din PCI
Qu trnh my tnh t kim tra khi bt
u khi ng
M my bng chut/Bn phm
Phn mm np BIOS
M my t modem khi c chung
Cng truyn tin ni tip
ng loa ra
RAM tnh
Giao din truyn tin ni tip a nng
Cm u ni tt m qua mng LAN
Cm u ni tt m modem dng
phn mm +BIOS
Gi thch mt s khi nim:

AMR
AMR slot (Audio Modem Riser) slot is an industry standard slot that allow the
installation of a special audio/modem riser card. Different territories have
different regulations regarding the specifications of a modem card. You can
purchase an approved AMR card in your area and install it directly into the
AMR slot.
CAS Latency Time
First of all, what is CAS?
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
113
Phm c Long
"CAS" is short for "Column Address Strobe". A DRAM memory can be

thought of as a matrix, kind of like a spreadsheet with memory cells instead of
numbers and formulas. Like the spreadsheet, each cell has a row address and a
column address (like "AA57" or "R23C34" in the spreadsheet). As you might
have guessed, there is also a RAS signal, which is shorthand for "Row Address
Strobe".
And, what do you mean by "latency"?
Latency refers to the time that you are waiting to get what you need.
Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as "the interval between stimulus and
response".
Now, how does CAS work?
To understand this let's walk through a simplified version of how the
memory controller actually reads the memory. First, the chip set accesses the
ROW of the memory matrix by putting an address on the memory's address pins
and activating the RAS signal. Then, we have to wait a few clock cycles (known
as RAS-to-CAS Delay). Then, the column address is put on the address pins,
and the CAS signal is activated, to access the correct COLUMN of the memory
matrix. Then, we wait a few clock cycles -- THIS IS KNOWN AS CAS
LATENCY! -- and then the data appears on the pins of the RAM.
Tm c bi "CAS Latency: What is It? " trn trang web Memorysuppliers.com
AGP Mt s nh ngha
Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, an interface specification developed
by Intel Corporation. AGP is based on PCI, but is designed especially for the
throughput demands of 3-D graphics. Rather than using the PCI bus for
graphics data, AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel so that the
graphics controller can directly access main memory. The AGP channel is 32
bits wide and runs at 66 MHz ( and more higher. ...)
(Accelerated Graphics Port) is a PCI-based interface that was designed
specifically for demands of 3D graphics applications. The 32-bit AGP channel
directly links the graphics controller to the main memory. While the channel
runs at only 66 MHz, it supports data transmission during both the rising and
falling ends of the clock cycle, yielding an effective speed of 133 MHz
Xem thm "Howstuffwork.com"
Keyword: defineAGP, Howstuffworks How AGP Works
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
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Phm c Long
DDRAM
Short for Double Data Rate-Synchronous DRAM, a type of SDRAM that
supports data transfers on both edges of each clock cycle (the rising and falling
edges), effectively doubling the memory chip's data throughput. DDR-SDRAM
also consumes less power, which makes it well-suited to notebook computers.
DDR-SDRAM is also called SDRAM II. and DDRAM.
Keyword: What is DDRAM
FSB
Front-Side-Bus (FSB) is a term describing a Processor (CPU)-to-system
memory data bus. It has also known as CPU bus speed, external CPU speed,
memory bus and system bus. It is the speed that the CPU communicates with
RAM (memory). The front side bus on a computer connects the processor to the
north side bridge, which comprises the memory bus, PCI bus and AGP bus. In
general, a faster frontside bus means higher processing speeds and a faster
computer.
Keyword: What is FSB
SPD Mt s nh ngha
Short for serial presence detect, a category of information that is stored in
an EEPROM chip on a memory module and communicated to the BIOS when
the computer is booted. The SPD tells the BIOS the modules data, such as its
size, data width, manufacturer, speed, row and column addresses and voltage.
With the information the BIOS can configure the memory controller to
maximize performance and to reduce the chances of performance failures.
A programmable EEPROM chip on a memory module that provides
information to the system about the module's size, speed, CAS Latency and
chip architecture.
Serial Presence Detection (SPD) allows a small ROM chip on each
memory module to report memory properties. This allows fast detection of
installed memory by the system BIOS.
Keyword: What is SPD
Chipset
A number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related
functions. For example, one chipset may provide the basic functions of a
modem while another provides the CPU functions for a computer. Newer
chipsets generally include functions provided by two or more older chipsets. In
some cases, older chipsets that required two or more physical chips can be
replaced with a chipset on one chip.
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
115
Phm c Long
A group of chips that together make up a complete computer processing

unit, usually on one circuit board (the motherboard). It may include the main
central processor, graphics processors, secondary cache memory, and inputoutput controllers.
www.techwriter.co.nz/nerd-ad.html
A chipset is a group of integrated circuits (microchips) that can be used
together to serve a single function and are therefore manufactured and sold as a
unit. The most common chipset reference is the input/output control chips of a
motherboard.
www.cheap-computers-guide.com/computer-related-glossary.html
A group of microchips that actually control the flow of information on
your computer. They are the controllers for the memory, cache, hard drive,
keyboard, etc.. These groups of chips direct traffic along the bus and can allow
devices to talk to each other without having to go through the CPU.
www.pccomputernotes.com/pcterms/glossaryc.htm
Keyword: What is Chipset, What is a Motherboard Chipset?
Bi tp: Bo co v cc ch mainboard, a cng, CD ROM, my in, BIOS,

ADSL, chipset, b nh t bo a p.
Ni dung bo co:
o Lch s ra i
o Cu to nguyn l hot ng
o Cc thit b hin nay (Loi thit b ang kho st hin nay)
o Ti liu tham kho (Tn sch, tp ch - s thng my, tn trang
web,...)
Ti liutham kho
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
Michael Tishe, Cn nang lp trnh h thng T1,2, 2000

Vn Th Minh, K thut Vi x l, NXBGD, 1997
Trn Quang Vinh Cu trc my vi tnh, NXBGD, 1997
Ytha yu & Charles Marut Lp trnh hp ng v my vi tnh IBM - PC
The 8086 Family - Design, Programming and Interfacing
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
116
Phm c Long
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
Tp ch PC - World cc nm 1997-2004
http://w.w.w.howstuffwork.com
http://w.w.w Storage review.com
http://w.w.w.Memorysuppliers.com
http://w.w.w.QuanTriMang.com
http://w.w.w.ntfs.com
http://www.pccomputernotes.com
http://w.w.w.ptic.com
http://w.w.w.msn.com
http://www.award-bios.com
Thi Nguyn 1-2007
117

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MC LC

1.1 S tng qut ca h vi x l

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

1.11 Cc loi card ghp ni trn mainboard

3.1 Bn cht ca qu trnh ci t chng trnh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

1.5 Kin trc my tnh hin i ngy nay

Chipset l 1 chip tch hp chc nng ca nhiu con chip lm nhim v iu

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

1.6 Mainboard my tnh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Cc chng trnh my tnh trc khi thc hin c np vo b nh, nm trong

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

+ Con tr lnh PC( B m lnh) tr vo lnh sp thc hin

iu khin ra ngoi CPU

B gii m lnh: L mch logic t hp dng nhn dng ni dung thanh

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Thanh ghi a nng

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

B mn Cng ngh iu khin t ng

V d cp thanh ghi CS:IP s ch ra a ch ca lnh sp thc hin trong on

Hai file n ca DOS

d liu ca DOS v BIOS

Bng vector ngt

Mt chng trnh khi np vo trong b nh nm 4 vng(on):

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

- DS: Data Segment

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Dung lng cc thanh ghi trong 1 s vi x l hin i: T my 386 cc

Khi CPU lm vic vi 1 i tng, thng tin (d liu, lnh) ca i tng

Ngi c (CPU) s nhanh chng tm c cc quyn sch cn thit lin

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

ra ln bn trc mt cng theo nguyn tc (Tt nhin s sch by gi t

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Vn dng ng thay cho nhm :

Cng thi gian(9/1997) khi m Intel cng b b nh t bo a p (Chng ta s

PentiumII : 0,35micron IBM copper : 0,18micron

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

+ Gi thnh , kch thc.

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules ): Mdul nh 2 hng chn.

Kiu b nh Dung lng

Thi Nguyn 1-2007

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Dng ROM c k hiu 27(x)xxx: y l ROM thng ( Ch ghi 1 ln ) hoc

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

Bi ging bo tr v sa cha my tnh

a t : L a nha do, trn b mt c ph 1 lp bt t c c tnh lu gi

Thi Nguyn 1-2007