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3adapted)
Consideraventuriwithasmallholedrilledinthesideofthethroat.Thisholeisconnectedviaatubeto
aclosedreservoir.Thepurposeoftheventuriistocreateavacuuminthereservoirwhentheventuriis
placedinanairstream.(TheVacuumisdefinedasthepressuredifferencebelowtheoutsideambient
pressure.)Theventurihasathroattoinletarearatioof0.850.Theventuriisplacedinanairstreamof
90.0m/satstandardsealevelconditions.Assumetheflowisincompressible.
Findthevacuuminthereservoir.
Whatisthevelocityattheinlet?
Whatisthevelocityatthethroat?
Whatisthepressureattheinlet?
Whatisthepressureatthethroat?
Whatisthevacuuminthereservoir?
90 /
1
1 90.0 /
106 /
0.850
1.01 10
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1.225 /
90 /
1.01325 10
106 /
2
9.9400 10
1.01325 10
9.9400 10
1920
KuttaJoukowskiTheorum
Wederivedthisrelationshipbylookingatflowoveracircularcylinderwithavortex.
Thisisamodelofaspinningcylinder.
Wouldalsoroughlymodelacurveballortopspinonatennisball,ahookedgolfball,etc.
Theresulthowevercanbeappliedtoothergeometries
Circulationcanbedefinedaroundanyclosedcurve.Anyclosedcurvecontaininginaninviscid
irrotationalflowwillhaveacirculationofzero.
Iclosedcurvecontainingaspinningcylinderwillhavecirculationaswehaveseen.Suchaflowisinviscid
andirrotationaleverywhereexceptattheorigin.
Circulationcanalsobecalculatedaroundanairfoilandtheviscous,rotationalflowwithintheboundary
layer.
Wewillseethatwecanmodelanairfoilwithadistributedcollectionofsources,sinksandvortexflows.
Solongasthecurvearoundwhichweintegratethecirculationcontainsallthesevortexflowwewillbe
abletocalculateacirculationandapplytheKuttaJoukowskitheoremtodeterminethelift.
Realrotatingcylinderflows
Rotating(andnonrotating)cylinderflowscanbeproducedinthelaboratory.
Belowweseethreecasesofrealflowsoveracylinder.Thesearerealinthesensethattheviscous
effectsarenotnegligible.
Inthefirstcasewecanseethattherealflowisnotsymmetricfronttoback.Theflowonthebackside
doesnotsmoothlyfollowthecylinder.Itseparatesformingapairofvortices.
Thepressureinaseparatedregioniscloseto .Theinviscidtheorypredictedapressureattheaft
stagnationpointof
.
Thepressureintherealflowislowerthantheidealizedinviscidflow.Thepressuredifferenceinthereal
flowgeneratesaforcepushingthecylindertotheright.Thisisthedrag.
Exceptasotherwisenoted,allfiguresfromAnderson,Fund.Aero.
Nextifwelookattwocaseswithspinningcylindersintroducingvorticityintotheflow.
Inthefirstcase
4
andtherearetwostagnationpointsonthesurfaceofthecylinder
Inthesecondcase
4
andthetwostagnationpointslieinsideandoutsidethecylinder.We
couldonlyseetheoneoutsidethecylinder,anditisnotatallclear.
Forthelowercirculationcaseyoucanseethattheseparatedflowregionisdeflecteddownwardand
formssortofafatairfoilshape.
Streamlinesfartherfromthecylindertakeonanevenmoreairfoillikeshape.
Farenoughawayfromthecylinderyoucouldnottelliftheliftanddragweremadebyarotating
cylinderorbysomeairfoil.
Therearetwowaystoturnthesepotentialflowresultsintoanairfoilshape,theJoukowski
transformationandpanelmethods.
TheJoukowskitransformationistheclassical,elegantmathematicalmethodusedbeforecomputers.
Themathisbeyondthiscourse,butyoushouldbeawareofit.
Thepanelmethodisembeddedincomputercodes.Youneedtounderstandhowitworks,butnot
necessarilyenoughtowriteyourowncode.
Joukowskitransformation
TheJoukowskitransformationreliesonaconformalmappingwhichtransformsoneplaneofpoints
, intoanewdistortedplane
, whilepreservingseveralfeatures.Aconformal
mappingpreservestheanglesbetweencurves.Importantly,ifacurveinzsatisfiestheLaplace
equation,thenthetransformedcurveinwillalsosatisfytheequation.
ToapplytheJoukowskitransformationwepackxandyintoasinglecomplexnumberby
and
where
1
Yougetfrom to bythetransformation
Theyoucanunpacktheseparatecoordinates.
Thistransformationturnsacircleintoanumberofshapesasshownbelowdependingonwherethe
circleisinrelationtotheorigin.
FigurefromF.O.Smetana,IntroductoryAerodynamicsandHydrodynamicsofWingsandBodies:aSoftwareBasedApproach,1997,AIAAPress
Reston,VA.
Soifwestartwiththepotentialequationorstreamfunctionofaliftingcylinderafterthetransformation
wewillendupwithapotentialequationorstreamfunctionforaliftingflowoveranairfoil.
Wehavesomelimitedabilitytochangetheairfoil,changethecamberandthickness,butallwillbein
thefamilyofJoukowskiairfoilwithaninfinitesimaltrailingedge.
Intheearly20thcenturythiswasprettyhotstuff.
Oneadditionalfactorisimportant.
Ifyouchange onthecircle,
youwillchange aroundtheairfoil
youwillmovethestagnationpointsonthecircle
youwillmovethestagnationpointsontheairfoil
Itispossibletoproducestreamlinesliketheleftfigure,youmustchooseavalueof toputtheaft
stagnationpointatthetrailingedge.
ThisistheKuttaCondition.Itstatesthattheaftstagnationpointmustbeatthetrailingedge.
Ifyouchangetheangleofattack,youwillalsohavetochange inordertosatisfytheKuttaCondition.
SourcePanelMethod
Thesourcepanelmethodwillgivetheshapeofthestreamlinesurroundingabodyofarbitraryshape.
LaterinChapter4wewilladddistributedvortexsheetstoincludethecirculation.
RecallthatinmovingfromtheRankineOvaltoaflowoveracircularcylinderallwehadtodowasmove
thesourcesandsinks(negativesources)tochangetheshapeofthedividingstreamline.Ifwewanta
dividingstreamlinetorepresentanarbitrarybodywemayneedmorethanonesourceandmorethan
onesink.
Webeginbyconsideringadistributedsourcealongacurve whichisasourcestrengthperunitlength,
andmaybeafunctionofs(orofrand).Notethat canbepositiveinsomeplacesandnegativein
otherssoitrepresentssinksaswellassources.
TheinfluenceofthissourceelementatapointPsomedistanctrfromdscanbecapturedinapotential
function
2
ln
Thecompletepotentialfunctionisthenfoundbyintegrating
ln
Wecanproduceasourcesheettorepresentanyshapewewant
Andthusproducenonliftingstreamlinesaroundanarbitraryshape.
Wecansimplifythingsforourselvesandmaketheproblemfriendlytocomputersolutionbydiscritizing
ourarbitraryshapeintoaseriesofflatsectionsnumberedi=1ton.Weassume isconstantalingthe
lengthofeachpanelbutmaybedifferentfromonepaneltothenext.
Wecanthenconsiderthepotentialfunctionatanypoint
, withisadistance fromthejth
element.Weintegratealongthelengthofthepanel
ln
ThetotalpotentialfunctionatPisthen
Ifweknowthat
ln
then
Wenowhaveanequationinnunknowns forj=1ton.
Weneednequationstosolvethis.Wewillfindthesebyapplyingtheconsequencesofthepotential
functionatnlocationswhereweknowthevelocitydirection.
Wewillsolvethevelocityatnlocations fori=1ton.
Alongthesurfaceofthebodythevelocitymustbetangenttothebody.
Sincetheequationsarealllinearwecanaddupthepotentialfunctions,orwecanaddupthestream
functionsorwecanaddupthevelocitycomponents.Wewilladdupthevelocitycomponentsnormalto
thesurface.Iftheflowistangenttothesurfacethenthesumofthevelocitiesinducedbythe
freestreamandallnsources(orsinks)mustbezero.
Webeginwiththecomponentofthefreestreamvelocity ,
Forthevelocityinducedbythesources(sinks)atpointi
0.Where
Thisworksforanypointwhere
wecanshowthat
ln
/2sowehave
cos
Theintegrals
ln
Andtheangles
Areallfunctionsofgeometryonlyandcanbecalculated
Sowhatwehaveisnownequationsinnunknowns forI=1ton.
Thiscanbesolvedeasilyinmatrixforminacomputer.
Byasimilarconstructionwecanbuildupanequationforthetangentialvelocityateachpoint
sin
ln
Withthiswecanfindthepressurecoefficientateachpointi
Sinceweknow , andtheareaofeachpanelandtheangleofeachpanelwecansumtheseuptoget
theliftanddragcoefficients
Inclassproblem(Anderson3.18)
Theliftonaspinningcircularcylinderinafreestreamwithavelocityof30m/sandatstandardsealevel
conditionsis6.0N/mofspan.Calculatethecirculationaroundthecylinder.
6.0 /
30 /
1.225 /
0.16