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Inclassproblem(Anderson3.

3adapted)

Consideraventuriwithasmallholedrilledinthesideofthethroat.Thisholeisconnectedviaatubeto
aclosedreservoir.Thepurposeoftheventuriistocreateavacuuminthereservoirwhentheventuriis
placedinanairstream.(TheVacuumisdefinedasthepressuredifferencebelowtheoutsideambient
pressure.)Theventurihasathroattoinletarearatioof0.850.Theventuriisplacedinanairstreamof
90.0m/satstandardsealevelconditions.Assumetheflowisincompressible.

Findthevacuuminthereservoir.

Whatisthevelocityattheinlet?
Whatisthevelocityatthethroat?
Whatisthepressureattheinlet?
Whatisthepressureatthethroat?
Whatisthevacuuminthereservoir?

90 /

1
1 90.0 /
106 /
0.850

1.01 10

1
1

2
2

1
1

2
2

1
1.225 /
90 /

1.01325 10
106 /
2

9.9400 10

1.01325 10
9.9400 10
1920

KuttaJoukowskiTheorum

Wederivedthisrelationshipbylookingatflowoveracircularcylinderwithavortex.

Thisisamodelofaspinningcylinder.
Wouldalsoroughlymodelacurveballortopspinonatennisball,ahookedgolfball,etc.

Theresulthowevercanbeappliedtoothergeometries

Circulationcanbedefinedaroundanyclosedcurve.Anyclosedcurvecontaininginaninviscid
irrotationalflowwillhaveacirculationofzero.

Iclosedcurvecontainingaspinningcylinderwillhavecirculationaswehaveseen.Suchaflowisinviscid
andirrotationaleverywhereexceptattheorigin.

Circulationcanalsobecalculatedaroundanairfoilandtheviscous,rotationalflowwithintheboundary
layer.

Wewillseethatwecanmodelanairfoilwithadistributedcollectionofsources,sinksandvortexflows.
Solongasthecurvearoundwhichweintegratethecirculationcontainsallthesevortexflowwewillbe
abletocalculateacirculationandapplytheKuttaJoukowskitheoremtodeterminethelift.

Realrotatingcylinderflows

Rotating(andnonrotating)cylinderflowscanbeproducedinthelaboratory.

Belowweseethreecasesofrealflowsoveracylinder.Thesearerealinthesensethattheviscous
effectsarenotnegligible.

Inthefirstcasewecanseethattherealflowisnotsymmetricfronttoback.Theflowonthebackside
doesnotsmoothlyfollowthecylinder.Itseparatesformingapairofvortices.

Thepressureinaseparatedregioniscloseto .Theinviscidtheorypredictedapressureattheaft
stagnationpointof
.

Thepressureintherealflowislowerthantheidealizedinviscidflow.Thepressuredifferenceinthereal
flowgeneratesaforcepushingthecylindertotheright.Thisisthedrag.

Exceptasotherwisenoted,allfiguresfromAnderson,Fund.Aero.

Nextifwelookattwocaseswithspinningcylindersintroducingvorticityintotheflow.

Inthefirstcase
4
andtherearetwostagnationpointsonthesurfaceofthecylinder

Inthesecondcase
4
andthetwostagnationpointslieinsideandoutsidethecylinder.We
couldonlyseetheoneoutsidethecylinder,anditisnotatallclear.

Forthelowercirculationcaseyoucanseethattheseparatedflowregionisdeflecteddownwardand
formssortofafatairfoilshape.

Streamlinesfartherfromthecylindertakeonanevenmoreairfoillikeshape.

Farenoughawayfromthecylinderyoucouldnottelliftheliftanddragweremadebyarotating
cylinderorbysomeairfoil.

Therearetwowaystoturnthesepotentialflowresultsintoanairfoilshape,theJoukowski
transformationandpanelmethods.

TheJoukowskitransformationistheclassical,elegantmathematicalmethodusedbeforecomputers.
Themathisbeyondthiscourse,butyoushouldbeawareofit.

Thepanelmethodisembeddedincomputercodes.Youneedtounderstandhowitworks,butnot
necessarilyenoughtowriteyourowncode.

Joukowskitransformation

TheJoukowskitransformationreliesonaconformalmappingwhichtransformsoneplaneofpoints
, intoanewdistortedplane
, whilepreservingseveralfeatures.Aconformal
mappingpreservestheanglesbetweencurves.Importantly,ifacurveinzsatisfiestheLaplace
equation,thenthetransformedcurveinwillalsosatisfytheequation.

ToapplytheJoukowskitransformationwepackxandyintoasinglecomplexnumberby

and

where
1

Yougetfrom to bythetransformation

Theyoucanunpacktheseparatecoordinates.

Thistransformationturnsacircleintoanumberofshapesasshownbelowdependingonwherethe
circleisinrelationtotheorigin.

FigurefromF.O.Smetana,IntroductoryAerodynamicsandHydrodynamicsofWingsandBodies:aSoftwareBasedApproach,1997,AIAAPress
Reston,VA.

Soifwestartwiththepotentialequationorstreamfunctionofaliftingcylinderafterthetransformation
wewillendupwithapotentialequationorstreamfunctionforaliftingflowoveranairfoil.

Wehavesomelimitedabilitytochangetheairfoil,changethecamberandthickness,butallwillbein
thefamilyofJoukowskiairfoilwithaninfinitesimaltrailingedge.

Intheearly20thcenturythiswasprettyhotstuff.

Oneadditionalfactorisimportant.

Ifyouchange onthecircle,
youwillchange aroundtheairfoil
youwillmovethestagnationpointsonthecircle
youwillmovethestagnationpointsontheairfoil

Itispossibletoproducestreamlinesliketheleftfigure,youmustchooseavalueof toputtheaft
stagnationpointatthetrailingedge.

ThisistheKuttaCondition.Itstatesthattheaftstagnationpointmustbeatthetrailingedge.

Ifyouchangetheangleofattack,youwillalsohavetochange inordertosatisfytheKuttaCondition.

SourcePanelMethod

Thesourcepanelmethodwillgivetheshapeofthestreamlinesurroundingabodyofarbitraryshape.
LaterinChapter4wewilladddistributedvortexsheetstoincludethecirculation.

RecallthatinmovingfromtheRankineOvaltoaflowoveracircularcylinderallwehadtodowasmove
thesourcesandsinks(negativesources)tochangetheshapeofthedividingstreamline.Ifwewanta
dividingstreamlinetorepresentanarbitrarybodywemayneedmorethanonesourceandmorethan
onesink.

Webeginbyconsideringadistributedsourcealongacurve whichisasourcestrengthperunitlength,
andmaybeafunctionofs(orofrand).Notethat canbepositiveinsomeplacesandnegativein
otherssoitrepresentssinksaswellassources.

TheinfluenceofthissourceelementatapointPsomedistanctrfromdscanbecapturedinapotential
function
2

ln

Thecompletepotentialfunctionisthenfoundbyintegrating

ln

Wecanproduceasourcesheettorepresentanyshapewewant

Andthusproducenonliftingstreamlinesaroundanarbitraryshape.

Wecansimplifythingsforourselvesandmaketheproblemfriendlytocomputersolutionbydiscritizing
ourarbitraryshapeintoaseriesofflatsectionsnumberedi=1ton.Weassume isconstantalingthe
lengthofeachpanelbutmaybedifferentfromonepaneltothenext.

Foreachflatpanelwedefinewecanfigureoutthe and positionofitscenterandtheangleit


makeswiththefreestreamdirection.Thislastwereferencetotheoutwardpointingnormalwiththe
angle .

Wecanthenconsiderthepotentialfunctionatanypoint
, withisadistance fromthejth
element.Weintegratealongthelengthofthepanel

ln

ThetotalpotentialfunctionatPisthen

Ifweknowthat

ln

then

Wenowhaveanequationinnunknowns forj=1ton.

Weneednequationstosolvethis.Wewillfindthesebyapplyingtheconsequencesofthepotential
functionatnlocationswhereweknowthevelocitydirection.

Wewillsolvethevelocityatnlocations fori=1ton.

Alongthesurfaceofthebodythevelocitymustbetangenttothebody.


Sincetheequationsarealllinearwecanaddupthepotentialfunctions,orwecanaddupthestream
functionsorwecanaddupthevelocitycomponents.Wewilladdupthevelocitycomponentsnormalto
thesurface.Iftheflowistangenttothesurfacethenthesumofthevelocitiesinducedbythe
freestreamandallnsources(orsinks)mustbezero.

Webeginwiththecomponentofthefreestreamvelocity ,

Forthevelocityinducedbythesources(sinks)atpointi

0.Where

Thisworksforanypointwhere

wecanshowthat

ln

/2sowehave

cos

Theintegrals
ln

Andtheangles

Areallfunctionsofgeometryonlyandcanbecalculated

Sowhatwehaveisnownequationsinnunknowns forI=1ton.

Thiscanbesolvedeasilyinmatrixforminacomputer.

Byasimilarconstructionwecanbuildupanequationforthetangentialvelocityateachpoint

sin

ln

Withthiswecanfindthepressurecoefficientateachpointi

Sinceweknow , andtheareaofeachpanelandtheangleofeachpanelwecansumtheseuptoget
theliftanddragcoefficients

Inclassproblem(Anderson3.18)

Theliftonaspinningcircularcylinderinafreestreamwithavelocityof30m/sandatstandardsealevel
conditionsis6.0N/mofspan.Calculatethecirculationaroundthecylinder.

6.0 /

30 /
1.225 /

0.16

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