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Steelconcrete composite structures are now increasingly used in Brazil and are the subject of significant research
by the countrys leading universities. This paper summarises the typology, state of the art and usage of steel
composite structures from a Brazilian perspective. It presents the concepts, definitions and design philosophy for
basic structural elements, including composite slabs, beams and columns, and also for various types of connections.
Summaries of the extensive research findings are presented for each composite element. The paper concludes with
a call for all the research results to be condensed into a single design manual, which in turn will help Brazils fastgrowing construction industry take full advantage of the benefits of composite construction techniques.
1. Introduction
Steelconcrete composite construction was introduced to Brazil
in the 1960s. However, owing to the economic crisis in the country
in the 1980s, there was a signiicant reduction of steel use and a
consequent decrease in the use of composite systems. But with the
countrys newly achieved economic stability, composite elements
became commonplace again in the 1990s, provoking signiicant
interest among researchers. Top Brazilian universities including
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1. Examples of steelconcrete elements in structural systems of buildings in Brazil: (a) partially enclosed columns were used in this garage
building in So Paulo; (b) composite slabs and beams form this shopping centre in Salvador; (c) composite slabs, beams and concrete-filled tube
columns feature in this office building in So Paulo
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(a)
(b)
Concrete
(c)
Reinforcing bars
Concrete slab
Reinforcing
bars
Profiled
steel
sheeting
Encased column
Partially
encased column
Steel beam
Concrete
Filled column
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(a)
(b)
130
490
480
480
480
480
490
250
75
125
12.5
Stud bolt
19 mm
125
6.3
250
130
(c)
60
237.5
60
75
Stud bolt
19 mm
2900
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(a)
(b)
start of the research group on the subject and the beginning of a very
productive period when many different aspects of the composite
structures were studied.
The research focused on the evaluation of parameters affecting the
coninement provided by the steel tubes over the concrete core, such
as the relation between width D and thickness t of the tubes crosssections. The research was also the irst to use high-strength (around
50 MPa) concrete for illing the tube.
Subsequently another experimental programme was performed
with the intention of investigating concrete-illed tube columns of
square cross-sections under eccentric compression (De Nardin, 2003).
In this case, procedures to introduce eccentric load were evaluated, as
well as the inluence of the existing bond at the interface between
steel section and concrete core.
For columns of square cross-section, both studies reported the
presence of local buckling of the steel section, but only in the postpeak loading phase, and this phenomenon was not a failure mode
(Figure 5). In all tested specimens failure was observed due to the
combination of concrete crushing and steel yielding.
The study of local load introduction zones for partially encased
composite columns subjected to axial eccentric loads was also
undertaken. Numerical models were used to represent the column
behaviour and to evaluate the effect of the interface between the steel
section and the surrounding concrete (Mantovani, 2006).
The importance of shear-transfer mechanisms between concrete and
steel in composite columns was also investigated. An experimental
programme was conducted to understand the role of shear connectors
placed on the interface (De Nardin and El Debs, 2007). The contribution
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of headed stud bolts and angles to improve the shear resistance of the
steelconcrete interface was tested using push-out tests.
Steel H- or I-sections are generally used in partially encased
columns, with the composite behaviour usually being achieved
by means of shear connectors placed on the lange and web of the
sections. Numerical models were used to analyse the shear transfer
on the steelconcrete interface, with special focus on the load
introduction regions (Gaiga, 2008).
The analysis of the previous results showed the importance
of understanding the mechanisms of loading transference from
the beams and loors to the columns, and also the inluence of
connection details on this behaviour. The next step was thus to
study the contribution of several types of shear connectors, such as
headed stud bolts and angles, to improve the shear resistance of the
steelconcrete interface in through-bolted connections on the load
transfer mechanisms (Silva, 2006). The comprehension of the real
mechanism of transferring loads from beams and loors to columns
was also researched through testing complete connections (Farias,
2008). A general view of the specimens tested and the loading setup utilised by Farias (2008) are shown in Figure 6.
Another study was developed using physical models similar to
those tested by Silva (2006), but this time the connection region
was subjected only to shear forces (Araujo, 2009) in push-out tests.
Details of this research can be viewed in Figure 7.
750 mm
800 mm
25 mm
25 mm
25 mm
25 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
125 mm
25 mm
25 mm
150 mm
Concrete
125 mm
125 mm
Endplate
750 mm
125 mm
Through
bolt
125 mm
150 mm
25 mm
200 mm
100 mm
100 mm
6.3 mm
56 88 56
mmmmmm
200 mm
200 mm
Stud bolt
19.1 mm
L-50 x 6.35 mm
Load applied on
concrete core
300 mm
400 mm
1245 mm
Reaction on
endplates
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stability. Taking into account the contribution of the existing slab and
its negative reinforcement can make the design more economic since
most of the connections present a semi-rigid behaviour when a more
realistic hypothesis is considered.
A connection is considered as composite when the slab contributes
to the transfer of moments from beam to column or from beam to
beam. As an example, Figure 9 shows a connection using a crossplate, classiied as lexible if the presence of the slab is not considered,
but it is semi-rigid when the composite behaviour is considered. How
to achieve this composite behaviour is something various studies on
beamcolumn connections performed in Brazil are investigating.
Figure 9. Composite connection with a cross-plate tested by De Nardin and El Debs (2012)
25
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3. Conclusion
As can be seen from the research studies presented, composite
elements and structural systems are becoming of major interest to
Brazilian researchers as the industrialisation of the construction process
becomes necessary. The real obstacle is the lack of standardised details
on the elements and connections, which is the main objective of most of
the presented studies. Also a complete knowledge of the shear-transfer
mechanisms would make it possible to optimise the elements and to
produce more economic and eficient systems.
Regarding the behaviour of complete systems, the connections
are without doubt the most important choice that the designers and
producers must make. In this way, some comparative studies of
connections using several different details were undertaken, giving
information to allow better solutions to be adopted.
Finally, the slabs contribution to the rigidity of the connection
was also evaluated, showing that slabs have great inluence on the
behaviour of composite systems and therefore this effect needs to be
included in the design model.
The next goal to make composite structures a more popular solution
in Brazil will be the distillation of all research results into a design
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the inancial support given
by Fapesp Sao Paulo State Research Support Foundation, as inancial
aid of Brazilian federal research foundations CAPES and CNPq.
References
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