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Chapter 14
Straight Lines and Regions
This chapter deals with the use and application of various standard forms of the equation
of the straight line and the graphing of regions on the number plane.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
find the equation of a straight line
rearrange equations of straight lines into various forms
sketch straight lines given their intercepts
demonstrate that two lines are perpendicular if the product of their gradients is 1
find the equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line
graph a variety of regions of the number plane involving straight lines.
438
Diagnostic Test
1
B y = 2x 7
C y = 2x 2
D y = 2x + 7
B 3x 2y = 8
3
D y = --- x + 8
2
A y = x 1
B y=x+5
A 4 and 3
B 3 and 4
C y = 3x 7
D y = x + 1
C 4 and 3
D 3 and 4
10
y
3
2
11
1
3 2 1
x
1
--- x 1
A y= 2
3
3
B y = --- x 1
2
C y = x + 3
D y = 2x 1
12
B isosceles
C equilateral
D right angled
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
--- x 2
In general form y = 1
--- is:
2
3
A 6y 3x + 4 = 0 B 3x 6y 4 = 0
--- x y 2
--- = 0
C 3x + 2y 2 = 0 D 1
2
3
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
2
3
3 4
14
y
2 y
4 3 2
2 1
1
1
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
3 4
2
3
3 4
2
3
5
5
6
7
8
9
4
3
2
1
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
2 y
3 4
x
4 3 2
2 1
1
2
3
5
5
6
8
9
x
1
3 4
2
3
13
3 4
y
4
2
3
3 2
2 1
1
2 y
x
4 3 2
2 1
1
y
4
2
3
3
2
1
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
3 4
2
3
A x 3 and y < 2
5
5
6
8
9
3 4
439
440
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
15
68
9, 10
11
12, 13
14
Section
A and B
A. EQUATIONS OF LINES
The equation of a line is the simplest relationship that connects the x and y values for
every point on the line.
Some of these are (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5).
2
1
3 2 1
x
1
2
3
3 4
4
y
Similarly, this line contains the points (5, 1), (4, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3),
(0, 4), (1, 5) and so on.
3
1
i.e. x + y = 4
Thus the equation of the line is x + y = 4.
2 1
x
1
2
3 4
If a straight line has gradient m and passes through the point with coordinates (x1, y1),
yy
x x1
Proof:
y
P(x2,y2)
Q(x1,y1)
x
Example 1
Find the equation of the line through (1, 2) having a gradient of 4.
The equation of the line is y y1 = m(x x1) where (x1, y1) = (1, 2) and gradient m = 4.
y 2 = 4(x (1))
y 2 = 4(x + 1)
y 2 = 4x + 4
y = 4x + 6
Exercise 14A
1
1
--3
( 1--2
1 1--2-
) with gradient 4
441
442
Example 2
Find the equation of the line that passes through the points A(1, 5)
and B(2, 3).
First we find the gradient of AB using
y2 y1
m = --------------y2 x1
[use (1, 5) for (x1, y1) and (2, 3) for (x2, y2)]
35
m = -------------------2 ( 1 )
8
m = --3
Second, find the equation of the line using
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
8
y 5 = --- ( x ( 1 ) )
3
8
y 5 = --- ( x + 1 )
3
8
8
y = --- x --- + 5
3
3
8
7
y = --- x + --3
3
1
8
or y = --- x + 2 --3
3
Find the equation of the line passing through the following pairs of points.
a A(2, 3) and B(4, 7)
b A(0, 2) and B(2, 4)
c A(1, 3) and B(5, 5)
d A(6, 3) and B(4, 1)
e A(5, 2) and B(2, 5)
f P(0, 0) and Q(3, 5)
g P(3, 5) and Q(1, 2)
h L(3, 2) and M(0, 4)
i X(2, 2) and Y(3, 1)
j X(0, 6) and Y(4, 0)
Example 3
Find the equation of the line that cuts the y-axis at 3 and the x-axis at 2.
The y-axis is cut when x = 0, i.e. (0, 3) is one point.
The x-axis is cut when y = 0, i.e. (2, 0) is the other point.
y2 y1
Gradient, m = --------------x2 x1
03
= ----------------20
3
= -----2
3
= --2
But, y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y 3 = --- (x 0)
2
3
y 3 = --- x
2
3
i.e. y = --- x + 3
2
Proof:
Since the y-intercept is b, the point (0, b) lies on the line.
Example 1
Find the equation of the line with gradient 3 and y-intercept 2.
Since m = 3 and b = 2, the equation is y = 3x + 2.
443
444
Exercise 14B
1
d
f
Example 2
Find the equation of the line below.
(0, 2) and (4, 3) lie on the line
32
1
gradient is = ------------ = --40
4
1
i.e. m = --- and b = 2
4
1
equation is y = --- x + 2
4
y
4
3
(4, 3)
2
1
x
1
c
y
4
3
(2, 3)
(3, 3)
x
1
x
1
y
3
x
x
(2, 3) 2
4 3 2 1
x
2 1
3 2 1
(4, 3)
c
G
slope 13
1
1
x
1
2 1
t
2 1
1
2
e
M
F
5
2
1
g
1
1
1
(10, 2)
x2
1
10
f
p
n
1
1
2
3
(6, 3)
Check the
variable on each
axis.
5
6
Example 3
Use y = mx + b to find the equation of the line passing through (3, 5) with
gradient 3.
y = mx + b
i.e. y = 3x + b
We substitute x
5
5
14
i.e. y
=
=
=
=
=
3 and y = 5
3 ( 3 ) + b
9+b
b
3x + 14
445
446
b
d
f
h
j
Example 4
Find a given that (a, 1) lies on the line y = 2x + 3.
Substitute x = a and y = 1 into the equation y = 2x + 3.
1 = 2(a) + 3
1 = 2a + 3
4 = 2a
a = 2
Find a given that each point below lies on the line with the given equation.
a (a, 3)
y = 2x 1
b (a, 2)
y=4x
c (4, a)
y= x+3
d (2, a)
y = 1 3x
Example 5
Draw the graph of the line with equation y = 2x + 1.
Method 1
Table of values:
x
Method 2
2
y-intercept is 1 and gradient is -----1
start at 1 on y-axis, x-step of 1,
then y-step of 2.
y
y=
2x
+1
2
1
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
3 4
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
x
2
3 4
c y = x + 3
f y = 2x 2
3
i y = --- x 1
4
Example 1
Write, in general form, the equations
a y = 3x 1
y = 3x 1
0 = 3x y 1 (subtracting y)
(swapping sides)
3x y 1 = 0
2
y = --- x + 4
3
2
y = --- x + 4
3
2
0 = --- x y + 4
3
0 = 2x 3y + 12
2x 3y + 12 = 0
2x + 3y 12 = 0
(subtracting y)
(multiplying by 3)
(swapping sides)
(multiplying by 1
so that A 0)
Exercise 14C
1
b y = 5x 2
d y = 2x 5
e y = 3x + 4
1
g y = --- x 5
2
2
1
j --- y = --- x + 1
3
4
2
h y = --- x 3
3
1
3
k y = --- x --2
4
c y = 2x + 5
1
f y = --- x + 2
2
3
2
i y = --- x --4
3
1
1
l --- y = x + --5
2
447
448
Example 2
Rewrite the equation 4x 3y 12 = 0 in the form y = mx + b and hence find the
gradient and y-intercept.
4x 3y 12 = 0
4x 12 = 3y
(adding 3y to both sides)
3y = 4x 12 (swapping sides)
4
(dividing by 3)
y = --- x 4
3
4
gradient is --- m = and y-intercept is 4.
3
Rewrite the following equations in y = mx + b form and hence find the gradient and
y-intercept.
a x + 2y 4 = 0
b 3x + 2y 24 = 0
c 2x y + 4 = 0
d 4x 2y 6 = 0
e 5x + 2y + 10 = 0
f 3x + 2y 8 = 0
g 4x y 6 = 0
h 3x 2y + 17 = 0
i 8x 2y 7 = 0
Find b if each point below lies on the line with the given equation.
a (2, b)
x + 2y = 4
b (1, b)
3x 4y = 6
c (b, 4)
5x + 2y = 1
d (b, 3)
4x y = 8
Example 3
Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line with equation 4x 3y 12 = 0.
x-intercept when y = 0
y-intercept when x = 0
4x 3(0) 12 = 0
4(0) 3y 12 = 0
4x 12 = 0
3y 12 = 0
4x = 12
3y = 12
x =3
i.e. x-intercept is 3
4
y = 4
i.e. y-intercept is 4
c 2x y + 6 = 0
f 3x + 2y 5 = 0
i 9x 2y 5 = 0
Example 4
Draw the graph of the line with equation 5x 3y 15 = 0.
Find the x-and y-intercepts
If x = 0
5(0) 3y 15 = 0
If y = 0
5x 3(0) 15 = 0
3y 15 = 0
5x 15 = 0
3y = 15
5x = 15
y = 5
y-intercept is 5
x=3
x-intercept is 3
5(1) 3y 15 = 0
5 3y 15 = 0
2
1
3y 10 = 0
3y = 10
10
y = -----3
10
(1, ------ ) is on the line.
3
4 3 2 1
x
1
3 4
2
3
4
5
c 2x 3y 4 = 0
f xy+5=0
i x 2y = 0
Investigation 1
WM: Reasoning, Communicating, Applying Strategies
Graphs of lines
1
a On the same number plane draw the straight lines with equations
y = 2x, y = 2x + 1, y = 2x 3, y = 3x + 1
b What do you notice about these lines?
449
450
a On the same number plane draw the straight lines with equations
y = 3x + 1, 3x + y 2 = 0, 6x + 2y + 3 = 0.
b What do you notice about these three lines?
c Rewrite the second two lines in y = mx + b form and find their gradients.
a On the same number plane draw the straight lines with equations
1
y = 2x + 1 and y = --- x + 2.
2
b What do you notice about these lines?
Example 1
a Find the equation of the line parallel to the line y = 5x 7 passing through the
point (2, 3).
b Find the equation of the line parallel to the line 3x 6y + 8 = 0 passing through the
point (1, 2).
Use a graphics
calculator.
y
3
3
13
y
=
=
=
=
=
5x + b
5 ( 2 ) + b (substituting (2, 3))
10 + b
b
5x + 13 is the equation of the line.
1
So gradient = --- .
2
1
Use y y1 = m(x x1) with m = --- and (1, 2) for (x1, y1)
2
1
y (2) = --- (x (1))
2
1
1
1
y + 2 = --- (x + 1) = --- x + --2
2
2
1
1
y = --- x 1 --2- is the equation of the line.
2
Exercise 14D
1
y = 2x
y = 4 3x
x 2y + 3 = 0
2x + 3y 5 = 0
with y-intercept 2, that is parallel to the line segment joining (7, 5) and the origin
451
452
Example 2
a Is the line y = 3x 5 perpendicular to the line 2x + 6y + 9 = 0?
b What is the gradient of the line perpendicular to the line 5x 2y + 4 = 0?
c Find the equation of the line passing through (6, 3) perpendicular to the line
2
y = --- x + 4.
3
a y = 3x 5 has gradient m1 = 3
We rearrange 2x + 6y + 9 = 0 to find its gradient.
6y = 2x 9
2x 9
y = --------- --6
6
1
1
3
y = --- x ---, and so had gradient m2 = --3
3
2
1
Now m1 m2 = 3 --- = 1 the lines are perpendicular.
3
b Rearrange 5x 2y + 4 = 0 into y = mx + b form.
5x 2y + 4 = 0
5x + 4 = 2y
5x 4
------ + --- = y
2 2
5
y = --- x + 2
2
2
the gradient of the perpendicular line is --5
2
2
c y = --- x + 4 has gradient m1 = --3
3
3
the gradient of the perpendicular line is --2
3
y = --- x + b and so we substitute (6, 3)
2
3
3 = --- (6) + b
2
5
2
(since --- --- = 1)
2
5
2 3
(since --- --- = 1)
3 2
3 = 9 + b
12 = b
3
y = --- x 12 is the equation.
2
3
y = 4x + 3
e 3x 4y + 5 = 0, 4x + 3y 2 = 0
1
y = --- x 2
3
2
5
d y = --- x 1,
y = --- x 1
5
2
f 7x + 5y + 3 = 0, 5y 7x = 0
3
c y = --- x 5
2
f
5x 7y + 7 = 0
passing through (2, 5), perpendicular to the line segment joining (2, 3) and (5, 3)
g passing through the origin, perpendicular to the line segment joining (3, 0) and (0, 5)
6
1
a Find the equations of five lines that are perpendicular to y = --- x 3.
2
b Find the equations of five lines that are parallel to y = 3x 2.
c Write the equation of all lines parallel to 3x 5y + 6 = 0.
d Write the equation of all lines perpendicular to 5x 3y + 7 = 0.
b perpendicular to 7x 5y + 6 = 0
Investigation 2
WM: Communicating, Reasoning
Transformation of lines
1
453
454
Describe a transformation that would superimpose the graph of y = 4x over the graph:
1
a y = 4x
b y = 4x 7
c y = --- x
4
( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
Exercise 14E
1
A(5, 3)
C
T
B(3, 1)
D(2, 0)
A(3, 2)
B(8, 4)
C(6, 1)
Triangle ABC has A(1, 4), B(2, 1) and C(5, 2) as vertices. Find the length of the line
segment from A to the midpoint of BC.
For the points P(2, 3), Q(0, 0), R(7, 4), S(a, 1), find a if:
a PQ is parallel to RS
b PR is parallel to QS
c PQ is perpendicular to RS
d PR is perpendicular to QS
The triangle ABC has vertices A(2, 0), B(2, 1) and C(1, 3).
a Find the length of the sides AB, BC and AC using the distance formula.
b Classify ABC as scalene, isosceles or equilateral. Give a reason.
The triangle PQR has vertices P(1, 0), Q(3, 1) and R(7, 3).
a Find the lengths of each of the sides.
b Classify PQR as scalene, isosceles or equilateral. Give a reason.
Classify LMN with vertices L(2, 1), M(0, 3) and N(4, 1) as scalene, isosceles or
equilateral. Give a reason.
The triangle XYZ has vertices X(1, 2), Y(2, 5) and Z(4, 1).
a Find the length of each of the sides XY, YZ and XZ.
b Use Pythagoras rule to decide if XYZ is right angled. Give a reason.
c Find the gradient of the sides XY, YZ and XZ.
d Use the gradients to decide if XYZ is right angled. Give a reason.
9
10
Is the triangle with the vertices D(2, 1), E(1, 1) and F(2, 3) right angled? Give a reason.
The triangle PQR has vertices P(2, 5), Q(3, 1) and R(4, 7).
a Find the coordinates of S, the midpoint of PQ.
b Find the coordinates of T, the midpoint of PR.
c Show that the length of QR is twice the length of ST.
d Show that ST is parallel to QR.
11
The quadrilateral PQRS has vertices P(2, 4), Q(5, 1), R(1, 2) and S(4, 1).
a Prove that PQRS is a parallelogram by showing that:
i the opposite sides are equal
ii the opposite sides are parallel
iii the diagonals bisect each other
iv one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel.
455
456
ABC is a triangle with vertices A(4, 4), B(3, 2) and C(2, 3).
a Show that ABC is isosceles with AC = AB.
b Find the midpoint D of the base BC.
c Find the length of AD.
d Prove that AD is perpendicular to BC.
13
Triangle XYZ has vertices X(1, 3), Y(4, 1) and Z(3, 3).
a Show that XYZ is right angled. Do this in two ways.
b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of XY.
c Find the equation of the side YZ.
d Show that the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of XY and the side
YZ is ( 1--2- , 1).
e Show that the perpendicular bisector of XZ also passes through the point ( 1--2- , 1).
f
14
Explain why ( 1--2- , 1) is the centre of a circle with X, Y and Z on its circumference. What
names are given to this point and the circle?
The triangle STU has vertices S(2, 5), T(2, 3) and U(4, 1).
a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisectors of each side.
b Hence, find the circumcentre of STU.
15
The quadrilateral WXYZ has vertices W(2, 3), X(4, 4), Y(3, 2) and Z(2, 4). The points A,B,
C, D are the midpoints of each of the sides WX, XY, YZ and ZW.
a Find the coordinates of A, B, C and D.
b What type of quadrilateral is ABCD?
16
4
3
x=1
2
3 2 1
1 2
3 4
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
4
1 2
3 4
457
2
1
This line is the
boundary of the
region.
4 3 2
2 1
x
1
1 2
3 4
2
3
4
y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2
2 1
x
1
1 2
3 4 5
2
3
4
Example 1
Sketch the regions defined by:
a x2
y<3
458
a x2
y<3
2
1
1
4 3 2
2 1
x
1
3 4
4
4 3 2
2 1
1
2
3
4
4
3 4
Exercise 14F
1
b
e
h
k
x 1
x>3
y<7
3
y --2
c
f
i
l
y 2
x<1
x 4
y<1
Example 2
Sketch the region defined by the intersection of:
a x < 3 and y 1
b x 1 and y 2
y
4
3
y1
4 3 2
2 1
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
3 4
x<3
3
An open circle
shows that the
point (3, 1) is not
included.
y1
4 3 2
2 1
x
1
2
3
3 4
x<3
y
x1
3
y2
2
1
4 3 2
2 1
x
1
3 4
2
3
4
y
x1
y2
4 3 2
2 1
2
1
x
1
3 4
2
3
4
459
460
Write inequalities that would result in a region that is a rectangle 4 6 units on the number
plane.
Example 1
Sketch the region defined by:
a x+y3
b 2x y > 6
Draw an unbroken
line because the
inequality contains
an equals sign.
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
3 4
2
3
4
Second, decide which side of the line to shade. In the previous section this was easy,
but here it may not be as clear.
To decide where to shade, choose a point on one side of
the line and test to see if it satisfies the inequality.
+
y
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
3 4
b Step 1: 2x y = 6
Sketch 2x y = 6
x intercept when y = 0 is x = 3
2(0) 0 > 6
y intercept when x = 0 is y = 6
0 > 6 is false
shade the opposite side of the line
to (0, 0).
y
4
3
x
2
>6
3 4 5
2
3
2x
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
5 4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
3 4 5
Exercise 14G
1
c x+y>3
g yx<3
d x + y < 2
h yx>2
c 4x y > 4
g 6x 5y 15
d 3x + 5y 15
h 3x + 5y 15
461
462
Example 2
Sketch the region defined by:
b y 4x
a y > 3x
a y > 3x
y = 3x
y = 3x
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
4 3 2 1
3 4
2
3
2
3
3 4
(0, 0) cannot be
used as the line
passes through
the origin.
Test (1, 0)
y > 3x
0 > 3(1)
0 > 3 is false
y
y = 4x
2
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
4
3 4
y 4x
2 4(0)
2 0 is false
x
1
2
3
4
3 4
d yx
h y 3x
c y<x
g y 2x
Example 3
Write an equation to describe the region.
a
4
6
5
y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
(2, 6)
x
1
3 4
1
x
2
3
4 3 2 1
3 4
2
3
4
5
6
3y 2x = 6
Step 2: Substitute a point in the
region, not on the line, e.g. (0, 0).
3y 2x = 6
Test 3(0) 2(0) = 6
0 = 6 is false
inequality is 3y 2x < 6
inequality is y < 3x
463
464
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
4 3 2
2 1
3 4
x
1
2
3
2
3
3 4
d
4
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
3 4
5
5 4 3 2
2 1
x
1
2
3
2
3
3 4
f
y
(2,
2 8)
5
5 4 3 2
2 1
(4, 2)
x
2
3
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
4
3 4
4
5
3 4
non-calculator activities
1
Evaluate 8 2.63.
Peter buys a pair of jeans marked at $75.00. If he received 10% discount, how much does he
pay for the jeans?
Red and blue lollies are sold in the ratio 2 : 5. If there are 16 red lollies in a bag, how many
are blue?
Solve 5 2x = 9.
13 cm
d cm
10
Al works in a shoe store and notes that the mode female shoe size sold is 7 1--2- . Explain the
term mode.
11
12
13
My car uses 15 L of petrol per 100 km. Find the number of litres of petrol needed to travel
350 km.
14
Between which two consecutive whole numbers is the square root of 67.3?
15
465
466
Language in Mathematics
Pierre de Fermat
(16011665)
467
b When was his work Introduction to Loci published? What was it about?
c Who solved Fermats last theorem?
d Explain Fermats last theorem. Research this theorem and write a one-page report.
2
Glossary
boundary
gradientintercept form
linear relationship
product
translation
equation
inequality
parallel
reflection
y-intercept
general form
inequation
perpendicular
region
gradient
line
point
sketch
The equation of the line passing through (2, 6) with gradient 2 is:
A y = 2x + 3
B y = 2x 7
C y = 2x 2
D y = 2x + 7
The equation of the line passing through A(4, 5) and B(2, 13) is:
A y = x 1
B y=x+5
C y = 3x 7
D y = x + 1
The equation of the line cutting the y axis at 4 and the x axis at +5 is:
4
4
5x
A y = --- x 4
B y = --- x 4
C y = ------ 4
5
5
4
5x
D y = ------ 4
4
y
3
2
1
3 2 1
x
1
2
3
468
D 3
1
In general form y = --- x
2
A 6y 3x + 8 = 0
4
--- is:
3
B 3x 6y 8 = 0
C 3x + 2y 4 = 0
1
4
--- x y --- = 0
2
3
10
11
12
C 4 and 3
D 3 and 4
C y = 3x + 3
D y = x + 3
C 3x + 5y + 7 = 0
5x
D y = ------ + 2
3
The triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 0), B(1, 4) and C(6, 3) is:
A scalene
B isosceles
C equilateral
The region defined by y 3 is:
A
4
1
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
3 4
1
2
3
2
3
D
4
1
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
1
2
3
3 4
3 4
x
1
D right angled
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
2
3
3 4
13
469
3
2
1
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
x
1
3 4
2
3
14
1
4 3 2 1
1
x
1
3 4
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
3
3 4
3 4
2
3
3
D
y
1
4 3 2 1
1
y
3
x
1
3 4
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
3
7
8
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
15
68
9, 10
11
12,13
14
Section
A and B
470
a Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram ABCD for A(7, 11), B(6, 5) and C(3, 8).
b Find the equation of the line from A(7, 2) to the midpoint of the line segment joining
B(6, 4) to C(3, 1).
2
1
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
3 4
6
6 5
5 4 3 2 1
2
3
2
3
3
3 4
Find the equation of the line passing through M(4, 2) and N(3, 7).
2
Write y = --- x 4 in general form.
3
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the join of (2, 3) and (4, 5).
xy>6
c 2x 3y 12.
Sketch x 3y = 7.
b 2x y > 4
471
472
a Find the equation of the line with gradient 3 passing through (2, 4).
b Find the equation of the line parallel to 3x 5y = 8 passing through the origin.
3x
Write y = ------ + 2 in general form.
4
Find the area of the triangle formed when 2x 3y = 6 cuts the coordinate axes.
Sketch:
a the intersection of y 2 and x < 1
b 3x y > 6
c y 4x