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Composite Steel Concrete Structures

Prof. A. Plumier
Oslo, 7th November 2007

Structural Types
Moment resisting frames
Frames with concentric bracing
Frames with eccentric bracings
Composite wall structures Type 1 and 2
Mixed systems Type 3 = Concrete walls/columns. Steel or composite beams

TYPE I

Steel or composite
moment frame with
concrete infill panels.

TYPE 2

Concrete walls
reinforced by encased
vertical steel sections.

Composite steel plate shear walls

TYPE 3

Concrete shear walls


coupled by steel or
composite beams.

Dissipative composite structural elements ?


Ductile, elongation at failure > 15 % or 150.10-3
Ductility y, max / y > 15
Concrete
Limited deformation capacity cu2 at failure: 3,5x10-3
cu2 2 c2 elastic range => ductility 2
cu2 can be raised by 2 to 4 by confining transverse reinforcement
> y
Ductility in composite elements =>
Steel yields:
Concrete elastic << cu2
=> a condition on the position of the neutral axis:
x / d < cu2/ (cu2+ a)
x distance from top concrete compression fibre to plastic neutral axis
d depth of composite section
s,composite
a total strain in steel at ULS
Steel

d
s,steel
s,composite

Limiting values of x/d for ductility of composite beams with slab


x/d upper limit
Ductility
q
fy (N/mm2)
class
355
0,27
1,5 < q 4
DCM
235
0,36
1,5 < q 4
q>4
355
0,20
DCH
q>4
235
0,27

Comment on ductility: Composite Pure Steel


Composite beam with slab
Neutral axis raised towards the upper part of the section
s,composite bottom flange of steel section > s,steel of symmetrical steel section
s,composite

x
d
s,steel
s,composite

faster strength degradation due to buckling, reduced ductility


c/t of webs in compression are more restrictive
c/t : Eurocode 3 EN1993-1-1 : 2004, Table 5.2
c/tf flanges: unchanged

A choice in the design: the degree of composite character


Two design options
1. Ductile composite elements/connections
2. Rely on steel sections, ignore concrete in the resistance of dissipative zones
Option 2 ease analysis & execution but an effective disconnection of concrete from steel
in potential dissipative zones is required => correspondence between model and reality
Underestimating stiffness: T => smaller action effects (response spectrum)
Underestimating resistance: elements sized using capacity design may be incorrect
=> Risk of creating plasticity in the wrong places.
Design concepts and behaviour factors q
Concept a): low-dissipative structural behaviour DCL
Concept b): dissipative with composite dissipative zones
Concept c): dissipative with steel dissipative zones
Design concept

Structural
Ductility Class

=> only Eurocode 4


=> Eurocodes 4 and 8
=> Eurocodes 3, 4 & 8

Range of the reference


values of the behaviour
factor q

Concept a)
Low dissipative structural DCL
q 1,5 (2*)
behaviour
Concepts b) or c)
q4
DCM
Medium or High Dissipative
+ Limits of Table 12
structural behaviour
DCH
Limits of Table 12
*the National Annex can allow q = 2 in class DCL.

Behaviour factors q
Upper limit reference values of behaviour factor q
STRUCTURAL TYPE

Ductility Class
DCM
DCH
As for steel structures.
See Table 3.

Moment resisting frames


Frames with concentric or eccentric bracing
Inverted pendulum
Composite structural systems
Default value: u/1 = 1,1
Composite walls (Type 1 and Type 2)
3u/1
Composite or concrete walls coupled by steel or
3u/1
composite beams (Type 3)
Composite steel plate shear walls
3u/1
Default value: u/1 = 1,2

4u/1
4,5u/1
4u/1

Materials.
Concrete and reinforcement of concrete
C20/25 Concrete C40/50
Reinforcing steel, bars and welded meshes considered to contribute to the plastic
resistance of dissipative zones => ratio fu/fy and available elongation
Class B or C in DCM EN1992-1-1:2004, Table C.1
Class C in DCH
Only ribbed bars except for closed stirrups or cross ties
In slabs flanges of composite beams:
welded mesh that does not comply with the ductility requirements may be used
in dissipative zones provided thaty ductile reinforcing bars are present to duplicate
the mesh
Justification: a reliable negative plastic moment resistance in the connection zones
requires the presence of ductile reinforcement
Plastic resistance of dissipative zones: 2 different plastic resistances
Lower bound plastic resistance (pl, Rd) in design checks concerning the sections
of dissipative elements, calculated considering concrete and ductile steel components
Upper bound plastic resistance (U, Rd) in the capacity design of the elements
that are adjacent to the dissipative zones, established considering the concrete
and all the steel components present in the section

Composite connections in dissipative zones


Panel Zone Resistance
If web panels of beam/column connections are fully encased
panel zone resistance can be computed as
the sum of contributions of concrete and steel shear panel
Conditions: 0,6 < hb/hc < 1,4 Vwp,Ed < 0,8 Vwp,Rd
Vwp,Ed
design shear in web panel
(from capacity design ref plastic resistance of adjacent composite dissipative zones
in beams or connections)
Vwp,Rd shear resistance of the composite steel-concrete web panel- Eurocode 4
bb

hb

s1 s1

s1 s1 s1

A
C

s1< c
bp = hc

Partially encased stiffened web panels


Same condition, if straight links are provided at a maximum spacing s1 = c in the panel
Links oriented perpendicularly to the longer side of web panel
no other reinforcement of panel required
Links not required if hb/bb < 1,2 and hc/bc < 1,2

Composite connections in dissipative zones


Transfer of bending moment and shear from beam to column
Realised by a couple of vertical reaction forces into the concrete
Should be checked:
Capacity of column to bear locally those forces without crushing
=> confining (transverse) reinforcement + face bearing plates
Capacity of the column to resist locally tension mobilised by vertical forces
=> vertical reinforcements with a design strength equal to the shear strength in beam
Part or total of reinforcement present in the column for other reasons
= part or total of the reinforcements so required
Vertical reinforcing bars: confined by transverse reinforcement already mentioned
+ face bearing plates B
B

A steel beam
B face bearing plates
C reinforced concrete column
A
C

Favourable influence of concrete encasement on local ductility.


Concrete prevents inward local buckling of the steel walls&reduces strength degradation
=> Limits for wall slenderness of composite sections > those for pure steel sections
increase up to 50% if:
Limits of wall slenderness for steel and encased H and I sections
for different design details and behaviour factors q.
confining hoops
DCM
DCH
Ductility Class of Structure
for fully encased sections
2<q4
q>4
1,5 < q 2
Reference value of behaviour factor q
additional straight bars
FLANGE outstand limits c/t
Reference: H or I Section in steel only
welded to inside of flanges
14
10
9
EN1993-1-1:2004 Table 5.2
FLANGE outstand limits c/t
for partially encased sections
f

c
b = bc

tf
tw

c
b = bc

s s s s s s s

h = hc

tw

h = hc

tf

H or I Section, partially encased,


with connection of concrete to web
as in Figure 57 b) or by welded studs.
EN1994-1-1:2004 Table 5.2
FLANGE outstand limits c/tf
H or I Section, partially encased
+ straight links as in Figure 57 a) placed
with s/c 0,5
EN1998-1-1:2004
FLANGE outstand limits c/tf
H or I Section, fully encased
+ hoops placed with s/c 0,5
EN1998-1-1:2004
WEB depth to thickness limit c w / t w
c w / t w = h 2t f
Reference: H or I Section, in steel only,
web completely in compression
EN1993-1-1:2004 Table 5.2
WEB depth to thickness limit c w / t w
H or I Section, web completely in
compression, section partially encased
with connection of concrete to web or fully
encased with hoops.
EN1993-1-1:2004 Table 5.2,
EN1994-1-1, cl.5.5.3(3)

note: = (fy/235)

0.5

with fy in MPa

20

14

30

21

13,5

30

21

13,5

42

38

33

38

38

33

General rules for the design of elements


Critical zones: confining reinforcements for dissipative & non dissipative columns
The resistance in bending of the steel section may be steel alone or composite
When concrete is assumed to contribute to axial and/or flexural resistance of a
non dissipative column, the design rules for dissipative columns to ensure full shear
transfer between concrete and steel parts should be applied
Because of the cyclic character of seismic action effects: reduced design shear
resistances in the transmission of forces (/2 of EC4 shear resist.)
When, for capacity design purposes, the full composite resistance of a column
is employed, complete shear transfer between the steel and reinforced concrete
parts should be ensured.
If insufficient shear transfer through bond and friction=> shear connectors
In essentially axially loaded non dissipative members: shear transfer to ensure
that steel and concrete share the loads applied to the column at connections
In non dissipative composite columns, the resistance in shear of the steel section
may be considered either alone or combined with the resistance in shear of
the concrete section ( Eurocode )
In dissipative members, the shear resistance should be determined considering
the steel section alone (or special details to mobilise the shear resistance
of the concrete encasement)
Fully encased columns assumed to act compositely:
min dimensions b and h 250 mm

Anchorage and splices of reinforcement bars


Same as for earthquake resistant reinforced concrete structures
Transverse reinforcement

10
db

Closed stirrups with 135 hooks and extensions 10dbw in length


Length lcr of critical regions (in metres) are:
lcr = max{hc ; lcl / 6; 0,45m} for ductility class M
lcr = max{1,5hc ; lcl / 6; 0,6m} for ductility class H
hc is the largest cross-sectional dimension of the column
lcl is the clear length of the column

bo bc

s
ho
hc

hC

Steel beams composite with a slab


Beams may be designed for full or partial shear connection
Minimum degree of connection 0,8
Total resistance of shear connectors within any hogging moment region
than the plastic resistance of the reinforcement
Reduced design strength for the connectors in dissipative zones: (Eurocode 4)x
0,75
Full shear connection required when non-ductile connectors are used
Minimum thickness of concrete poured on site assumed as a diaphragm: 70 mm
Profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beam with the waves
characterised by angle =>
the EC4 reduction factor kt for the design shear resistance of connectors
reduced by a rib shape efficiency factor kr

kr = 1

kr = 1

10<<80

kr = 0,8

Steel beams composite with a slab


Seismic Re-bars
In the dissipative zones of beams, specific ductile steel reinforcement of the slab:
in the connection zone
Detailed design guidance: Annex C of Eurocode 8

AT

}
C

}
A

AT

AT

AT

}
B

A Exterior Node
B Interior Node
C Steel beam
D Faade steel beam
E Reinforced concrete cantilever edge strip

A Exterior Node

Steel beams composite with a slab


Effective width of slab
Effective width beff of concrete flange: be1 + be2
Partial effective widths be in Tables, not available widths b1 and b2
2 Tables:
determination of the elastic properties
determination of the plastic properties of the composite beam
Moments inducing compression in slab: +
tension
-

Steel beams composite with a slab


The bearing width of the slab concrete on the column in the horizontal direction:
perpendicular to the beam for which the effective width is determined
may include additional details aimed at increasing the bearing capacity

A: Exterior column
B: Interior column
C: Longitudinal beam
D: Transverse beam
or steel faade beam
E: Cantilever concrete edge strip
F: Extended bearing
G: Concrete slab

Steel beams composite with a slab


Partial effective width be of slab
for computation of
second moment of area I
used in the elastic analysis
of the structure

Transverse element

be

(Elastic Analysis)

At interior column Present or not present

For negative M : 0,05 l

At exterior column Present

For positive M : 0,0375 l

At exterior column

Not present,
or re-bars not anchored

Sign of bending Location Transverse element


moment M
Negative M
Negative M
Negative M

Partial effective width be


of slab for evaluation of
plastic moment resistance

be for I

Positive M
Positive M

Interior
column
Exterior
column
Exterior
column
Interior
column
Exterior
column

Positive M

Exterior
column

Positive M

Exterior
column

Seismic re-bars

For negative M : 0
For positive M : 0,025 l

be for MRd
(Plastic
resistance)
0,1 l

All layouts with re-bars anchored to faade 0,1 l


beam or to concrete cantilever edge strip
All layouts with re-bars not anchored to 0,0
faade beam or to concrete cantilever edge
strip
Seismic re-bars
0,075 l
Steel transverse beam with connectors.
0,075 l
Concrete slab up to exterior face of column
of H section with strong axis oriented as in
Figure 63 or beyond (concrete edge strip).
Seismic re-bars
No steel transverse beam or steel transverse bb/2 +0,7 hc/2
beam without connectors.
Concrete slab up to exterior face of column
of H section with strong axis oriented as in
Figure 63, or beyond (edge strip).
Seismic re-bars
All other layouts. Seismic re-bars
bb/2 be,max
be,max =0,05l

Composite steel concrete moment resisting frames.


Design objective
Plastic hinges in beams or their connections, not in the columns
Weak Beam-Strong Column WBSC
Plastic rotation capacity at beam ends:
25 mrad DCM
35 mrad DCH.
Composite character
Dissipative zones are at beam ends
For a design to be steel only:no contact between the slabs and any vertical side
of a steel element (columns, connectors, connecting plates, corrugated flanges, etc)
within a circular zone around each column of diameter 2beff
Analysis
2 flexural stiffness:EI1 for parts of spans subjected to + bending un-cracked section
EI2
- bending
cracked section
An equivalent Ieq constant over span may be used: Ieq = 0,6 I1 + 0,4 I2
For composite columns:
(EI)c = 0,9( EIa + r Ecm Ic + E Is )
E and Ecm :modulus of elasticity for the steel and concrete respectively
r a reduction factor r = 0,5.
Ia, Ic and Is : I of the steel section, the concrete and the re-bars respectively
Composite trusses: not as dissipative beams.
In columns where plastic hinges will form: NEd/Npl,Rd < 0,30

Composite steel-concrete braced frames


Composite frames with concentric bracings
The beams and columns can be

steel alone
composite steel-concrete

The dissipative elements are the bracings


They can be structural steel alone, not composite
2 reasons:
prior to buckling, composite braces would tend to overload beams and columns
composite braces: no research => uncertainties with regard to their cyclic behaviour
Design procedure for the braces: identical to steel frames with concentric bracing

Composite steel-concrete braced frames


Composite frames with eccentric bracings
Uncertainties associated with:
composite elements capacity at large deformations (rotations up to 80 mrad)
disconnection of the slab
contribution of slab in bending at rotations up to 80 mrad
Design: dissipative behaviour through yielding in shear of the links
The contribution of the slab to the shear resistance is negligible
=> Links should be short or intermediate length
Maximum length e:
when plastic hinges form at both ends:
e = 2Mp, link/ Vp, link.
when a plastic hinge form at only one end: e < Mp, link/ Vp, link
Links may not be encased steel sections
because of uncertainties about the contribution of the concrete to shear resistance
Analysis: 2 stiffness for zones under sagging and hogging moments.
Vertical steel links: OK

Composite steel-concrete braced frames


Composite frames with eccentric bracings
D

B
E

A
C

A : seismic link
B : face bearing plate
C : concrete
D : additional longitudinal rebars
E : confining ties
T

Specific construction details


face bearing plates for links framing
into reinforced concrete columns
transverse reinforcement
in critical regions of fully encased
composite columns adjacent to links

Composite steel-concrete walls and systems with walls


Composite wall systems
Shear strength and stiffness comparable to those of RC walls
The structural steel sections or boundary members
increase the flexural resistance
delay the onset of flexural plastic hinges in tall walls
Structural Type 1 and 2:

designed to behave as shear walls


dissipate energy in the vertical steel sections
in the vertical reinforcing bars
Structural Type 3 dissipate energy in the shear walls and in the coupling beams
TYPE I

Steel or composite
moment frame with
concrete infill panels.

TYPE 2

Concrete walls
reinforced by encased
vertical steel sections.

TYPE 3

Concrete shear walls


coupled by steel or
composite beams.

Composite steel-concrete walls and systems with walls

Mechanical behaviour
of
shear walls Type 1 and 2

Analysis
Type 1 or Type 2 vertical fully or partially encased
Structural steel sections act as boundary members of reinforced concrete infill panels
Analysis assumes: seismic action effects in boundary members are axial forces only
shear forces are carried by the reinforced concrete wall
the entire gravity and overturning forces are carried by
concrete shear wall acting compositely
with the vertical boundary members
Type 3
Composite coupling beams: 2 different flexural stiffness in the analysis

Composite steel-concrete walls and systems with walls


Detailing rules for composite walls of ductility class DCM
The reinforced concrete infill panels in Type 1 systems: RC design
The reinforced concrete walls in Types 2 and 3:
RC wall of class DCM
Partially encased steel sections used as boundary members: class of cross-section
related to the behaviour factor of the structure
Headed shear studs or tie reinforcement should be
welded to the steel member
or anchored through holes in the steel member
or anchored around the steel member
Headed shear studs or tie reinforcement should be provided to transfer vertical and
horizontal shear forces between the boundary elements and the reinforced concrete
min = 2h

min = 2h

h
C

A: bars welded to column


B: transverse reinforcement

C: shear connectors
D: cross tie

Detailing rules for coupling beams of ductility class DCM


Transfer of bending moment & shear at beam end: a couple of vertical reaction forces
Wall capacity to bear locally those forces without crushing: confining reinforcement
Sufficient embedment length of the beam into the wall
Applied forces: Mpl,Rd and the shear VEd of the beam
Embedment length le
begin in 1st layer of confining reinforcement in the wall
not less than 1,5 x depth of coupling beam
Confining hoops: not compulsory in DCM
may be required over le by design checks
Vertical wall reinforcement
design axial strength equal to the shear strength of the coupling beam
placed over the embedment length of the beam
2/3 of the steel located over the first 1/2 length le
extend a distance 1 anchorage length above & below the flanges of the coupling beam
Stiffeners face bearing plates contribute to the confinement of concrete
D

V
le
B
2/3

le

A: Additional wall confining ties


at embedment of steel beam
B: Steel coupling beam;
C: Face bearing plates.

Composite steel plate shear walls


Designed to yield through shear of the plate
Plate stiffened by concrete encasement on one or both sides
Concrete thickness not less than
200 mm when on one side
100 mm when on both sides
Minimum reinforcement ratio: 0,25% in 2 directions
Encasement attached to prevent buckling of steel
Checks : VRd VEd
fyd : design yield strength of the plate
Apl : horizontal area of the plate.
The connections between the plate and the boundary columns and beams
as well as the connections between the plate and its concrete encasement
must be designed such that the full yield strength of the plate can be developed
The steel plate should be continuously connected on all its edges
to structural steel boundary members with welds and/or bolts
to develop the yield strength of the plate in shear
Openings in the steel plate should be stiffened

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