Li ni u

Trong s pht trin ca x hi, thng tin ng mt vai

tr ht sc quan trng. S i hi nhu cu thng tin phi
chnh xc, hiu qu ngy mt gia tng, khng nhng
thnh ph ln m ngay c nhng vng nng thn, vng ni.
iu khin thng tin ton cu ni chung v Vit Nam
ni ring phi lun pht trin v i
Song bn cnh truyn dn bng vi ba s l khng
th thiu trong mng quc gia, bi n rt ph hp vi a
hnh Vit Nam v bi tnh kinh t cao. N c s dng
d phng cho cp quang trn cc ng trc chnh
xuyn quc gia v l cng ngh truyn dn chnh cho mng
vin thng nng thn.
Trong gii hn ca cun n ny em xin trnh by hai
ni dung chnh sau: Tng quan v thng tin viba s v
Thit b viba s FHD 2.2.34
Vi s ch bo nhit tnh ca thy gio hng dn v
nhng kin thc c trang b trong qu trnh hc tp, em
hon thnh cun n ny vi ni dung vit v h
thng viba s. Do thi gian nghin cu v kinh nghim c
hn nn cun n ny s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Em rt mong c s ch bo, gp ca cc thy c v cc
bn.
H Ni, ngy ..../..../
200..
Sinh vin

Nguyn Hng Cng

Li cm n
Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh
ca thy gio hng dn Phan Vn Phng cng ton th
cc thy c gio khoa in T Vin Thng, Trng i Hc
Bch Khoa H Ni gip em trong sut qu trnh
hc tp cng nh gip em hon thnh cun n tt
nghip ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n Cng ty c phn vin
thng tin hc bu in (CT - IN) thuc Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam, cng cc anh trong phng
k thut to iu kin thun li gip em hon thnh
cun n tt nghip ny.

Sinh vin

Nguyn Hng C ng

Phn I: L thuyt chung

Chng I: Tng quan v thng tin viba s
1.1. Khi nim c bn v viba s
1.1.1. Khi nim:

Nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin nh v bo

ca cng ngh vin thng - tin hc th gii, nhiu loi hnh
dch v phong ph p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con
ngi. Trong , h thng thng tin v tuyn di sng
ngn t knh khng th p ng vi yu cu thng tin ngy
nay. Chnh v vy m h thng thng tin nhiu knh
pht trin. H thng thng tin nhiu knh di sng cc
ngn gi tt l thng tin viba.
Thng tin l mt trong nhng nhu cu khng th thiu
i vi con ngi. Ni n thng tin cng ng thi ni n
s giao lu trao i tin tc. Mt khc, cng vi s pht trin
ca ngnh thng tin ni chung, k thut thng tin viba cng
pht trin nhanh chng. T h thng thng tin tng t ghp
knh theo tn s v theo thi gian n nay chuyn sang
h thng thng tin viba s nhiu knh c n nh cao,
thit b gn nh. Bn cnh cc ng thng tin viba t trn
mt t, chng ta cn s dng ng thng tin viba chuyn
tip qua v tinh vi c ly thng tin khong vi chc nghn
km. V vy c th thng tin ti mi im bt k trn tri
t vi nhau. Kh nng truyn tn hiu trn ng thng tin
viba cng ngy mt a dng v phong ph hn.
Hin nay ngi ta c th truyn trn ng truyn
thng tin viba cc tn hiu nh: thoi, truyn thanh, truyn
hnh, s liu,...Trong mng thng tin s, cc h thng viba
s nhn tn hiu t tng i s hoc t cc ngun thng
tin s khc (tn hiu truyn hnh c m ho thnh dng
s khc chng hn ), thc hin iu ch s, sau thc

hin trn tn chuyn ph tn hiu iu ch s ln tn

s v tuyn cng tc ri truyn i bng anten nh hng.
Theo dung lng (tc bit tng cng B u vo) cc h
thng viba s c phn thnh:
+ Cc h thng dung lng thp: B < 10Mb/s.
+ Cc h thng dung lng trung bnh: B
(10100)Mb/s.
+ Cc h thng dung lng cao: B >100Mb/s.
1.1.2. nh ngha viba s:
Viba s l mt phng thc truyn dn s dng nng lng ca sng in t c tn s cc cao cha ng cc ni
dung tin tc c s ho, truyn lan trong khng gian kh
quyn trc tip t Anten nhn thng n Anten kia.
Di tn ca vi ba s:
SHF (Super high frequency ): Min tn s siu cao tn
Tn s f = (3 30) GHz
Bc sng =1 dm n 1 cm
1.2. S khi tng qut ca viba s:
hnh bn

a) Khi ghp knh (Mux-multiplexer).

Cc my ghp knh c s PCM hoc cc lung s khc c
th ghp chung vi nhau to thnh mt lung s c tc
cao hn cp bc cao hn cc thit b nhn cc lung s
u vo v kt hp chng thnh mt lung s c tc bit
cao hn u ra c gi l cc my ghp knh tn hiu s
trong my ghp knh c s PCM 30 knh thoi cha cc khi c
chc nng chnh sau y:
+ khi knh (channel cards) cha 30 knh.
+ khi giao tip 2Mb/s (2Mb/s interface).
+ khi x l bo gi (signalling processor)
b) Khi my pht (TX-transmitter).
My pht thc hin cc chc nng chnh sau y:
+ iu ch sng mang t my ghp knh ti .
+ iu tn cc knh nghip v v gim st .
+ khuych i tn hiu sau khi iu ch t c
cng sut u ra theo yu cu.
My pht trong h thng viba s bng hp c cc chc nng
chnh sau:
- khi mch in bng tn c s pht (Tx baseband PBA)
- khi kch thch (Exciter).
- Khi khuych i cng sut (power amplifier).
- khi mch in hin th (display PBA).

c) Khi my thu (Rx receiver)

My thu c nhim v chnh l gii iu ch tn hiu
thu, tn hiu thu bao gm cc thnh phn sau :
+ lung s liu c iu ch .
+ tn hiu knh nghip v v knh gim st .
My thu trong h thng thng tin viba s bng hp bao
gm cc khi chnh sau:
+ module bin i h tn (converter module).
+ module trung tn (IF module).
+ bng tn c s thu (Rx baseband PBA).
+ khi mch in hin th (display PBA).
d) B phn nhnh siu cao tn (dup: duplexer).
B phn nhnh siu cao tn cho kt hp my thu v my
pht dng chung mt anten. Duplexer tham gia chn lc v
gim nh nht nhiu ca knh ln cn.

Lc pht
RF Pht.

Circulator

RF Thu.
Lc thu

S b duplexer.

Trong b duplexer gm c:
+ b lc pht.
+ b lc thu.
+ b phn nhnh tn hiu (circulator).
Sng in t c nh hng theo chiu mi tn.

Chng II: Truyn sng

2.1. Phn loi tn s v tuyn

Hin nay vi s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn dn

v thit b thu pht thng tin ngy cng cao v hin i vi
s ra i ca cp quang nhng vic truyn dn bng vi ba l
khng th thiu c trong mng vin thng in t. N l
mt phn trong thng tin v tuyn, n s dng khong
khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn vi phng php thng
tin l pha pht bc x thng tin bng sng in t tn s
siu cao, pha thu nhn sng in t t pha pht qua
khng gian v tch ly tn hiu gc: Viba ch s dng
d phng cp quang trn nhng trc dc ln, v s dng ch
yu cho cc trm thng tin c c ly ngn v nhng ni c
a hnh i ni hay o rt xa t lin.
Mt vn ln t ra vi thng tin v tuyn l c
ch truyn sng v tuyn, v vic s dng thit b truyn
thng ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn s dng.
Theo tiu chun quc t th bng tn s v tuyn c
phn loi theo bng sau:

Bng 1.1: phn loi c ch v s dng sng v tuyn

Tn s

Ph
C
Ch
truyn C ly thng tin v lnh vc
n loi sng
s
bng
v tuyn
dng
VHF Sng t in ly
Thng tin o hng qun
(3 30) KHz
s khp th gii
LF
Sng
t
1500km o hng v
30 300 KHz
tuyn
Sng t (c ly Pht thanh c nh hng
(0.3 3) MHz MF
ngn)
khng, o hng, lin lc
Sng tri (c ly di) nghip d
Sng tri
(3 30) MHz HF
36 MHz ; thng tin lin lc
a
630 MHz : thng tin di
ng, thng tin kinh doanh
v nghip d qun s quc
t.
Sng tri, lu sng Thng tin thc thi, VHF, FM,
(30 300) VHF
i lu
a thng tin
MHz
Sng tri, lu sng Raa, a thng tin, di
(0.3 3) GHz DHF
i lu
ng
3HF
Sng
tri
Thng tin v tinh, thng tin
(3 30) GHz
VIBA
c nh ra a
(30
GHz

300) EHF
mm

Sng tri

Thng tin cho tng lai

Qua bng 1.1 ta thy di tn c quy nh cho viba l

(0.3 30) GHz. Trn thc t sng viba l mt sng c tn s
ln hn 100 MHz tc l c bc sng nh hn 3m.
2.2. Cc ng truyn lan sng v tuyn
C 2 loi sng thng thy trong thc t l sng dc v
sng ngang. Sng dc l sng truyn lan theo phng
chuyn ng ca n nh sng m thanh truyn trong khng
kh.
Sng ngang (pht x in t ) l sng truyn lan theo hng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca n.
Mt sng in t trong khng gian ba chiu gm hai
thnh phn: in t E v thnh phn t B hoc H ( B
=H ). Cc thnh phn ny trc giao vi nhau. Cc sng v

tuyn c th c truyn lan theo cc phng thc khc nhau

trn mt t. Sng c th truyn t Anten pht n anten
thu bg hai ng chnh:
- bng tng in ly ( sng tri )
- Hoc i st mt t (sng t)
Sng t bn thn c chia thnh hai loi :
+ Sng b mt
+ Sng khng gian
i vi sng khng gian c 3 ng i qua khong
cch gia anten pht v anten thu l
+ Sng trc tip
+ Sng phn x t t
+ Sng phn x t tng i lu
Sau y ta xem tng loi sng mt
2.2.1. Cc sng t
Sng t l sng khng b thng ging bi tng in
ly, tc l sng b mt v sng khng gian.
2.2.1.1. Sng b mt
Khi truyn sng b mt nng lng sng lt trn b mt
t gn ging nh sng i dc theo ng dy. Phng php
truyn sng ny ch s dng i vi cc tng v tuyn tng i thp di 30MHz. Khi tng tn s ln th tiu hao do
t tng nhanh, v tiu hao ph thuc vo hng s in
dn v in mi
Hiu dng ca t trn 30 MHz t c tc dng nh mt
dy dn km v tiu hao l qu cao i vi s truyn lan
sng VHF, UHF, SHF.
2.2.1.2. Sng khng gian
Phng thc truyn sng ny hu nh c s dng cho tt
c cc h thng c kho st. Sng truyn trong tng i lu
lan rng n 10 dm trn b mt t. Nng lng sng
truyn t Anten pht n Anten thu theo mt ng thng
hoc phn x mt t hoc phn x t tng i lu. Sng
khng gian l mt loi sng quan trng trong thng tin VHF,
UHF, SHF.
Sng trc tip: Sng ny pht x trc tip t Anten
thu m khng b phn x u c. trong cc iu kin
truyn lan bnh thng, n c bin ln hn so vi mt
sng bt k no n my thu.

Sng phn x t: Sng ny n Anten thu sau khi

phn x mt vi ln t cc vt th xung quanh, s
phn x khng nhng ch xut hin trn mt phng ng
m c th xut hin trn mt phng ngang. Nh vy sng
b phn x t mt vt cn s lch so vi ng chnh. Sng
phn x s c bin v pha khc vi bin v pha ca
sng trc tip. Nu khong cch truyn ln hn mt s l bc
sng th anten thu sng phn x lch pha vi sng trc
tip 1800 v kt qu trit tiu tn hiu sng ti n mt
mc no . Mc ph thuc vo bin ca
sng phn x.
Sng phn x tng i l u: Do s thay i ch s
khc x ca khng kh theo cao so vi mt t nn sng
c th b tp m x v tu theo gc sng ti c th xy ra
phn x ton phn t tng i lu. trong trng hp ny xut
hin mt bin gii c tc dng nh mt b mt phn x, gi
sng tr li mt t. Mt s tia ny s n c Anten thu,
y c th kh bt sng trc tip do c s thay i v
pha v bin gy ra do phn x.
2.2.2. Cc c ch truyn sng
Trong cc iu kin thi tit quang ng c 3 loi c
ch truyn sng cn c xem xt l:
- Khc x
- Tp m x
- Phn x
Sau y chng ta s xem mt vn tt cc dng. c th
phn loi cc c ch truyn sng thnh 2 nhm:
- c ch b mt: gm s truyn lan trong tm
nhn thng
- c ch khi: sng t
* Cc c ch b mt: B mt qu t l vic ch
yu trong vic phn x v tp m x sng v tuyn tri li
bu kh quyn trn b mt tri t ng gp ch yu vo
s khc x cua sng. Hin tng truyn theo ng dn hu nh
l nguyn nhn gy giao thoa trn c 2 ng tm nhn
thng v vt tm nhn (Tn x khng i lu ) c th xut
hin c b mt v cc v tr cao trn 200m so vi mt
t. Trong tt c cc c ch b mt, truyn sng xy ra
gn nh mt ng vng ln.

* Cc c ch khi: Cc c ch ny xut hin do s

tn x trong cu trc vi m ca tng i lu v bao gm tn
x tng i lu s thng ging ch s khc x ca tng kh
quyn. Nhng ht rn, lng nh ma, ma cng gy nn
tn x. Tn x do cc ht nh khng hn ch trong ng vng
ln, nhng ph thuc nhiu vo cc c tnh pht x v
hnh th tng quan ca Anten.

sng truyn thng

sng phn x tu t

tng in ly

tng i luu

sng tri

sng phn x i luu

sng b mt

Hnh 1.2 : ng i ca sng v tuyn

2.2.2.1. Khc x
Tt c cc sng in t u b khc x khi i qua mi
trng c ch s khc x ny sang mi trng c ch s khc

x khc. Trong bu kh quyn s thay i ch s khc x

hu nh din ra mt cch t t v mt khng kh gim
theo cao vi tc khng i (theo l thuyt). Trn
30MHz th lng nc trong khng kh ng vai tr ch yu
trong s thay i ch s khc x, v hng s in mi ca
nc ln hn xp x 8 ln so vi khng kh. Trong bu kh
quyn bnh thng th m, hoc khi lng hi nc trn
mt khi lng khng kh l khng i. iu ny c ngha l
hng s in mi v ch s khc x. C hai s gim lin tc
khi tng cao, nh hng chung ca s thay i ch s
khc x trong phng thng ng ca bu kh quyn l lm
un cong cc sng trong mt phng thng ng. Khi n
truyn t my pht n my thu. cong ca ng thay
i theo thi gian do s thay i v nhit , p xut v
m. Trong cc iu kin truyn lan bnh thng, ng
un xa dn b mt thc tri t lm cho tm nhn v
tuyn m rng mt cch r rt. Khi gadien h s khc x
thng ng tng th ng sng v tuyn b un cong v
pha b mt tri t do lm gim khe h vt qua a
hnh pha di. Tnh trng ny c th gy ra nh hng trong
d chnh mt t, cy ci gy nn vt cn. Trong iu
kin nh vy, pha inh vt cn c th xut hin. Mt thit
k ng v tuyn tt cn phi trnh iu ny xy ra bng
cch m bo tm nhn thng t my pht n my thu,
qua vic t cao Anten mt cch thch hp, y l
mt loi tn hao bt thng trong cc iu kin khc x xu
nht.
Cc s thay i v ch s khc x n ch cn vi phn
triu c th nh hng ti s lan truyn ca sng v
tuyn. Cc gi tr ca n xp x bng 1
(bnh thng l 1,00035 ), lc khc x N:
N =( n-1 ) 106
(2.1 )
S bin i ca ch s khc x theo cao xut pht
t mt thc t l n ph thuc vo p sut P (milibar), nhit
(Kelvin , cng vi p xut hi nc e ( milibar) v chnh
chng thay i theo cao. i vi nhng tn s ln n
30 GHZ th khc x N cho bi
N= 77,6 P/T + 3,73 105 e/T
N n v (2.2 )

Biu thc ny ng 5% i vi p xut kh quyn nm

gia 2001100mbar
Nhit gia 240K v 360K i vi cc tn s v tuyn
nh hn 30 GHz.
S hng 77,6P/T= N kh v 3,73105e/T2 = N t
Mt trong nhng h s c ngha nht v s thng
gim ca lan truyn sng v tuyn l s thay i mt cch
rng ri ch s khc x theo cao v theo thi gian.
Gi s h s khc x khng i, lc sng v tuyn
l mt cung trn bn knh r v c quan h ch s khc x n
theo:
1 dn

r dh

(2.3)
y h l cao so vi mt t c cng n v o vi
r bn knh hu hiu ca mt t ae do s thay i ca
ch s khc x cho bi:
1 1 1 1 dn

ae a r a d h

(2.4)
y a l bn knh qu t (6,37.103km) nu bn knh
hiu ca qu t l ae l:
ae= k.a
k

ae

1
1

a.d n
d
1
1 a. N .10 6
dh
dh

th:
(2.5)
y:
k l h s bn hiu ca qu t
dn/dh l gradien ( bin thin ) ca ch s khc x
v tuyn theo cao
dN/dh l bin thin ca khc x trn 1 km v
biu th bng N/km
Khi dN/dh > 39N/km th lc c th ni l sng khc
x thp hay un cong xung t hn so vi bnh thng tc
l un cong ln bu tri (o<k<4/3).

Khi dN/dh < -39N/km ta bo rng sng siu khc x hay

un cong xung hn bnh thng. Ni cch khc sng v
tuyn un xung t (4/3<k<)
Khi dN/dh = -39N/km diu ny ni khi iu kin k =
4/3
Phn ln cc gi tr thc nghim thu c i vi tc
thay i khc x theo chiu cao v gi tr trung
bnh tm thy l -39N/km, ta s dng gi tr ny
xc nh ng khc x chun ca v tuyn i qua bu kh
quyn trong 1km so vi b mt t. Nh vy kh quyn c
ly lm tiu chun.
Nu thay ng knh ca qu t (a = 6,37.103km ) vo
phng trnh (2.5) th biu thc tr thnh:
k 157.(157

dN
)
dh

(2.6)
Vi dN/dh = -39N/km , k=4/3 phng trnh (2.6) c biu
din trong hnh (1.3)

h
s
K

gradien khc x N/km

Hnh 1.3: H s bn knh hiu dng ca qu t

i vi cc gradien khc x khc nhau
H s K bin i l phng php thng c s dng
nht m t kh nng un cong ca tia sng cc ngn.
H s ny nhn vi bn knh thc qu t cho ta bn knh
o ca ng cong mt t. Trong iu kin kh quyn
tiu chun phm vi ca k t 1,2 vng cao kh gio v 4/3
trong vng ni a thng thng n 2 hoc 3 trong vng
m t.

Khi K= mt t xut hin i vi tia sng cc ngn

l hon ton phng v cc cong ca tia trng chnh xc
vi cong ca t.
Nu K < 1 cc tia b b cong ln so vi mt t iu
ny xut hin vi sng v tuyn nh l mt t b li ln v
t dn ti cn ng truyn dn. Hin tng ny l do mt
kh quyn tng theo chiu cao thay v gim theo chiu
cao. Kh quyn c phm cht thp hoc c phn x km
gy ra do nhng m sng m c to ra khi mt lung
khng kh nng i qua vng t lnh m t, kt qu ca sng m l to ra mt kh quyn gn mt t thp hn.
So vi tng cao hn, gy ra s un cong tia ln trn. Siu
khc x hoc s khc x c phm cht tt l kt qu do cc
iu kin tng nhit khi tng cao hoc mt s gim
ng k lng m tng trong khng kh theo cao. Mt
trong hai iu kin s gy ra s gim mt kh quyn
theo cao. Trong trng hp ny K tng v cong ca
mt t i vi sng v tuyn nh c lm phng ra. Nu
h s K tng n th sng v tuyn tin n chuyn
ng song song vi b mt tri t. Trng hp cc on ca
siu khc x th sng v tuyn s b un cong vi 1 bn knh
nh hn bn knh qu t (K m) v gy ra pha inh mt
lin lc, nu my thu nm ngoi im sng h xung
mt t. y khng phi l mt iu kin bnh thng m
n l mt iu kin lan truyn d thng.
Hin tng siu khc x c th xy ra khi khng kh lnh i
qua mt vng nc m. S bay hi ca nc s lm tng m
v nhit gn mt nc thp, l mt du hiu ca
o nhit. Nhit v m cao lm cho mt kh
quyn gn mt t tng ln nhiu, iu gy nn s
un xung rt cong mt cch d thng cc sng v tuyn.
Hnh 1.4 ch ra s nh hng ca cc h s K n tia sng
v tuyn, trong v bn knh thc ca tri t.
Ch li ca qu tri t ti mt im trn ng v
tuyn c cho bi:
h

4
.d 1 .d 2 / K
51
( mt)

(2.7)

 y d1, d2 l khong cch tnh bng km tng ng

n u cui gn v u cui xa ca ng truyn. Tr
khi s dng giy v mt nghing ca ng c bit v
ch li ca mt t vi mt h s K c trng, cn ch li
thc ca qu t u tin cn phi v theo trc nm ngang,
sao cho tia sng cc ngn c th b dm xung so vi ng
thng trc tip .
S nhp nhy : S nhp nhy ca tn hiu viba tm
nhn thng do s thng ging ca ch s khc x trong vng
kh quyn m m tn hiu truyn lan. Cc s thng ging
to ra s hi t v phn k nh tia v tuyn. Tn hiu thu
c l tng ca nhiu thnh phn t cc hng khc nhau i
n c bin v di ng thay i lin tc, nh vy
kt qu l lm bin v pha bin i nhanh v ngu
nhin, c th nhn din bn loi thng ging ngn ch yu
- Tn x thun kt hp vi mc trung bnh khng i c
thng ging tng i nh khong 0,5dB.
- Tn x c phn x kt hp vi thng ging ngn chng ln
mt mc trung bnh, do n thay i gn nh theo chu
trnh vi chu k vi pht.

h
nh 1.3 s thay i ung truyn sng v tuyn theo cc h s khc nhau.

- Tn x vi nhng m ln, mnh c th do tn hiu i

qua khi hoc khng kh nng.

- Phn x t mt cu trc lp, kt hp vi tn hiu kh n

nh c mc trung bnh thay i theo chu trnh nh hng nhp nhy l mt vn quan trng i vi cc tuyn
viba dung lng cao hot ng cc tn s ln hn 10GHz
trong mi trng thnh ph.
Nu s dng cc anten ln c th lm nh hng ca cc
pha inh khc x loi ny v phm vi gc t cc ng thu
khc nhau b gim xung v c mt s trung bnh khong
khng ct ngang qua m ca sng ti.
2.2.2.2. Nhiu x :
Trong thc t, nhiu x ca sng v tuyn l s un
cong sng xung quanh cc vt th. Lng un cong ln nu
dy ca vt th gim xung, v lng cng tng ln
nu bc sng tng ln. Lng un cong hoc nhiu x cc sng
v tuyn do ln hn nhiu so vi nhiu x ca nh sng
xung quanh mt vt cng kch thc. L do ti sao nhiu x l
mi bn khon cho ngi k s thit k v tuyn, l cc
vt cn khng cn thit trn ng truyn thng ca tia v
tuyn, c th lm cho tia b tiu hao. S tiu hao ny gi l
tn hao nhiu x. iu ny xut pht t cc khi nim cc
min Fresnel c dng elip, chng l mt mi trng vy
quanh tia truyn thng, c dng elp t anten pht n
anten thu. Elp u tin c v tr v ngoi ca n (qu tch
) sao cho bt k tn hiu no n anten thu qua ng ny
s vt xa hn mt na bc sng ca tn s sng mang (r/2) so
vi tn hiu qua ng trc tip. Nhiu bn trong ca Elp
th 1 ny gi l min Fresnel th nht. Elip ca min Fresnel
th nht cha hu ht cng sut n my thu. Nu tn ti
vt cn ra ca min Fresnel
Th nht ny th sng phn x s trit tiu sng trc
tip. Trong thc t gi thit truyn sng trong tm nhn
thng trong sng, tc l khng xut hin bt k tiu hao tp
m no, nu khng c mt vt cn trong min Fresnel th
nht. Ngoi min Fresnel th nht cn c mt h Elp xung
quanh ng bao th nht ny, l cc min Fresnel
2,3,4 chng c nh hng t n vic to ra tiu hao nhiu
ng k v cng sut tn hiu cha trong qu nh. Bn
knh ca h Elp xung quanh ng trc tip thay i dc
theo ng truyn c hiu theo:

Fn n..d1 .d 2 /( d1 d 2 )

1/ 2

n..d1 .d 2 / d

1/ 2

(2.8)

y :
n- s min Fresnel(1,2,3)
- bc sng ca sng mang.
d1- khong cch t mt u cui n im bn
knh ca min Fresnel c tnh ton.
d2- l khong cch t u cui kia n im bn
knh ca min Fresnel.
Tt c cc i lng l cng n v. Bn knh ca min
Fresnel th nht cho bi :
F1 17,32 d1 .d 2 /( f .d )

1/ 2

(2.9)
y : d1, d2, d tnh bng km, (d = d1+d2)
f l tn s sng mang tnh bng GHz
i vi cc loi a hnh khc nhau trong min Fresnel
th nht s c cc tn hao tp m x khc nhau. Cc loi a
hnh ny l qu t hnh cu, hnh nm v vt chng ngi
xung quanh n. Cc tiu hao tnh bng dB tng ng tn hao
truyn dn khng gian t do l mt hm ca khong h
chun ho F/F1 trong F l khong h thc v F1 l gi tr
ca min Fresnel th nht. Hnh 1.4 biu din F v F 1 trn
mt mt ct nghing ng truyn in hnh c tnh
n li ca qu t.

2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh truyn

sng

2.3.1. Fading
Fading l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang v
tuyn siu cao tn thu c do s thay i kh quyn v
cc phn x ca t v nc trong hng truyn sng.
C hai loi fading chnh l cc fading phng, tc ng
ch yu n thit k h thng viba s dung lng b lm
gim u tn hiu sng mang i qua di tn s. V fading
la chn, tc ng n thit k h thng viba s dung lng
cao. Cc phn loi nh trn vi iu kin khong h tuyn
ph hp, cho tn hao tp m x l khng ng k, v vi
s phn x t phn chiu n c hn ch, nguyn nhn
ch yu ca fading trn cc tuyn viba tm nhn thng l
s bin i bt ng u v ch s khc x ca kh

quyn. S bin i ny to nn cc iu kin cho nhiu

ng tn hiu tng i lu (nhiu tia) tn ti.
2.3.1.1. Fading phn x t
Phn x t mt t lm cho cng tn hiu thu
thng ging ngu nhin v cc iu kin kh tng gy ra
cc bin i tham s truyn dn. Cc c tnh ca fading
phn x l khc nhau, ngi ta s dng cc c tnh
m t fading nhiu tia. c bit cc k thut s dng d
on fading nhiu tia khng s dng cho fading phn x,
xut hin su fading tng i nh v tng i ln,
ph thuc vo cao ca cc anten trn mt phn x v
cc h s b mt ca phn x.
2.3.1.2. Cc k thut gim nh h ng ca fading nhiu
tia b mt (fading phn x t)
Thng thng ch thu v truyn dn phn tp khng
gian vi anten t cch nhau theo chiu dc mi t c
bin php chng li hu hiu i vi cc tia phn x b
mt, trong khi cch s dng mt mnh phn tp tn s
ch c hiu qu nu s dng phn tp bng tn cho. iu
ny i khi c th t c bng cch to cc anten c
cao khc nhau, mt anten u c v tr cao, cn u kia
v tr thp. Nu phng php ny khng thc hin c th
c th thay i cao ca mt anten sao cho im phn
x c che chn khi anten kia. Tuy vy iu ny ch c
th s dng i vi cc ng ngn, cn i vi cc ng tng i di ngi ta nhn xt l k thut ny c th khng
t do siu khc x ca tia phn x qua vt chn lm m s
phn x.
u ra ca mi mt anten c ni n mt u sai
ng thng qua hai phi c ct theo mt di sao
cho cc tn hiu thu trc tip c cng vi nhau trng pha
u ra ca cu. Phi sa pha t c ch tiu cht lng
ti u, ngi
ta thng
s dng mt b dch pha mt trong hai
Tia trc tip
2
dy phi . V n c mi mt anten, cc tia
S.sin2
phn x phi qua cc di ng i khc nhau
nn cc pha
Sai ng
ca n cng khng trng pha .
Dch pha
1

Hnh 1.5 H thng chng phn x.

Nhng cu trc thc t i vi chnh xc kh tn

hiu phn x l: Bin thin ch s khc x ca kh quyn do
bin i ca gc 2, s chuyn ng ca anten theo gi.
Bin i di trong cc phi do thay i nhit ,
thay i tn s sng mang so vi thit k v kh khn
trong vic thi cng v hiu chnh

2.3.2. Fading nhiu tia hoc fading Rayleigh

i vi mt tuyn c thit k tt, s khng l thuc

vo Fading nhiu x hoc cc phn x b mt, truyn sng
nhiu tia l yu t ch yu trong Fading dui 8 GHz. Trn tn
ny cc nh hng ca ma c nhng tng ln xc nh
di ca tuyn cho php thng qua cc mc tiu gin
on lm vic ca h thng. S phn b nh vy c trng
bi dc 10 dB/decade vi su Fading ln hn 10 dB
trong cc chng tip pht bnh thng v (2030) dB i vi
cc chng khc pht di (>60km). i vi cc chng tip
pht ngn, s gim tim cn ny bt u i vi cc
su Fading ch vt vi dB. Nu Fading nhiu tia xut hin
trong mt phn ca thng, trong thi gian cn li, su
fading c phn b t nghim trng hn nhiu, tun theo
phn b chun logarit. Cc s thng ging ny nh chng ta
bit l cc fading nng .
Trong cc iu kin truyn lan bnh thng vi kh
quyn dc tuyn tng i ng nht, ch c mt ng
truyn ch yu duy nht gia anten pht v anten thu. Mc
tn hiu thu c trong cc iu kin ny tng i n
nh v gi tr ca n (gi l gi tr khng gian t do) c

th c tnh theo cch n gin, mc d c s lch ch s

khc x ngu nhin bin i nh theo thi gian gy ra s
nhp nhy nh trong cng sut thu c, ngay c khi gi tr
trung bnh gi khng i.
Trong cc h thng dung lng cao c rng bng tn IF ln
hn nhiu, v th cc tn x bin trong bng tn c
th to ra gin on thng tin, iu khng d
thy ngay lp tc khi xem xt Fading nhiu ng khng la
chn.

2.2.3. Fading la chn

Fading la chn ch yu nh hng n cc h thng
Viba s chuyn tip dung lng trung bnh (82Mb/s,
34Mb/s,45Mb/s) v cc h thng dung lng cao
(98Mb/s,140Mb/s v c th cao hn ).
Cc fading khng biu hin tn x knh p ng BER
d on do d tr fading. Barnett ch ra rng
cc su fading cng trung bnh tng ng vi BER
1,2103 nm trong khong 15 n 40dB vi gi tr trung
im 28dB. Cc kt qu cng ch ra rng xc sut tn x
tm ra c vi mt knh b fading tng ng k theo
su fading . T c th kt lun rng ngun suy gim
cht lng ch yu l giao thoa gia cc k hiu do cc hiu
ng ca knh tn x .

2.3.4. Cc nh hng ca fading nhiu tia

2.3.4.1.Giao thoa gia cc k hiu

Khi trong my thu s dng gii iu ch sng mang,
cc nh hng nhiu tia c th gy ra gim cht lng r rt
i vi li pha ca sng mang, nh hng ny s c xem xt
khi so snh cc k thut khi phc sng mang lun phin. Tng t nh vy i vi vic khi phc ng h t tn hiu
vo my thu. Trong trng hp ny, fading nhiu tia nh hng
n cc thi im ly mu v to ra s khp kn th
hnh mt ca lung thng tin c khi phc.
2.3.4.2.S phn bit phn cc trc giao trong h
thng s trng knh
Hiu sut ph ca cc h thng viba s hin nay ch
t ti 1/2 so vi cc h thng tng t FDM-FM. tng gp
i hiu sut ph ca mt h thng v tuyn s bng cch

s dng phn cc giao nhau; mt sng mang c truyn

theo phn cc ngang, cn sng mang kia t my v tuyn
khc truyn theo phn cc ng.
2.3.5. K thut gim cc nh h ng ca fading
nhiu tia n gin on thng tin
Cc k thut c s dng chng li cc nh hng
ca fading phng v fading la chn nhiu tia l phn tp
theo khng gian v tn s, c tc dng nng cao cht lng ca tn hiu thu, v cc b cn bng knh t thch nghi
hiu chnh cc bin i ca tn hiu thu d ln hoc b do
mi trng truyn dn gy ra. Phn tp theo khng gian
cng vi cc b kh giao thoa phn cc giao nhau, cng gip
nng cao XPD trong cc khong thi gian c fading la
chn.
2.3.5.1. Phn tp theo khng gian
Trong cc h thng thng tin tm nhn thng trong
thi gian fading nhiu tia cc tn hiu thu c bng hai
anten cch nhau theo trc ng rt t khi b fading nh nhau
ng thi khi c fading su. Kh nng ci thin do mt cp
anten nh vy c xc nh bng li phn tp I os, l t s
phn trm thi gian i vi tn hiu c mc fading
cho b vt qu i vi mt knh n.
I os = 100(s/9)2.(f/4).ar2[10-4+Fm/10]/(d/10)
(2.8 )
Trong , s: khong cch t tm ny n tm kia ca
anten tinh bng m
f: tn s sng mang, GHz
a r: h s khuch i in p tng i ca anten
th cp so vi
anten chnh =10 (Ad+Am) /20 , y Ad l
h s khuch i cng sut ca anten phn tp tnh bng
dBi
d: di chng , km
Fm: d tr fading phng, tnh bng dB.
2.3.5.2. Phn tp tn s
Phn tp tn s c th c nh ngha: Truyn
ng thi cng mt tn hiu trn 2 hoc hn 2 knh tn s
v tuyn c b tr trong cng mt di tn.
H s ci thin phn tp tn s c th tnh theo:
Iof = 0,8(1/fd). (f/f ).10F/10
(2.9 )

Trong , f l tn s trung tm ca bng tn, GHz

d l di ca ng truyn, km
(f/f ) l khong cch tn s tng i biu th
bng
F l su fading (dB )
c h s ci thin, khi s dng trong h thng s,
th h thng chuyn mch cn phi hot ng theo phng
thc khng trng hp, sao cho khng xy ra vic gim ng
k knh thng tin. Thi gian thch hp c coi l ph hp vi
thi gian chuyn mch l 10ms.
2.3.5.3. Cn bng t thch nghi
i vi cc h thng s, vic x l tn hiu min thi
gian c th l loi tt hn trong 2 loi k thut cn bng, v
n x l trc tip vi giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Thng tin
iu khin c th ly ra cn c vo s tng quan giao thoa
m n xut hin ti cc thi im quyt nh vi cc k
hiu ln cn khc nhau to ra n. Sau , thng tin iu
khin ny c s dng iu khin cc mng ng dy
tr v do to ra tn hiu thch hp kh giao thoa.
2.4. Tiu hao do ma
Tiu hao do ma v fading nhiu tia l cc nh hng
truyn lan ch yu nht i vi cc tuyn v tuyn tm
nhn thng trn mt t lm vic cc tn s trong di
tn GHz, v chng quyt nh cc bin i tn hao
truyn dn v do quyt nh khong cch lp cng vi
ton b gi thnh ca mt h thng v tuyn chuyn tip.
Fading nhiu tia tng ln v di ca ng truyn tng,
nhng n khng ph thuc nhiu vo tn s, tuy nhin, tiu
hao do ma tng ln khi tn s tng, v bin thin khng
nhiu theo di ca ng. Vic phn bit gia s xut
hin fading nhiu tia v fading ma khng kh khn lm, v
fading nhiu tia v fading ma khng xy ra ng thi. Do
c th xc nh thi gian gin on d kin i vi mt
tuyn trong d kin xut hin c hai nh hng. i vi
cc ng truyn di v tn s thp, fading nhiu tia l ch
yu, tri li i vi cc ng truyn ngn, vi cc tn s hot
ng tng i cao, tiu hao do ma l ch yu.

2.5. Cc k thut gim cc nh h ng ca tiu

hao do ma

Vic s dng phn tp khng gian, phn tp tn s,

cc b phn cn bng t thch nghi v rt ngn di ng truyn khng lm th no gim c cc nh hng
ca fading do ma. Do , cch hu hiu gim cc nh
hng do ma l gim tn s hoc trnh khi ng ca n.
Khi bin i phn cc t ngang sang ng hoc gim
di ca chng tip pht c th lm gim nh i phn no.
gim tiu hao ny c th c xc nh:
r = (1 + 0,045d )-1
(2.10 )
r =[0,98 + [d(40,2R 3d + 200)/28200] ] -1
(2.11 )
r = [0,85 + [d(1,14R 3d + 200)/3929] ] -1
(2.12 )
trong , r l h s hi qui
d l di ng thc
R l cng mc.

Chng III: K thut iu ch

s v gii
iu ch s
3.1. K thut iu ch s

3.1.1.Cc tn hiu iu ch s:
Trong mt my pht tn hiu s, b iu ch s sp
xp chui nh phn thnh mt tp hp tng ng vi M sng
mang gin on, pha sng mang hoc di tn gin on t
tn s sng mang hnh sin. Nhng dng khc nhau theo s
sp xp ny a ra 3 loi iu ch khc nhau:
+ Kho bin (ASK)
+ Kho pha (PSK)
+ Kho tn s (FSK).
Cc dng iu ch khc hay c dng trong truyn dn
viba s l t hp
PAM v PSK v gi l kho pha bin (APK).

3.2. iu ch kho dch bin ASK (Amplititude

Shift Keying)
iu ch ASK l lm bin i bin ca tn hiu
sng mang theo gi tr dng s a vo
Ta c: sng mang: f0 = Acos(0t + )
(3.1 )
iu ch ASK thc cht l nhn sng mang vi tn hiu s
mun iu ch
fask = S(t) * fo
(3.2 )
trong , S(t) l tn hiu s ; fo l sng mang

S(t)

t
Uc(t)

t
fask
Nh vy tn hiu s sau khi iu ch c ph rt rng, tvy
mun truyn n c vo knh thng tin tng t th cn
Hnh 1.6 6fo
Tn hiu iu ch ASK.
phi hn ch bt bng
tn,
v cn hn ch bng tn di
tn s no tn hiu khng b mo.
2fo

f-3fo

f-fo

f+fo

Hnh v: di ph ca tn hiu ASK.

f+fo

3.2.1. ASK kt hp
Vi mt tn hiu ASK hai trng thi, my thu trn hnh 2
c th dng tch sng kt hp. B gii iu ch lc
phi hp c tn hiu u vo thu c cng vi tp m
thm vo qu trnh truyn dn. My thu, sau khi lc b
tp m v hn ch gi li tn hiu theo rng bng yu
cu (2/T n 3/T), sau trn vi tn hiu ni. B dao
ng ni c th c biu th bng hiu s ca trng thi
dng sng tn hiu c ng b mt cch cn thn vi tn
s v pha ca sng mang thu c.

S(t)

Lc
thng

iu
ch

Lc
thng di

fask
fo

fask
Lc
thng di

Gii iu
ch

Khi
phc

S(t)

Hnh 1.7 - S khi iu ch v gii iu ch ASK

3.2.2. ASK khng kt hp

Tch sng ng bao thc hin n gin hn tch

sng kt hp v khng yu cu s kt hp pha tn hiu
trong
qu trnh tch sng. B tch sng ng bao n gin
n(t)
c dng tip sau cc b khuch i IF, hoc
Tch
sngbng vo
nhng ch khng c tng chuyn i, sau b
lc
ng
ng
Tch
RF. Do s b gii iu ch khng kt hp ASK:

Ra
Hnh 1.8 - S khi b gii iu ch khng kt hp ASK.

3.3. iu ch kho dch tn s FSK (Frequency

Shift Keying )
iu tn l lm cho tn s ca tn hiu thay i theo
gi tr bit vo. Hnh v:
S(t)

fFSK
t

Hnh 1.9 - iu ch FSK

T hnh v trn ta c th thy tn hiu FSK nh l tng

ca hai tn hiu6f0iu ch ASK cho cc bit
6f00 v cc bit
1.
Do ph ca
2f0 tn hiu c v nh sau:
2f0

fs

f1-3f0

f1+3f0

f1

f1-f0

f1+3f0

f2-3f0

f2-f0

Hnh 1.10 - Ph ca tn hiu FSK

f2

f2+f0

f2+3f0

Vy ta c s khi iu ch FSK

Lc
thng
thp

iu
ch

Lc
thng di

fo

fask
Lc
thng di

Gii iu
ch

Khi
phc

fask
S(t)

Hnh 1.11-S khi iu ch v gii iu ch ASK

Trong s khi iu ch FSK thng dng mch dao

ng iu khin bng in p VCO (Voltage Control
Osilator). Mi tn s pht ra ng vi mt mc in p (mc 0
hoc mc 1).Mch di iu ch thng l b dao ng cng
hng hai tn s.

3.4. iu pha s PSK (: Phase Shift Keying)

K thut iu ch pha l lm cho gc pha ca sng
mang bin i theo tn hiu s a vo.
Xt v ph th ph tn hiu iu ch pha tng t nh
ph tn hiu iu ch ASK.
Sng mang: f(t) = Acos(0t + )
Khi iu ch l lm cho gc ca sng mang bin i
theo tn hiu s. Nh vy s l hm s ca thi gian t.

fpsk = acos[0t + (t)]

= Acos0t*cos(t) - Asin0t*sin(t)
t S1(t) = Acos(t)
S2(t) = -Asin(t)
Nh vy ta thy tn hiu iu ch pha nh l tng ca cc
tn hiu sin v cos.
Trong trng hp iu ch pha 2 mc(PSK-2P hay BPSK):
S(t)

fpsk
t

Hnh 1.12 - Tn hiu PSK-2P.

3.4.1. Kho dch pha nh phn (BPSK)

Tn hiu BPSK c biu din bi:

S(t) = Accos[ct + Dpm(t) ]
Trong , m(t) l mt tn hiu d liu bng c s cc.
tch sng BPSK, phi s dng tch sng ng b, nh
hnh v:
ASK vo

B lc thng thp

Cos(ct)
Hnh 1.13 - Tch sng BPSK.

u ra nh phn

V khng c s hng sng mang ri rc trong tn hiu

BPSK nn c th s dng mt PLL ly ra chun sng
mang ch khi mt sng mang ch mc thp c pht i
cng vi tn hiu BPSK ny. Nu khng th c th s dng
mt vng lp Costas hoc mt vng lp cu phng
tng hp chun sng mang t tn hiu DSB-SC ny (tc l
BPSK) cung cp cho tch sng tng hp. Tuy nhin, s nhp
nhng pha 1800 phi c gii quyt.Vn ny c th gii
quyt c bng cch s dng m ho vi phn ti u vo
my pht v gii m vi phn ti u ra my thu.
c tch sng BPSK ti u (tc l xc sut li thp trong trng hp c tp m trng k sinh AWGN) th b lc thng
thp c thay bng mt b lc tch hp.

3.4.2. PSK kt hp (CPSK):

tch phn
v gom

S(t)
vo

Ly mu

Ra
Tch ngng

Khi phc
sng mang

ng b
Hnh 1.14 - S khi b iu ch kt hp PSK.

Hnh 1.14 l s khi b iu ch. Tn hiu t S(t)

i vo cc mch khi phc sng mang, ly ra tn hiu dao
ng ni cng pha vi tn hiu n.

3.4.3. PSK vi sai kt hp (DPSK)

Hnh 13 l s khi my thu trong gii iu ch
DPSK. Trong h thng ny, my pht dch pha sng mang
180so vi pha trong khong tn hiu trc , khi s nh
phn 1 c pht i. My thu gii iu ch tin tc nh
phn bng cch so snh pha ca tn hiu thu vi pha trc
trong khong trc.

b(t)
0 hoc 1

S liu nh phn b(t)

X l
logic

Acosot
iu
khin
mc

X
Si(t)

b(t-T)
Acosot

Tr
T

(a)

n(t)

B tch phn
v gom
Lc gii
hn tp
m

Ly mu
Mch
Quyt
nh

Tr
T
ng b
(b )

Hnh 1.15 a) B iu ch DPSK ; b) B gii iu ch DPSK.

u im ca h thng ny l gii m sng mang

iu ch m khng cn tn hiu dao ng ni kt hp. V
vy s iu ch PSK vi sai kt hp c th xem nh mt
loi khng kt hp ca s PSK kt hp.
Bng m ho vi sai
Chui vo b(t)
1
0
Chui m ho vi sai b(t)
1
0

0 1

0 0

Trc khi chui vi sai b(t) xut hin u vo b dch

mc, mc vo gi mc in p c nh, ph hp vi mt
trng thi logic nh phn.
L do ti sao pha pht i dch 0 khi 1 c pht i thay v
dch 180, l phng mt sng mang khng cha
dch pha v c ph tng i hp xy ra, nn chui di 0
c gi i.
Phng php khi phc tn hiu nh phn ca mt sng
mang DPSK minh ho hnh 5b. Tn hiu vo s(t) cng vi
tp m n(t), trc ht c lc hn ch cng sut tp m,
sau i qua nhn hoc b tng quan, c n c
nhn vi s o bit tr ca tn hiu vo. Tn hiu ra ca
b nhn, i qua b tch phn hay b lc thng thp
tch ra hai tn s mang t dng sng tn hiu, v tip n
i vo mch quyt nh, trong n so snh vi in p
khng. Nhng u im ca h thng DPSK i vi PSK l
mch in khng phc tp to nn sng mang ni my
thu. Tp m xut hin trong so snh pha trong qu trnh
truyn dn c xu hng b kh b, nhng v vic xc nh bit

trong mch quyt nh c th da vo tn hiu thu c

trong hai khong lin tip nhau, tp m trong khong mt
bit c th gy ra li i vi cc yu t xc nh hai bit.
Nh vy, c mt yu t tng li, trong cc bit li c
khuynh hng xut hin tng i. T l ca DPSK do s ln
hn PSK mt hoc hai dB vi cng mt t s sng mang trn
tp m (C/N ).
3.4.4. PSK M trng thi
Phng thc iu ch ny l mt trong nhng phng
thc thng dng nht trong truyn dn viba s. Cng nh
trong cc h thng bng gc PAM, s tn hiu M trng
thi c s dng truyn dn M tn hiu s ring bit
qua mt knh hn ch n bin, bng cch thay i pha
sng mang theo M bc gin on. u vit ca iu ch
sng mang my pht vi M tn hiu s khc bit c tc
bit thp hn l rng bng vn gi nguyn.
Vic gim rng bng ca h PSK M trng thi cho
php tc bit nh phn cao hn vo my pht, c dn
vo h thng iu ch PSK 2 trng thi qua di thng
tho mn i vi tc bit tn hiu nh vo duy nht. Gii
hn bng tn ca mt h thng v tuyn l mt vn
quan trng, v ph v tuyn l mt ti nguyn c hn, cn
phi c s dng c hiu qu tho mn cc nhu cu tng
ln v dung lng truyn dn.Vic gii hn bng tn ca tn
hiu s thng xy ra c my pht v my thu, v cc b lc
phi c thit k c xung tn hiu nm trong gii hn
bng tn nh v gim c cng sut tn hiu ngoi
bng. Chc nng lc hn hp gia my pht v my thu cng
c thit k chn tp m knh ln cn, nh hng nh
nht v tch sng ti u my thu.
Vic sp xp cc khi m bit tn hiu vo i vi M
trng thi iu ch khc nhau hay cc trng thi pha ln
cn nhau khc mt s nh phn ca m M bit m ho. S
thay i ch mt bit thi im gia cc trng thi pha
k nhau trong qu trnh gii iu ch, ngn cc din bin
logic xy ra v m bo l hu nh cc li xy ra ( l vic
la chn li ca trng thi pha ln cn) ch to ra mt bit
n ch khng phi l mt li a bit. Hnh 1.15 minh ho
b iu ch QPSK v b gii iu ch kt hp.

Lung bit nh phn i vo b chuyn i ni tip

song song. Hai lung bit nh phn i ra c tc bit bng
mt na. Mt lung bit i vo b iu ch cn bng, mt
lung trc tip t b dao ng sng mang, v lung kia i
qua b dch pha 90. Tn hiu ca b iu ch gm c cc
tn hiu, ta gi l I (cng pha ) v Q (trc pha) v sng mang
song bin b nn (do iu ch cn bng). V cc tn hiu
nh phn i vo tng b iu ch u lm cho sng
mang thay i pha 0 v 180, nn trong ng cu phng
nu thay i pha 90 c ngha l cc dch pha sng
mang nm gia 90 v 270. Do tng tuyn tnh ca
nhng tn hiu trc giao s to ra nhng tn hiu 4-PSK hay
QPSK i vo my pht qua b lc thng di to dng
ph. M ho cc trng thi pha ph thuc trc tip vo chui
nh phn u vo a n cc mch iu ch my pht.
Trong my thu, s khc nhau ch yu l ngc li vi mch my
pht, l mch khi phc sng mang n sao cho
vic gii iu ch v cc qu trnh tch sng c th t
c.
3.4.4.1. M ho vi sai bng gc (DE-PSK)
Hnh 6 l s khi ca b iu ch v gii iu
ch ca h thng QPSK.V iu pha M trng thi c
ngha l chuyn sng mang thnh mt trong s cc trng
thi pha ri rc di s iu khin ca lung s liu, n cn
phi c pha chun c truyn i tch c nhng trng
thi pha ny u thu. tho mn nng yu cu i vi
pha chun khng c pht 0, hai bit pht i (hoc mt khi
gm hai bit nh phn) c ci bin bng mt lng gi tr tu
theo quan h ca n vi hai bit trc n. iu ny thng t
c bng cch s dng cng moun 4, trong hai bit
n c cng thm tng s cc bit trc . Sau kt qu
tn hiu ra b cng dng iu khin b iu pha m nh
phn.
Do , s iu ch pha s thng yu cu tch
sng kt hp. gi
ng b ng , tn hiu kho
pha v tn hiu chun phi gn lin vi nhau v tn s v
thi gian sao cho nhng bin ng dc ng truyn
tc ng ln c hai nh nhau.C 4 phng thc PSK c bn,

trong tt c cc phng thc u c th c xt trong

h thng PSK M trng thi.
Phng thc th nht gm PSK 2 trng thi hay BPSK, v
PSK cu phng (QPSK).
Phng thc th hai l m ho vi sai PSK (DE-PSK).
Phng thc th ba l vi sai PSK (DPSK), trong m
dn p ng cho c tn hiu v chun.
Phng thc th t l PSK m ln cn (AT-PSK), l
mt h thng trong mt tone chun c pht tn s
k bn ng thi vi m kho.
my thu, pha chun c hiu chnh b vo s lch tn
s gia chun v m kho. Chun pha tch ng b
nhn c u ra ca b lc mc hay l mch vng theo
di mc kho pha. C nhiu phng php khc nhau c
nghin cu, nhng ch yu l nhng bin th hoc t hp
ca bn loi c bn k trn. Loi PSK nh gi trc tip mc
quyt nh (DDM-PSK) l mt h thng cu trc li m
chun bng cch ng b pha trong nhng khong tip
theo da trn mc quyt nh xc nhn.H DDM-PSK c
th xem nh suy rng t DPSK, trong dng nhiu khong
thi gian hn khong ngay trc . Mt h thng khc c t
l li nh hn c PT-ASK v DPSK l h thng mch vng
bm cu phng.
3.4.4.2. Xc sut li Pe i vi cc h thng PSK kt
hp M - trng thi
i vi QPSK, c bn im tn hiu c th c phn
chia thnh 4 min c khong cch bng nhau i vi 4 tn
hiu so,s1,...,s3. Lc ny, hot ng ca mch nh sau: Tn
hiu thu c i vo b lc bng thng dng hn ch tp
m ngoi bng v tp m bt k t knh ln cn. B r
cng sut r tn hiu iu ch c gii hn bng theo ng truyn I v Q. Mch khi phc sng mang ly t tn hiu
vo mt tn hiu nh thi c kho i vi tn hiu
n. Sau , sng mang hi phc r ra hai ng truyn.
Trong mt ng truyn, sng mang ni trc tip vo mt
trong hai b trn cn bng gii iu ch ra tn hiu I,
v trong ng truyn kia, sng mang c dch pha 90 trc
khi i vo b trn th hai gii iu ch ra tn hiu Q.
Tn hiu ng b ly t tn hiu n dng cung cp

nhng thi im mu ng tch cc trng thi logic

trong tn hiu bng gc. Do ng truyn dn v nhng
nguyn nhn khc, sng mang khi phc ny c th c
c rung pha, nh hng n nhng thi im mu ti u v
do lm tng t s li bit.

Chng IV: Tnh ton thit k tuyn

4.1. Cc tnh ton ng truyn
4.1.1. Mc ch
Nhm xc nh tt c cc tn hao v cc tng ch trong
mt h thng v t xc nh cc d tr fading, cc
xc sut vt d tr fading, xc sut gin on thng tin,
cc yu cu phn tp v cc loi anten cng nh cao ca
cc anten ...
4.1.2. Cc tham s s dng trong tnh ton ng
truyn
* Gi s rng cc iu kin sau y c xc nh trc
lc tnh ton
- Cc tn s hot ng
- o c hin trng
- Cc v tr ca cc trm u cui
- cao anten
- Loi thit b v tham s ca n.
* M t tuyn:
- S ca chng tip pht: C th l mt con s t tn
trong phm vi h thng nhn dng chng tip pht
nhanh.

- Loi thit b: Cn phi ng ho thit b nhng ni

m biu truyn sng ca cc tuyn c th hin.
- Cc tn trm: Phi k hiu r rng d c bn tnh
ton ng truyn th cn phi chia lm hai na: Na bn
tri gii hn cc tham s ca trm (A), na bn phi gii hn cc
tham s ca trm (B).
- Cc tn s:Tn s pht ch c cho i vi mi mt v
tr, v tn s thu trm (A) s l tn s pht ca trm (B) v
ngc li.
- S phn cc: dng cho chng tip pht phi c vch
r.
- Dung lng ca knh: dng cho tuyn c biu th bng
Mb/s.
- Loi iu ch ca thit b v tuyn: dng cho thit b
c t c 2 v tr.
- Chun bn ca s a chnh hoc chun li quc
gia.
- nng ca v tr: nng ca mt t trn mc nc
bin trung bnh (amsl) i vi mi v tr.
- V v kinh : Mi mt v tr tnh ton cc gc phng v iu chnh anten.
- di ng truyn: Khong cch t A n B (km).
- cao anten: tnh cc tn hao ca phi.
- cao ca anten phn tp: Nu s dng phn tp theo
khng gian, th cao ca anten ra phn tp trn mc
t (agl) bao gm cho c 2 v tr.
* Cc tn hao:
- Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do d : c hai cch
tnh
+ cch 1: tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
d = 9,25 + 20logf(GHz) +20logd
d = 32,5 + 20logf(MHz)
+d 20logdf(MHz)
d(Miles)
trong , f l tn s lm vic
d l di ng truyn (km)
+ cch 2: Tnh theo biu

- Loi phi: Thng cho trong cc bn tham s k thut

V d: Loi ng trc rng, cch in nha xp,
K hiu: LDF 5 50A (7/8) tr khng 50.
di phi (Lcp): Thng bng (1,2 1,5) cao anten.
- Tn hao phi (c): Tu theo loi cp, tn s lm vic
h s suy hao khc nhau: c = . Lcp
trong , Lcp: tng s chiu di phi (ph thuc h 1, h2 v
v tr t my).
: h s suy hao ph thuc vo tn s, loi phi.
- Tn hao r nhnh: Tn hao trong cc b lc my pht v
my thu, cc b xoay vng, cc tn hao bn ngoi my pht
v my thu cho php ni mt vi h thng v tuyn n
cng mt anten (thng l 2 8 dB).
- Cc tn hao ca b suy gim hoc vt chn:
Khi my pht ht cng sut xut hin giao thoa vi
cc tuyn b tr gn trong tng lai, do phi gim cng
sut pht xung. B suy gim c s dng gim cng
sut u ra ca my pht nm giai on nh mc tn
hao ny.
- Tn hao hp th ca kh quyn: Tn hao ny ph thuc
vo v tr, l mt vn trng tm ca bn tnh ton ng truyn, ging nh ng truyn ca khng gian t do.
- Tng cc tn hao (): = d + c + p + tn hao r
nhnh + tn hao vt chn + tn hao hp th kh quyn.
Trong , d: tn hao khng gian t do
c: tn hao phi
p: tn hao gic.

* Cc tng ch: bao gm tng ch cng sut anten v cng

sut ca my pht.
+ Tng ch ca anten (bao gm GT , GR)
GT : tng ch ca anten pht (dB)
GR : tng ch ca anten thu (dB)
GT v GR ph thuc vo: + ng knh ca anten (anten
parabol)
+ Tn s lm vic.
+ C 2 cch tnh:
+ Cch 1: Tnh theo cng thc:
G = 20log(10/3) + 20logD +20logf
Trong , D l h s nh hng
f l tn s lm vic
+ Cch 2: tnh theo tra bng
Tn s
(GHz)
2

3,6 4,2

4,5 4,9

5,9 6,4

6,4 7,1

Bng tnh ton theo tng ch

ng knh (M)
tng ch (DB)
1,2
2
2,4
3
1,8
2,4
3
1,2
1,8
2,4
3
1,8
2,4
3,0
1,8
2,4
3,0

2,65
29,9
31,9
33,8
34,5 35,0
36,7 37,3
38,7 39,3
32,4 33,0
36,0
38,7
40,4
38,4 38,9
41,1 41,5
42,9 43,3
39,3 39,8
41,9 42,3
43,6 43,9

12,5 13,25

1,8
2,4
3,0

45,0 45,1
47,5 47,6
48,7 48,8

- Cng sut pht Pt (trung bnh): Cng sut ra my pht

mch khng qua mch r nhnh hay b lc no.
Khi tnh ton: Pt nh = k . Pt
k ph thuc vo B (dung lng). Nu B = 140Mb/s k =
7/3.
B 140Mb/s k =
9/4.
- Tng tng ch: tng ch = Pt nh + GT + GR
trong , GT: tng ch ca anten pht (dB)
GR: tng ch ca anten thu (dB).
- Cng sut thu PR:
+ iu kin thi tit bnh thng: PR = tng tng ch tng suy hao.
+ Khi tri ma tnh ton suy hao do ma R
R ph thuc vo tn s v cng ma.
+ D tr phading M: M = (10 40)dB
cng sut thu thc t: P R = tng ch - suy hao - R
M.
- Tn hao tng A1:
A1 = Pt - [Pt (tng cc tn hao) + (tng cc tng ch ca
anten)]
= ( tng cc tn hao) (tng cc tng ch ca anten)
dB.
Tng tn hao l kt qu suy gim gia my pht v my
thu.
- Mc u vo ca my thu: Pr = Pt - A1 (dBm hoc dBw).
- Cc mc ngng ca my thu: RXa v RXb l 2 gi tr mc
ngng thu
thc t, tng ng vi cc t l li bit 10-3 v 10-6.
+ Dng 10 -3 tnh suy gim l thuyt t s C/N
to ra mt lng giao thoa gia cc k hiu khng th
chp nhn i vi mch o 64kbit/s.
+ Dng 10 -6 a vo tnh ton suy gim t s C/N
to ra cc pht suy gim cht lng.

4.2. Cc tnh ton ch tiu cht lng

+ di ca on: tng di cc chng tip pht
+ S chng tip pht trong on
+ S b lp: bng s chng tip pht (H) khi ti sinh tn
hiu s din ra mi trm lp.
+ Xc sut vt BER: gm c 2 tng
H
-3
+ Xc sut tng BER 10 = Poi . 10-(FMai/10)
i=1
H
+ Xc sut tng BER 10-6 = Poi . 10-(FMbi/10)
i=1
+ Gin on do phading la chn trong thng xu nht:
H
-3
Xc sut BER 10 = i Ki [2.di1,5 (rbi . log2M) 10-6]2
i=1
: Phn b thi gian xut hin phading nhiu tia.
1
vi P o 0
= 0,182 . Po0,7 vi 0,1 Po 2
1,44 . Po
vi Po 10-2
+ Mc tiu ca CCIR vi mch bc cao i vi cc dy ni
trm trng:
+ BER s khng vt qu gi tr 1.10-3 trong hn 0,054 .
L/2500% ca thng bt k vi thi gian hp thnh mt giy
(280 < L < 2500)km.
+ BER s khng vt qu gi tr 1.10-3 trong hn
0,006% ca thng bt k vi thi gian hp thnh mt giy (L
< 280km).
Vi d <280km ch tiu suy gim l: 0,006 d/280 km.
Vi BER 1.10-3 trong hn mt phn s A ca thng
bt k vi thi gian hp thnh mt giy th gi tr A nm
trong khong 0,005 0,015.
+ Ch tiu ca CCIR vi mt mch bc cao trong cc pht
suy gim cht lng:
+ BER 1.10-6 trong hn 0,4L/2500% thng bt k i
vi thi gian hp thnh mt pht, (280 < L < 2500)km.

+ BER 10-6 trong hn 0,045% thng bt k, vi L <

280km.
d < 280km ch tiu suy gim = 0,45 d/280%.
Vi BER 10-6 trong B% thng bt k so vi thi gian hp
thnh mt pht gi tr B t (0,5 1,5).
+ d tr ch tiu cht lng: = 10log[(%ch tiu)/
(%tnh ton)] (dB).
4.3. Cc tnh ton kh nng s dng:
+ khng s dng ca thit b
+ khng s dng c do ma.
Vi d tr phading FM a = Ap l : [FMa/0,12(A0,01)] = P(0,546 +0,0431logP)
.
+ c tnh khng s dng c do phading nhiu tia
(phng): Phn trm xc sut ca mt tuyn khng s dng
c do phading nhiu tia l:
H
H
100 Pui = 100 Poi . Pai . P(10)i
i=1
i=1
+ c tnh khng s dng c do phading nhiu tia (la
chn):
khng s dng c = 100P(10) (xc sut la chn
BER 10-3).
+ Li do con ngi: 0,3% ca thi gian.
+ Ch tiu:
- Ch tiu khng s dng c ca ng trc L <
600km
=
0,6L/600% (km).
- Mc tiu khng s dng c ca hnh trnh ngc
(mi mt u cui) = 0,0225%.
- khng s dng c ca mng ni ht (mi mt
u cui) l:
= 0,0352%.
- Cc h thng khc (cp quang) L < 600km =
0,03L/600% (km)
- Tng L = 600km.
4.4. Cc tnh ton v nhiu:

* Phng php tng bc dng tnh nhiu im nt ca

my thu vibas:
+ Bc 1: S chng ca sng mang hu ch dng trong tnh
ton tuyt i vi cng chng d kin.
+ Bc 2: S chng ca sng mang nhiu c dng
tnh i vi chng .
+ Bc 3: Ngng mc thu cao tn vi BER xc nh khi
khng c nhiu RF i vi chng xc nh trong bc 1.
+ Bc 4: Cng sut ra my pht ca trm nhiu i vi
chng ch inh trong bc 2.
+ Bc 5: Suy gim khng gian t do do lc tuyn nhiu.
+ Bc 6: Suy gim phi trm gy nhiu.
+ Bc 7: Suy gim phi trm trm b nhiu.
+ Bc 8: Tng ch anten danh nh trm gy nhiu.
+ Bc 9: Tng ch anten danh nh trm b nhiu.
+ Bc 10: Suy hao r nhnh
+ Bc 11:Suy hao u ni v phi hp.
+ Bc 12: khong vng cung ln gia ng nhiu v ng
thu anten thu ti trm b nhiu.
+ Bc 13:Phn cc tng i ca tn hiu thu v tn hiu
nhiu
+ Bc 14: phn bit ca anten.
+ i vi cc tn hiu cng phn cc (X) hnh v ly t
th bc x cng phn cc ca anten thu trm b nhiu.
+ i vi tn hiu phn cc cho (C), hnh v ly t t
hp ca :
- Phn bit phn cc cho trm thu vi khong
cch gc bc 12
- Phn bit cng phn cc trm thu vi khong
cch gc cho bc 12 cng vi suy hao tia sng cu phn
cc nhiu trm nhiu.
+ Bc 15: chn lc: y l nh hng ca chn lc
ton b i vi t s:
(nng l ng thu c t ph
hu ch)
( nng lng thu c t ph nhiu)
Gi s sng mang hu ch v nhiu c iu ch vi cc
dy bit ngu nhin.

+ Bc 16: T s C/N ring. T s ny bng (C/I)dB trong

C l ngng thu v I tnh theo:
I = ra my pht suy hao t do suy hao phi + tng ch
anten suy hao r nhnh suy hao b phi hp/u ni -
phn bit ca anten - chn lc
= bc 4 - bc 5 - bc 6 - bc 7 +bc 8 + bc 9 - bc 10 - bc 11
- bc 14 - bc 15.
+ Bc 17: H s nh nhiu RF:
[1 + (I1/I2)1/2 + (I1/I2.I3/I2)1/2 + ]
RF = 10log
[1 + I1/I2 + (I1/I2.I3/I2 + ]
+ Bc 18: T s sng mang trn nhiu tng:
(C/I)t = C/(I1 + I2 + + In).
+ Bc 19: S gim cp cui cng ngng BER ly t C/I tng
(bc 18) v h s nh ca n (bc 17).

Chng V: o th tuyn viba s

5.1. Cc phng php o C/N
5.1.1. Phng php to phng fading
Phng php ny da vo vic gim bt sng mang C i
vo my thu v s dng my o BER ghi li BER u
ra bng gc thu knh trn do o th 64Kb/s ch nh u
vo RF, my thu ni mt b suy hao sao cho tn hiu
n c th suy gim bng tp m thu. Dng my cng sut
kim tra C/N hiu dng trong phn IF ca my thu v
ch y C/N mi c gi tr.
-u im:
+ o c d tr thc ca ton b h thng do nh hng c hi trong b iu ch v do truyn dn, o c lng
tp m thu.
+ o c cng sut pht tng ch pht v o c tc
ng ca AGC thu.
+ B suy hao r tin hn so vi thit b o phc tp hn,
c kh nng o nhiu ln, c thi gian cn thit hon
chnh php o.
5.1.2. Phng php o cng tp m
Trong php o ny, my thu v tuyn s lm vic
mc tn hiu thu cha b suy gim tc dng ca tp m
thu c th b qua v tn tht c th ca ng b l t
nht. Tn hiu IF trong ng my thu c ni qua my thu
o sng mang trn tp m HP3708A, my c iu chnh
rng bng thch hp cho my c th cng thm tp
m vi h s nh cao (ln hn 15dB) i vi tn hiu IF.
H s nh tp m (ln hn 20dB) cho php o chnh xc
BER n 10-12. Qua my o cng tp m, ta bit c C/N
mt cch chnh xc v o BER bng cch s dng b to
sng mu u cui pht v b pht hin li u ra ca
b gii iu ch thu.
u im: Khi sng mang bin thin do iu kin truyn
sng, thit b o s a vo IF mt cng sut tp m theo

st sng mang gi cho C/N khng i trong sut

thigian o.
5.2. o ti trm
5.2.1. Thit b o s dng o ti trm
- ng h vn nng hin s Fluke 8022B
- ng h o cng sut siu cao tn Marconi
Instruments 6460
- u cng sut cho ng h o siu cao tn
Marconi Instruments 6460N.
- B chuyn tip Mid Century 17/10.
- My phn tch ph HP 182 T/HP 8559A.
- B suy gim ng trc Narda 118A/4.
- My m tn s Systron Donner 6245A.
- Ngun tn hiu Marconi Instruments 6150.
- B suy gim bim i Narda 705-3-69.
- My o truyn dn HP 3552A.
- B to sng mu Digital HP 3781A.
- B pht hin li Digital HP 3782A.
- B phn tch bin t ng Marconi
Instruments 6500.
- Cc b ghp hng i ngu chnh xc Mid Century
17/14.
- Cc b tch sng 2RF Marconi Instruments 6511.
- My hin sng Tektronix 2215.
- Cc my v tuyn xch tay (i ni). y l nhng
phng tin c lp lin lc gia phm vi trong
nh v ngoi tri.
5.2.2. Tin hnh o cc thao tc chnh.
- o in p ngun.
- o cng sut ra ca my pht.
- Chun mc AGC i chiu vi mc tn hiu thu
u vo.
- Do ph ra my pht.
- o cc pht x tp.
- o nhy knh nghip v tng t.
- Kim tra cc cnh bo.
- Kim tra chuyn i d phng nng.
- Do anten v VSWR ca phi.
- o th kn p lc ng dn sng.

- o u cui ny n u cui kia.

*Thit b o s dng o u cui - u cui hoc
chng viba:
+ B to mu Digital HP 3781A.
+ B pht hin li Digital HP 3782A.
+ B suy gim ng dn sng bin i Mid Century MC
17/3.
+ Hai my o truyn dn HP 3552A.
+ My o rung pha (Jitter) HP 3785A.
+ My tnh HP 85 c b giao tip cp vo/ra.
+ My chp nh nhanh chp nh trn mn hin sng.
+ My hin sng (n 100MHz i vi viba 34Mb/s) v mt
n xung G.703.

+ Viba xch tay (i-ni).

+ B to mu Digital/pht hin li v GPF-4.
*Tin hnh o
+ ng chnh anten.
+ o cng tn hiu ng truyn.
+ o rung pha (Jitter) ca tuyn.
+ Hin dng xung ra.
+ o cc mc knh nghip v v p tuyn tn s.
+ o tn hiu ch th cnh bo (AIS): Cc mc tc ng
v ngng.
+ o BER ca ng truyn.
+ Kim tra chuyn i t ng; + Cc php o khc:
C th c php o ph cn thit tu theo thit b c s
dng v nhng trang thit b yu cu.

Phn II: Thit b viba s FHD 2.2.34

I/ Tng quan
H thng viba s 34Mb/s ca hng vin thng t nhn
(Php ), c ch to theo tiu chun ca Php v ph hp vi
tiu chun quc t (theo khuyn ngh ca CCITT). y l
loi thit b viba dung lng va, c kh nng thch ng vi
a hnh rt a dng v tiu hao nng lng thp.
Thit b chia lm 2 khi chnh: khi v tuyn v khi
ghp knh.
A/ Khi v tuyn bao gm cc phn:
- My thu pht FHD 2.2.34
- Cc knh nghip v v gim st VDS 2000

- Chuyn mch bo v COM 2000

- Fider v Antenna
B/ Khi ghp knh bao gm cc phn:
- My ghp knh u cui TNE 2,048Mb/s : Mx 305
- My ghp knh bc cao 2/34 : Mx 400
- My ghp knh xen r: GAS-R/T.
- My ghp knh in bo: TG49.
C/ Cc thit b km theo (thit b ngoi vi ):
- Thit b gim st t xa: TCS -200.
- Thit b m ho tn hiu hnh: TVD-34.
- Thit b trung k thoi: FOT- 400.
- Thit b trung k hnh: SATOPTIC.
D/ c im c kh:
- Khi v tuyn, bao gm cc khi c ghp st
nhau, c chiu rng 120mm, cao 2m30 .
- Khi ghp knh, gim st, TVD-34, SATOPTIC bao
gm cc khi c xp chng ng, c rng
600mm .
E/ c im ngun:
Thit b dng ngun mt chiu 48 VDC, ly ra cc in
p mt chiu 5VDC, +15VDC.

II/Thng s k thut ca thit b

2.1. Phn v tuyn
Tn s cng tc 2GHz, gm 3 di tn: di 1: 1,7
1,9GHz
di 2: 1,9
2,1GHz
(3)*H
(5)*H
(1)*H
(1)H
(3)H
(5)H
2255,5
2283,5
2227,5
di 3: 2,1
2108,5
2136,5
2164,5
2,3GHz.
2203
F2
F6
F*2
F*4
F*6
F4
+ Cc tn s trung tm: Fo = 1808GHz
F o = 2000GHz
F3
F5
F0
F*3
F1
F*1
F*5
F o = 2203GHz.
2122,5

2150,5

2178,5

2241,5

2269,5

(2)V

(4)V

(6)V

(2)*V

(4)*V

14

49MHz

119MHz

14

2297,5

(6)*V

Trong , Fo = 2203MHz gi l tn s trung tm

F*1- F6 = 49MHz gi l khe trung tm.
Cc tn s : F1, F2,, F6 gi l na bng tn di.
F*1, F*2, F*6 gi l na bng tn trn.
Cc tnh ton tn s: Fn = F0 108,5 +14n (MHz)
F*n = F0 + 10,5 + 14n (MHz)
trong : n = 1,2,6
Fn v F*n gi l cp tn s n.
Nh vy, ti mt a im dng thit b SAT, s cp
my viba c th b tr nh sau:
- Nu b tr cc anten trn ct cng mt loi phn
cc (ng phn cc) th s my viba ti a c
th lp t l 3 cp.
- Nu b tr cc anten trn ct o phn cc xen r
th dng ti a 6 cp tn s.
Mt cp tn s s c mt tn s thp v mt tn s
cao, khong cch ca chng l khong cch gia tn s pht
v tn s thu ca cp my viba.
- Khong cch tn s: FTx FRx = 119GHz.
y l khong cch m bo khng ln vo nhau khi
lm vic song cng.
Phn pht:
- Cng sut pht: C 2 mc ra, tu chn:
+23dBm (200mV) v +29dBm (800mV)

- Trung tn pht: 189MHz (Tn s b iu ch khi

pht).
- Dng iu ch 4-PSK (MDP4)
- Tc iu ch:
35,35Mb/s
= 17,675Mb/s.
2
- M ng HDB-3, giao tip 1Vp-p/75 cp ng
trc.
- Dung lng trn mt knh v tuyn: 34,368Mb/s
(480 knh thoi).
Phn thu:
- Cng sut tn hiu thu (u vo my thu):
+ Cc i: -37dBm
+ Ngng thu: (BER = 10-3) -85dBm
(BER = 10 -6) -77dBm.
- Tn s trung tn thu:70MHz
- Bng thng trung tn: 20MHz
- Gii iu ch: Khi phc sng mang nht qun v
gii m vi sai.
B ghp knh song cng Fider, anten:
- Suy hao phn nhnh pht v thu: 4,5dB knh th
nht; 1,4dB knh b xung.
- Fider: Loi ng trc rng (k hiu: LDF 5 50A
(7/8) 50).
- Anten: anten parabol.
2.2. Phn ghp knh
2.2.1. Ch tiu k thut my ghp knh u cui Mx305
+ S knh thoi hoc s l 30
+ Bo hiu: ring r tng knh khe thi gian TS16
+ Giao tip analog: bng tn t 300 3400 Hz.
Giao tip 4 dy (4w) tr khng 600 cn bng (
800Hz).
+ Mc vo (mc pht): danh nh:-1dBr.
di iu chnh c: (-0,5 -16) dBr 9bc 0,5dB).
+ Mc ra (mc thu): danh nh:-3,5dBr.
di iu chnh c: +7dBr n 8,5dBr (bc
0,5dB).

 Giao tip 2 dy (2w) tr khng 600 cn bng (

800Hz).
+ Mc vo (mc pht): danh nh -1dBr
di iu chnh c: (0 -5)dBr (bc 0,5dB)
+ Mc ra (mc thu): danh nh -6dBr.
di iu chnh c: (-2 -7,5)dBr (bc 0,5dB).
Giao tip bo hiu (Signalling)
- Dy pht chung M (ting Php vit l: TRON)
Dng cho php 50 mADC.
- Dy thu chung E (ting Php vit l: RON)
Dng cho php 50 mADC.
Giao tip s tc 2048kb/s 50.10-6 .
M ng HDB-3
Mc giao tip: 3Vp-p/120 cn bng
Giao tip tc 64kb/s.
+ Giao tip ng hng 4 dy (4w):
- u vo (pht): tr khng vo ph thuc i dy
ni, suy hao cho php i dy ni l 0 n 3dB
(o 128kHz).
- u ra (thu): tr khng ra 120 cn bng.
+ Giao tip ngc hng 4 dy (4w):
- u vo (pht): tr khng vo ph thuc i dy
ni, suy hao cho php i dy ni l 0 n 3dB
(o 32kHz).
- u ra (thu): tr khng ra120 cn bng.
2.2.2. My ghp knh bc cao Mx434
My ghp knh Mx434 nm trong h cc my ghp knh
Mx400 th h th ba.
My Mx434 ghp cc knh s tc 2Mb/s thnh tc
34Mb/s.
Dng loi Muldex 2-34, ngha l ch c giao tip HDB-3
i vi tc 2Mb/s, 34Mb/s, khng c giao tip HDB3 vi 8Mb/s .
Giao tip 2Mb/s: M ng HDB-3
Mc giao tip: 3Vp-p/120 cn bng.
Giao tip 34Mb/s: M ng HDB-3
Mc giao tip: 1Vp-p/75 khng cn bng.

2.3. Phn ngun

2.3.1. My nn np
- in p ngun 220V/50Hz.
- Mi my nn n c dng np max = 16A.
- Mt b n p mt chiu 48V.
- Np in cho c quy theo kiu t ng.
2.3.2. B i ngun
+ B i ngun cho my thu v mt phn cho my pht.
S cp: -48V n p, dng tiu th 0,58A.
Th cp: +5V n p, dng tiu th 3,5A.
- 5V n p, dng tiu th 0,65A
+ B i ngun cho my pht
+23 dBm hoc
S cp: -48V n p, dng tiu th 0,4A.
+29 dBm
Th cp: +15 0,3V, dng tiu th 0,4A.

III/ Khi vB34tuyn

1Vc

3.1. S khi thit b :

iu pha 4 trng thi Phn

189MHz pht siu cao tn
Ghp khung v tuyn
Q
H34

75
HDB3
H1

Giao
tip

+3dBm

H17,5
B1

0 dBm

Giao din khai thc nghip v

HDB3

Lc phn nhnh

Nghip v

Dao ng ni siu cao tn

Gim st
H tr khai thc
H1

34Mb/s

B34

+10 dBm

B1

Tch
khung
v tuyn

H34

Gii iu ch v ti to xung Phn thu siu cao tn

70MHz
P
Q

-4 dBm

H17,5
MODEM

+15v

Ngun

+5v
-5v

RADIO
TS
Gim st t xa

CcNhm v hin th cc cnh bo

cnh
bo

Hnh 2.1 - S khi trm u cui vin thng.

Cnh bo chung
Cnh bo cc b

anten
thu ph

3.1.1. Khi giao tip HDB-3

S khi:

M ng HDB-3 tc 34Mb/s gm c bng tn c

bn, dung lng 480 knh, cha cc knh thoi, knh s liu,
knh in bo,tt c u c khi tip nhn.
Do khi c nhim v l: T m ng HDB-3 phi tch
thnh tn hiu s 34Mb/s v ng h nhp 34MHz (B34 v
h34) a ti iu ch. Ngc li, trn hng thu nu khi
nhn c B34 v H34 phi lp li c m ng HDB-3 tc
34Mb/s.
Vy tt c u vo v u ra l tn hiu logic mc TTL.
trng thi 1 mc +2,4V.
trng thi 0 mc +0,4V.
Ngun nui c in p +5V, dng tiu th 80mA.
3.1.2. Khi ghp khung v tuyn v ngu nhin ho:
Mx TR
Trong cc trm viba s, ni chung cc knh nghip v,
knh gim st, nhng knh h tr cho khai thc cn c a
vo v c lp vi cc knh trong bng c bn cc nhn
vin trong cc trm lin lc nghip v vi nhau. Cc knh ny
To dng xung
c iu ch ring v to ra lung s ph c 1MHz khi
giao tip khai thc.
Mt khc, lung 34Mb/s v lung ph 1Mb/s s ghp vi
St Bin
nhau
khi ghp khung v tuyn nh mt khung ghp, gi
1188bKhung
( 30s)
l khung v tuyn 34Mb/s.
ghp ny c dng :

Et Ryth
Et Bin

1b

1b

1b 1b

1b

1b

1b

35b 35b 35b 35b 35b 35b

1/0

1/1
Nhm 1

1/2 2/0 2/1 2/2

Nhm 2

11/1

1b

1b

35b 35b

35b 35b

11/2

1/0

Nhm 11

Nhm 1

 Khung ghp trn c ghp nh sau:

+ C 35 bit chnh th chn thm 1 bit ph (cc bit ph
c nh du 0,1,2 = 3bit/nhm). Trong mt khung c
11 nhm bit ph.
- S bit trong khung c tnh nh sau:
S bit chnh = 35bit 33 = 1155 bit.
S bit ph = 1bit 33 = 33bit.
c 1188 bit/khung.
- Sau khi ghp th tc bit l:
34,368 Mb/s 36
= 35,35 Mb/s.
35

- Tnh tc bit ph:

34.368.000 bit/s 1
= 982.000bit/s =
982kb.
35
Nu mi bit mang mt tn hiu khai thc th ta s c
33 knh khai thc, mi knh c tc l:
982 kb/s
= 29,75kb/s.
33
Mt khc, bn pha thu mun xc nh c cc bit ph
th khi pht ta phi pht i mt t ng b nhm xc
nh v tr bit ph gia cc bit chnh v xc nh chiu

Hnh 2.3 - S khi ghp khung v tuyn

di ca khung v tuyn. Nh tnh c trn th khung v

tuyn gm 1188bit, di 30s.
MOT 0 t 0 gm 11 bit th 0 ca 11 nhm c dng
lm t ng b (MVT). Trong :
10 bit u lm m ng b khung v tuyn 34Mb/s.
1 bit cui lm bit P (chn l) nh gi ng
truyn.
MOT 1 t 1 gm 11 bit knh nghip v EXPRESS
MOT 2 t 2 gm 11 bit knh nghip v OMNIBUS.
+ Ngoi ra, khi cn phi lm nhim v ngu nhin ho
:
Gi s tn hiu bng c bn HDB-3 mt s liu (B34 =
0) m cn ng h (H34 = 34MHz) th phi a tn hiu
gi ngu nhin vo chim ch b ghp khung v tuyn
lm vic bnh thng. Cn nu:
- Khi bng c bn HDB-3 mt c s liu v ng h
th b to 34Mb/s AIS phi lm vic.
- Pha pht khi a b ngu nhin ho hoc AIS vo
lm vic phi m bo cho pha thu nhn bit
c loi chng khi s liu.
Mt khc u ra ca khi ghp khung v tuyn, s liu
c chia lm 2 phn P v Q, hai phn ny u c tc l:
35,35 Mb/s
= 17,675Mb/s.
2
trong , P v Q u c a ti b iu ch, c tc
bng nhau nhng lch pha nhau 900 .
+ u vo v u ra u l tn hiu logic mc TTL
Trng thi 1 c mc +2,4V
Trng thi 0 c mc +0,4V.
+ i vi ngun nui:
in p +5V, c dng tiu th 660mA.
in p 5V, c dng tiu th 4mA.
Ta c s khi ghp khung v tuyn:

F
F 2

189MHz
2
iu ch A
94,5MHz
P (17,5Mb/s)

3.1.3. Khi iu ch9004 trng thi

Ta c s khi:

189MHz

189MHz iu ch 4-PSK

+
35Mb/s
4PSK

Q (17,5Mb/s)
iu ch B
Hnh 2.4 - S khi iu ch 4 trng thi

Nguyn l lm vic:
+ Tn hiu c a qua b dao ng thch anh cht lng
cao 94,5MHz, sau qua bi tn (nhn 2) thnh dao ng
c tn s 189MHz, gi l trung tn pht. Sau c chia
lm 2 nhnh:
- Mt nhnh ca 189MHz i thng vo b iu
ch A v tn hiu P tc 17,5Mb/s iu ch
pha.
- Mt nhnh khc i qua b quay pha 90 0 vo
b iu ch B v b tn hiu Q tc 17,5MHz
iu ch pha.
+ Sau khi tn hiu i qua b iu ch A, B th chng c cng li vi nhau v 4 tn hiu u vo c 4 trng thi pha
khc nhau (00, 900, 1800, 2700) thc hin iu ch, do
n to ra u ra mt tn hiu 189MHz iu ch
pha vung gc (4-PSK).
+ Tn hiu sau khi c iu ch s c khuch i
t mc +3dBm v c lc a vo khi pht.
+ Mt khc tn hiu u vo l tn hiu logic mc
TTL.
trng thi 1 mc +2,4V.
trng thi 0 mc +0,4V.
v u ra l tn hiu trung tn 189MHz iu ch 4PSK mc +3dBm/75 khng i xng.

- in p +5V c dng tiu th l 30 8mA.

- in p 5V c dng tiu th l 65 8mA.
Ta c s khi iu ch 189MHz:

T s khi my pht ta thy s c 2 tn hiu thc

hin trn ln vi nhau l: Tn hiu trung tn pht 189MHz
iu ch 4-PSK, mc 3dBm trn vi tn hiu dao ng ni
FOL, mc 0dBm.
Mt khc, khi trn gia hai tn hiu, ta c th ly ra
tn hiu tng hay hiu ca 2 tn s . B dao ng ni
c dng chung cho thu v pht.
Tn s pht c c sau khi trn s c khuch i tuyn
tnh ln mc ln, thng thng c 2 mc chn l
+23dBm hoc +29dBm.
+ u vo l tn hiu trung tn 189MHz iu ch 4PSK, mc +3dBm/75 khng i xng. Cn nu l tn hiu
cao tn FOL t dao ng ni, mc 0dBm/50 khng i xng
(hoc +23dBm).
+ u ra l cao tn pht a ti b lc pht mc
+29dBm/50 khng i xng (hoc +23dBm).
+ Ngun nui:
- in p +15V, dng tiu th 250mA.
- in p +5V , dng tiu th 25mA.
- in p 5V, dng tiu th 15mA.
Mt iu na ta cn quan tm l tn s ca trm:
- Trm c tn s thp th:
Tn s dao ng ni FOL= Ftx+ 189MHz = F*tx+
70MHz.
- Trm c tn s pht cao th:
F*OL= F*tx- 189MHz = Ftx 70MHz.
3.1.5. Khi b lc pht
B lc pht l mt b lc thng di, c di tn ph hp
vi tn s pht. N lm nhim v lc cc tn s hi sinh ra
trong qu trnh trn tn.
V ta c s khi b dao ng ni:

Qua s trn ta thy c mt b dao ng thch anh,

lm vic tn s thp, c n nh cao c bi tn 20
ln to ra tn s dao ng ni mong mun. Ta hy xt
mt v d c th sau y:
VD: C hai trm lin lc vi nhau cp tn s 2:
Trm N 2:
FOL= Ftx+ 189MHz = 2122,5 + 189 =
2311,5MHz.
(RBF001)
FTA= FOL:20 = 2311,5 : 20 = 115,575MHz.
Trm N2:
F*OL= F*tx- 189MHz = 2241,5 189 =
2052,5MHz.
(RBF002)
F*TA= F*Ol:20 = 2052,5 : 20 = 102,625MHz.
Mi card c 4 u ra: J1, J2, J3, J4 c tn s nh nhau nhng mc
ra khc nhau, trong : J1, J3 c mc ra 0dBm a vo
my pht.
J2, J4 c mc ra +10dBm a vo my thu.
- n nh tn s: 2.10-5MHz
- u ra pht: +0dBm/50.
- u ra thu : + 10dBm/50.
- Ngun nui: in p +5V, c dng tiu th 79mA.
in p 5V, c dng tiu th
50mA.

3.1.6. Khi my thu

Khi ny nhn tn hiu cao tn t anten vo qua b
lc thu ti u vo my thu mc tn hiu trung bnh l
-79dBm.
Tn hiu sau khi qua c khuch i tp m nh tng
tn hiu m khng tng tp m, l iu m ta mong
mun. Sau tn hiu c trn tn vi tn hiu dao ng
ni FOL, mc +10dBm u ra b trn l tn hiu trung
tn thu 70 MHz, bng thng 10MHz.
Mt khc, i vi my thu th ch tiu quan trng cn
phi t chn lc tn s nh (tn s nhiu), do cn
phi lc b tn s nh. Vic lc b ny c thc hin cc
tng khuch i tp m nh v ch yu b trn tn thu.
V vy, u vo v u ra ta cn quan tm:
- u vo siu cao tn thu t b lc thu c mc
-79dBm/50.
- u vo l tn hiu cao tn FOL t dao ng ni c
mc l +10dBm/50.
- u ra l tn hiu trung tn 70MHz c mc
4dBm/75.
Do vy ta c s khi my thu:

3.1.7. Khi khuch i trung tn v hiu chnh dch

pha nhm
S khi:
70MHz
10MHz

70MHz
-4dBm/75

70MHz
10MHz

70MHz

Phn cch
(0dB)

(0dB)

Hnh 2.9 - S khi card lc trung tn (FI) v sa dch pha nhm CTPG.

-4dBm/75

T s trn ta thy khi khuch i trung tn gm 7

tng c t ng iu chnh h s khuch i. Trong
bng thng trung tn phi m bo 10MHz, quanh tn s
trung tm l F0 = 70MHz. Do phi s dng cc b lc
trung tn c bng thng hn ch loi tr cc tp m ln
cn. Nhng c mt iu l khi s dng ny sinh cc mu
thun:
- i vi pha tn hiu, khi i qua b lc do bng
thng rng ti 20MHz nn cc tn hiu u bng
v cui bng thng i qua b lc b tr pha
khng ging nhau sinh ra mo pha.
- i vi bin tn hiu, mun chn lc tn s
ln cn cao th dc sn phi ln nh b
lc li khng bng phng nn d sinh ra mo bin
. V vy, phi chn chn lc tn s ph hp
mo bin khng ln.
Chnh nhng iu trn khin cho ta phi nghin cu
v a ra cch khc phc, l dng 3 mt
hiu chnh,
F0= 80MHz
F0= 70MHz
ta c s khi sau:
F0= 60MHz
Mt 1
70MHz

Sau khi a vo s dng ta thy nh 3 mt hiu chnh

m lm cho mo pha t i, mo bin nh i.
3.1.8. Khi gii iu ch v ti to xung: DMD REGE

Mt 3

Hnh 2.10 - S khi gii iu ch v ti to xung.

Qua s khi trn th nhim v ca khi l:

+ Khi phc sng mang cho tn hiu thu c, ly
trung tn l tn hiu nm trong di 70MHz 10MHz v l tn
hiu n bin cha c sng mang. Do to sng mang
th ta phi dng mt thit b l VCO. Gii iu ch pha
bng cch so snh pha tn hiu trung tn thu vi pha ca
sng mang.
+ Khi phc li xung ng h bng cch dng mt b
VCXO c tn s 17,675MHz, bi 2 c 35,35MHz l xung
ng h hon chnh. Mt khc b VCXO c mt vng
kho pha m bo khi phc ng xung ng h
thu.
+ Ti to 2 lung s P, Q bng cch c li chng bng
ng h nhp mi c khi phc v bin i chng thnh
lung s nh phn v xung ng h (P, Q, H17,5).
+ u vo l tn hiu trung tn thu 70MHz c mc
4dBm/75.
+ u ra l tn hiu logic mc TTL.
trng thi 1 c mc +2,4V
trng thi 0 c mc +0,4V.
+ Ngun nui:
- in p +5V c dng tiu th 90 20mA.
- in p 5V c dng tiu th 75 15mA.
l nhng g ta cn quan tm trong khi gii iu
ch v ti to xung. Bi l nhim v ca khi.

St

V nhim v ca khi l:
- Khi phc li t ng b khung v tuyn MVT
(MOT 0)
- Khi phc xung ng h bit chnh H34
(34,368MHz).
- Khi phc s liu t cc bit chnh b34
(34,368Mb/s).
- Khi phc xung ng h bit ph H1 (982KHz).
- Khi phc tn hiu t bit ph B1 (982Kb/s).
+ Tt c cc u vo v u ra u l tn hiu
logic mc TTL.
trng thi 1 c mc +2,4V
trng thi 0 c mc +0,4V.
+ Ngun nui:
- in p +5V c dng tiu th l 860mA
- in p 5V c dng tiu th l 4mA.

3.1.10. Khi nhm v hin th cc cnh bo phn siu cao

Hnh 2.11 - S khi tch xung v tuyn.

Qua s khi trn ta thy rng y ngi ta dng

12 n LED it mu ch th tt c cc cnh bo
khi siu cao (khi v tuyn). Cc n LED ny c b tr
card RBZ 004 ging nh v tr card vi mch trn mt my nn
rt d nhn bit cnh bo thuc card no d sa
cha.
Mt khc, c 2 n khng trng vi mt card no c,
l:
+ DS1A: Cnh bo chung, sng khi c bt k mt n
no trong 11 n cn li sng.
+ DS3A: Cnh bo xa.
10 n cn li c 2 ch cnh bo:
- Sng nhp nhy
- Sng lin tc.
Do vy, n c sng lin tc hay sng nhp nhy th
phi tu thuc vo mc h hng. Cn nu n sng lin
tc th khi c s c.
hiu r hn cc s c ta co th xem bng sau:
Cc
n

D
S

D
S

D
S

D
S

D
S

D
S

D
S

DS DS
10 11

Cc s c

3B

trm xa
my thu
gii iu ch
tch khung v
tuyn
kt ni HDB-3
ghp khung v
tuyn
my pht
dao ng ni
giao tip khai
thc

4
B
*

8
B

Trong , * l n sng lin tc

x l n nhp nhy.

9
B

x
*

5
B
*
*
x

6
B
*
*
*
x

7
B
*
*
*
*

*
x

*
x

T s khi phn knh nghip v VDS 2000 ta thy gm

c 4 card l:
3.2.1. Card Ampli HP 2 Voie (EBZ007)
B khuch i loa 2 ng gm c:
+ B chuyn mch chn 1 trong 2 knh nghip v:
- Knh Omnibus (tu ch) gi tt c cc trm trn
tuyn.
- Kenh Express (tc hnh) ch gi trm u cui.
+ T hp cho knh nghip v, khi ni phi bp cng tc
ni ng ni v tt loa.

+ n bo: Chn knh no th n bo knh sng

+ Loa thay cho ng nghe t hp khi ta khng cm t
hp.
+ n gi: B dao ng 800Hz pht ra tn hiu gi v i
phng thu c 800Hz nghe loa.
3.2.2. Cc LST (EBZ003)
LST (knh thoi nghip v ng dy) gm c 2 card:
- 1 cho knh Omnibus: LSO
- 1 cho knh d phng Reserev: LSR.
Ti y tn hiu t knh nghip v l Analog c
iu ch (denta), tc bit l 32kb/s v bng tn (400
2000)Hz. Sau khi iu ch th tn hiu c m ho dng
5 bit. Mi card LST c 1 knh ko xa, u ni vi tr khng
600.
3.2.3. Card COM LS/TS (EBZ005)
COM LS/TS: chuyn mch nghip v v iu khin xa
bao gm 2 loi:
Chuyn mch t ng v chuyn mch cng bc.
3.2.3.1. Chuyn mch t ng
L chuyn mch Logic trong card, n hot ng da
trn thng tin v tnh kin tc pht hay thu (IC) trn knh
chnh (P) v knh d phng (X).
xem n pht hay thu th ta dng n LED, nu n DS2
(vng) bn trn sng th pht X, cn nu n DS1 (vng)
bn di sng th thu X. l nhim v ca chuyn mch
t ng.
3.2.3.2. Chuyn mch cng bc
C 3 v tr m ta cn quan tm, l:
- V tr 1: Knh u tin
- V tr 2: Knh khng cng bc (hay knh t ng).
- V tr 3: * knh d phng
y l nhng v tr trong chuyn mch cng bc.
3.2.3.3. Giao tip vi cc hp my TCS20022
TCS20022 l cc hp my t cc trm b gim st
xa. Giao tip gia COM LS/TS vi cc TCS20022 l giao tip
V11 c hng thu ln hng pht.
3.2.3.4. Giao tip vi khi v tuyn FHD2000

Giao tip gia COM LS/TS vi cc khi v tuyn

FHD2000 knh (P) v (X) thng qua khi giao tip khai thc
loi 2000T l card RBZ005.
3.2.4. u ni cc thit b VDS2000, TCS2000 v
FHD2000
+ ng tin hiu CTCS l knh dng ring cho cc hp TCS
20022. Lnh ny chie c pht ra t thit b gim st trm
ch TCS2000.
+ trm Rle th phn VDS ch thm nhp c knh
Omnibus nn b khuch i loa ch dng cho 1 knh.

3.3.1. Chuyn mch COM2000 (1+1) CBZ503

+ Hng pht: B34 v H34 c a song song ti knh
chnh (P) v knh d phng (X), c ngha l 2 my pht ca
P v X lun cng pht ra khng gian mang theo 1 lung s.
+ Hng thu: B34 v H34 u ra c chn chuyn
mch thu. Hai my thu (P) v (X) cng lun thu s liu do 2
my pht tng ng pht ti. Cc i lng B34 (P), H34 (P),
B34(X), H34 (X) cng a ti chuyn mch thu.