River Water Quality Modeling:Water quality modeling is a precious management tool to generate the decision for the

society and users. The use of water quality model can help to assist to water quality
management and decision making for a river or stream. There are numbers of models
for river water quality modeling such as - QUAL2K, SWAT, BASINS, HSPF WASP6,
MIKEBASIN MIKE-ECOLAB etc. These models represent the pollutant response
(discharge) on the river to generate the understanding to safe level treatment.
In our study well use QUAL2K model for water quality modeling. The
QUAL2K model is advanced version of QUAL2E. The QUAL2K model simulates
the some additional water quality parameters such as algal death BOD, fixed plant DO
and denitrification (Utku, 2005) than the QUAL2E model. The QUAL2K simulate
with one dimensional, channel is well-mixed vertically and laterally, steady state
hydraulic, non-uniform, and steady flow. This model is freely online available (source
http://www.epa.gov/ost/QUAL2E_WINDOWS/ ).

The QUAL2K model consist several work sheets:1. QUAL2K Worksheet: - This worksheet is used for general information about
the model application such as river name, file name, file location, day, month,
time zone, calculation steps, final time, program determinant steps, time of last
calculation, time of sunrise, time of solar noon, time of sunset and
photoperiod.
2. Headwater Worksheet: - This worksheet is used for enter the river flow data
i.e. flow, elevation, channel dimensions and water quality parameters.
3. Reach Worksheet: - This worksheet used for rivers headwater and reaches number of reaches, reach length, downstream (latitude and longitude),
downstream location (u/s and d/s), elevation (u/s and d/s) and hydraulic model
(it include weir, rating curves, Manning formula).
4. Rates Worksheet: - This is used for enter the water quality parameters rate
such as stoichiometry, inorganic, ISS, slow CBOD, fast CBOD, nitrate,
organic N, organic etc.

5. Light and Heat Worksheet: - This is used to enter the information about the
systems light and heat.
6. Point Sources Worksheet: - This worksheet is used to enter the point sources,
which include name of source, location of source, sources inflows and
outflows, temperature, source abstraction, inflow (m3/s) and water quality
parameters.
7. Diffuse Sources Worksheet: - This worksheet is used to enter the diffuse (nonpoint) sources, which include name of source, location of source, sources
inflows and outflows, temperature, source abstraction, inflow (m 3/s) and water
quality parameters.
8. Hydraulic Data Worksheet: - This worksheet used for enter the hydraulic data
such as distance (km), flow data (m 3/s), depth data (m), velocity data (m/s),
and travel time data.
9. Temperature Data Worksheet: - This worksheet is used to enter the
temperature data as distance (km), minimum temperature (c), maximum
temperature (c), and mean temperature ( c).
10. Water Quality, Water Quality Data Min and Water Quality Data Max: - These
worksheets used to enter the distance (km) and all water quality parameters
with minimum and maximum values.
11. Meteorology Data Worksheet: - These worksheets include the Air temperature
data, Dew point temperature data, Wind speed data, Cloud cover data and
shades data for all selected reaches.
12. Diel Data and Multidiel Data Worksheet: - these worksheets include the diel
data for single and multi selected reaches.
The QUAL2K model also exist output worksheets:13. Output Worksheets: - There are number of sheets which represent the outputs
generated by QUAL2K source summary, hydraulic summary, temperature
output, water quality output, water quality min output, water quality max
output, diel and multidiel output, and sediment fluxes.
14. Output Charts: - These charts display the plot between outputs and distance

along the river.