KHAIRUL AMILIN BIN IBRAHIM Prepared by:

amilin@icam.edu.my

WHAT IS STEERING SYSTEM ?

The steering system serves to allow changing the direction in which

the automobile is moving.

CONSTRUCTION OF STEERING SYSTEM

The Steering System divided into three mechanism :

Steering Control Mechanism
Steering Gear Mechanism
Steering Link Mechanism

CLASSIFICATION OF STEERING SYSTEM

STEERING SYSTEM

Manual Steering Type

Power Steering Type

DIFFERENCE
Used Mechanical Support
- Steering
St i Sh
Shaft
ft
- Steering Gear
- Steering Linkage

Used Mechanical and Hydraulic

Support
- Steering Gear, Shaft And Linkage
- Pump
- Pressure Hose
- Oil R
Reservoir
i

POWER STEERING
is

a Hydraulic system assisting the driver in turning the

wheels.
wheels
Designed to reduce the drivers effort needed to turn the
steering wheel by employing hydraulic pressure from an
oil pump.
Its reduce driver fatigue and increase safety during
driving.
Use on both pitman arm steering gear and rack-and-pinion
steering
i system.

POWER STEERING COMPONENTS

2

major parts in power steering system

Hydraulic pump

Steering gear

Another

components

High
g ppressure hoses

Fluid reservoir

Power steering fluid

POWER STEERING COMPONENTS

CONSTRUCTION OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM

Steering Linkage & Gear

Oil Reservoir
Pressure Hose

Pump
Cooler Hose

POWER STEERING COMPONENTS

The power steering system

uses a hydraulic pump and
the steering unit to provide
added pressure to turn the
wheels

Hydraulic Pump
The

pump is driven by a belt running from the crankshaft.

Its do
d two things:
hi

Produces fluid pressure

Supplies the hydraulic pressure needed to operate the
steering gear.

A belt drive power

steering pump

Steering Gear
Contains

an integral (built-in) power piston and cylinder.

Chamber A

Chamber B

Hydraulic Control Valve

FEATURES STEERING SYSTEM

Electro-Hydraulic
y
Electric

Power Steeringg

Power Steering

Steer-by-wire

Electro-Hydraulic
Electro
Hydraulic Power Steering
Based

on the rack-and-pinion hydraulic power steering

An

electrically driven hydraulic pump, which substitutes

the steering pump driven so far by the vehicle engine.

Additional

new components compared to the hydraulic

power steering are:

Electric motor

Electronic control unit

Optional sensor for steering velocity

Electro-Hydraulic
Electro
Hydraulic Power Steering

Electro-Hydraulic
Electro
Hydraulic Power Steering
The

pressure supply unit integrates electric motor and

electronic as well as hydraulic pump and oil reservoir.
reservoir

The

decoupling of the pump drive from the vehicle engine

allows a free selection of the installation location in the
vehicle

The

electronically controlled electric drive results in an

energy saving up to 75% depending on load distribution and
control strategy.

Additionally

a variable steering boost is possible

functionally depending on steering, vehicle velocity and
other parameters.

Electro-Hydraulic
Electro
Hydraulic Power Steering

Electro-Hydraulic
Electro
Hydraulic Power Steering
How its work

Advantages (Electro
(Electro-Hydraulic
Hydraulic Power Steering)
this

system
y
delivers a naturallyy smooth steering
g feel

the

flexibility of control allowed by electric power, offers

more precise steering power characteristics

improves

fuel economy since the electric powered pump

operates only when steering assist is needed.

Electric Power Steering

Combines

a mechanical steering system with an

electronically controlled electric motor to a dry power
steering.

The

hydraulic system
system, which so far delivered the steering
boost, is substituted by an electrical system.

To

achieve this, a torque sensor measures the steering wheel

torque and an electronic control unit calculates the
necessary servo torque.

The

electric motor engages by a worm gear at the steering

column or at the pinion and for high forces directly at the
rack
k by
b a ball-and-nut
b ll d t gear.

Electric Power Steering

Electric Power Steering

Additional

components:

Electric motor
- uses a worm gear to transmit the motors torque to the
column shaft.
shaft
Electronic control unit
- receives signal
g from various sensor,, judges
j g the current
vehicle condition and determines the assist current to be
applied to electric motor.
Steering wheel torque sensor
- detect the twist of the torsion bar and convert the applied
q into an electrical signal.
g
torque

Electric Power Steering

EPS Operations
When

the driver turns the wheel,

wheel a steering sensor detects
the position and rate of rotation of the steering wheel.

This

information along with input from a steering torque

sensor mounted in the steering shaft is fed to the power
steering control module.

EPS Operations
Other

inputs
p such as vehicle speed
p
and inputs
p from the
traction control or stability control systems are factored in
to determine how much steering assist is required.

The

control module then commands the motor to rotate a

certain amount, and a sensor on the motor provides
feedback to the control module so it can monitor the
motor'ss position
motor
position.

Comparison HPS & EPS

Hydraulic Power Steering

Electric Power Steering

Design more complicated

Design more simple

Weight is more

Weight is less

Use hydraulic fluid for operation

No such fluid needed thus less

maintenance

Normal respond at different

speed
d

Better respond at different speed

High prone to problems and faults Less prone to problems and faults
Low durability

More durable

Extracts power from engine, so it

reduces the fuel mileage of the
engine

Consumes power from battery

which is also charged by engine,
b it consumes less
but
l
power

Steer by wire
Steer-by-wire
The

missing direct mechanical link between steering

wheel and steered wheels - no steering columns function.

The

system basically consists of two separate systems:

a control system that enables the driver to control the

steerable wheels of the car

a feedback system that allows the driver to sense the reaction

of the steerable wheels in the steering wheel.

Steer by wire
Steer-by-wire

Working Principle
The

torque applied by the driver on the steering wheel is

measured by a torque measuring device and transmitted to
a processing unit.

The

processing unit controls a motor (7) to produce a

torque corresponding to the torque applied by the driver
on the steering wheel.
wheel

If

the torque applied by the motor (7) to the steering gear

is sufficient to overcome friction and road forces, the
wheels will begin to move.

Components
Sensors

Functions

Angular position sensor

- convert the angular position of a shaft

or axle to an analog or digital code

Torque sensor

- measuring and recording the torque on

a rotating system
- use strain gages applied to a rotating
shaft or axle

Components
Actuators

Functions

Steering actuator

- to provide correct positioning and

sufficient force to control the steering
rack

Feedback Motor

- to provide meaningful feedback to the

driver via steering wheel

Advantages

Compact size
Eliminates the unwanted vibration to the driver
Improves ergonomics as less force is required by driver
Improves
p
engine
g compartment
p
design
g flexibility
y as intermediate
shaft and other components are eliminated
More precise control
Reduces mechanical friction and wear
Reduces noise, vibration and harness (NVH) from the road to
driverss hands and arms
driver
Reduces weight
Steeringg can be installed easilyy for left- or rightg hand drive

Disadvantages

Failures
F
il
in
i the
h controll systems can result
l in
i an unstoppable
bl
runaway vehicle
Higher cost
Less road feel
More complex design
Uncertain reliability of electronics module

KHAIRUL AMILIN BIN IBRAHIM

amilin@icam.edu.my